Article(id=1241783829044724403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240123, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709049600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1716393600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-23, onlineDate=1773993936072, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993936072, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993936072, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993936072, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3345, endPage=3365, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783831188013761, articleId=1241783829044724403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of adding garlic juice on pickled Chinese cabbage, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the effects of adding different concentrations of garlic juice on the fermentation of pickled Chinese cabbage. [Methods] The physicochemical indicators and OD600 during the fermentation process were measured, and the effects of garlic juice concentration on the richness, community structure, and abundance of bacteria during the fermentation were studied with natural fermentation as the control. The 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was carried out in the late fermentation stage for the pickled Chinese cabbage samples with the addition of garlic juice at different concentrations. Fuzzy mathematics-based evaluation was conducted for the sensory quality of garlic-flavored samples to select the lactic acid bacterial strains with excellent fermentation performance. [Results] Different concentrations of garlic juice had minor effects on the pH and OD600 but significantly reduced the peak value of nitrite. Adding 0.2%–0.4% garlic juice was beneficial for the growth of Lactiplantibacillus, and the species richness of the product fermented with the addition of garlic juice was higher than that of the naturally fermented product. The fermentation liquid with the addition of 0.3% garlic juice had the highest species richness, with much higher number of genera than other concentration groups. The product from fermentation with 0.3% garlic juice showcased the best quality, presenting better sensory quality and appearance. The product with high species richness and a large number of genera had good sensory quality. A strain of lactic acid bacteria with excellent fermentation performance was screened out and identified as Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, which produced the most acids during fermentation, had the highest nitrite degradation rate, and exhibited tolerance to garlic. [Conclusion] This study provides a strain for the development of lactic acid bacteria fermentation agents and lays a theoretical foundation for the industrialization of garlic-flavored pickled Chinese cabbage.

, correspAuthors=Xiaohui WANG, Qingfang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: WANG Xiaohui,
E-mail: ZHANG Qingfang,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Quanmin SUN, Lu ZHAO, Wenli CHEN, Jiaming WU, Naiyu CHI, Xiaohui WANG, Qingfang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783853761757429, articleId=1241783829044724403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=添加大蒜汁对东北酸菜的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】通过在东北酸菜中添加大蒜汁,研究不同大蒜汁浓度对东北酸菜发酵过程的影响。【方法】以自然发酵酸菜为对照,对发酵过程中理化指标和OD600进行监测,探究蒜汁浓度对酸菜发酵过程物种丰富度、细菌菌群结构和丰度的影响。利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术对发酵后期不同蒜汁浓度的酸菜样品测序,并对蒜风味酸菜进行了模糊数学的感官评价,从中筛选出发酵性能优良的乳酸菌。【结果】不同大蒜汁浓度对pH值与OD600影响较小,但可以明显降低“亚硝峰”峰值;添加0.2%−0.4%的蒜汁浓度,有利于乳植杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus)的生长且添加蒜汁发酵的物种丰富度高于自然发酵,0.3%蒜汁浓度的发酵液物种丰富度最高,种属数远高于其他浓度;模糊数学感观评价结果显示,0.3%蒜汁酸菜成品品质最好,能使酸菜呈现更好的感观品质和外观颜色,观察到物种丰富度高、种属数多的样品和东北酸菜感官评价的结果一致,并从中筛出一株发酵性能优良乳酸菌,鉴定为戊糖乳植物杆菌,其发酵特性为产酸最多、亚硝酸盐降解率最高、还具有一定的耐蒜性。【结论】本研究为乳酸菌发酵剂的开发提供菌种来源,为蒜风味酸菜产业化奠定理论基础。

, correspAuthors=王晓辉, 张庆芳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9KOypnpFagUKgdna3QmVNw==, magXml=whkHWwoOs1//IEwUY3rY6w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sLjx71ZNUjqr6rKbNf0kPw==, pdfFileSize=1493238, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Z7GZ33Wfmz/0g+HSZtSNaw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=rDctGktDR1eE+4M8IbYq3w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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3 Key Laboratory of Marine Microbial Engineering in Dalian City, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
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3 Key Laboratory of Marine Microbial Engineering in Dalian City, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
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3 Key Laboratory of Marine Microbial Engineering in Dalian City, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
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3 Key Laboratory of Marine Microbial Engineering in Dalian City, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
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3 Key Laboratory of Marine Microbial Engineering in Dalian City, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
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Results of high-throughput sequencing of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameOriginal sequence
(strip)
High-quality sequence
(strip)
Sequence after
denoising (strip)
Concatenated sequence (strip)Final sequence
(strip)
CK779 94379 69078 62077 90562 964
S2771 93771 68270 40169 58957 969
S3779 84679 58278 32277 40364 225
S4779 95279 69778 51177 36059 950
), ArticleFig(id=1242905697244001013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品高通量测序结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameOriginal sequence
(strip)
High-quality sequence
(strip)
Sequence after
denoising (strip)
Concatenated sequence (strip)Final sequence
(strip)
CK779 94379 69078 62077 90562 964
S2771 93771 68270 40169 58957 969
S3779 84679 58278 32277 40364 225
S4779 95279 69778 51177 36059 950
), ArticleFig(id=1242905697315304182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Alpha diversity index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameOTUsACE indexChao1 indexSimpson indexShannon indexCoverage rate
CK7211211.67211.020.813.441
S27218218.52218.030.692.851
S37267267.58267.020.763.201
S47224224.00224.000.813.611
), ArticleFig(id=1242905697659237111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

α多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameOTUsACE indexChao1 indexSimpson indexShannon indexCoverage rate
CK7211211.67211.020.813.441
S27218218.52218.030.692.851
S37267267.58267.020.763.201
S47224224.00224.000.813.611
), ArticleFig(id=1242905697776677624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical tables of species of each rank of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameBoundaryPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
CK7116276094130136
S271152663104135144
S371183580127170180
S47117266099126136
), ArticleFig(id=1242905697852175097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

样品各等级物种统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameBoundaryPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
CK7116276094130136
S271152663104135144
S371183580127170180
S47117266099126136
), ArticleFig(id=1242905697923478266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Weight distribution of sensory evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorEvaluation scoreWeighting
ColorAromaFlavorTextureScore
Color10456250.25
Aroma51056260.26
Flavor76106290.29
Texture33410200.20
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698024141563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

