Article(id=1241783828411388613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240130, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709308800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1714406400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-30, onlineDate=1773993935920, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1715097600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993935920, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993935920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993935920, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3379, endPage=3392, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783830806336238, articleId=1241783828411388613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Biological characterization and genome sequence of a bacteriophage strain Bac-S infecting Bacillus subtilis, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] The application of Bacillus subtilis in soil can promote plant growth, while few studies have reported the bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis. Therefore, the isolation, biological characterization, and genome sequencing of bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis from soil will contribute to the application of B. subtilis and enrich the biological information of bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis. [Methods] B. subtilis SM13 was used as the host to isolate a bacteriophage strain Bac-S from soil. Biological characterization, whole genome sequencing, gene function annotation, and phylogenetic analysis were performed for this bacteriophage strain. [Results] Transmission electron microscopy showed that Bac-S had a head with the diameter of about 43 nm and a tail too short to be measured. The optimal multiplicity of infection of Bac-S was 0.1. The one-step growth curve showed that Bac-S had an incubation period of about 10 min and a burst size of 30 PFU/cell. Bac-S had a wide host spectrum and can infect hosts of different genera. The sequencing results showed that the genome of Bac-S was 150 019 bp, with the G+C content of 42.6% and 237 open reading frames (ORFs). The BLASTn comparison with the sequences in the NCBI database showed that Bac-S was similar to other bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis. [Conclusion] A bacteriophage strain infecting B. subtilis with a short incubation period, a wide host spectrum, tolerance to high temperature, and intolerance to UV light was isolated from soil. The biological and genetic characterization of this bacteriophage enriches our knowledge about the bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis.

, correspAuthors=Ruiyong JING, Junjie LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: JING Ruiyong,
E-mail: LIU Junjie,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinzhuo ZHAO, Xinmiao WANG, Liyan WANG, Nan WU, Ximei LI, Zhenhua YU, Ruiyong JING, Junjie LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783836367983508, articleId=1241783828411388613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一株枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体Bac-S的生物学特性及全基因组序列分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)施用于土壤可促进植物生长,但针对土壤中枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的研究鲜有报道,因此从土壤中分离出枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体,并深入研究其生物学特性及基因组特征,不仅有助于枯草芽孢杆菌的实际应用,还能丰富枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体相关生物信息库。【方法】以枯草芽孢杆菌SM13为宿主,从土壤中分离培养出一株噬菌体Bac-S,对其进行生物学特性测定、全基因组序列特征、基因功能注释和系统发育分析。【结果】透射电镜显示,噬菌体Bac-S头部直径约为43 nm,尾部极短无法测量;该噬菌体的最佳感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)为0.1;一步生长曲线显示,潜伏期约为10 min,裂解量为30 PFU/cell;宿主谱广泛,能实现跨属侵染;测序结果显示其基因组长度为150 019 bp,G+C含量为42.6%;该噬菌体共有237个开放阅读框(open reading frames, ORFs),BLASTn比对显示该噬菌体与NCBI数据库中其他芽孢杆菌噬菌体相似性较高。【结论】从土壤中分离出了一株具有潜伏期短、宿主谱广泛、耐受高温、不耐紫外光照射的特征枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体,拓宽了对枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的认知。

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researches on viruses in soil: advancement and challenges[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2020,57(6):1319-1332 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=A review of researches on viruses in soil: advancement and challenges, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242902983323792213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, awardId=2021YFD1500400, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1500400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242902983458009949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, awardId=2021YFD1500400, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1500400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242902983613199204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, awardId=31870477, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870477), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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A: