Article(id=1241783828486881966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708704000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1713888000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-24, onlineDate=1773993935938, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1715097600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993935938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993935938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993935938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3141, endPage=3156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783831905239751, articleId=1241783828486881966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in biodegradation of the agar from red algae, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Agar is one of the important components in the cell wall of red algae. The biodegradation of agar affects marine ecological processes, such as nutrient recycling, succession of large seaweed communities, heavy metal pollution, and carbon sequestration. In addition, the degradation products of agar demonstrate great application potential in aquaculture, agriculture, medicine, health products, bioenergy, etc. Therefore, the biodegradation of agar and its ecological and application values have become research hotspots in recent years. This article reviews the research progress in the significance of agar degradation, microbial agarases, and agar metabolic pathways, providing theoretical support for the research on the ecological effects and comprehensive utilization of the agar from red algae.

, correspAuthors=Runying ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZENG Runying, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wu QU, Runying ZENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783837232005939, articleId=1241783828486881966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=红藻琼胶多糖微生物降解及意义研究进展, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

琼胶是红藻细胞壁的重要成分之一。琼胶的生物降解影响着营养盐再循环、大型海藻群落演替、重金属污染和碳汇等海洋生态过程。此外,琼胶降解产物在水产、农业、医药、保健品和生物能源等领域也具有很大应用潜力。因此,近年来琼胶的生物降解及其生态和应用价值已经成为研究热点。本文针对琼胶降解意义、微生物琼胶酶、琼胶代谢途径等方面的研究进展进行综述,为红藻琼胶多糖生态功能和工业价值的综合利用研究提供理论支撑。

, correspAuthors=曾润颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mLYQgBZ0zLW9SRO9juXZpg==, magXml=Nu9cVKrRN/FsTpLrJ0dA8Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=q8DBF4qNZiwawm5QIfTPrg==, pdfFileSize=820556, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=AJVzUuoFLKPS9J4SbKHm0A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OYTGIuuyyc12QhyrlrP36g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=曲武, 曾润颖)}, authors=[Author(id=1242902963275022465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828486881966, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242902963564429448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828486881966, authorId=1242902963275022465, language=EN, stringName=Wu QU, firstName=Wu, middleName=null, lastName=QU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242902963769950350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828486881966, authorId=1242902963275022465, language=CN, stringName=曲武, firstName=武, middleName=null, lastName=曲, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院, 浙江 舟山 316022, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242902962813649000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828486881966, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902962830426218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828486881966, companyId=1242902962813649000, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902962838814827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828486881966, companyId=1242902962813649000, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院, 浙江 舟山 316022)])]), Author(id=1242902964050968724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828486881966, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zeng@tio.org.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242902964315209885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828486881966, authorId=1242902964050968724, language=EN, stringName=Runying ZENG, firstName=Runying, middleName=null, lastName=ZENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, *, address=2 Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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红藻琼胶多糖微生物降解及意义研究进展
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曲武 1 , 曾润颖 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(9): 3141-3156
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(9): 3141-3156
红藻琼胶多糖微生物降解及意义研究进展
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曲武1, 曾润颖2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院, 浙江 舟山 316022
  • 2 自然资源部海洋生物资源开发利用工程技术创新中心, 福建 厦门 361005
  • 3 福建省海岛资源生态监测与保护利用重点实验室, 福建 平潭 350400
Research progress in biodegradation of the agar from red algae
Wu QU1, Runying ZENG2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
  • 3 Fujian Key Laboratory of Island Monitoring and Ecological Development, Pingtan 350400, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2024-05-08 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240115
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琼胶是红藻细胞壁的重要成分之一。琼胶的生物降解影响着营养盐再循环、大型海藻群落演替、重金属污染和碳汇等海洋生态过程。此外,琼胶降解产物在水产、农业、医药、保健品和生物能源等领域也具有很大应用潜力。因此,近年来琼胶的生物降解及其生态和应用价值已经成为研究热点。本文针对琼胶降解意义、微生物琼胶酶、琼胶代谢途径等方面的研究进展进行综述,为红藻琼胶多糖生态功能和工业价值的综合利用研究提供理论支撑。

琼胶  /  红藻  /  琼胶酶  /  代谢途径  /  碳汇

Agar is one of the important components in the cell wall of red algae. The biodegradation of agar affects marine ecological processes, such as nutrient recycling, succession of large seaweed communities, heavy metal pollution, and carbon sequestration. In addition, the degradation products of agar demonstrate great application potential in aquaculture, agriculture, medicine, health products, bioenergy, etc. Therefore, the biodegradation of agar and its ecological and application values have become research hotspots in recent years. This article reviews the research progress in the significance of agar degradation, microbial agarases, and agar metabolic pathways, providing theoretical support for the research on the ecological effects and comprehensive utilization of the agar from red algae.