感观评价权重分配表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorEvaluation scoreWeighting
ColorAromaFlavorTextureScore
Color10456250.25
Aroma51056260.26
Flavor76106290.29
Texture33410200.20
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698095444732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Sensory evaluation of pickled cabbage fermented with different concentrations of garlic juice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleIndicatorGradeSensory evaluation score
ExcellentGoodGenerallySubparPoor
0.0%
R1
Color6400019.240
Aroma17200
Flavor25111
Texture14221
0.2%
R2
Color6400021.365

Aroma36100
Flavor25300
Texture55000
0.3%
R3
Color7120022.455

Aroma63100
Flavor54100
Texture64000
0.4%
R4
Color7300021.250

Aroma53101
Flavor44110
Texture53020
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698170942205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同蒜汁浓度发酵酸菜感观评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleIndicatorGradeSensory evaluation score
ExcellentGoodGenerallySubparPoor
0.0%
R1
Color6400019.240
Aroma17200
Flavor25111
Texture14221
0.2%
R2
Color6400021.365

Aroma36100
Flavor25300
Texture55000
0.3%
R3
Color7120022.455

Aroma63100
Flavor54100
Texture64000
0.4%
R4
Color7300021.250

Aroma53101
Flavor44110
Texture53020
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698259022590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The content of various indicators in the finished sauerkraut with different garlic juice concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Indicator0.0%0.2%0.3%0.4%
Sensory evaluation19.24021.36522.45521.250
Genus130135170126
Species136144180136
OTUs211218267224
ACE index211.67218.52267.58224.00
Lactiplantibacillus (%)45.0363.0853.6146.65
Lactococcus (%)25.7116.0322.6011.65
Leuconostoc (%)4.694.685.9712.11
Weissella (%)5.259.713.284.63
Pediococcus (%)1.130.562.110.80
Lactobacillus (%)0.761.171.280.33
Genus Lactobacillus (%)82.5795.2388.8576.17
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698347102975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同蒜汁浓度酸菜成品中的各指标含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Indicator0.0%0.2%0.3%0.4%
Sensory evaluation19.24021.36522.45521.250
Genus130135170126
Species136144180136
OTUs211218267224
ACE index211.67218.52267.58224.00
Lactiplantibacillus (%)45.0363.0853.6146.65
Lactococcus (%)25.7116.0322.6011.65
Leuconostoc (%)4.694.685.9712.11
Weissella (%)5.259.713.284.63
Pediococcus (%)1.130.562.110.80
Lactobacillus (%)0.761.171.280.33
Genus Lactobacillus (%)82.5795.2388.8576.17
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698426794752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

pH value of bacterial culture medium

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Strain numberpH valueStrain numberpH value
CK 6.200±0.010 DY2-2 3.210±0.010
SY2-1 3.170±0.010 DY2-3 3.190±0.010
SY2-2 3.200±0.015 DY2-4 3.320±0.017
SY2-3 3.180±0.021 DY2-5 3.390±0.000
SY2-4 3.180±0.011 DY2-6 3.180±0.010
N1-1 3.750±0.015 DY2-7 3.160±0.015
N1-3 3.720±0.006 DY2-8 3.350±0.006
DY1-2 3.290±0.010 DY2-9 3.500±0.021
DY2-1 3.310±0.026 DY2-10 3.180±0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698493903617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

菌株培养液pH值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberpH valueStrain numberpH value
CK 6.200±0.010 DY2-2 3.210±0.010
SY2-1 3.170±0.010 DY2-3 3.190±0.010
SY2-2 3.200±0.015 DY2-4 3.320±0.017
SY2-3 3.180±0.021 DY2-5 3.390±0.000
SY2-4 3.180±0.011 DY2-6 3.180±0.010
N1-1 3.750±0.015 DY2-7 3.160±0.015
N1-3 3.720±0.006 DY2-8 3.350±0.006
DY1-2 3.290±0.010 DY2-9 3.500±0.021
DY2-1 3.310±0.026 DY2-10 3.180±0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698569401090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Acid production rate of strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberAcid production (g/kg)Strain numberAcid production (g/kg)
CK stands for blank control.
CK 0.38 DY2-2 18.45
SY2-1 19.50 DY2-3 19.35
SY2-2 19.05 DY2-4 16.50
SY2-3 19.12 DY2-5 15.45
SY2-4 18.75 DY2-6 18.45
N1-1 11.55 DY2-7 19.95
N1-3 11.85 DY2-8 16.35
DY1-2 15.60 DY2-9 14.85
DY2-1 16.35 DY2-10 19.05
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698649092867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

菌株产酸量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberAcid production (g/kg)Strain numberAcid production (g/kg)
CK stands for blank control.
CK 0.38 DY2-2 18.45
SY2-1 19.50 DY2-3 19.35
SY2-2 19.05 DY2-4 16.50
SY2-3 19.12 DY2-5 15.45
SY2-4 18.75 DY2-6 18.45
N1-1 11.55 DY2-7 19.95
N1-3 11.85 DY2-8 16.35
DY1-2 15.60 DY2-9 14.85
DY2-1 16.35 DY2-10 19.05
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698728784644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Nitrite content and degradation rate of bacterial culture medium

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Strain number24 h48 h
Nitrate content (mg/kg)Degradation rate (%)Nitrate content (mg/kg)Degradation rate (%)
CK is the blank control, average ± standard deviation.
SY2-19.900±0.22086.255.120±0.06292.89
SY2-212.120±1.99083.165.240±0.10892.72
SY2-39.930±0.18686.205.220±0.02992.75
SY2-48.580±0.20588.095.060±0.09792.97
N1-160.300±0.18616.2550.380±0.69930.02
N1-356.090±1.04222.1041.730±0.62542.04
DY1-24.650±0.05293.544.280±0.21794.05
DY2-115.010±0.24579.156.970±1.56390.32
DY2-28.880±0.24987.6792.800±0.05792.80
DY2-38.840±0.11387.725.180±0.10892.80
DY2-413.470±0.06881.295.140±0.07892.86
DY2-514.720±0.06979.575.850±0.07291.88
DY2-69.280±0.09887.115.290±0.10892.66
DY2-73.810±0.01794.713.330±0.14195.38
DY2-814.360±0.33780.055.350±0.20992.57
DY2-917.890±0.57275.156.330±0.02491.20
DY2-108.850±0.11587.715.290±0.31692.65
CK72.00±0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698791699205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