Plaque. B: Transmission electron microscopy image. C: One-step growth curve. D: pH stability. E: Thermal stability. F: UV sensitivity., figureFileSmall=Glal4GKAz2In9lkib6aurQ==, figureFileBig=VtZAUvhAXwCIt9cTTJ9JTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902980773655260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=CN, label=图1, caption=噬菌体Bac-S的生物学特性, figureFileSmall=Glal4GKAz2In9lkib6aurQ==, figureFileBig=VtZAUvhAXwCIt9cTTJ9JTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902980899484392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Plaque of Bac-S infecting different tested strains., figureFileSmall=txFRJEcsTuxS1r2zoAEE8A==, figureFileBig=MMUQfE7b2oy9i5MMxo/k/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902981172114167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Bac-S侵染不同供试菌株的噬菌斑, figureFileSmall=txFRJEcsTuxS1r2zoAEE8A==, figureFileBig=MMUQfE7b2oy9i5MMxo/k/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902981323109116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Genomic circle map of phage Bac-S., figureFileSmall=Z7cwGNW1ZyZEur3rYXpVQA==, figureFileBig=fu1oQ/aPzrt9ArhT2k0qPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902981524435719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=CN, label=图3, caption=噬菌体Bac-S全基因组图谱, figureFileSmall=Z7cwGNW1ZyZEur3rYXpVQA==, figureFileBig=fu1oQ/aPzrt9ArhT2k0qPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902981679624977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Genome comparison of Bacillus phage with high similarity to Bac-S., figureFileSmall=JHGXHa9SfwqYlfkegB+tbw==, figureFileBig=8QWU0EDnInlc81GJhBU0Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902981834814230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=CN, label=图4, caption=与Bac-S相似度较高的芽孢杆菌噬菌体的基因组比较, figureFileSmall=JHGXHa9SfwqYlfkegB+tbw==, figureFileBig=8QWU0EDnInlc81GJhBU0Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902981977420573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Phylogenetic tree of bacteriophage Bac-S. A: Phylogenetic tree based on the portal protein. B: Phylogenetic tree based on the terminal enzyme large subunit. C: Phylogenetic tree based on DNA polymerase., figureFileSmall=pcLpabMLBfYk1CIBiaPu6w==, figureFileBig=y/BUr6/C+t6Gy5bhNUBicg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902982111638308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=CN, label=图5, caption=噬菌体Bac-S的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=pcLpabMLBfYk1CIBiaPu6w==, figureFileBig=y/BUr6/C+t6Gy5bhNUBicg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902982338130733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Multiplicity of infection of phage Bac-S

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Multiplicity of infection (MOI)Phage concentration (PFU/mL)Bacteria concentration (CFU/mL)Phage titer (PFU/mL)
0.011061086.50×108
0.11071081.36×109
11081088.03×108
101081077.60×108
1001081061.83×108
), ArticleFig(id=1242902982459765554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

噬菌体Bac-S最佳感染复数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Multiplicity of infection (MOI)Phage concentration (PFU/mL)Bacteria concentration (CFU/mL)Phage titer (PFU/mL)
0.011061086.50×108
0.11071081.36×109
11081088.03×108
101081077.60×108
1001081061.83×108
), ArticleFig(id=1242902982593983292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The host range and their related functions of bacteriophage Bac-S

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesStrainsBac-SNitrogen fixationPhosphate-solubilizing
+: Lysis; –: No lysis; √: Means there is corresponding function; ×: Means there is no corresponding function.
Bacillus altitudinisDL-5+×
Bacillus toyonensisSSL-14+×
Bacillus cereusSL-18+×
Bacillus zanthoxyliDSL-9+×
Cellulomonas oligotrophicaSMD-6+×
Peribacillus frigoritoleransDSL-11+×
Exiguobacterium indicumSSL-13+×
Arthrobacter humicolaDL-2+×
Arthrobacter oryzaeDL-3+×
Arthrobacter pascensSD-17+×
Priestia aryabhattaiDL-15+×
Priestia megateriumDSL-10+×
), ArticleFig(id=1242902982698840897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

噬菌体Bac-S宿主范围及宿主相关功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesStrainsBac-SNitrogen fixationPhosphate-solubilizing
+: Lysis; –: No lysis; √: Means there is corresponding function; ×: Means there is no corresponding function.