agar  /  red algae  /  agarase  /  metabolic pathway  /  carbon sequestration
曲武, 曾润颖. 红藻琼胶多糖微生物降解及意义研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3141 -3156 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240115
Wu QU, Runying ZENG. Research progress in biodegradation of the agar from red algae[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3141 -3156 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240115
琼胶是红藻门(Rhodophyta)植物细胞壁的主要成分之一[1],其分子结构是一种线性多糖,骨架由3, 6-内醚-L-半乳糖(3, 6-anhydro-L-galactose, AHG)和D-半乳糖(D-galactose, GAL) 2种单糖通过α-1, 3和β-1, 4糖苷键交替连接而成[2]。天然琼胶分子结构中通常存在硫酸根、羧基等基团的修饰,经过提纯后形成无电荷的中性多糖分子,即琼脂糖[2]
我国红藻种类多样性高,在黄海西区、东海西区、南海北区和南海南区四大海藻区系中生长的红藻门包括15目40科169属607种[3]。此外,我国红藻产量也非常可观。仅2019年我国江蓠、紫菜和麒麟菜等红藻产量分别达到34.8、21.2和0.042万t[4]。作为红藻中的重要组成部分,存储量丰富的琼胶多糖对于CO2封存和改善气候问题具有重要的生态意义[5]
除生态意义外,琼胶多糖也具有很高的工业生产价值。琼胶分子的凝胶性能、兼容性和稳定性良好,因此在食品、药品、化工和科研等行业已经得到广泛应用[2]。在工业中,主要在石花菜属(Gelidium)、江蓠属(Gracilaria)、鸡毛菜(Pterocladiaetenuis)等红藻中提取获得琼胶[6]。由于优良的理化性质[2]及廉价的生产原料[7],琼胶、褐藻胶和卡拉胶共同成为三大工业藻类胶体[6]
高聚合度琼胶大分子可以通过微生物来源的琼胶酶降解为低聚合度琼胶寡糖,在其他酶的作用下生成可发酵单糖,并进一步被代谢利用生成水和CO2[8],成为海藻碳汇碳周转过程的重要组成部分。作为细胞壁主要成分,琼胶的降解会引起红藻中营养盐和重金属的释放,从而对周围海域环境造成影响[9]。此外,琼胶降解而来的寡糖和单糖在水产、医药、生物能源等领域具有较大的应用潜力与经济价值[2]。因此,琼胶的生物降解对于生态环境和工业生产均具有重要影响。本文针对琼胶降解生态意义、产物应用、微生物琼胶酶和琼胶代谢途径等方面的研究进展进行综述,为红藻琼胶多糖生态作用研究及其工业应用提供理论支撑。
在大型底栖海藻中,包括纤维素、琼胶、卡拉胶等在内的多糖类物质含量很高,占其细胞干重的50%以上[10]。这些多糖的降解是驱动其分解、代谢、利用和再循环的关键步骤,能够将含碳物质、氮磷营养盐、重金属等重新释放并消耗大量O2,对附近海水的水质及营养情况产生影响,并通过海洋动力学过程产生远距离影响[9]。因此,琼胶等海藻多糖的降解作用在维持海洋物质循环和能量流动方面扮演着关键角色,有研究表明该过程可以造成海水缺氧[11]、重金属二次污染[12]、营养盐异常[13]等环境问题,从而影响红藻及附近海洋的生态系统服务功能(图1)。然而,关于天然红藻琼胶多糖降解的微生物功能类群群落结构、演替规律、驱动力来源及其对海洋生态服务功能影响的定量研究尚十分缺乏。
