Article(id=1241783828046484155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240145, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1713801600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-23, onlineDate=1773993935834, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993935834, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993935834, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993935834, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3436, endPage=3452, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783830667924201, articleId=1241783828046484155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Monocarboxylate transporter MpMch2 regulates the sexual development and metabolite production of Monascus purpureus, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, and ketone bodies play an important role in the metabolic activities of organisms. As a monocarboxylate transporter, MpMch2 is mainly responsible for the transmembrane transport of monocarboxylates and the maintenance of glucose metabolism balance.[Objective] To analyze the functions of MpMch2 in Monascus purpureus. [Methods] The MpMch2 in M. purpureus Mp-21 was replaced with the hygromycin gene by homologous recombination to construct the deletion strain ∆MpMch2. The colony and cell morphology of Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 on different media was observed, and the yield of monascus pigment, γ-aminobutyric acid, conidia and ascospores were determined. The expression levels of genes related to conidia and γ-aminobutyric acid were determined by RT-qPCR. [Results] There was no significant difference in the colony morphology between the wild type and ∆MpMch2 on different media. After knockout of MpMch2, the yields of conidia, ascospores, Monascus pigments, and γ-aminobutyric acid decreased, and the expression levels of related genes were down-regulated. [Conclusion] MpMch2 positively regulated the development of conidia and ascospores and the production of Monascus pigments and γ-aminobutyric acid.

, correspAuthors=Donghua JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*JIANG Donghua, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanyan PAN, Jiazhu SHAO, Donghua JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783844966305945, articleId=1241783828046484155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=单羧酸转运蛋白MpMch2调控紫色红曲霉的性发育及代谢产物的产生, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乳酸、丙酮酸、酮体等单羧酸盐在生物体的代谢活动中发挥重要作用。MpMch2作为单羧酸转运蛋白,主要负责单羧酸盐的跨膜转运,维持葡萄糖代谢平衡等。【目的】在紫色红曲霉中对单羧酸转运蛋白MpMch2进行功能分析。【方法】以紫色红曲霉Mp-21为出发菌株,通过构建敲除载体,利用同源重组的方式将潮霉素基因替换MpMch2得到缺失株∆MpMch2。观察Mp-21和∆MpMch2在不同培养基上菌落形态、显微形态,测定其红曲色素、γ-氨基丁酸产量、分生孢子、子囊孢子产量等;利用RT-qPCR检测分生孢子、γ-氨基酸丁酸相关基因表达量。【结果】在不同培养基上野生型和∆MpMch2在菌落形态上无显著差异,该基因敲除后菌株分生孢子、子囊孢子产量下降,红曲色素、γ-氨基丁酸产量及相关基因表达量下降。【结论】表明MpMch2基因正调控分生孢子和子囊孢子发育及红曲色素、γ-氨基丁酸产量。

, correspAuthors=蒋冬花, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9Adl2h69Kam5h7t/xTD8SA==, magXml=f0os4vWLfGgKHPMzjW9fwQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=J7K69F2wi6UdThvaM8udrQ==, pdfFileSize=1370400, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=8QzwOfjNdcyzFEIzQOSFLA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=srQh+E4OZGK8C3vcrU6n1A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=潘妍妍, 邵嘉朱, 蒋冬花)}, authors=[Author(id=1242902978005418701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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Wuhan: Doctoral Dissertation of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2022 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242903007675924827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, doi=10.1039/C9RA09760K, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=10, issue=9, pageStart=5268, pageEnd=5282, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=RSC Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HONG JL, WU L, LU JQ, ZHOU WB, CAO YJ, LV WL, LIU B, RAO PF, NI L, LV XC.Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory effects of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of Monascus pigments and citrinin[J].RSC Advances,2020,10(9):5268-5282., articleTitle=Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory effects of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of Monascus pigments and citrinin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242903007797559646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=105, issue=16, pageStart=6369, pageEnd=6379, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU HH, ZHANG J, LU GG, WANG FH, SHU L, XU HM, LI ZJ, WANG YR, GUO QB, WU SF, JIANG LY, WANG CL, HUANG D, LIU B.Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals the metabolic regulation mechanism of yellow pigment overproduction by Monascus using ammonium chloride as a nitrogen source[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2021,105(16):6369-6379., articleTitle=Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals the metabolic regulation mechanism of yellow pigment overproduction by Monascus using ammonium chloride as a nitrogen source, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242903007944360290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=6, issue=5, pageStart=e0080721, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=mSystems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG D, WANG YH, ZHANG J, XU HM, BAI J, ZHANG HJ, JIANG XL, YUAN J, LU GG, JIANG LY, LIAO XP, LIU B, LIU HH.Integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses uncover metabolic alterations and pigment diversity in Monascus in response to different nitrogen sources[J].mSystems,2021,6(5):e0080721., articleTitle=Integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses uncover metabolic alterations and pigment diversity in Monascus in response to different nitrogen sources, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242902992354132107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, awardId=31270061, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270061), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242902992454795405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, awardId=31270061, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31270061), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242902994023465109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, awardId=31570013, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570013), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242902994145099930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, awardId=31570013, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31570013), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242902977732788926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902977753760449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, companyId=1242902977732788926, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902977757954754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, companyId=1242902977732788926, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江师范大学 生命科学学院, 浙江 金华 321004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242902982489129870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Electrophoresis diagram of the amplification of the MpMch2 gene. Lane 1–2: MpMch2 gene., figureFileSmall=MIuI27aeFjIA6pBPSEgK8g==, figureFileBig=RAEHZq4tHeg14Fpy1U2I0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902982593987476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MpMch2基因扩增电泳图, figureFileSmall=MIuI27aeFjIA6pBPSEgK8g==, figureFileBig=RAEHZq4tHeg14Fpy1U2I0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902982715622301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity prediction of MpMch2 protein., figureFileSmall=KyZ3ysL+KwIKtxjyijcjVQ==, figureFileBig=Ll37U8eLgSabAttRFtoPJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902982841451428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MpMch2蛋白亲/疏水性预测结果, figureFileSmall=KyZ3ysL+KwIKtxjyijcjVQ==, figureFileBig=Ll37U8eLgSabAttRFtoPJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902982996640681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The transmembrane domain of prediction MpMch2 protein., figureFileSmall=F4kEuOsYLQdhAMqxCm10KQ==, figureFileBig=w+a0PAqtNmeqfUF7t1AqmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902983135052722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MpMch2蛋白跨膜结构域预测, figureFileSmall=F4kEuOsYLQdhAMqxCm10KQ==, figureFileBig=w+a0PAqtNmeqfUF7t1AqmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902983319602105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Prediction of sub-signal peptide of MpMch2 protein., figureFileSmall=LCgubqPCryVsaoum3Ys4Fg==, figureFileBig=L+tldpTxn1+AIXFRubnXjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902983466402756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MpMch2蛋白亚信号肽预测, figureFileSmall=LCgubqPCryVsaoum3Ys4Fg==, figureFileBig=L+tldpTxn1+AIXFRubnXjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902983634174925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Prediction of phosphorylation sites of MpMch2 protein., figureFileSmall=Vbw/YEiB0cKThjeUF25NCg==, figureFileBig=6ZVnZ/o+qT9xYqqEmieKSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902985177678806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图5, caption=MpMch2蛋白磷酸化位点预测, figureFileSmall=Vbw/YEiB0cKThjeUF25NCg==, figureFileBig=6ZVnZ/o+qT9xYqqEmieKSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987174167518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Construction