菌株培养液亚硝酸盐含量及降解率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain number24 h48 h
Nitrate content (mg/kg)Degradation rate (%)Nitrate content (mg/kg)Degradation rate (%)
CK is the blank control, average ± standard deviation.
SY2-19.900±0.22086.255.120±0.06292.89
SY2-212.120±1.99083.165.240±0.10892.72
SY2-39.930±0.18686.205.220±0.02992.75
SY2-48.580±0.20588.095.060±0.09792.97
N1-160.300±0.18616.2550.380±0.69930.02
N1-356.090±1.04222.1041.730±0.62542.04
DY1-24.650±0.05293.544.280±0.21794.05
DY2-115.010±0.24579.156.970±1.56390.32
DY2-28.880±0.24987.6792.800±0.05792.80
DY2-38.840±0.11387.725.180±0.10892.80
DY2-413.470±0.06881.295.140±0.07892.86
DY2-514.720±0.06979.575.850±0.07291.88
DY2-69.280±0.09887.115.290±0.10892.66
DY2-73.810±0.01794.713.330±0.14195.38
DY2-814.360±0.33780.055.350±0.20992.57
DY2-917.890±0.57275.156.330±0.02491.20
DY2-108.850±0.11587.715.290±0.31692.65
CK72.00±0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698863002374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Antimicrobial activity of the strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberInhibition zone diameter (cm)
Staphylococcus aureusEscherichia coli
CK is the blank control, average ± standard deviation, with an Oxford cup diameter of 0.78 cm.
SY2-12.000±0.0482.060±0.104
SY2-21.950±0.0501.920±0.042
SY2-32.100±0.0552.160±0.029
SY2-42.060±0.0622.030±0.058
N1-11.760±0.0291.310±0.029
N1-31.710±0.0291.580±0.050
DY1-21.720±0.0292.190±0.039
DY2-11.910±0.0292.180±0.029
DY2-22.080±0.0291.930±0.029
DY2-32.050±0.0292.110±0.026
DY2-41.880±0.0292.150±0.050
DY2-51.880±0.0292.010±0.029
DY2-61.980±0.0292.200±0.058
DY2-72.130±0.0292.230±0.029
DY2-81.900±0.0292.110±0.029
DY2-91.900±0.0292.180±0.076
DY2-102.150±0.0502.200±0.050
CK00
), ArticleFig(id=1242905698951082759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783829044724403, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

菌株抑菌能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberInhibition zone diameter (cm)
Staphylococcus aureusEscherichia coli
CK is the blank control, average ± standard deviation, with an Oxford cup diameter of 0.78 cm.
SY2-12.000±0.0482.060±0.104
SY2-21.950±0.0501.920±0.042
SY2-32.100±0.0552.160±0.029
SY2-42.060±0.0622.030±0.058
N1-11.760±0.0291.310±0.029
N1-31.710±0.0291.580±0.050
DY1-21.720±0.0292.190±0.039
DY2-11.910±0.0292.180±0.029
DY2-22.080±0.0291.930±0.029
DY2-32.050±0.0292.110±0.026
DY2-41.880±0.0292.150±0.050
DY2-51.880±0.0292.010±0.029
DY2-61.980±0.0292.200±0.058
DY2-72.130±0.0292.230±0.029
DY2-81.900±0.0292.110±0.029
DY2-91.900±0.0292.180±0.076
DY2-102.150±0.0502.200±0.050
CK00
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添加大蒜汁对东北酸菜的影响
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孙全敏 1, 2, 3, 4, # , 赵露 1, 2, 3, 4, # , 陈文丽 1, 2, 3, 4 , 吴家明 1, 2, 3, 4 , 迟乃玉 1, 2, 3, 4 , 王晓辉 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 张庆芳 1, 2, 3, 4, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(9): 3345-3365
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(9): 3345-3365
添加大蒜汁对东北酸菜的影响
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孙全敏1, 2, 3, 4, #, 赵露1, 2, 3, 4, #, 陈文丽1, 2, 3, 4, 吴家明1, 2, 3, 4, 迟乃玉1, 2, 3, 4, 王晓辉1, 2, 3, 4, * , 张庆芳1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 大连大学 生命健康学院, 辽宁 大连 116622
  • 2 辽宁省海洋微生物工程技术研究中心, 辽宁 大连 116622
  • 3 大连市海洋微生物工程重点实验室, 辽宁 大连 116622
  • 4 大连市合成生物学重点实验室, 辽宁 大连 116622
Effects of adding garlic juice on pickled Chinese cabbage
Quanmin SUN1, 2, 3, 4, #, Lu ZHAO1, 2, 3, 4, #, Wenli CHEN1, 2, 3, 4, Jiaming WU1, 2, 3, 4, Naiyu CHI1, 2, 3, 4, Xiaohui WANG1, 2, 3, 4, * , Qingfang ZHANG1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
  • 2 Liaoning Marine Microbial Engineering and Technology Center, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Marine Microbial Engineering in Dalian City, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology in Dalian City, Dalian 116622, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240123
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【目的】通过在东北酸菜中添加大蒜汁,研究不同大蒜汁浓度对东北酸菜发酵过程的影响。【方法】以自然发酵酸菜为对照,对发酵过程中理化指标和OD600进行监测,探究蒜汁浓度对酸菜发酵过程物种丰富度、细菌菌群结构和丰度的影响。利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术对发酵后期不同蒜汁浓度的酸菜样品测序,并对蒜风味酸菜进行了模糊数学的感官评价,从中筛选出发酵性能优良的乳酸菌。【结果】不同大蒜汁浓度对pH值与OD600影响较小,但可以明显降低“亚硝峰”峰值;添加0.2%−0.4%的蒜汁浓度,有利于乳植杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus)的生长且添加蒜汁发酵的物种丰富度高于自然发酵,0.3%蒜汁浓度的发酵液物种丰富度最高,种属数远高于其他浓度;模糊数学感观评价结果显示,0.3%蒜汁酸菜成品品质最好,能使酸菜呈现更好的感观品质和外观颜色,观察到物种丰富度高、种属数多的样品和东北酸菜感官评价的结果一致,并从中筛出一株发酵性能优良乳酸菌,鉴定为戊糖乳植物杆菌,其发酵特性为产酸最多、亚硝酸盐降解率最高、还具有一定的耐蒜性。【结论】本研究为乳酸菌发酵剂的开发提供菌种来源,为蒜风味酸菜产业化奠定理论基础。