琼胶降解后生成的琼胶寡糖包括琼寡糖(agaroligosaccharides, AOS)和新琼寡糖(neoagarooligosaccharides, NAOS)。其中,AOS可以抑制肿瘤坏死因子(tumour necrosis factor, TNF-α)等的诱导并诱导血红素加氧酶-1的生成,证明AOS可能是一种治疗炎症性肠道疾病的有效方法[14-15]。进一步降解AOS和NAOS生成的单糖降解产物AHG被证明在RAW264.7细胞中具有抗炎活性[16]。此外,数据表明AHG在抑制变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutans,龋齿诱发菌)生长和乳酸产生方面的活性强于木糖醇[17],从而促进抗龋齿和牙齿护理领域研究的发展(图1)。
琼胶降解后的寡糖产物可以作为益生元物质,提高动物肠道菌群中乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)等益生菌的相对丰度,从而促进动物生长、提高动物免疫力[18-19]。研究表明,投喂NAOS后鲍鱼的血清溶菌酶活力、血清补体活性、血液白细胞总数和吞噬率、细菌感染存活率明显提高[20]。此外,降解红藻龙须菜中琼胶生成的寡糖能够有效提高罗非鱼腹肉中多不饱和脂肪酸含量和肠道微生物多样性,同时减少罗非鱼腹肉中挥发性腥味物质相对含量[21-22]。因此,NAOS作为饲料添加剂能够改善水产养殖动物的免疫力与口感(图1)。
AHG和NAOS可以抑制小鼠黑色素瘤细胞中黑色素的产生[23-24],诱导人类胶质细胞中透明质酸合酶2的表达[25],并具有吸湿性能[23],从而产生美白和保湿作用。数据证明,AHG和NAOS的美白活性优于另外一种常用的皮肤美白剂熊果苷[24, 26]。此外,Chen等[27]证明琼胶寡糖通过清除超氧化物自由基引起的氧化损伤,在体内、外发挥保肝作用。Jin等[28]发现琼胶寡糖具有减少酒后肝损伤的性能,可以作为一种护肝保健品。AOS还被证明能够拮抗雄激素性脱发发病机制中的关键因素[28],表明AOS在雄激素性脱发的预防和治疗中具有潜在的应用潜力(图1)。
研究表明,琼胶寡糖能够激发菜豆产生活性氧,并产生抗菌物质,进而增强其防御抗性[29]。基于琼胶寡糖配制的叶面肥将秋茄产量提高了14.74%,包括黄酮、果胶、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和维生素C在内的营养物质含量具有明显增加[30]。此外,陈兴麟等[31]发现琼胶寡糖叶面肥处理的水稻叶片叶绿素相对含量有所提高,并增产13.2%;同时,增施寡糖肥的水稻籽粒氮磷钾含量也高于对照组。陈兴麟和曾润颖[32]研究证明了喷施琼胶寡糖能够改良茶树营养状况,促进叶片的生长,提高芽头密度和百芽重,并增产10.6%。琼胶寡糖还具有优良的保鲜性能,能够明显延长圣女果的保存时间[33]。因此,琼胶寡糖可被应用于高品质农业生产中,从而促进农作物的生长并改良品质(图1)。
由于存量巨大、可食用性低等原因,纤维素是目前生物能源的理想发酵底物。然而,天然植物纤维素成分复杂、水溶性差,阻碍了纤维素酶的高效降解,而为了解离复杂伴生成分、增加水溶性的前处理工艺又进一步提高了纤维素的降解成本[34]。天然琼胶无复杂的伴生结构,水溶性良好,产量也十分丰富,因此琼胶是生物能源领域中纤维素的理想替代物。目前,基于琼胶降解得到的可发酵单糖来生产氢气[35]和乙醇[36]已有报道,但相关工艺所获得的能源产量仍需要进一步提高(图1)。
酸水解是传统的琼胶化学降解方式,该方法通过酸性试剂,如固体酸、盐酸、柠檬酸等,在特定条件下断裂琼胶分子中AHG残基和GAL残基之间的α-1, 3糖苷键,并最终生成AOS[37]。化学方法可以对所使用酸的种类和温度进行调控,从而获得不同聚合度的AOS[38-39]。近年来的研究开发了若干琼胶降解的新型方法,如袁志坚等[40]利用过氧化氢降解质量体积分数2%的琼胶底物,通过控制降解反应时间得到不同聚合度的AOS。此外,Yun等[41]利用微波法、水热预处理等物理方法与酸水解法联用,提高了底物的水解效率、降低寡糖产物的制备成本。