of MpMch2 knockout vector and verification of knockout transformants. A: MpMch2 gene knockout box. Lane 1–2: MpMch2 gene knockout box. B: Verification result of knockout strains. Mp-21: Primer amplified fragment in Mp-21 strain; T-DNA: The knockout box was randomly inserted into the primer amplification fragment in the strain; ∆MpMch2: Primer amplification fragments in knockout strains., figureFileSmall=jW2zQJTXMIU37qy4p4ZvbA==, figureFileBig=cMfVKoglSard4qyuMnmdnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987358716903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图6, caption=MpMch2敲除载体的构建和敲除转化子验证

A:MpMch2基因敲除盒. B:∆MpMch2株验证结果

, figureFileSmall=jW2zQJTXMIU37qy4p4ZvbA==, figureFileBig=cMfVKoglSard4qyuMnmdnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987480351724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The expression of MpMch2 gene in wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 was detected by RT-qPCR., figureFileSmall=8yVrMnDur8liW3ACY2DPuw==, figureFileBig=nEPoSN9j2krBl9IR9jk+2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987585209329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图7, caption=RT-qPCR检测野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2MpMch2基因表达量, figureFileSmall=8yVrMnDur8liW3ACY2DPuw==, figureFileBig=nEPoSN9j2krBl9IR9jk+2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987736204281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The colony morphology of wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 on PDA, MA, CYA, and G25N media., figureFileSmall=7H3BNwj/LG6NZPcoXv2ufA==, figureFileBig=dEEgdD0S4XG+rpUaxrPvKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987853644800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图8, caption=野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2在PDA、MA、CYA和G25N培养基上的菌落形态, figureFileSmall=7H3BNwj/LG6NZPcoXv2ufA==, figureFileBig=dEEgdD0S4XG+rpUaxrPvKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902988029804547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Microscopic structure of wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 strain. Co: conidium; Cl: Cleistothecium., figureFileSmall=OyLdZhgtQVZn+xJ+uOQD9A==, figureFileBig=87a9I1FCr2gcMOuMBEByhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902989724303375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图9, caption=野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2显微形态观察, figureFileSmall=OyLdZhgtQVZn+xJ+uOQD9A==, figureFileBig=87a9I1FCr2gcMOuMBEByhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902989904658454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Comparison of spore yields of wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 strain. *: P < 0.05., figureFileSmall=nc2lzBfzWuIzwEdL69jkOA==, figureFileBig=xV6pcR/z+dGaQLKxZFfapA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990059847709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图10, caption=野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2产孢量比较, figureFileSmall=nc2lzBfzWuIzwEdL69jkOA==, figureFileBig=xV6pcR/z+dGaQLKxZFfapA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990223425576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Comparison of wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 strain fermentation broth during fermentation., figureFileSmall=6glgLPuPzRlqc36GQCK6ZQ==, figureFileBig=OxPFW7esjjOzSo++2+U+2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990370226224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图11, caption=发酵过程中野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2发酵液菌液对比, figureFileSmall=6glgLPuPzRlqc36GQCK6ZQ==, figureFileBig=OxPFW7esjjOzSo++2+U+2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990504443956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Comparison of yellow pigment, orange pigment and red pigment production in fermentation broth of wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 strain. **: P < 0.01., figureFileSmall=2tIxTCQ1gnBUsFgIvNgADw==, figureFileBig=lsHVh35rN1pTbDLzhoIiOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990676410426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图12, caption=野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2发酵液中黄色素、橙色素、红色素产量比较, figureFileSmall=2tIxTCQ1gnBUsFgIvNgADw==, figureFileBig=lsHVh35rN1pTbDLzhoIiOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990819016770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 13, caption=Comparison of monascus pigments