Bacillus altitudinisDL-5+×
Bacillus toyonensisSSL-14+×
Bacillus cereusSL-18+×
Bacillus zanthoxyliDSL-9+×
Cellulomonas oligotrophicaSMD-6+×
Peribacillus frigoritoleransDSL-11+×
Exiguobacterium indicumSSL-13+×
Arthrobacter humicolaDL-2+×
Arthrobacter oryzaeDL-3+×
Arthrobacter pascensSD-17+×
Priestia aryabhattaiDL-15+×
Priestia megateriumDSL-10+×
), ArticleFig(id=1242902982828864325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Four phages with high similarity to Bac-S

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhagesAccession numberCoverage (%)Identity (%)
Bacillus phage BSP18MH7074338692.68
Bacillus phage BSTP3MW3546678592.36
Bacillus phage phiNIT1NC_0218568592.78
Bacillus phage BSP15MH7074328492.24
), ArticleFig(id=1242902982984053578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828411388613, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

与Bac-S相似性较高的4株噬菌体

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PhagesAccession numberCoverage (%)Identity (%)
Bacillus phage BSP18MH7074338692.68
Bacillus phage BSTP3MW3546678592.36
Bacillus phage phiNIT1NC_0218568592.78
Bacillus phage BSP15MH7074328492.24
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一株枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体Bac-S的生物学特性及全基因组序列分析
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赵欣卓 1, 3 , 王鑫淼 1, 3 , 王丽艳 1, 3 , 吴楠 1 , 李喜梅 1 , 于镇华 2 , 荆瑞勇 1, 3, * , 刘俊杰 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(9): 3379-3392
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(9): 3379-3392
一株枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体Bac-S的生物学特性及全基因组序列分析
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赵欣卓1, 3, 王鑫淼1, 3, 王丽艳1, 3, 吴楠1, 李喜梅1, 于镇华2, 荆瑞勇1, 3, * , 刘俊杰2, *
作者信息
  • 1 黑龙江八一农垦大学 生命科学技术学院, 黑龙江省寒区环境微生物与农业废弃物资源化利用重点实验室, 黑龙江 大庆 163319
  • 2 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 黑土区农业生态重点实验室, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081
  • 3 农业农村部东北平原农业绿色低碳重点实验室, 黑龙江 大庆 163319
Biological characterization and genome sequence of a bacteriophage strain Bac-S infecting Bacillus subtilis
Xinzhuo ZHAO1, 3, Xinmiao WANG1, 3, Liyan WANG1, 3, Nan WU1, Ximei LI1, Zhenhua YU2, Ruiyong JING1, 3, * , Junjie LIU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2024-05-08 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240130
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【目的】枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)施用于土壤可促进植物生长,但针对土壤中枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的研究鲜有报道,因此从土壤中分离出枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体,并深入研究其生物学特性及基因组特征,不仅有助于枯草芽孢杆菌的实际应用,还能丰富枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体相关生物信息库。【方法】以枯草芽孢杆菌SM13为宿主,从土壤中分离培养出一株噬菌体Bac-S,对其进行生物学特性测定、全基因组序列特征、基因功能注释和系统发育分析。【结果】透射电镜显示,噬菌体Bac-S头部直径约为43 nm,尾部极短无法测量;该噬菌体的最佳感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)为0.1;一步生长曲线显示,潜伏期约为10 min,裂解量为30 PFU/cell;宿主谱广泛,能实现跨属侵染;测序结果显示其基因组长度为150 019 bp,G+C含量为42.6%;该噬菌体共有237个开放阅读框(open reading frames, ORFs),BLASTn比对显示该噬菌体与NCBI数据库中其他芽孢杆菌噬菌体相似性较高。【结论】从土壤中分离出了一株具有潜伏期短、宿主谱广泛、耐受高温、不耐紫外光照射的特征枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体,拓宽了对枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的认知。

枯草芽孢杆菌  /  噬菌体  /  生物学特性  /  基因组

[Objective] The application of Bacillus subtilis in soil can promote plant growth, while few studies have reported the bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis. Therefore, the isolation, biological characterization, and genome sequencing of bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis from soil will contribute to the application of B. subtilis and enrich the biological information of bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis. [Methods] B. subtilis SM13 was used as the host to isolate a bacteriophage strain Bac-S from soil. Biological characterization, whole genome sequencing, gene function annotation, and phylogenetic analysis were performed for this bacteriophage strain. [Results] Transmission electron microscopy showed that Bac-S had a head with the diameter of about 43 nm and a tail too short to be measured. The optimal multiplicity of infection of Bac-S was 0.1. The one-step growth curve showed that Bac-S had an incubation period of about 10 min and a burst size of 30 PFU/cell. Bac-S had a wide host spectrum and can infect hosts of different genera. The sequencing results showed that the genome of Bac-S was 150 019 bp, with the G+C content of 42.6% and 237 open reading frames (ORFs). The BLASTn comparison with the sequences in the NCBI database showed that Bac-S was similar to other bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis. [Conclusion] A bacteriophage strain infecting B. subtilis with a short incubation period, a wide host spectrum, tolerance to high temperature, and intolerance to UV light was isolated from soil. The biological and genetic characterization of this bacteriophage enriches our knowledge about the bacteriophages infecting B. subtilis.