大蒜汁  /  酸菜  /  菌群结构  /  模糊数学  /  乳酸菌

[Objective] To study the effects of adding different concentrations of garlic juice on the fermentation of pickled Chinese cabbage. [Methods] The physicochemical indicators and OD600 during the fermentation process were measured, and the effects of garlic juice concentration on the richness, community structure, and abundance of bacteria during the fermentation were studied with natural fermentation as the control. The 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was carried out in the late fermentation stage for the pickled Chinese cabbage samples with the addition of garlic juice at different concentrations. Fuzzy mathematics-based evaluation was conducted for the sensory quality of garlic-flavored samples to select the lactic acid bacterial strains with excellent fermentation performance. [Results] Different concentrations of garlic juice had minor effects on the pH and OD600 but significantly reduced the peak value of nitrite. Adding 0.2%–0.4% garlic juice was beneficial for the growth of Lactiplantibacillus, and the species richness of the product fermented with the addition of garlic juice was higher than that of the naturally fermented product. The fermentation liquid with the addition of 0.3% garlic juice had the highest species richness, with much higher number of genera than other concentration groups. The product from fermentation with 0.3% garlic juice showcased the best quality, presenting better sensory quality and appearance. The product with high species richness and a large number of genera had good sensory quality. A strain of lactic acid bacteria with excellent fermentation performance was screened out and identified as Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, which produced the most acids during fermentation, had the highest nitrite degradation rate, and exhibited tolerance to garlic. [Conclusion] This study provides a strain for the development of lactic acid bacteria fermentation agents and lays a theoretical foundation for the industrialization of garlic-flavored pickled Chinese cabbage.