自然界中存在能够合成琼胶酶的微生物,该酶可以降解琼胶,因此赋予这些微生物琼胶降解活性。通过传统微生物纯培养技术,分离、筛选到这些琼胶降解微生物,并利用这些微生物进行琼胶降解。如在深海沉积物中分离得到一株新型琼胶降解菌株太平洋火色杆菌(Flammeovirga pacifica) WPAGA1[42],随后根据该菌株的基因组[43]与酶活性质[44],通过发酵优化,在C/N为5:1、盐度20 g/L、接种量3%、发酵温度37 ℃、转子转速150 r/min和通气比0.375 vvm条件下,菌株琼胶酶产量达到最大值,从而将寡糖产物的产量提高至1.69 g/L,比对照组提高了45.7%[45]。基于上述数据,曾润颖等[46]开发了“一步法”琼胶降解与寡糖生产工艺,很大程度地降低了琼胶降解的工业生产成本。
虽然物理、化学降解法可以有效降解琼胶底物,但该方法仍旧存在若干潜在问题:(1) 该方法采用酸性或氧化试剂进行降解,腐蚀性较强,因此对降解设备的耐蚀性和安全性要求较高,增加生产成本;(2) 降解产物中含有酸性或氧化试剂,产物纯化和生产废液处理的难度与成本增加;(3) 虽然该方法可以控制降解条件获得不同聚合度的产物,但是获得的产物成分复杂且难以精确获得目标产物。
与化学方法相比,酶解法更加温和、环保,在寡糖的工业生产过程中使用酶解法可以提高生产效率、简化生产过程、增加产物活性与回收率等[47-48]。然而,酶解法也存在一些缺点,包括菌株降解途径研究不足、琼胶酶活性偏低、菌株与酶稳定性不佳、保存条件成本高和降解产物聚合度多样性不高等问题,这些因素限制了酶解法在大规模生产过程中的应用。因此,揭示菌株琼胶降解代谢途径、筛选具有热适应性的酶、提高琼胶酶在常温下的稳定性和多样化寡糖产物聚合度等方面研究对微生物酶解法的工业化应用具有重要意义。
琼胶降解菌株的种类十分广泛,包括弧菌属(Vibrio)[49]、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)[50]、微泡菌属(Microbulbifer)[51]、火色杆菌属(Flammeovirga)[52]、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)[53]和食琼胶菌属(Agarivorans)[54]等在内的多种菌属中均发现具有琼胶降解活性的菌株。由于红藻植物生存在海洋环境中,因此绝大多数琼胶降解菌均分离自海水[51]、海洋沉积物[55]、藻类表面和组织[56]和海水动物肠道[57]等海洋相关样本。
值得注意的是,近年来越来越多具有琼胶降解活性的微生物菌株从深海环境中被分离得到,如需钠弧菌(V. natriegens) WPAGA4[49]Microbulbifer sp. JAMB-A7[58]Flammeovirga sp. OC4[59]等。这些深海菌株中的琼胶酶具有冷适应性,能够使降解菌株在深海低温环境中降解、利用琼胶多糖,为菌株适应深海低温和寡营养环境奠定物质基础[49, 58-59]。然而,红藻中的琼胶多糖向深海输入路径及其在深海环境中的含量尚未可知,因此对这些菌株琼胶降解能力在深海中生态意义的认知仍有待深入。
琼胶酶,即能够催化琼胶分子水解的一类蛋白质,是微生物中支持琼胶降解的重要物质基础。琼胶酶属于糖苷水解酶,根据氨基酸序列相似性,采用CAZy数据库(http://www.cazy.org/)对糖苷水解酶进行家族分类。根据CAZy数据库中的分类,β-琼胶酶来自GH16、GH86、GH50和GH118家族,α-琼胶酶均来自于GH96家族。然而,随着琼胶酶研究的深入,琼胶酶家族被不断扩充,如在一株朱彬格雅莫纳斯菌(Gayadomonas joobiniege) G7中分别获得一条属于GH39[60]和GH42[61]家族的β-琼胶酶基因,并验证了该蛋白的琼胶降解活性,扩大了β-琼胶酶的家族范围。根据琼胶酶催化位点与产物的不同,可将其分为α-琼胶酶和β-琼胶酶两类。其中,α-琼胶酶能够切割琼胶分子中的α-1, 3糖苷键,生成以AHG为还原端的AOS;β-琼胶酶可以作用于分子中的β-1, 4糖苷键,将琼脂糖降解生成以GAL为还原端的NAOS[2] (图2)。