Bacillus subtilis  /  bacteriophage  /  biological characteristics  /  genome
赵欣卓, 王鑫淼, 王丽艳, 吴楠, 李喜梅, 于镇华, 荆瑞勇, 刘俊杰. 一株枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体Bac-S的生物学特性及全基因组序列分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3379 -3392 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240130
Xinzhuo ZHAO, Xinmiao WANG, Liyan WANG, Nan WU, Ximei LI, Zhenhua YU, Ruiyong JING, Junjie LIU. Biological characterization and genome sequence of a bacteriophage strain Bac-S infecting Bacillus subtilis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3379 -3392 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240130
枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)属革兰氏阳性细菌,在促进作物生长、产生植物激素、提高植物免疫力、形成根际生物膜、改良土壤质量、参与土壤碳氮循环、修复污染土壤等方面发挥重要作用[1],作为生防菌剂在农业上具有广阔应用前景[2]。枯草芽孢杆菌形成的生物肥可促进草莓植株营养元素积累[3],减少黄瓜枯萎病病原菌(尖孢镰孢菌)和腐霉菌引起的病害[4],抵抗重金属的污染胁迫[5]。枯草芽孢杆菌在作物(如玉米[6]、番茄[7]和马铃薯[8]等)根际土壤常被分离获得,对相关病原菌(如玉米弯曲平脐蠕孢[6]、匍柄霉[7]和黑痣病的立枯丝核菌[8]等)具有拮抗作用。本课题组从苏打盐碱地生长的水稻根内分离获得了一株枯草芽孢杆菌SM13,具有耐盐碱、拮抗植物病原菌以及产吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)等功能[9],可提高水稻产量[10-11]。然而,枯草芽孢杆菌在土壤中持效时间有待深入研究,其中噬菌体是群落结构演替的重要驱动力[12]
噬菌体(bacteriophage)是一类个体微小、结构简单,能感染细菌、古生菌等原核生物的病毒,它会干扰宿主正常代谢过程,甚至导致宿主裂解死亡[13],进而影响土壤微生物的群落结构和功能[14]。研究表明,不同类型土壤中芽孢杆菌噬菌体的数量不同[15],噬菌体会影响枯草芽孢杆菌在植物根际土壤中的定殖[16]。目前,已分离的枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体基因组大小在18 000−160 000 bp[17],包括短尾、肌尾和长尾噬菌体。近期从沙漠分离获得一株肌尾噬菌体[18],从美国西南沙漠发现6株长尾噬菌体并进行了基因组比较[19],关于枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的报道主要集中在酶制剂、食品行业领域[20],而它在农业生产方面的相关研究相对较少。基于此,本研究从土壤中分离枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体,对其生物学特性、宿主范围及基因组特征进行分析,丰富了枯草芽孢杆菌噬菌体的生物信息库,为噬菌体与枯草芽孢杆菌在农业生产中应用提供基础资料。
枯草芽孢杆菌SM13由黑龙江八一农垦大学生命科学技术学院微生物实验室保存。噬菌体Bac-S分离自黑龙江八一农垦大学水稻育秧棚(N46°59′, E125°17′)采集的土壤样品。
NA液体培养基(g/L):牛肉膏3.0,蛋白胨10.0,NaCl 5.0,pH 7.2−7.3,121 ℃灭菌20 min。
SM缓冲液(g/L):NaCl 5.8,MgSO4·7H2O 1.968,Tris-HCl 6.057,丙三醇62.5 µL,pH 7.0,121 ℃灭菌20 min。
KCl溶液(g/L):KCl 74.551,121 ℃灭菌20 min。
取5 g土样放入装有10 mL营养琼脂(nutrient agar, NA)液体培养基的50 mL锥形瓶中,25 ℃、160 r/min摇床培养12 h,静置24 h。混合培养液经25 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min后,上清液过0.22 µm滤膜获得病毒悬液。取病毒悬液1 mL与0.2 mL对数生长期(OD600为0.8)的枯草芽孢杆菌SM13菌液混合至10 mL试管中,静置孵育1 h,试管中加入6 mL预热的NA半固体培养基(琼脂含量0.6%),混匀后立即倒入已凝固的NA固体培养基(琼脂含量1.5%)上,待上层培养基凝固后置于30 ℃培养箱倒置培养,24−48 h后观察噬菌斑。