garlic juice  /  pickled Chinese cabbage  /  microbial community structure  /  fuzzy mathematics  /  lactic acid bacteria
孙全敏, 赵露, 陈文丽, 吴家明, 迟乃玉, 王晓辉, 张庆芳. 添加大蒜汁对东北酸菜的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3345 -3365 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240123
Quanmin SUN, Lu ZHAO, Wenli CHEN, Jiaming WU, Naiyu CHI, Xiaohui WANG, Qingfang ZHANG. Effects of adding garlic juice on pickled Chinese cabbage[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3345 -3365 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240123
大蒜(Allium sativum L.)是一种常见的香料,它对身体有许多益处,根据记载,埃及、希腊、罗马、中国和印度的古代医学文献都承认大蒜是许多生理疾病和健康相关疾病的治疗剂,在中国被用作传统药物的历史悠久[1]。大蒜中含有多种生物活性化合物,如有机硫化物、皂苷、酚类化合物和多糖[2]。大蒜及其生物活性化合物具有广泛药理特性,可以在预防不同类型的疾病方面显示出更好的功效,如抗氧化、抗炎、肾保护、心血管保护、神经保护和肾脏保护等[3-4]。大蒜的有机硫化合物具有杀菌、抗生物膜、抗毒素和抗群体感应活性[5]。大蒜中的活性成分大蒜素起到主要抗菌活性,其可与硫氧还原蛋白还原酶、RNA聚合酶和乙醇脱氢酶等含有硫醇的酶发生化学作用,从而产生抗菌活性[3]。此外大蒜还具有抗癌作用,其作用机制主要有清除自由基、调节免疫系统[6]、增加谷胱甘肽S-转移酶等酶的活性[7]、缩小肿瘤体积,以及抑制癌细胞增殖、抗凋亡、逃避肿瘤细胞等行为来抑制癌症的发生[8-9]。研究表明,大蒜及其硫衍生物可以抑制肿瘤生长,改变肿瘤的生物学行为[10]
在蔬菜生长过程中,其硝酸盐含量受施肥、生长速度和生长条件(包括光照强度、降雨量)等因素的影响,研究表明,多叶蔬菜中硝酸盐含量远高于种子或块茎中的含量,在发酵过程中会被肠杆菌等硝酸盐还原细菌还原为亚硝酸盐,并逐渐上升形成高峰值的“亚硝峰”,然后随着发酵进程的推进其残留量逐渐减少。许多研究表明,一些癌症如乳腺癌、胃癌、甲状腺癌[11-12]等都与硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的摄入量有关。同时硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的过量摄入还会导致高铁血红蛋白血症的形成,增加乳腺癌、前列腺癌[13]、代谢紊乱的风险及一系列疾病的发生[14-15]。发酵蔬菜中亚硝酸盐的残留量还受pH、盐浓度、温度等发酵条件的影响,有研究表明,pH值和亚硝酸盐浓度呈一定相关性[16];在发酵中添加辅料进行发酵能在一定程度上减少亚硝酸盐积累,其中大蒜、大葱和洋葱中富含的有机硫化物的巯基能与亚硝酸盐反应生成亚硝酸硫酯类化合物[17],减少产品中亚硝酸盐含量。目前,添加大蒜汁对东北酸菜的研究鲜有报道,本研究将酸菜发酵过程理化指标、高通量、物种丰富度、菌群结构、感官评价、菌种筛选结合到一起,研究了添加蒜汁对东北酸菜的理化性质及微生物菌群的影响,通过感官评价找出最适大蒜汁浓度的东北酸菜发酵产品,并从其发酵汤汁中筛选最优势菌属的乳酸菌,可在工业化生产中作为菌种应用。
大蒜、新鲜白菜、PET矿泉水购自大连大学南校门外菜市场。
MRS液体培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,酵母浸粉5.0,牛肉膏10.0,柠檬酸氢二铵2.0,葡萄糖20.0,乙酸钠5.0,三水磷酸氢二钾2.0,七水硫酸镁0.2,硫酸锰0.05,吐温-80 1 mL/L,pH 6.2±0.2。MRS固体培养基:在MRS液体培养基基础上加入18 g琼脂。MRS-CaCO3培养基:在MRS固体培养基基础上加入20 g CaCO3。LB培养基(g/L):牛肉膏5.0,蛋白胨10.0,NaCl 5.0,pH 7.2±0.2。
pH计,上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;恒温摇床,上海茸研仪器有限公司;电热恒温水浴锅,上海精宏实验设备有限公司;酶标仪,Labsystems公司;电子天平,梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;紫外可见分光光度计,上海美谱达仪器有限公司;DP812土壤基因组脱氧核糖核酸提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司。
将新鲜的大蒜去皮,置于紫外下照射30 min后,使用榨汁机榨碎,将蒜汁匀浆先后用四层纱布和45 μm的滤膜过滤,得到100%的大蒜汁。
将新鲜大白菜剥去外层坏叶,进行清洗和沥水,然后切丝混匀并装瓶,之后在瓶中添加大蒜汁和盐水,最后将其封盖并恒温发酵。
切丝混匀、装瓶:将沥干的大白菜切成0.5−1.0 cm的均匀细丝,注意将白菜帮和菜叶部位混合均匀。选用统一规格的555 mL PET材料制备的瓶子若干作为酸菜发酵瓶。此外盐水与大蒜汁添加量:盐水浓度为1.5%,盐水与白菜质量比为1:1,大蒜汁添加量与盐水体积的百分比分别为0.2%、0.3%、0.4%。
每瓶酸菜代表不同浓度同一天数的独立发酵体系,酸菜发酵液作为研究对象,以0 d取样为开始,到第7天结束,测每天的理化指标。pH值测定:pH计进行测定;总酸含量测定:参照GB 12456—2021《食品安全国家标准食品中总酸的测定》[18];亚硝酸盐含量测定:参照GB 5009.33—2016《食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》[19];微生物总数测定:平板计数法,参照GB 4789.2—2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定》[20]OD600值的测定:使用紫外分光光度计测定在波长600 nm处的吸光度值。
取成品后的酸菜发酵液,进行测序。
使用Trimmomatic[21] (version 0.33)、Cutadapt、Usearch v10等工具对Illumina高通量测序的数据进行质量过滤,最终得到高质量的序列用于后续分析。
参考李玉珍等[22-25]的模糊评价的构建步骤对不同浓度蒜汁酸菜成品进行模糊综合评价,并建立评价模型。
取上述样品中的发酵液5 mL分别转入装有45 mL生理盐水及玻璃珠的锥形瓶中彻底振荡混匀后进行10−1−10−7梯度稀释;取各梯度稀释液0.2 mL涂布于MRS-CaCO3平板上;30 ℃恒温培养48 h后挑取不同形态且钙溶圈(透明圈)大的乳酸菌进行分离纯化,并进行革兰氏染色和过氧化氢酶[26]试验,同时对菌株进行4 ℃斜面保藏和−80 ℃甘油保藏。
产酸速度的测定:在无菌条件下,分别挑取各菌株单菌落转入MRS液体培养中,30 ℃静置培养24 h后,按2%转接量传代一次,培养24 h后用pH计测定pH值。
产酸量的测定:产酸量的测定主要参考王鑫宇[27]的实验方法。
参考GB 5009.33—2016《食品安全国家标准食品中硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐的测定》[19]
抑菌性能测定采用牛津杯双层平板扩散法进行测定,主要参考辛娜等[28]的牛津杯扩散法。