相比于底物,酶降解后的产物聚合度明显降低,但细菌仍然无法利用这些包含≥12个碳原子的糖类。因此,需要将这些寡糖进一步降解成只含有6个碳原子的己糖,从而通过己糖磷酸化途径进行代谢并为细菌提供能量。β-半乳糖苷酶、外切型β-琼胶酶和新琼二糖水解酶被认为是上述降解过程的执行者[62-64]。对于β-琼胶酶降解而来的NAOS,外切型β-琼胶酶将不同聚合度的NAOS进一步降解为新琼二糖(即聚合度为2的NAOS),随后新琼二糖水解酶切割新琼二糖分子间的糖苷键,从而生成单糖AHG和GAL[64]。对于α-琼胶酶水解而来的AOS,其非还原端与外切型β-琼胶酶作用,降解生成新琼二糖和琼三糖[62-63]。琼三糖通过β-半乳糖苷酶降解为半乳糖和新琼二糖[64],生成的新琼二糖被新琼二糖水解酶降解生成上述2种单糖。
微生物降解琼胶分子的途径大致可分为3个步骤[8]:首先,菌株通过信号肽将部分琼胶酶转运至细胞外或细胞周质,将大分子多糖降解为方便细胞运输的寡糖或单糖小分子;随后,寡糖或单糖小分子被转运载体至细胞内,寡糖依次被外切型β-琼胶酶和新琼二糖水解酶降解为新琼二糖和单糖;最后,单糖分子通过发酵和三羧酸循环途径被代谢为水和CO2,同时生成能量(图3)。
然而,由于不同的琼胶酶种类、定位和降解产物,菌株具体的代谢途径也存在差异性。如,Saccharophagus degradans 2-40在细胞外通过外切型β-琼胶酶将琼胶降解生成新琼二糖,在其进入细胞后经过胞内的新琼二糖水解酶降解为单糖,随后进入糖分子的能量代谢途径。同为革兰氏阴性菌,食半乳聚糖佐贝尔氏菌(Zobellia galactanivorans)的降解过程均在胞外完成,其通过胞外的内切型β-琼胶酶将琼胶降解为新琼四糖与新琼六糖,再利用膜蛋白外切型β-琼胶酶将其进一步降解为新琼二糖,经过胞外新琼二糖水解酶的作用产生单糖,最后被运送至细胞内完成能量代谢[8]
拟杆菌门菌株中存在一种新型的多糖利用系统,即多糖利用基因座(polysaccharide utilization loci, PUL)[65]。该系统无胞外酶的降解过程,而是利用相关蛋白将多糖分子结合在细胞表面,并在细胞周质中完成多糖的初步降解,随后降解产物被运送至细胞质并完成后续的降解代谢[65]。这种“自私”的代谢方式,能够有效防止降解生成的寡糖扩散至环境中,从而增加菌株对多糖的利用效率。该系统已被证明在果聚糖[66]、果胶[67]、木聚糖[68]等多糖降解代谢过程中发挥重要作用,但是其在琼胶多糖代谢中的作用鲜有报道。
经过上述过程的降解,琼胶被降解成2种单糖,即AHG和GAL。其中,经典的Leloir代谢途径(Leloir pathway)能够发酵GAL,并进入三羧酸循环进行能量代谢[69]。然而,AHG的分子结构较为特殊,其代谢途径起初并未被揭示。随着研究的深入,Lee等[70]探究了AHG的代谢途径,其中包括6个酶促反应,即AHG→3, 6-内醚-L-半乳糖酸酯→2-酮-3-脱氧-L-半乳糖酸盐→2, 5-二酮-3-脱氧-L-半乳糖酸酯→2-酮-3-脱氧-D-葡糖酸盐→2-酮-3-脱氧-6-磷酸-D-葡萄糖酸盐→丙酮酸盐+D-甘油醛-3-磷酸。
一些微生物具有同时降解复杂多糖(complex polysaccharide)的能力,如Microbulbifer sp. YPW1[71]、棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus) BCC199[72]M. mangrovi DD-13[73]M. celer KCTC12973[74]、太平洋火色杆菌(F. pacifica) WPAGA1[43]等菌株同时具有降解琼胶、卡拉胶、褐藻胶、果胶、木聚糖和纤维素等多糖。微泡菌属(Microbulbifer)中的许多菌株都被报道具有复杂多糖的降解能力[75]。这些菌株在海洋环境中可以作为潜在的多糖代谢中心,在海洋碳循环、能量代谢和微生物互作等方面具有特殊地位。此外,复杂多糖降解能力使得菌株发酵液能够同时制备多种寡糖产品,降低了发酵的成本和工艺复杂性。