用1 mL蓝枪头扎取单个噬菌斑连带琼脂,收集到装有1 mL NA液体培养基的EP管中,4 ℃静置24 h浸出病毒。将浸出液25 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,过0.22 µm滤膜后滤液作为噬菌体悬液,继续侵染对数生长期(OD600为0.8)的枯草芽孢杆菌SM13,重复5次以上,待观察到平板中噬菌斑形态大小相同即获得纯化的噬菌体Bac-S。
将200 mL噬菌体裂解液4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min后,取上清液过0.22 μm滤膜,向滤液中加入8.3%的PEG6000和2.0%的NaCl,充分混匀后,4 ℃静置20−24 h,4 ℃、15 000 r/min离心30 min,弃上清,沉淀中加入300 μL SM缓冲液与100 μL KCl溶液混匀后转移至1.5 mL的EP管中,冰浴30 min后,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,上清即为病毒浓缩液。
将10 μL噬菌体浓缩液滴于铜网,自然吸附20 min,用滤纸吸去病毒液,自然干燥后,将铜网置于10 μL 0.2%的磷钨酸溶液中染色10 s,滤纸侧面吸去染色液,待样品干燥后用透射电子显微镜观察噬菌体形态并拍照记录。
取对数生长期(OD600为0.8)的宿主SM13菌液,按照感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)为100、10、1、0.1、0.01与噬菌体混合,将混合液加入到10 mL无菌试管中,加入液体培养基使每管的总体积至2 mL。将试管固定在摇床30 ℃、160 r/min培养2 h,用0.22 μm一次性无菌滤膜过滤病毒感染液,将滤液用无菌水梯度稀释后,双层平板法测定效价,并且制作空白对照,得出最佳感染复数。所有试验均重复3次。
将对数生长期(OD600为0.8)的枯草芽孢杆菌SM13菌液与噬菌体按照最佳感染复数的比例混合,取混合液1 mL加入到EP管中,30 ℃静置孵育30 min后,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心1 min,弃去上清,用SM缓冲液洗涤沉淀2次去除游离噬菌体后,再用5 mL SM缓冲液将沉淀涡悬混匀,迅速放入30 ℃、160 r/min摇床振荡培养,从0 min开始每隔10 min取出100 μL混合液,测定其效价。所有试验均重复3次。裂解量=裂解末期噬菌体效价/感染初期宿主菌浓度。
取10 μL噬菌体原液加入0.99 mL的NA液体培养基(pH 3.0−13.0)中,30 ℃静置孵育1 h后制成双层平板,观察噬菌体生长情况,测定其效价,制作噬菌体pH稳定性曲线。所有试验均重复3次。
取2 mL噬菌体原液,分别置于10、20、30、40、50、60、70 ℃的恒温条件下处理1 h后,采用双层平板法测定噬菌体效价。所有试验均重复3次。
取10 mL噬菌体原液分别放置在3个90 mm无菌平皿中,将其置于紫外灯(30 W)下30 cm处进行照射,每3 min取样一次,采用双层平板法测定噬菌体效价。所有试验均重复3次。
供试宿主为本实验室分离获得的固氮、解磷细菌共12株,分别为高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis)、东洋芽孢杆菌(Bacillus toyonensis)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、花椒芽孢杆菌(Bacillus zanthoxyli)、寡养纤维素单胞菌(Cellulomonas oligotrophica)、冷芽孢杆菌(Peribacillus frigoritolerans)、印度微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium indicum)、栖土节杆菌(Arthrobacter humicola)、水稻节杆菌(Arthrobacter oryzae)、滋养节杆菌(Arthrobacter pascens)、阿氏普里斯特氏菌(Priestia aryabhattai)、巨兽普里斯特菌(Priestia megaterium)。取病毒液1 mL与0.2 mL对数生长期(OD600为0.8)的待测菌液混合至10 mL试管中,静置孵育1 h,试管中加入6 mL预热的NA半固体培养基(琼脂含量0.6%),混匀后立即倒入已凝固的NA固体培养基(琼脂含量1.5%)上,待上层培养基凝固后置于30 ℃培养箱倒置培养,24−48 h后观察噬菌斑。