在MRS平板上观察菌株的菌落大小、形状、颜色及光滑程度,进行革兰氏染色。并进行16S rRNA基因测序。按照基因组DNA提取试剂盒说明书提取样本DNA,以其为模板,对16S rRNA基因序列进行扩增,引物为细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCT GGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTA CGACTT-3′)。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Phanta Max Mix (p515) 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 9.5 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,57 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。
目的菌株按2%转接量接入MRS培养基中,30 ℃静置培养24 h。培养期间,每隔2 h取样测定菌液在OD600处的吸光值,以培养时间为横坐标,OD600值为纵坐标绘制生长曲线。
将活化好的菌液按2%的接菌量接入已灭菌的MRS液体培养基中,置于不同温度(10、15、20、25、30、35、40 ℃)的恒温培养箱中静置培养24 h。培养期间,每隔4 h取样并测定菌液在OD600处的吸光度。
将活化好的菌液按2%的接菌量接入已灭菌的不同初始pH值(2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0)的MRS液体培养基中,置于最适温度下的恒温培养箱中静置培养24 h。培养期间,每隔4 h取样并测定菌液在OD600处的吸光度。
将活化好的菌液按2%的接菌量接入已灭菌的不同盐浓度(0.0%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、4.0%、6.0%、8.0%)的MRS液体培养基中,置于最适温度下的恒温培养箱中静置培养24 h。培养期间,每隔4 h取样并测定菌液在OD600处的吸光度。
将活化好的菌液按2%转接量接入不同亚硝酸盐浓度(0、50、100、150、200 mg/kg)的MRS培养基中,在最适温度下恒温静置培养24 h及48 h后分别测菌液OD600值,并计算亚硝酸盐降解率。
在无菌条件下用接菌环挑取目的菌株的单菌落分别与戊糖片球菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、乳酸乳球菌进行交叉划线,于最适温度下培养48 h后观察菌株生长情况。
将浓度为10%的大蒜汁按试管二倍稀释法稀释成浓度为5%、2.5%、1.25%、0.625%、0.312%的培养液[29]各2 mL,然后取已活化的乳酸菌菌液0.1 mL转接至上述各浓度试管中,并以2 mL无菌水作为空白对照,摇匀,35 ℃恒温静置培养24 h后测菌液OD600值。
以上实验均重复3次,结果以平均值±标准差表示,并用IBM SPSS Statistics 24与OriginPro 2021对数据进行统计分析。
图1所示,不同浓度大蒜汁酸菜发酵液pH值均呈现下降趋势。发酵7 d后,不同大蒜汁浓度的发酵酸菜pH值波动不大,均保持在2.9左右,说明添加蒜汁发酵对酸菜发酵初期的pH值有轻微影响,到发酵后期对发酵的pH值影响不大。
图2所示,不同浓度大蒜汁发酵的酸菜总酸含量随着发酵时间的推进保持上升趋势,到发酵后期保持平稳。在发酵初期,添加蒜汁浓度越大,总酸含量越小,发酵7 d后,各蒜汁浓度酸菜总酸含量稳定在9.4 g/kg左右。
图3所示,在发酵第1天,均出现不同峰值的“亚硝峰”,峰值随蒜汁浓度的增大而降低,随着发酵时间的延长,酸菜中的亚硝酸盐含量逐渐降低,在发酵后期,亚硝酸盐含量不随蒜汁浓度变化而变化,基本稳定在3.2 mg/kg左右。
图4所示,在整个发酵过程中,发酵液OD600值整体呈上升趋势,到发酵后期,不同浓度蒜汁酸菜的OD600值增长缓慢。
图5所示,在发酵第0天不同蒜汁浓度酸菜中的细菌总数差别不大,均在6 lg CFU/mL左右;在发酵第1天,未添加蒜汁发酵中的细菌总数高于添加蒜汁的细菌总数,添加蒜汁发酵的细菌总数随着浓度的升高而降低。在发酵后期,细菌总数与乳酸菌总数逐渐保持稳定,乳酸菌总数低于细菌总数。
上述结果可知,发酵过程中第7天的各项理化指标趋于稳定,因此取第7天的酸菜发酵液进行高通量测序,设自然发酵的酸菜为CK7,蒜汁浓度为0.2%、0.3%、0.4%的酸菜样品分别为S27、S37、S47。
通过对样品进行处理后,对得到的数据进行质量评估。各样品测序数据评估结果如表1所示。将原始序列进行拼接、过滤和嵌合体处理等,最后得到有效序列数为62 964、57 969、64 225、59 950条,与原始序列相比,其有效占比分别为78.74%、80.58%、80.44%和74.98%,测序质量较好。
不同浓度蒜汁酸菜成品中OTU与基于OTU的Venn图如图6所示,各样品中酸菜的OTUs大小顺序为S37 > S47 > S27 > CK7,共有核心OTUs 35个,CK7独有OTUs 143个,S27独有OTUs 153个,S37独有OTUs 195个,S47独有OTUs 159个。
不同浓度蒜汁酸菜成品的稀释性曲线结果如图7所示,不同蒜汁浓度酸菜样品间稀释性曲线S37 > S47 > S27 > CK7,表明添加蒜汁发酵后酸菜中微生物的物种丰富度均高于自然发酵,其中S37酸菜样品微生物丰富度最高。
不同浓度蒜汁酸菜成品的香农指数曲线结果如图8所示,曲线趋于平坦,表明测序数据量足够大,特征种类不会随测序量增加而增长。样品间香农指数S47 > CK7 > S37 > S27,其中S47酸菜样品微生物多样性最高。
各样品中的α指数如表2所示,在OTU水平,各酸菜成品中ACE指数与Chao1指数大小顺序均为S37 > S47 > S27 > CK7。α多样性指数结果表明添加蒜汁发酵后酸菜中的物种丰富度与物种多样性均高于自然发酵。
将各样品得到的序列数据进行物种注释并进行聚类分析,得到各等级物种结果如表3所示。菌门数上S37 > S47 > CK7 > S27,菌属数上S37 > S27 > CK7 > S47,物种数上S37 > S27 > S47=CK7。
不同浓度蒜汁酸菜成品在门水平上的物种分布如图9所示,在相对丰度排名前10的菌门中丰度大于1.00%的菌门有厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) (S27 > S37 > S47 > CK7) (91.59% > 89.83% > 85.60% > 83.53%),变形菌门(Proteobacteria) (CK7 > S47 > S37 > S27) (13.76% > 11.90% > 6.86% > 6.13%),蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria) (S37 > CK7 > S27 > S47) (1.46% > 1.12% > 0.98% > 0.85%)。可以看到,所有添加蒜汁发酵后的样品中Firmicutes丰度均高于未添加蒜汁发酵中的丰度,Proteobacteria丰度均小于未添加蒜汁发酵中的丰度,表明添加0.2%−0.4%浓度蒜汁发酵对发酵酸菜中Firmicutes的生长有利,对Proteobacteria的生长不利,而对Cyanobacteria来说,0.3%的蒜汁浓度对其生长有益。
不同浓度蒜汁酸菜成品在属水平上的物种分布如图10所示,相对丰度排名前10的菌属中丰度大于1.00%的乳酸菌菌属有乳植杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus) (S27 > S37 > S47 > CK7) (63.08% > 53.61% > 46.65% > 45.03%),乳球菌属(Lactococcus) (CK7 > S37 > S47 > S27) (25.71% > 22.60% > 11.65% > 16.03%),明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc) S47 > S37 > CK7 > S27) (12.11% > 5.97% > 4.69% > 4.68%),魏斯氏菌属(Weissella) (S27 > CK7 > S47 > S37),片球菌属(Pediococcus) (S37 > CK7 > S27 > S47),乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus) (S37 > S27 > CK7 > S47) (1.28% > 1.17% > 0.76% > 0.33%);其他菌属有拉恩氏菌属(Rahnella) (CK7 > S37 > S27 > S47) (2.58% > 2.22% > 1.16% > 0.99%);unclassified_Enterobacteriaceae (CK7 > S47 > S27 > S37) (8.63% > 5.28% > 2.34% > 2.11%)。可以看到,添加0.2%−0.4%的蒜汁发酵对发酵酸菜中LactiplantibacillusLeuconostoc的生长有利,对LactococcusRahnella1、unclassified_ Enterobacteriaceae的生长不利。