production in wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 fermentation broth. **: P < 0.01., figureFileSmall=Gz40+IDiInW75sJO+rMZKg==, figureFileBig=w/5Xca1xGvfSEACn4yC7wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990961623113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图13, caption=野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2发酵液中红曲色素产量比较, figureFileSmall=Gz40+IDiInW75sJO+rMZKg==, figureFileBig=w/5Xca1xGvfSEACn4yC7wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991087452238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 14, caption=Comparison of GABA production in wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 fermentation broths. *: P < 0.05., figureFileSmall=iY/bBn63eUCiR/2FFhQ2Ow==, figureFileBig=H4iDDlXCfoifd4G5Nohivw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991171338321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图14, caption=野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2发酵液中GABA产量比较, figureFileSmall=iY/bBn63eUCiR/2FFhQ2Ow==, figureFileBig=H4iDDlXCfoifd4G5Nohivw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991334916185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 15, caption=RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of sporulation-related genes in wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2., figureFileSmall=tavjvX1qGvO/424g4C1Ftg==, figureFileBig=xTttYD9ki6S0hqoqTdTzeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991414607962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图15, caption=RT-qPCR检测野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2中产孢相关基因表达量, figureFileSmall=tavjvX1qGvO/424g4C1Ftg==, figureFileBig=xTttYD9ki6S0hqoqTdTzeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991540437087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Figure 16, caption=RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of GABA metabolism-related genes in wild type Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2., figureFileSmall=VsY3dIhOJPG3CD0fviU4Ng==, figureFileBig=bMnsU9+bM+BED/2wYDxVnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991611740261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=图16, caption=RT-qPCR检测野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2中GABA代谢相关基因表达量, figureFileSmall=VsY3dIhOJPG3CD0fviU4Ng==, figureFileBig=bMnsU9+bM+BED/2wYDxVnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991745957995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primer sequences used to amplify the MpMch2 gene and the three fragments of the knockout vector

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameSequences (5′→3′)
MpMch2-FGGGGGTTATGCCGATCTGATAAAAC
MpMch2-RGAGTAGCACTGCCACGCTTTCCATA
MpMch2-5FCGGGATCCCGACTGCTCCGATGCTGTCTAAGTAAG
MpMch2-5RGCTCCTTCAATATCATCTTCTCTCGGTCTGCCTGTGCGTTATTTTGTGGT
MpMch2-3FTAGAGTAGATGCCGACCGAACAAGAAAAAGAAGTCTCGTCAATGGTATCA
MpMch2-3RCCAAGCTTGGGCACGAGTAGCACTGCCACGCTTT
hph-FCGAGAGAAGATGATATTGAAGGAGC
hph-RTCTTGTTCGGTCGGCATCTACTCTA
), ArticleFig(id=1242902991850815600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

扩增MpMch2基因和敲除载体3个片段所用的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameSequences (5′→3′)
MpMch2-FGGGGGTTATGCCGATCTGATAAAAC
MpMch2-RGAGTAGCACTGCCACGCTTTCCATA
MpMch2-5FCGGGATCCCGACTGCTCCGATGCTGTCTAAGTAAG
MpMch2-5RGCTCCTTCAATATCATCTTCTCTCGGTCTGCCTGTGCGTTATTTTGTGGT
MpMch2-3FTAGAGTAGATGCCGACCGAACAAGAAAAAGAAGTCTCGTCAATGGTATCA
MpMch2-3RCCAAGCTTGGGCACGAGTAGCACTGCCACGCTTT
hph-FCGAGAGAAGATGATATTGAAGGAGC
hph-RTCTTGTTCGGTCGGCATCTACTCTA
), ArticleFig(id=1242902991972450421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used in RT-qPCR experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers nameSequences (5′→3′)
actin-FTCTGGCACCACACATTCTACAA
actin-RCGAAGACGATCTGGGTCATCT
qMpMch2-FGTGAGGGGGAGGGATTATTC
qMpMch2-RTTTTGTGGTTCATTGAGGGC
citrate-FCGAGCACGGAAAGACTAAGAA
citrate-RCACCGAACAGGACAGTGTAATA
GAD-FTATGAGGAGTATCCCCAGAGTGC
GAD-RTCTGGAGTAGTCCTTGCCCTC
Glucokinase-FTTCCAACCTTCATCACCTCC
Glucokinase-RCTGTGAGGAGACGGTTTGGT
Ketoglutarate-FGGATGTTGAGCGTGGTACTT
Ketoglutarate-RGCTCAGAGAAGAGTTGGAGATG
Malate dehydrogenase-FCGAGGCTAAGATCCTCGTTATC
Malate dehydrogenase-RGAAGAGACGCTTAGGGTTGTAG
NADP-FGTACTACGACTTGGGCATTGA
NADP-RCTTGACACCGACACCATACTT
Pyruvate kinase-FGATACGTCCCTTCCTGTTTACTC
Pyruvate kinase-RGAATGCCACTGCAACTTCATC
succinate-FTTCTCCTCACCTCACCATCTA
succinate-RGGTAGGCAATCGAGAAGAGATAC
phosphofrucokinase-FTACTTGCGTAGTGTATGTGG
phosphofrucokinase-RCGTCGTCGTGTTTTTGTGGT
flbA-FGGTTCTCCCAATCCAATCGC
flbA-RCCATTCCTCTGGCAGAAACG
flbB-FCTTCGAGGCAGAATTGGAGC
flbB-RACGTGGTCTGAGGAGGAAAG
flbC-FTCTGCTCACTCCTCTGCTTC
flbC-RCTTGGTGGACGTGGTAGAGT
flbD-FCATTACCATCCCCGGCCTAT
flbD-RGCATATCGGAATAGCGCTGG
flbE-FTCATCAGGAGCAAGGGTACG
flbE-RTACCGTCACCATCTTCGCTT