采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)法提取噬菌体DNA,具体步骤参考文献[21]。提取后的DNA通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检验无蛋白等杂质污染后,再进行16S rRNA基因PCR扩增检测,确认无宿主污染,利用细菌通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)扩增。PCR反应体系(10 μL):上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.2 μL,DNA模板0.1 μL,2×Taq PCR Master Mix 5 μL,ddH2O 4.5 μL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 1 min,55 ℃ 1 min,72 ℃ 1 min,30个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。
噬菌体Bac-S的DNA由上海凌恩生物科技有限公司进行二代测序、序列拼接。全基因组序列已提交至国家微生物科学数据中心(National Microbiology Data Center, NMDC),编号为NMDC60146592。
利用BLASTn (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)对核苷酸序列相似性进行鉴定;用Easyfig 2.2.5绘制Bac-S的全基因组比对图;用BLASTp (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)进一步校正预测注释蛋白的功能;使用tRNAscan-SE (http://lowelab.ucsc.edu/tRNAscan-SE/)搜索tRNA序列[22];综合抗生素耐药性数据库(comprehensive antibiotic resistance database, CARD, https://card.mcmaster.ca/analyze/blast)用于识别抗菌素耐药性;致病菌毒力因子数据库(virulence factors of bacterial pathogens database, http://www.mgc.ac.Cn/VFs/main.htm)用于鉴定基因组中潜在的毒力基因。
使用软件MEGA 7.0对噬菌体保守序列编码的门户蛋白、末端酶大亚基以及DNA聚合酶的氨基酸序列采用neighbor-joining法构建系统发育树。
从供试土壤中分离到一株能够裂解枯草芽孢杆菌SM13的噬菌体Bac-S,噬菌斑清晰透亮,圆形无晕圈(图1A)。经电镜观察噬菌体为短尾噬菌体,直径约为43 nm,尾部极短无法测量(图1B)。
将噬菌体与宿主菌液按照浓度比例为100:1、10:1、1:1、1:10与1:100混合培养2 h,测定不同感染复数下的噬菌体效价,噬菌体Bac-S达到最大效价时的感染复数为0.1 (表1)。
将噬菌体和宿主菌以最佳感染复数0.1的比例混合测定一步生长曲线,噬菌体Bac-S的潜伏期较短,约为10 min,暴发期约为50 min,裂解量为30 PFU/cell (图1C)。噬菌体Bac-S在pH 4.0的环境下完全丧失活性,在中性环境(pH 6.0−8.0)时噬菌体效价最高,随着pH的升高,噬菌体的效价逐渐减少,当pH 12.0时噬菌体均完全丧失活性(图1D)。噬菌体Bac-S在温度为20−40 ℃时具有良好的活性,而在40 ℃以上时效价开始降低,当温度达到70 ℃时完全失活(图1E)。噬菌体Bac-S在距离30 cm的30 W紫外灯照射下21 min后完全失活(图1F)。
供试菌株中有2株具有固氮功能,10株具有解磷功能,它们隶属于6个属,Bac-S噬菌体均能够侵染它们,见表2图2C. oligotrophicaA. pascens具有固氮功能而不具有解磷功能,而其他10株菌具有解磷功能而不具固氮功能。
噬菌体Bac-S的基因组为环状DNA,基因组全长150 019 bp,其中G+C含量为42.6% (图3)。基因组核酸序列BLASTn比对结果显示,有4条噬菌体全基因组序列与Bac-S的相似度在92.00%以上,均为以芽孢杆菌为宿主的噬菌体Bacillus phage BSP18 (MH707433)、Bacillus phage BSTP3 (MW354667)、Bacillus phage phiNIT1 (NC_021856)、Bacillus phage BSP15 (MH707432) (表3)。将基因组进行共线性比较(图4),Bac-S与其他4株噬菌体的基因组长度基本相同,但局部基因与其他4株噬菌体存在差异且整体基因排布不同,是一株新的噬菌体。基因组共预测到4个tRNA基因,在24 682−26 540位点之间,未预测到毒力和耐药基因,绝大部分基因为正向转录(190个),剩余47个基因为反向转录。