现有研究基于传统纯培养和宏基因组技术,已经对大量具有一定热稳定性、pH稳定性或冷适应性的琼胶酶进行克隆表达,为琼胶降解与寡糖制备领域奠定了基础。近年来,随着分子生物学、高通量测序等技术的进步,以前期研究获得的大量琼胶酶为基础,针对琼胶酶的研究已经逐步从筛选、克隆与表达向进化路径、分子改造和表达量比例优化等方向发展,研究成果进一步优化了酶学性质,深入驱动了对琼胶酶生态角色和工业价值开发相关领域的研究。相关研究进展总结如下。
酶的作用条件一般与相应的来源菌株的生长条件相适应[76]。因此,分离自极端环境的琼胶降解菌株中琼胶酶作用条件对相应极端环境也具有一定的适应性。如,分离自南极和深海环境的琼胶酶降解菌株Pseudoalteromonas sp. NJ-21[77]Shewanella sp. WPAGA9[78]等的琼胶酶具有冷适应性,用以应对南极和深海的低温环境。由于条件苛刻,微生物在极端海洋环境中驱动物质循环的难度增加,而这种适应性能够使相应的微生物菌株在苛刻条件下依旧高效驱动多糖降解与碳循环过程,因此具有较强的生态价值[79]
用于工业生产的琼胶酶需要具备较高的最适作用温度与温度稳定性,这是由于琼胶分子溶胶-凝胶转变的温度约为40 ℃,因此需要琼胶酶在此温度下保持稳定并发挥最佳催化作用。目前,分别从Thalassomonas sp. JAMB-A33[80]Alteromonas agarlyticus GJ1B[81-82]、噬琼胶卵链菌(Catenovulum agarivorans) STB13[83]Catenovulum maritimum STB14[84]等菌株中分离得到α-琼胶酶,但遗憾的是这些α-琼胶酶在40 ℃以上的环境中迅速失活,因此无法在琼胶处于溶液状态下时催化高效地降解[80, 82-87]
部分β-琼胶酶具有良好的热稳定性,避免了琼胶溶液状态下无法实现高效催化降解的问题[88-89]。如从Saccharophagus degradans 2-40T菌株中获得的琼胶酶Aga16B具有优良的热稳定性,该酶在60 ℃下依旧维持较高的催化效率,在50 ℃温浴120 min后依旧能够维持高酶活力[89]。Di等[90]在红树林宏基因组中获得一条琼胶酶序列,并利用重组表达技术获得了该酶的重组蛋白rAgaM1,该重组蛋白在40 ℃温浴60 h后仍然具有超过70%的相对活性,并且该酶的催化温度范围广,在30−60 ℃条件下均能完成高效的催化反应。热稳定性使得这些琼胶酶更加适应工业生产实践中的复杂环境,提高了琼胶酶在工业生产中的应用潜力[91]
由于工业生产的需要,已有研究对现有琼胶酶进行人工分子改造,增强降解活性和热稳定性,从而提高其应用价值。Su等[92]Vibrio sp. ZC-1菌株琼胶酶AgaZC-1中622位的天冬氨酸定向突变为甘氨酸,提高了该酶在41 ℃下的稳定性。Zhang等[93]基于蛋白质结构,通过多重交叉设计对琼胶酶AgWH50C的热稳定性进行改造,最终将其最适温度提高了3 ℃。Dong等[94]通过随机突变,获得琼胶酶Aga575的2种突变型,测定结果表明2种突变型琼胶酶的活性分别提高了162%和192%,混合使用2种突变型琼胶酶可以将活性提高至227%。
产物聚合度固定、多样性不足是限制琼胶酶降解法应用的因素之一,基于分子生物学手段的分子改造能够一定程度地改善该问题。Qu等[95]通过PCR技术将琼胶酶中的部分序列进行删除,结果表明截短后的重组琼胶酶能够获得聚合度在4−12之间的NAOS,而原始琼胶酶只能获得2种聚合度的寡糖产物(新琼四糖和新琼六糖)。Ma等[96]删除了琼胶酶基因中的碳水化合物结合结构域(carbohydrate-binding modules, CBM),使其更加专一地生产新琼四糖,从而降低寡糖纯化成本。