fluG-FGGATGATCTGCTGGCTGTTG
fluG-RCTGTGAACTGAACCGTGCAA
wetA-FACTCTGAGGCGTGGACTGAG
wetA-RCCGTCTGTTGACTGGGAATA
brlA-FCAGGGTGGCGTGAAGTAG
brlA-RTCTGGCGATTGTTGTAGGA
vosA-FCCAGACACCACCATTGCT
vosA-RTCAGCAAAAGAGAAAGGC
), ArticleFig(id=1242902992094085243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783828046484155, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RT-qPCR实验所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers nameSequences (5′→3′)
actin-FTCTGGCACCACACATTCTACAA
actin-RCGAAGACGATCTGGGTCATCT
qMpMch2-FGTGAGGGGGAGGGATTATTC
qMpMch2-RTTTTGTGGTTCATTGAGGGC
citrate-FCGAGCACGGAAAGACTAAGAA
citrate-RCACCGAACAGGACAGTGTAATA
GAD-FTATGAGGAGTATCCCCAGAGTGC
GAD-RTCTGGAGTAGTCCTTGCCCTC
Glucokinase-FTTCCAACCTTCATCACCTCC
Glucokinase-RCTGTGAGGAGACGGTTTGGT
Ketoglutarate-FGGATGTTGAGCGTGGTACTT
Ketoglutarate-RGCTCAGAGAAGAGTTGGAGATG
Malate dehydrogenase-FCGAGGCTAAGATCCTCGTTATC
Malate dehydrogenase-RGAAGAGACGCTTAGGGTTGTAG
NADP-FGTACTACGACTTGGGCATTGA
NADP-RCTTGACACCGACACCATACTT
Pyruvate kinase-FGATACGTCCCTTCCTGTTTACTC
Pyruvate kinase-RGAATGCCACTGCAACTTCATC
succinate-FTTCTCCTCACCTCACCATCTA
succinate-RGGTAGGCAATCGAGAAGAGATAC
phosphofrucokinase-FTACTTGCGTAGTGTATGTGG
phosphofrucokinase-RCGTCGTCGTGTTTTTGTGGT
flbA-FGGTTCTCCCAATCCAATCGC
flbA-RCCATTCCTCTGGCAGAAACG
flbB-FCTTCGAGGCAGAATTGGAGC
flbB-RACGTGGTCTGAGGAGGAAAG
flbC-FTCTGCTCACTCCTCTGCTTC
flbC-RCTTGGTGGACGTGGTAGAGT
flbD-FCATTACCATCCCCGGCCTAT
flbD-RGCATATCGGAATAGCGCTGG
flbE-FTCATCAGGAGCAAGGGTACG
flbE-RTACCGTCACCATCTTCGCTT
fluG-FGGATGATCTGCTGGCTGTTG
fluG-RCTGTGAACTGAACCGTGCAA
wetA-FACTCTGAGGCGTGGACTGAG
wetA-RCCGTCTGTTGACTGGGAATA
brlA-FCAGGGTGGCGTGAAGTAG
brlA-RTCTGGCGATTGTTGTAGGA
vosA-FCCAGACACCACCATTGCT
vosA-RTCAGCAAAAGAGAAAGGC
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单羧酸转运蛋白MpMch2调控紫色红曲霉的性发育及代谢产物的产生
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潘妍妍 , 邵嘉朱 , 蒋冬花 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(9): 3436-3452
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(9): 3436-3452
单羧酸转运蛋白MpMch2调控紫色红曲霉的性发育及代谢产物的产生
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潘妍妍, 邵嘉朱, 蒋冬花*
作者信息
  • 浙江师范大学 生命科学学院, 浙江 金华 321004
Monocarboxylate transporter MpMch2 regulates the sexual development and metabolite production of Monascus purpureus
Yanyan PAN, Jiazhu SHAO, Donghua JIANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240145
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乳酸、丙酮酸、酮体等单羧酸盐在生物体的代谢活动中发挥重要作用。MpMch2作为单羧酸转运蛋白,主要负责单羧酸盐的跨膜转运,维持葡萄糖代谢平衡等。【目的】在紫色红曲霉中对单羧酸转运蛋白MpMch2进行功能分析。【方法】以紫色红曲霉Mp-21为出发菌株,通过构建敲除载体,利用同源重组的方式将潮霉素基因替换MpMch2得到缺失株∆MpMch2。观察Mp-21和∆MpMch2在不同培养基上菌落形态、显微形态,测定其红曲色素、γ-氨基丁酸产量、分生孢子、子囊孢子产量等;利用RT-qPCR检测分生孢子、γ-氨基酸丁酸相关基因表达量。【结果】在不同培养基上野生型和∆MpMch2在菌落形态上无显著差异,该基因敲除后菌株分生孢子、子囊孢子产量下降,红曲色素、γ-氨基丁酸产量及相关基因表达量下降。【结论】表明MpMch2基因正调控分生孢子和子囊孢子发育及红曲色素、γ-氨基丁酸产量。

紫色红曲霉  /  MpMch2  /  分生孢子  /  次级代谢

Monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, and ketone bodies play an important role in the metabolic activities of organisms. As a monocarboxylate transporter, MpMch2 is mainly responsible for the transmembrane transport of monocarboxylates and the maintenance of glucose metabolism balance.[Objective] To analyze the functions of MpMch2 in Monascus purpureus. [Methods] The MpMch2 in M. purpureus Mp-21 was replaced with the hygromycin gene by homologous recombination to construct the deletion strain ∆MpMch2. The colony and cell morphology of Mp-21 and ∆MpMch2 on different media was observed, and the yield of monascus pigment, γ-aminobutyric acid, conidia and ascospores were determined. The expression levels of genes related to conidia and γ-aminobutyric acid were determined by RT-qPCR. [Results] There was no significant difference in the colony morphology between the wild type and ∆MpMch2 on different media. After knockout of MpMch2, the yields of conidia, ascospores, Monascus pigments, and γ-aminobutyric acid decreased, and the expression levels of related genes were down-regulated. [Conclusion] MpMch2 positively regulated the development of conidia and ascospores and the production of Monascus pigments and γ-aminobutyric acid.

Monascus purpureus  /  MpMch2  /  conidia  /  secondary metabolism
潘妍妍, 邵嘉朱, 蒋冬花. 单羧酸转运蛋白MpMch2调控紫色红曲霉的性发育及代谢产物的产生. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3436 -3452 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240145
Yanyan PAN, Jiazhu SHAO, Donghua JIANG. Monocarboxylate transporter MpMch2 regulates the sexual development and metabolite production of Monascus purpureus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3436 -3452 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240145