对噬菌体Bac-S的基因组进行功能注释,Bac-S基因组共含有237个开放阅读框(open reading frames, ORFs),通过NCBI NR进行在线注释后得到235个ORFs,占全部ORF的99.16%。其中184个ORFs是假设蛋白,剩余51个编码的功能分为宿主裂解蛋白(5个ORFs)、结构蛋白(14个ORFs)、DNA包装蛋白(3个ORFs)、复制和调节蛋白(26个ORFs)、其他与噬菌体和宿主生命活动有关的功能蛋白(3个ORFs),这些蛋白互相配合,完成噬菌体复制、裂解宿主释放子代的过程。
宿主裂解蛋白:ORF16编码γ-聚谷氨酸水解酶,参与破坏γ-聚谷氨酸屏障使得噬菌体子代在宿主细胞中存活[23];ORF40编码溶血素;ORF51编码头部成熟蛋白酶;ORF68编码尾部溶素;ORF207为裂解蛋白。
结构蛋白:ORF17、ORF82编码噬菌体尾部蛋白;ORF32、ORF61、ORF75、ORF81编码病毒粒子结构蛋白;ORF53编码主要头部蛋白;ORF55、ORF71、ORF73编码尾纤维蛋白;ORF64编码尾部总成伴侣,参与噬菌体尾部的正确折叠和组装[24];ORF77、ORF78、ORF79编码与噬菌体基板相关的蛋白。
DNA包装蛋白:ORF33编码末端酶大亚基;ORF34编码末端酶小亚基;ORF50编码门户蛋白。
复制和调节蛋白:ORF20编码脱氧核苷酸单磷酸激酶;ORF22编码胸苷酸合酶,参与核苷酸代谢;ORF25编码核糖核酸酶;ORF26编码转录调节因子;ORF43编码异生素反应元件家族转录调节因子,在病毒侵染过程中,细菌及其噬菌体会调节彼此的转录以促进自身的适应性,通常此因子会参与其中[25];ORF44、ORF45、ORF167编码阻遏蛋白,参与调节基因编码;ORF63、ORF86、ORF110编码DNA结合蛋白;ORF89、ORF122编码核酸外切酶;ORF91为引物酶;ORF92为dUTP酶主要功能为调节dUTP和dTTP的细胞水平,从而在DNA修复机制中发挥关键作用[26];ORF96 (RusA Holliday junction resolvase)是一种对连接结构具有高度特异性的核酸酶[27];ORF101为硫氧还蛋白,是一种氧化还原酶;ORF112为DNA聚合酶;ORF115为DNA重组酶;ORF126编码sce7726 family protein,与丝氨酸相关;ORF158为质粒分离蛋白;ORF160编码肽酶;ORF163为膜蛋白;ORF206为胸苷激酶;ORF233为ATP酶;ORF187为HNH核酸内切酶,通常与核酸内切酶活性有关[28]
其他相关蛋白:ORF90编码anti-sigma factor,与宿主细胞壁和细胞膜相关调节基因相关[29];ORF117、ORF168编码RNA聚合酶sigma因子,控制宿主枯草芽孢杆菌中的芽孢形成[30]
在NCBI中下载与噬菌体保守序列编码的门户蛋白(ORF50)、末端酶大亚基(ORF33)以及DNA聚合酶(ORF112)同源性较高的氨基酸序列,使用MEGA 7.0中的邻接法构建系统发育树(图5)。门户蛋白、末端酶大亚基以及DNA聚合酶的发育树结果显示,虽然3个系统发育树存在一定差异,但结果一致表明噬菌体Bac-S与Bacillus phage phiNIT1发育关系较为密切。
对噬菌体生物学特性的研究能够基本了解其性能,可通过已知噬菌体特性寻找抑制它生长的环境条件进而减少其对宿主促生作用的影响。噬菌体的潜伏期长短以及裂解量是衡量噬菌体裂解能力的指标之一,前人对芽孢杆菌噬菌体的一步生长曲线进行测定结果显示潜伏期在10−60 min不等,而本研究结果表明Bac-S噬菌体潜伏期为10 min,表明其为烈性噬菌体且潜伏期较短[31]。一般来说,噬菌体在中性的条件下效价最高,在酸性与碱性环境下噬菌体效价会降低甚至灭活,Bac-S能够耐受pH 5.0−11.0的环境,这与已发表的噬菌体情况相似[32]。不同噬菌体对温度的耐受能力不同,研究结果显示部分芽孢杆菌噬菌体在50 ℃已近乎失活[33],而Bac-S在70 ℃时完全失活,表明其具有一定的耐高温能力。紫外线可被蛋白质和核酸吸收并作用于DNA,使得DNA丧失转化能力从而令噬菌体失去活性[34],Bac-S在紫外照射21 min下失活,因此可通过紫外光处理来抑制甚至消灭噬菌体。