大多数琼胶酶均具有底物专一性,对其他结构类似的多糖(如卡拉胶)并无降解活性,但研究发现某些琼胶酶具有特殊的多底物降解功能,如Li等[97]在热泉菌株Bacillus sp. BI-19中发现一种特殊的多糖降解酶,该酶同时具有降解淀粉、纤维素、琼胶和卡拉胶等功能。这种多功能酶使该菌株在环境中以更加经济的方式降解不同多糖并执行碳循环功能,具有重要的生态服务功能。
琼胶降解过程中需要多种酶的共同作用,这一特性增加了降解的复杂性和酶生产成本。Alkotaini等[98]将内切型、外切型β-琼胶酶与新琼二糖水解酶基因序列融合,获得了可以将琼胶大分子降解为新琼二糖并进而降解成AHG和GAL单糖的重组双功能酶。该酶无须多种酶的联用,可单独执行琼胶大分子的彻底降解,节约了降解过程中的成本。上述多功能催化琼胶酶的筛选与改造,能够有效降低琼胶酶发酵生产成本与降解工艺的复杂性。
琼胶酶基因能够通过水平基因转移(horizontal gene transfer, HGT)在细菌之间传递。Zhang等[99]发现深海琼胶降解细菌需钠弧菌(V. natriegens) WPAGA4基因组某一基因岛中包含3条琼胶酶及其他琼胶代谢相关基因,并且证明这些琼胶代谢基因具有向其他细菌水平转移的潜力。此外,大多数琼胶酶均分离自海洋环境,但有的研究表明人类肠道来源的平常拟杆菌(Bacteroides plebeius)和长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)菌株同样具有琼胶降解活性[100-101]。研究者认为,这种现象是由于该地区人类长期食用红藻所引起的细菌细胞之间基因水平转移造成的[100-101]。琼胶酶HGT具有重要的生态学意义,该过程使得原本不具有降解功能的细菌获得琼胶降解活性,从而扩大了琼胶的微生物利用范围,对增加海藻多糖有机碳周转率和加快营养盐再循环具有潜在影响。
通过上述降解过程可知,琼胶分子的酶降解与纤维素较为相似,需要执行不同功能的酶联合作用才能得到最终的单糖产物。研究表明,相较于提高酶活性,不同酶的比例对于纤维素的高效降解更为重要[102]。对于琼胶降解的研究也得到了相似的结论。Zhang等[99]通过qPCR技术对需钠弧菌(V. natriegens) WPAGA4中4条琼胶酶在不同底物浓度下的表达量进行测定,结果表明在无琼胶底物时,琼胶酶表达量比例约为1.1:1.4:1.4:1.0;当底物浓度为0.3%−0.9%时,琼胶酶表达量比例约为1.0:1.0:1.4:2.1,该比例未随浓度升高出现明显的变化,即该比例为WPAGA4菌株降解琼胶时的最佳表达量比例。因此,探究并提供最佳的酶配比是提高琼胶降解效率的另一重要途径。
在琼胶生物降解过程中,琼胶酶是直接降解功能执行者。除琼胶酶外,微生物中还存在其他酶,可以对琼胶的降解起到辅助作用。例如,天然琼胶分子中存在大量硫酸基团的修饰,这些基团产生潜在的空间排阻效应,使得琼胶酶与底物分子的结合效率下降,降低催化活性,而硫酸酯酶与琼胶酶的联用能够显著提高琼胶降解效率与寡糖产量[103]。在该过程中,硫酸酯酶虽未直接参与催化降解琼胶分子,但其能够减少底物分子中的硫酸基团及因其产生的空间排阻,从而提高了琼胶酶的催化效率。因此,开发高效的琼胶酶-硫酸酯酶联用降解法也是琼胶降解领域未来的重要研究方向之一。
来自红藻的琼胶多糖降解对生态过程和工业生产都具有重要意义,现有研究已从功能微生物筛选、琼胶酶来源、机制与改造和降解利用途径等多个方面进行研究,为琼胶生物降解生态和生产价值的开发奠定了基础。根据《我国功能性低聚糖产业发展现状及发展趋势分析》[104],目前我国寡糖产业发展空间巨大,但产业化生产规模尚存不足。此外,对于琼胶降解生态效应与环境影响因子的研究也相对薄弱。由此可见,现有成果依旧不足以支持琼胶寡糖的工业生产和生态角色研究。现存的主要问题有4个方面。