不同浓度蒜汁酸菜成品在基于属水平上的分类学树状图如图11所示,根据颜色和饼图面积对比,Firmicutes中饼图面积及颜色占比有主要变化的是LactobacillusPediococcus、Lactococcus,根据饼图占比,Lactobacillus中S37占比最大,S47占比最小,Pediococcus中S37占比最大,Lactococcus中CK7占比最大,S27占比最小。在变形菌门Proteobacteria中莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)有主要变化的有Acinetobacter与Pseudomonas,在Acinetobacter中S27与S37占比较大,Pseudomonas中CK7占比最大,S27占比最小。
各项感官评价指标权重(X)计算结果如表4所示,色泽0.25,香气0.26,滋味0.29,质地0.20,即X={0.25, 0.26, 0.29, 0.20}。
感观评定小组按照评价标准对4种不同蒜汁浓度的酸菜成品进行感观评定,评定结果如表5所示,不同蒜汁浓度的酸菜产品的模糊矩阵分别记为R1R2R3R4。由表5可知,根据评定小组对R1的评价,对色泽的评价结果显示,有6人认为优秀,4人认为良好,认为一般、较差、差的人数均为0人,则得到A色泽={0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0},同理可得A香气={0.1 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0},A滋味={0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1},A质地={0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1},以此类推得到矩阵R1R4
到不同蒜汁浓度酸菜样品的模糊矩阵分别如下:
根据模糊数学综合评定集Yi=X×Ri,其中权重X={0.25, 0.26, 0.29, 0.20},Ri为评定关系矩阵,得到综合评价结果,如下:
得到Y1=(0.254, 0.507, 0.121, 0.069, 0.049),即为蒜汁浓度为0.0%酸菜样品的综合评价结果,该结果表明不添加大蒜汁进行发酵的酸菜成品,认为其感观品质为优秀的人占25.4%,认为其感观品质为良好的人占比50.7%,认为其感观品质为一般的人占比12.1%,认为其感观品质为较差的人占比6.9%,认为其感观品质为差的人占比4.9%。
同理可得,其余3个样品得到的模糊数学综合评定结果为:Y2=(0.386, 0.501, 0.113, 0.000, 0.000),Y3=(0.596, 0.299, 0.105, 0.000, 0.000),Y4=(0.521, 0.329, 0.055, 0.069, 0.026),根据模糊综合评价总分T=V×Y计算得到各样品的综合得分。如样品Y1=(0.254, 0.507, 0.121, 0.069, 0.049),评价等级V=(25, 20, 15, 10, 5),可计算得出未添加蒜汁发酵的酸菜样品的综合得分为:
同理可得T2=21.365,T3=22.455,T4=21.250。经模糊数学评价法最后得到的综合得分Y3 > Y2 > Y4 > Y1,即在不同浓度蒜汁发酵的酸菜成品中,0.3%蒜汁浓度的酸菜成品综合评定分数最高,其次是0.2%和0.4%蒜汁浓度的酸菜成品,0.0%蒜汁浓度的酸菜成品得分最低。
不同蒜汁浓度酸菜成品发酵液如图12所示,加入蒜汁进行发酵的酸菜发酵液均比未加入蒜汁发酵的酸菜发酵液澄清。根据模糊数学综合评定得到的结果为添加0.3%蒜汁浓度进行发酵的酸菜得分最高,其发酵酸菜成品与未添加蒜汁发酵的酸菜成品如图13所示,添加蒜汁发酵的酸菜茎边为亮白色,菜叶为亮黄色,外观色泽比未添加蒜汁发酵的酸菜更好,汤汁也更加清澈。大蒜中含有大蒜素,能够使酸菜呈现较好的感官品质与外观颜色,减少质量损失,与代惠芹等[30]的研究相符。
表6可知,感官评价好的样品物种丰富度最高。感官评价中的色、香、味是微生物赋予的,不同的菌具有不同代谢途径、代谢方式,能产生不同的代谢产物,会导致风味不同。本研究表明0.3%蒜汁浓度的酸菜成品综合评定分数最高,乳酸菌属占比为88.85%,其中Lactiplantibacillus为53.61%、Lactococcus为22.60%、Leuconostoc为5.97%、Weissella为3.28%、Pediococcus为2.11%、Lactobacillus为1.28%。在该条件下,风味最佳的原因可能是乳酸菌属与其他菌属比例恰当,造成色、香、味综合评分最高,在酸菜成品无腐败的情况下,菌属数、丰富度及菌种比例是否与感官评价有一定的关系,它们之间的作用还有待进一步研究。
上述结果表明,在菌群结构分析中,乳酸菌属在各浓度蒜汁的酸菜中丰度最大,因此从其发酵汤汁中筛选一株发酵性能良好的乳酸菌。按照传统分离菌株的实验操作方法,分离纯化出具有明显透明圈的菌株共21株,将所有菌株进行菌落形态观察、过氧化氢酶试验及革兰氏染色。得到17株过氧化氢酶试验阴性、革兰氏染色阳性且溶钙圈大的乳酸菌。编号分别为N1-1、N1-3、SY2-1、SY2-2、SY2-3、SY2-4、DY1-2、DY2-1、DY2-2、DY2-3、DY2-4、DY2-5、DY2-6、DY2-7、DY2-8、DY2-9、DY2-10。
各菌株培养24 h后菌液pH值如表7所示,空白对照CK的pH值为6.200±0.010。所有菌株培养24 h后pH值均下降至4.000以下,菌株DY2-7 24 h pH值最低,为3.160±0.015。
各菌株培养24 h后菌液的产酸量如表8所示,空白对照CK产酸量为0.38 g/kg,菌株DY2-7 24 h产酸量最高,达到19.95 g/kg。
各菌株在24 h及48 h时亚硝酸盐含量及降解率如表9所示,在24 h时,降解率大于90.00%的菌株为DY1-2与DY2-7,降解率分别为93.54%、94.71%;在48 h时,降解率大于90.00%的共15株,其中菌株DY1-2与DY2-7在48 h时的降解率分别为94.05%、95.38%。
各菌株对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌效果如表10所示。17株乳酸菌发酵液对供试菌株的生长均有抑制作用,在对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径中,菌株DY2-10的抑菌圈直径最大,达到(2.150±0.050) cm,菌株DY2-7的抑菌圈直径为(2.130±0.029) cm。对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径,菌株DY2-7的抑菌圈直径达到(2.230±0.029) cm,抑菌作用最强。
对筛选得到的菌株进行初筛,初步得到17株乳酸杆菌;复筛后菌株DY2-7发酵24 h后的产酸速度最快,pH值为3.160±0.015;产酸量为19.95 g/kg;在24 h与48 h时的亚硝酸盐降解率最高,48 h时亚硝酸盐降解率为95.38%。在对致病菌的抑制作用中,菌株DY2-7对大肠杆菌的抑制作用最强,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用稍弱,但抑菌圈直径也达到了(2.130±0.029) cm,研究表明致病性大肠杆菌是韩国过去18年中发现的第二大食源性病原体[27],所以对大肠杆菌的抑制能力尤为重要。综合所有结果,选定优势菌株DY2-7为下一步实验菌株。