噬菌体Bac-S的宿主范围广,能够侵染12株归属于6个不同属的细菌,噬菌体的宿主范围由它们尾部的受体结合蛋白,如尾纤维和尾刺蛋白来决定[35]。在Bac-S的序列中发现了3个编码尾纤维蛋白的基因(ORF55、ORF71、ORF73)。ORF71的氨基酸序列与NCBI数据库中Bacillus phage 010DV004、043JT007、278BB001和035JT004中的尾纤维蛋白的相似度均高于80%,其中Bacillus phage 278BB001宿主谱较广,能够侵染6种不同的芽孢杆菌[18]。ORF73的氨基酸序列与NCBI数据库内Bacillus phage BSP38中的尾纤维蛋白相似度为89.11%,它的宿主谱也较为广泛,能够侵染25株不同的枯草芽孢杆菌和2株地衣芽孢杆菌[36]。本研究的噬菌体Bac-S不仅能侵染一些芽孢杆菌属的细菌,还可侵染5个属(CellulomonasPeribacillusExiguobacteriumArthrobacterPriestia)中的8种细菌,这可能与其尾纤维蛋白相关。Bac-S的宿主细菌具有解磷或固氮功能,可能涉及调控农业土壤中氮磷元素物质循环,有待于深入研究。
噬菌体Bac-S的全基因组与NCBI数据库中宿主来源为芽孢杆菌的噬菌体具有高度相似性,覆盖度为80%以上的情况下,有4条噬菌体序列相似度在90.00%以上;对保守序列编码的氨基酸序列进行系统发育分析也表明Bac-S与芽孢杆菌噬菌体发育关系较近,基于这些认为其属于芽孢杆菌噬菌体。噬菌体Bac-S的基因组中含有γ-聚谷氨酸水解酶、溶血素、异生素反应元件家族转录调节因子等基因,这些基因编码的产物可能有助于噬菌体Bac-S对宿主的适应、感染,从而起到侵染不同种类细菌的作用[37]。Bac-S基因组中未发现已知的毒力因子基因和抗生素耐药基因,这显示其具有良好的生物安全性。在噬菌体中鉴定出与宿主细胞壁相关调节基因以及控制宿主枯草芽孢杆菌中芽孢形成的基因,这些基因可能直接或间接参与噬菌体-宿主相互作用。同时,Bac-S噬菌体中发现噬菌体尾蛋白、相关结构蛋白、裂解蛋白等与其生命周期有关的蛋白。
噬菌体是土壤微生物群落中的重要组成部分,在土壤中通过侵染宿主微生物导致其裂解,加速C、N、P、S等生命元素循环,并且会携带辅助代谢基因影响宿主菌生长,加速微生物群落更替以保持其活力,影响微生物群落结构[14, 38]。然而,目前关于农业土壤中噬菌体功能、病毒纯培养株的分离以及基因组分析的研究相对较少。因此,对土壤中噬菌体的分离与鉴定是扩大土壤病毒数据库的前提,是开启土壤病毒基因宝库的钥匙[39]。枯草芽孢杆菌在农业生产中已被广泛应用,而侵染它们的噬菌体可能影响枯草芽孢杆菌在生产中的应用效果,为深入了解枯草芽孢杆菌与其噬菌体的相互关系,本研究分析了噬菌体的生物学特性与基因组信息,丰富了芽孢杆菌噬菌体以及基因库。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1500400)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31870477)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31300425)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金(C2017045)
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2024年第64卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240130
  • 接收时间:2024-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-02
  • 录用日期:2024-04-30
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1500400)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1500400)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870477)
国家自然科学基金(31870477)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31300425)
国家自然科学基金(31300425)
Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(C2017045)
黑龙江省自然科学基金(C2017045)
作者信息
    1 黑龙江八一农垦大学 生命科学技术学院, 黑龙江省寒区环境微生物与农业废弃物资源化利用重点实验室, 黑龙江 大庆 163319
    2 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 黑土区农业生态重点实验室, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081
    3 农业农村部东北平原农业绿色低碳重点实验室, 黑龙江 大庆 163319

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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