紫色红曲霉(Monascus purpureus)属于丝状真菌,其主要次级代谢产物红曲色素作为天然着色剂广泛应用于食品行业、纺织行业,通过传统发酵方式得到红曲色素具有低成本、无污染等优点。近年来研究表明,红曲色素还具有抗癌、抗炎、抗肥胖、抗衰老等功能[1-5],在前期研究中,本实验室对红曲霉次级代谢产物进行分离纯化,发现其中部分活性化合物具有抗氧化和抑制α糖苷酶作用[6-7],可应用于降血糖和抗氧化药物的开发。因此研究基因功能对于红曲霉资源的开发利用具有重要意义。主要协同转运蛋白超家族是目前已知最大的膜转运蛋白超家族之一[8],广泛存在于自然界几乎所有生物体中,在细胞膜上承担着物质交换功能,是维持生物体基本生命活动的关键,主要包括同向转运蛋白、单转运蛋白、反向转运蛋白。单羧酸转运蛋白是一种转运蛋白,主要负责转运丙酮酸、乳酸、酮体等代谢产物,参与营养物质的吸收、药物运输等多种生物学功能[9]。截至目前,在哺乳动物中发现单羧酸转运蛋白家族有14个成员,均由12个跨膜结构域组成,其编码的氨基酸序列保守。然而,由于其表达的差异性,每个成员表现出对不同底物的亲和力不同,在乳酸、脂肪酸代谢中发挥不同的作用[10]。近期相关研究表明,单羧酸转运蛋白还参与多种生理和病理过程,在恶性肿瘤与癌症细胞中高度表达,作为肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点在药物试用中发挥作用。在丝状真菌中,对单羧酸转运蛋白研究较少,2016年,李志勇在灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)中敲除单羧酸转运蛋白BC1G_04502.1,发现其可能参与丙酮酸与乙酸的转运以及孢子和菌核的形成[11]。2021年,赵璇竹在苹果炭疽叶枯病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)中敲除单羧酸转运蛋白cgMCT1,结果表明敲除后菌株的致病性消失,并且在培养中外源添加乳酸时,基因表达量上升,推测该基因介导乳酸的转运[12]。在美国国家生物技术信息中心(national center for biotechnology information, NCBI)中进行蛋白质同源比对,发现Mch2在米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)和拟青霉(Paecilomyces sp.)中为单羧酸转运蛋白,在菌株的羧酸类物质运输、生长代谢方面承担重要的作用。目前,在紫色红曲霉中未见相关研究,因此在紫色红曲霉中通过敲除MpMch2基因探究基因功能。
紫色红曲霉Mp-21从市售红曲米中分离所得。敲除载体pKO1B由浙江大学农业与生物技术学院王政逸教授惠赠。感受态大肠杆菌购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司,农杆菌感受态细胞AGL-1购自上海唯地生物技术有限公司。
紫色红曲霉Mp-21用马铃薯葡萄糖(PDA)培养基培养,发酵用马铃薯葡萄糖培养液(PDB)。大肠杆菌和农杆菌均用LB培养基培养。察氏酵母膏琼脂(CYA)培养基(g/L):磷酸二氢钾20.0、氯化钾20.0、硝酸钠3.0、七水合硫酸镁0.01,酵母粉5.0,蔗糖30.0,琼脂18.0。25%甘油硝酸盐琼脂(G25N)培养基(g/L):在CYA的基础上加入0.25甘油。麦芽提取物琼脂(MA)培养基(g/L):麦芽膏20.0,蔗糖20.0,琼脂18.0。IM诱导培养基(IM):磷酸氢钾缓冲液(pH 4.9) 0.8 mL,MgSO4-NaCl溶液20 mL,50%丙三醇10 mL,葡萄糖2 g,1%氯化钙溶液1 mL,20%硝酸铵溶液2.5 mL,加蒸馏水溶解后定容至1000 mL,同时调节至pH 5.5,灭菌后分装至250 mL锥形瓶中,每瓶100 mL。在使用前加入100 g/L 2-(N-吗啉)乙磺酸钠溶液1 mL,0.1 g/L硫酸亚铁溶液1 mL,0.1 mol/L乙酰丁香酮溶液0.4 mL。共培养诱导培养基(Co-IM):相较于IM诱导培养基,Co-IM培养基中葡萄糖减半并加入15g营养琼脂。在使用前加入100 g/L 2-(N-吗啉)乙磺酸钠溶液1 mL,0.1 g/L硫酸亚铁溶液1 mL,0.1mol/L乙酰丁香酮溶液0.8 mL。
引物合成和基因测序由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成。
LA Taq DNA Polymerase、反转录试剂盒(Primescript RT Master Mix)、RNA提取试剂盒(RNAiso Plus),TaKaRa公司;真菌DNA提取试剂盒(Fungal DNA Kit),OMEGA公司;HotStart 2×SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix,合肥海伯莱生物技术有限公司。
以紫色红曲霉DNA为模板、MpMch2-F/R为引物克隆MpMch2基因,具体引物序列见表1,将克隆产物寄往北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司进行测序验证。
根据NCBI中查找到的MpMch2基因序列(MAP00_000247),选取基因上、下游1 000 bp左右片段设计引物构建同源臂,利用双接头PCR技术,将5′同源臂、潮霉素基因片段及3′同源臂3个片段连接在一起,连接至pMD-20T上,酶切后再与载体pKO1B连接,引物序列见表1。PCR反应体系(25 μL):DNA模板(10 μmol/L) 0.5 μL,LA Taq DNA Polymerase (5 U/μL) 0.25 μL,dNTP Mixture 4 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,10×LA PCR Buffer 2.5 μL,无菌水15.75 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 30 s,58 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 1.5 min,30个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。具体构建过程见图1。再将含有MpMch2敲除盒的载体转化至大肠杆菌,菌落PCR验证后挑选阳性转化子,提取质粒后将其转化至农杆菌内。菌液PCR验证后挑取阳性转化子,摇菌培养后涂布在LB平板上,用于农杆菌介导的红曲霉转化。
将感受态农杆菌AGL-1从−80 ℃冰箱中取出,于室温等待其融化成冰水混合物时插入冰中。取敲除载体加入农杆菌感受态细胞中,依次在冰上静置、液氮、37 ℃水浴、放置冰上5 min。加入800 μL LB培养基,28 ℃、160 r/min振荡培养3 h。将菌液涂布在含有50 μg/mL卡那霉素(kanamyceticus, Kana)的LB平板上。72 h后,在LB平板上挑取单菌落,置于含50 μg/mL Kana的LB液体培养基中,28 ℃、160 r/min培养过夜,进行菌液PCR验证。挑取阳性转化子,进行下一步实验。
在LB平板上挑取农杆菌,在试管中用LB液体培养基(含50 μg/mL Kana)在摇床中28 ℃、160 r/min培养16 h,5 000 r/min离心5 min后用IM培养基稀释至OD600为0.5,再放置摇床中诱导培养6−8 h。取PDA上生长15 d左右的紫色红曲霉,用灭菌后的纯水将孢子冲洗下来,用擦镜纸过滤菌丝后用血球计数板计数,用诱导后的农杆菌菌液将孢子浓度稀释至105个/mL,充分混匀后涂在含玻璃纸的IM固体培养基上共培养3 d。等待孢子萌发后,将玻璃纸转移到含有50 μg/mL潮霉素和Kana的PDA培养基上,培养7 d后将萌发的转化子挑出。挑到新的含有50 μg/mL潮霉素的平板上,对能稳定生长的转化子验证是否为目标菌株。
取培养10 d后的野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2,用无菌水将孢子冲下,将孢子稀释至105个/mL,分别点接于PDA、MA、G25N和CYA培养基上,培养10 d拍照记录菌落形态。另取100 µL孢子混悬液涂布接于PDA平板上,在第6天取灭菌后的载玻片斜插入菌落内,培养到7 d取载玻片显微镜观察子囊孢子、分生孢子和菌丝的形态。
将野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2孢子稀释至105个/mL,点接于PDA平板上,培养14 d后用灭菌后的无菌水将孢子冲洗下来,用擦镜纸过滤菌丝后用血球计数板计数。每个菌种重复计数3次,统计分生孢子、子囊孢子数量。
将等量100 µL野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2的孢子悬液分别接种至预先灭菌的PDB培养基中,随后进行摇瓶发酵,取发酵3、6、9、12和15 d的发酵液,将过滤后的菌丝置于烘箱干燥72 h,记录菌丝的质量。取1 mL发酵液加9 mL 70%的乙醇,在40 ℃、200 r/min摇床萃取2 h,采用分光光度计在410、470、505 nm波长处分别测定黄色素、橙色素、红色素的吸光度值,三者相加为红曲色素。
取GABA标准品分别配成1、10、25、50、100 mg/L标准溶液,用滤膜过滤后储存在色谱进样瓶中备用。
分别取野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2第12天发酵液10 mL,5 000 r/min离心5 min后取上清液用0.45 μm滤膜过滤作为待测品。
使用高效液相色谱仪测定野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2发酵液中GABA产量。检测条件:流动相为乙腈+三水合乙酸钠(35+65) (A液),甲醇(B液),色谱柱Agilent TC-C18液相色谱柱(250 mm× 4.6 mm, 5 μm),紫外检测器波长为436 nm,进样量20 μL,流速1 mL/min。
将PDA上培养3、7、11 d的野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2菌丝分别用液氮研磨后,用RNA提取试剂盒提取RNA,再用逆转试剂盒将RNA逆转得到cDNA。用软件设计产孢、GABA相关基因引物,引物序列见表2。RT-qPCR反应体系(20 μL):正反引物(100 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,2×SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix 10.0 μL,DNA 0.8 μL,ROX 0.4 μL,Nuclease-free Water 7.8 μL。RT-qPCR反应采用两步法,条件为:95 ℃ 2 min;95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 40 s,40个循环。基因的相对表达量以actin作为参考,2−∆∆Ct计算基因表达量。