菌株DY2-7菌落形态及革兰氏染色如图14所示,菌落圆形,直径约1.5−3.0 mm,菌落凸起,整体呈乳白色,光滑有光泽,不透明;革兰氏染色为阳性,菌体形态为杆状,约0.5−1.2 μm,成对排列。
菌株DY2-7琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果如图15所示,其DNA条带清晰,约1 500 bp,经测序后菌株DY2-7的目的片段为1 506 bp。
菌株DY2-7的系统发育树如图16所示,菌株DY2-7与Lactiplantibacillus pentosus DSM 20314形成一小分支,置信度为97,鉴定为戊糖乳植物杆菌,命名为L. pentosus DY2-7。
图17所示,在0−2 h内,菌株生长较缓慢处于延迟期;在2−18 h菌株适应生长环境后生长迅速处于对数期;在18−24 h菌液吸光值基本保持不变,进入稳定期,在20 h时,菌株DY2-7有最大OD600值1.790±0.007。
图18所示,在10 ℃时,菌株OD600值在24 h内基本无变化,菌株基本不生长;在15 ℃时,增长非常缓慢,在20−35 ℃之间时,菌株生长速度随温度升高而加快,当培养温度在40 ℃时,在0−8 h之间菌液的OD600值大于35 ℃时的吸光值,但在8 h之后,菌株菌液OD600值小于35 ℃时的吸光值,说明温度的提高能加快菌株在0−8 h的生长速度,但随着培养时间的延长,过高的温度会对菌株的生长有抑制作用。根据在不同温度下,菌株OD600值的变化可以得出,当培养温度为35 ℃时最适合菌株DY2-7的生长,在培养24 h后OD600值最大,为1.800±0.015。
图19所示,当pH值在3.5−8.0之间时,菌株菌液的OD600值随着pH值的增加而增大,pH值越高,菌液OD600值也越大,说明在此pH值范围内,pH值越高越适合菌株DY2-7的生长;根据不同pH值菌株菌液在24 h内的OD600值变化得出,pH值为6.0时菌株整体生长情况最好,在20 h时有最大OD600值1.800±0.010,说明培养基初始pH值为6.0时最适合菌株DY2-7的生长。
菌株DY2-7的耐盐性如图20所示,当NaCl浓度在0.0%−6.0%之间时,随着培养时间的延长,菌株OD600值随着NaCl浓度的增加而增大。根据生长情况,菌株DY2-7对浓度为6.0%以下的NaCl均有良好耐受性。
不同亚硝酸盐浓度下,菌株24 h对亚硝酸盐的降解率如图21所示,随着亚硝酸盐浓度的增高,其OD600值均在1.6以上,表明菌株有良好的耐受性。菌株DY2-7对亚硝酸盐的降解率随亚硝酸盐浓度增高而减弱,但降解率均在97.00%以上;亚硝酸盐浓度为200 mg/kg时,菌株OD600值为1.660±0.014,降解率为97.11%,亚硝酸盐浓度为50 mg/kg时,菌株OD600值为1.720±0.005,降解率为99.41%。
菌株DY2-7与戊糖片球菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、乳酸球菌之间并无抑制作用,可以更好地应用于酸菜发酵。
图22所示,菌液OD600值随着大蒜汁浓度的升高而降低,说明特定浓度范围内的大蒜汁对乳酸菌的生长有一定的抑制作用,当大蒜汁浓度为0.312%时吸光值最高。
添加不同浓度蒜汁能明显降低“亚硝峰”,峰值随蒜汁浓度的增大而降低,细菌总数与乳酸菌总数呈先上升后下降并趋于稳定的趋势。添加蒜汁的酸菜发酵液中,物种丰富度大于自然发酵,0.3%蒜汁酸菜样品在菌属、菌种数上,均优于其他样品。酸菜样品中含有LactiplantibacillusLactococcusLeuconostocWeissellaPediococcusLactobacillus这6个乳酸菌属,其中Lactiplantibacillus为优势菌属。添加不同浓度蒜汁发酵的酸菜成品进行模糊数学感观评价,0.3%蒜汁浓度的酸菜成品综合评定分数最高,从中筛选出一株发酵性能优良乳酸菌,鉴定为戊糖乳植物杆菌,该菌属为乳植杆菌属,是发酵液中丰富度最高的乳酸菌属类,命名为L. pentosus DY2-7。
在酸菜发酵过程中会产生亚硝酸盐,人体摄入过量亚硝酸盐后,会影响血红蛋白的携氧能力,导致出现呼吸中枢麻痹等症状,亚硝酸盐也能在胃中与仲胺、叔胺等结合形成N-亚硝酸胺类化合物,此类化合物有强烈的致癌作用,与多种癌症的发生存在关联[31]
由本研究图1可知,发酵初期,对照(自然发酵)的亚硝峰显著高于添加蒜汁的各处理,说明未添加蒜汁的处理在发酵中会有大量亚硝酸盐产生。然而大蒜汁富含的有机硫化物的巯基能与亚硝酸盐反应生成亚硝酸硫酯类化合物[17],能减少产品中亚硝酸盐含量,对亚硝酸盐具有较强的清除效果[32-34],使添加大蒜汁的发酵菜中亚硝酸盐含量降低。此外,亚硝酸盐也是一种防腐剂,能抑制致病菌的生长[35]。张庆芳等[36]研究证明了添加亚硝酸盐能使东北酸菜中的菌群结构发生变化,亚硝酸盐的添加会使发酵初期中的微生物多样性及丰度降低,微生物总量减少,因此本研究中添加大蒜汁的发酵菜物种丰富度高于自然发酵与大蒜汁添加后的亚硝酸盐降低有关。
用高通量测序和模糊数学对不同蒜汁浓度发酵菜进行分析,发现0.3%蒜汁酸菜样品在菌属、菌种数上,均优于其他样品,而且0.3%蒜汁浓度的酸菜成品感官综合评定分数最高,不同的细菌群落,具有不同代谢功能,最终影响发酵菜的色泽、香气、滋味、质地,本研究将菌群结构与感官评价相结合,在酸菜成品无腐败的情况下,菌属数、丰富度及菌种比例是否与感官评价有一定的关系,它们之间的作用还有待进一步研究。此外,本研究筛选出的耐蒜的优势菌属L. pentosus DY2-7,既有优良的发酵特性又有一定的耐蒜能力,可为乳酸菌发酵剂的开发提供菌种来源,添加蒜汁发酵能够使酸菜呈现较好的感官品质与外观颜色,并减少质量损失,为蒜风味酸菜产业化奠定理论基础。
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金(110013)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31500039)
  • 大连市青年科技之星项目(2017RQ155)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2805105)
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2024年第64卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240123
  • 接收时间:2024-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-28
  • 录用日期:2024-05-23
基金
Central Government's Guidance Fund for Local Scientific and Technological Development Proiects(110013)
中央引导地方科技发展资金(110013)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31500039)
国家自然科学基金(31500039)
Dalian City Youth Science and Technology Star(2017RQ155)
大连市青年科技之星项目(2017RQ155)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2805105)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2805105)
作者信息
    1 大连大学 生命健康学院, 辽宁 大连 116622
    2 辽宁省海洋微生物工程技术研究中心, 辽宁 大连 116622
    3 大连市海洋微生物工程重点实验室, 辽宁 大连 116622
    4 大连市合成生物学重点实验室, 辽宁 大连 116622

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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