(1) 现有的研究基于筛选、基因突变等技术手段获得了若干兼具高催化活性和高稳定性的琼胶酶,能够在琼胶溶胶-凝胶转变温度(约40 ℃)下长时间维持高活性,这为琼胶寡糖的功能生产提供了优良的生物降解工具。然而,目前获得的琼胶酶在常温下的稳定性不佳,即需要低温条件保存,这提高了工业生产成本。因此,未来研究可着重筛选、改造能够在常温下高稳定性的琼胶酶,或开发相应的保存技术,使酶能够在常温下长时间稳定储藏,降低琼胶酶的存储能耗,从而进一步减少琼胶寡糖生产成本。
(2) 现有的技术手段能够支持微生物琼胶多糖代谢通路的研究。这些研究结果为基因工程改造降解菌株提供了重要的通路信息,通过通路的改造能够人为控制琼胶分子在菌株中的代谢方向,将代谢产物调控至醇类和氢气等能源物质。因此,未来研究应充分利用现有的代谢途径信息,通过基因敲除、诱变、代谢流分析等生物工程技术阻断因菌株自身代谢造成的产物损失,并使其代谢生成能源物质,充分开发琼胶及其降解菌株在生物能源领域的应用潜力。
(3) 目前,琼胶寡糖的优良生物活性已得到证明,但是生物医药等领域对产品纯度的要求苛刻,因此高成本和复杂的纯化方式限制了NAOS和AOS在相关领域中的应用。通过细菌或酶降解的琼胶寡糖产物中往往成分复杂,因此开发有效、廉价、标准化的NAOS和AOS纯化流程,使其在复杂的发酵降解液中获取高纯度的寡糖产品,能够充分开发琼胶寡糖的应用领域,并进一步提高产品附加值。
(4) 红藻琼胶多糖降解生态作用在国内外研究中尚十分薄弱,缺乏其降解驱动力、微生物群落结构演替、功能迁移以及环境参数信息。此外,作为红藻细胞壁的重要成分,琼胶降解引起的红藻细胞中氮磷营养盐和重金属释放对大型海藻群落演替、海洋碳汇、渔业产量等重要生态过程影响的认知亟待加深,该领域相关研究结果的补充对我们全面系统地了解、管理、利用红藻碳汇功能奠定基础。
上述问题的深入研究将厘清琼胶多糖降解在海洋中扮演的生态角色,同时有助于充分开发其在医药和能源等重要行业中的高值化利用价值,因此将极大程度地驱动琼胶多糖降解领域的生态学及应用技术研究。
  • 舟山市科技局项目(2022C13048)
  • 舟山市科技局项目(2019C21011)
  • 福建省科技计划(2022H0036)
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2024年第64卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240115
  • 接收时间:2024-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-24
  • 录用日期:2024-04-24
基金
Zhoushan Science and Technology Bureau Projects(2022C13048)
舟山市科技局项目(2022C13048)
Zhoushan Science and Technology Bureau Projects(2019C21011)
舟山市科技局项目(2019C21011)
Science and Technology Plan of Fujian Province(2022H0036)
福建省科技计划(2022H0036)
作者信息
    1 浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院, 浙江 舟山 316022
    2 自然资源部海洋生物资源开发利用工程技术创新中心, 福建 厦门 361005
    3 福建省海岛资源生态监测与保护利用重点实验室, 福建 平潭 350400

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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