以Mp-21 DNA为模板,用表1所示引物克隆紫色红曲霉Mp-21中的MpMch2基因。PCR反应产物在琼脂糖凝胶电泳中可以看到在2 000 bp附近位置有清晰条带(图1)。将目的条带割胶回收后寄往北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司测序,得到MpMch2基因序列,长度为1 884 bp。
在NCBI对蛋白进行保守结构域分析中,发现属于主要促进者超家族(major facilitator superfamily, MFS)为转运蛋白,家族内蛋白功能主要为促进一种或多种底物,如各种离子、磷酸糖类、氨基酸和肽类、药物等穿过细胞质或内膜的转运。利用生物信息学相关软件对其进行分析,结果如下。
MpMch2基因开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)长度1 374 bp,负责翻译458个氨基酸残基,分子质量为47 274.69,理论等电点为8.5,属于碱性蛋白质,分子式为C2177H3385N545O578S26,原子总数为6 711,在458个氨基酸残基中,带负电荷的氨基酸残基数量为20,带正电荷的氨基酸残基数量为25,MpMch2蛋白的不稳定系数为39.3,属于稳定蛋白质,所考虑序列的N末端是M (Met)。估计半衰期:30 h (哺乳动物网织红细胞,体外)、 > 20 h (酵母,体内)、 > 10 h (大肠杆菌,体内)。脂肪系数为113.83,总的平均亲水性为0.702。
结果显示11位氨基酸有最小亲水性−2.444,432位氨基酸有最大疏水性为3.156,为亲水蛋白,如图2所示。该结果与ProtParam结果一致,可信性大。
图3所示,1−43、122−127、181−184、240−262、348−351、436−436 aa为胞内区域,67−98、148−157、208−216、286−327、375−417 aa为胞外区域,44−66、99−121、128−147、158−180、185−207、217−239、217−239、263−285、328−347、352−347、418−435 aa为跨膜区域,共有11个跨膜区域。而单羧酸转运蛋白属于跨膜转运蛋白,作为一种载体蛋白,它的结构为多回旋折叠的跨膜蛋白质,与被传递的分子特异性结合将其运输至质膜外,预测结果与蛋白功能一致。
使用PSORT Ⅱ软件对MpMch2蛋白进行亚细胞定位预测,结果显示位于质膜、内质网、液泡、线粒体、细胞核、高尔基体的概率分别是60.9%、17.4%、8.7%、4.3%、4.3%、4.3%。位于细胞膜的概率最大,预测结果与单羧酸转运蛋白属于跨膜蛋白相符。
使用SignalP 5.0对MpMch2蛋白进行亚信号肽预测,结果显示存在信号肽的可能性为0.002 3,从图4中可以看到,不存在剪切位点,属于分泌蛋白的可能性较低。分泌蛋白主要是指在细胞内合成后,分泌到细胞外起作用的蛋白质,例如唾液淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶。单羧酸转运蛋白作为一种转运蛋白,显然不属于分泌蛋白,这与预测结果相符。
使用NetPhos对MpMch2蛋白进行磷酸化位点预测,结果如图5显示,丝氨酸磷酸化位点最多,数量多达40个,苏氨酸磷酸化位点18个,酪氨酸磷酸化位点14个。丝氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸的磷酸化作用是一个可逆的蛋白修饰过程,推测MpMch2蛋白在运输物质过程中充当了ATP水解酶的作用,ATP被水解后释放一个磷酸基团与MpMch2蛋白结合,通过以上3种氨基酸的磷酸化导致蛋白的构象发生变化,与运输的丙酮酸等物质结合,实现单羧酸盐的跨膜转运。
敲除载体构建过程:首先扩增出MpMch2基因的5′端和3′端同源臂及潮霉素的基因片段,见图6A,3个片段连接后长度为3 557 bp,再将其连接至pKO1B载体后转化大肠杆菌进行农杆菌介导的转化,挑取能在潮霉素抗性平板上稳定生长的转化子进行筛选,筛选引物为MpMch2-5F、MpMch2-3R,目标长度为2 619 bp,包括整个MpMch2基因的开放阅读框,筛选结果见图6。农杆菌介导的转化有2种结果,一种是敲除盒与MpMch2发生同源重组,将潮霉素基因整合进基因组内替换MpMch2,另一种则为随机插入,如图6B所示,野生型Mp-21中只有一个条带,长度为2 619 bp,发生了随机插入的菌株,除了原有2 619 bp条带,还有敲除盒的条带3 557 bp。而发生了同源重组的菌株基因组内只有一个3 557 bp敲除盒片段。
将Mp-21和∆MpMch2菌株分别在PDA培养基上培养3、7、11 d,提取RNA后逆转为cDNA,对2种菌株内MpMch2基因进行检测。结果表明,在∆MpMch2内3、7、11 d,3个时期均无法检测出MpMch2基因的表达,如图7所示,进一步说明MpMch2已被敲除成功。
图8中可以看出在PDA、MA、CYA平板上,野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2的菌落形态和菌落大小无明显差异,生长速率无明显差异。然而∆MpMch2在CYA培养基上菌落颜色较野生型Mp-21深。在G25N培养基上,∆MpMch2的生长速度比Mp-21快,菌落形态无明显差异。
将野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2分别培养7 d后,在显微镜下观察发现分生孢子和子囊孢子及菌丝形态无明显差异(图9)。这与2个菌株在PDA培养基上菌落形态无明显差异的结果一致。说明敲除MpMch2基因对分生孢子、子囊孢子、菌丝形态无影响。
在PDA平板上生长14 d左右的Mp-21和∆MpMch2菌株,分别用5 mL无菌水将孢子冲下,计数子囊孢子和分生孢子数。结果如图10所示,与Mp-21菌株相比,∆MpMch2的分生孢子数目下降47.9%,子囊孢子数目下降43.7%,2个菌株的孢子数差异显著,说明敲除MpMch2导致菌株分生孢子和子囊孢子数目下降。
在发酵过程中,发现∆MpMch2菌株的菌丝呈现球状,与Mp-21菌丝的丝状有较大差异。Mp-21的菌丝为絮状,并且随着发酵天数的增加,球状菌丝逐渐膨大,呈现放射状,产生菌丝。随着发酵天数的增加,野生型Mp-21培养基的颜色逐渐加深,∆MpMch2菌株的培养基颜色差异不大,几乎不产生红曲色素,发酵过程如图11所示。
将野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2菌株的发酵液处理后分别测定黄色素、橙色素、红色素产量,三者产量相加为红曲色素产量,两者红曲色素差异显著,结果如图12显示,与野生型Mp-21相比,∆MpMch2黄色素、橙色素、红色素产量大幅下降,分别下降93%、92%和93%,三者之和红曲色素产量下降92% (图13)。
高效液相色谱检测野生型Mp-21和∆MpMch2发酵10 d后发酵液中GABA产量,结果如图14所示,野生型Mp-21菌株发酵液中GABA产量为2.16 mg/mL,∆MpMch2发酵液中为1.10 mg/mL,两者差异显著,表明敲除MpMch2基因会导致GABA产量下降。
参考丝状真菌有性生殖和无性生殖相关研究,包括模式菌株构巢曲霉的相关研究,发现flbA等基因与分生孢子和子囊孢子产生密切相关,因此选取以下基因测定其表达。结果如图15所示,在培养3 d时,检测了2种菌株相关基因的表达量,发现与野生型Mp-21菌株相比,∆MpMch2菌株中flbAflbBflbCflbDflbEfluGwetAbrlAvosA的表达量分别是Mp-21的0.046、0.260、0.690、0.054、1.040、0.050、0.046、0.090及0.030倍。可以看出在3 d时,除了flbE以外,在∆MpMch2菌株中其他产孢基因表达量均显著下降。
在培养7 d时,∆MpMch2菌株中flbAflbBflbCflbDflbEfluGwetAbrlAvosA的表达量分别是Mp-21的15.38、0.95、7.20、13.88、23.92、8.70、29.43、32.06及10.80倍。可以看出在7 d时,除了flbB以外,在∆MpMch2菌株中其他基因表达量均显著上升。
在培养11 d时,∆MpMch2菌株中flbAflbBflbCflbDflbEFluGwetAbrlAvosA的表达量分别是Mp-21的0.270、0.200、0.261、0.050、0.037、0.020、0.369、0.486及0.040倍。可以看出在11 d时,在∆MpMch2菌株中其他基因表达量均下降。
为了探究GABA产量减少的原因,测定γ-氨基丁酸相关基因表达量来验证敲除MpMch2是否会导致其发生变化。根据前期研究得知,在微生物中GABA的产生方式为葡萄糖通过糖酵解分解一系列反应,最终生成丙酮酸[13]。在这一过程中选择3种限速酶,测定其表达量,分别为己糖激酶(glucokinase)、磷酸果糖激酶(phosphofructokinase)、丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase)。丙酮酸通过氧化脱羧反应生成乙酰CoA,作为三羧酸循环的原料,通过一系列酶的催化后,中间产物生成α-酮戊二酸,在谷氨酸脱氢酶的作用下生成l-谷氨酸,最后在谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD)的作用下生成GABA。在这一过程中选取柠檬酸合酶(citrate synthase)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NADP-dependentisocitrate dehydrogenase)、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体亚基(ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex subunit Kgd1)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase)、苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase)、谷氨酸脱羧酶,测定其表达量,结果如图16所示。
在3 d时,检测了2种菌株GABA相关基因表达量(图16),发现与Mp-21菌株相比,∆MpMch2菌株中的谷氨酸脱羧酶、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、柠檬酸合酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体亚基、磷酸果糖激酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶表达量分别是Mp-21的0.060、0.042、0.570、9.040、1.320、0.390、1.450、2.890及0.280倍。可以看出在3 d时,柠檬酸合酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶表达量显著上调,大部分基因表达量在∆MpMch2菌株中均下调。
在7 d时,检测了2种菌株GABA相关基因表达量,发现与Mp-21菌株相比,∆MpMch2菌株中的谷氨酸脱羧酶、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、柠檬酸合酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体亚基、磷酸果糖激酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶表达量是Mp-21的0.10、7.75、11.61、0.42、0.26、0.78、0.88、0.25及0.25倍。可以看出在7 d时,除己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶,其他基因表达量在∆MpMch2菌株中下调。
在11 d时,检测了2种菌株GABA相关基因表达量,发现与Mp-21菌株相比,∆MpMch2菌株中的谷氨酸脱羧酶、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、柠檬酸合酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体亚基、磷酸果糖激酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶表达量是Mp-21的0.000 27、0.006 1、0.003 2、0.570、4.390、0.153、0.100、0.130及0.400倍。可以看出在11 d时,除柠檬酸合酶,其他基因在∆MpMch2菌株中基因表达量下调。
可以把GABA的合成分为3个阶段,第一阶段是糖酵解反应,反应产物为丙酮酸。在第3天和第11天,与野生型Mp-21相比,∆MpMch2菌株中的己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶表达量均下降,磷酸果糖激酶表达量在第7天下降。说明敲除MpMch2基因会对糖酵解反应产生影响,从而影响丙酮酸的产量,导致进入下一步反应的原料减少。第二个阶段丙酮酸通过三羧酸循环一系列反应生成α酮戊二酸,在第3天,∆MpMch2除了柠檬酸合酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶,第11天除了柠檬酸合酶,三羧酸循环中其他几种酶表达量均下降,说明该阶段产物α酮戊二酸产量与野生型Mp-21相比下降。GABA合成的关键步骤所需要的酶——谷氨酸脱羧酶,在3个时间段表达量均下降。3个阶段∆MpMch2菌株相关基因表达量下降,导致最终产物GABA产量下降。另一方面MpMch2敲除后,丙酮酸的转运受阻,进入代谢途径的丙酮酸产量下降,GABA合成的原料下降。这两方面均会导致GABA产量下降。
真菌同时拥有无性和有性两种繁殖方式,每个与繁殖相关的基因在不同菌株中发挥的作用有差异,某些基因之间还存在协同作用,截至目前研究最多的是构巢曲霉,为丝状真菌的模式植物,本次选取的基因可大致分为分生孢子相关和子囊孢子相关。
在构巢曲霉中研究发现,FlbA[14]是G蛋白信号通路调节因子,敲除后菌落表型变得蓬松,气生菌丝生长丰富,过表达会导致brlA异常表达,导致发育提早,形成分生孢子[14]。这与红色红曲霉中mrflbA缺失抑制分生孢子萌发的结果一致[15],另外,在mrflbA株中也未观察到子囊孢子。得出结论:mrflbA对菌株的有性繁殖和无性繁殖均有调控。
FlbB是碱性转录因子,过表达会抑制分生孢子的产生,发现该基因正常表达是brlA转录的前提[16-17],而brlA的激活是无性孢子产生的前提。推测FlbC是核转录因子,敲除该基因发现导致分生孢子的萌发的延迟或减少,并且该基因的定位与表达不受FlbBFlbE的影响[18]
研究发现FlbD在无性、有性生殖方面均发挥作用。删除整个编码区的菌株分生孢子产量低于单个碱基发生突变的菌株,但是mRNA水平无影响,说明该基因编码的蛋白质在分生孢子的产生中有调控作用。在有性繁殖方面,FlbD缺失株和单个碱基突变株均能产生子囊孢子,FlbD缺失株的子囊孢子数量要少于单个碱基突变株,但是不能产生子囊孢子外的包被[19]。这些结果表明FlbD对构巢曲霉的有性繁殖至关重要。
FlbE是一种发育激活因子,在构巢曲霉生长的早期阶段瞬时表达,基因缺失导致产孢量下降[20],并且导致产孢相关基因brlAVosA[21]的表达延迟。FluG是构巢曲霉无性发育的早期调节因子,位于FlbAFlbB等基因上游,具有N-末端氨基水解酶区域,该区域与C-末端γ-谷氨酰连接酶区域相连。研究表明FluG缺失突变体无分生孢子产生,而C-末端缺失突变体也无法产生分生孢子,说明C-末端对分生孢子的产生是必需的[22]。在球孢白僵菌内,FlbD敲除后对分生孢子的产量和生物量均无影响[23]。与构巢曲霉中不同的是:FluG的缺失不影响brlAFlbA-E的表达[24-25]。丝状真菌中无性孢子的产生主要由brlA-abaA-wetA级联调控,brlA的激活对于分生孢子梗的发育必不可少,wetA[26]是该级联的最后一步,参与分生孢子细胞壁的合成、次级代谢。mRNA水平分析发现,wetA通过抑制途径上游brlA负反馈回路,负向调控分生孢子的产生[26]
VosA在构巢曲霉的无性繁殖和有性繁殖方面均发挥作用[27]。研究表明VosA基因缺失导致分生孢子活力下降,在子囊孢子形成过程中,VosA基因的缺失导致子囊孢子活力下降,并且子囊孢子对于高温、氧化的胁迫耐受性下降[28]。因此,推测在紫色红曲霉中,VosA与分生孢子生长相关。
值得关注的是,某些基因存在于构巢曲霉,例如abaA,在构巢曲霉中与分生孢子的产生有关,但不存在于红曲霉中,将其导入红曲霉中却能使分生孢子数量增多[29],说明两者同属于丝状真菌,在无性繁殖方面可能存在不同的调控模式。在红色红曲霉敲除MrFlbCMrFlbG后孢子数量无明显变化[30],发现缺失、过表达MrwetAMrbrlA对分生孢子的大小、数目、形态无影响,但是缺失或过表达MrwetA会阻碍子囊孢子的产生[31]。然而在紫色红曲霉中敲除brlA基因却导致分生孢子产量下降[32]。说明红色红曲霉的繁殖调控模式与构巢曲霉并不相同,在同一种曲霉中也可能存在不同的调控模式,基因功能甚至相反或者完全不同。
比较3、7、11 d产孢相关基因的表达量发现,在生长过程中选取这3个时间点的原因是3 d时紫色红曲霉的孢子开始萌发,7 d是紫色红曲霉快速生长期,11 d时红曲霉生长减慢逐渐停止。3 d、9 d时∆MpMch2株与野生型Mp-21相比,除3 d时flbB外其他基因表达量显著下降,7 d时∆MpMch2株与野生型Mp-21相比测定的有性生殖和无性生殖相关基因表达量显著上升。说明在红曲霉生长初期和后期,推测缺失MpMch2基因导致菌株有性和无性生殖相关基因表达量下降,菌株在对数期进行某些补偿性调节后使菌株产孢相关基因表达量上升,究竟是怎样的机制导致这一结果尚不明确,但是最终分生孢子和子囊孢子数量与野生型相比下降。
分生孢子和子囊孢子产量下降的原因,推测与碳源相关,因为碳源是真菌生长的必需营养元素之一,碳源的种类会影响多聚糖合成酶的表达从而影响丝状真菌分生孢子的萌发[33]。丝状真菌的细胞壁的成分为葡聚糖和糖蛋白,细胞质膜的成分为含偶数碳原子的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸。从这个角度来看,单羧酸转运蛋白MpMch2缺失后转运丙酮酸、乳酸等碳代谢中间产物的功能受阻,部分碳源无法正常转运,但是紫色红曲霉中还有其他单羧酸转运蛋白继续发挥作用,所以只是导致分生孢子和子囊孢子的产量下降,并不是完全不产生。
在发酵过程中发现,∆MpMch2菌株的菌丝呈现球状,与Mp-21菌丝的丝状有较大差异。随着发酵天数的增加,球状菌丝逐渐膨大,呈现放射状,产生菌丝。此外,在摇瓶发酵时,∆MpMch2菌株几乎不产生红曲色素,连菌丝都呈现浅黄色,而在PDA固体培养基上,∆MpMch2菌株能够分泌红曲色素。推测在液体发酵的过程中,氧气浓度增加,糖酵解反应产生大量的乳酸,而单羧酸转运蛋白作用则是将产生的大量乳酸转运到细胞外,维持细胞内环境稳态。一方面∆MpMch2菌株中转运蛋白功能受阻,导致乳酸堆积使糖酵解反应停滞,另一方面细胞内酸性升高也会影响其他代谢途径,最终导致细胞死亡。相关研究表明,葡萄糖等碳源是红曲色素合成的重要原料[33-35],葡萄糖通过糖酵解、糖异生等途径生成乙酰辅酶A,而乙酰辅酶A与丙二酰辅酶A是合成红曲色素的前体聚酮化合物的原料。糖酵解等代谢反应停滞甚至细胞死亡都会导致∆MpMch2液体发酵过程中不产生红曲色素。说明单羧酸转运蛋白在维持正常生命活动中发挥重要作用。
目前在红曲霉属中并未见单羧酸转运蛋白的研究,通过本文研究单羧酸转运基因对红曲霉繁殖、次级代谢的合成均有重要影响。这些实验结果为红曲霉资源开发利用提供一定的借鉴。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31270061)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31570013)
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2024年第64卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240145
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
  • 录用日期:2024-04-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270061)
国家自然科学基金(31270061)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570013)
国家自然科学基金(31570013)
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    浙江师范大学 生命科学学院, 浙江 金华 321004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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