Article(id=1241783827648021159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240094, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706889600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1714233600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-28, onlineDate=1773993935739, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1715011200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-07, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993935739, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993935739, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993935739, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3224, endPage=3237, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783828512047791, articleId=1241783827648021159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Diversity of uterine microbiota in healthy felines and felines with pyometra, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] We characterized the uterine microbiota in healthy felines and felines with pyometra, aiming to reveal the effect of pyometra on the uterine microbiota of felines and explore the potential pathogens causing pyometra. [Methods] High-throughput sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene was employed to determine and compare the uterine microbiota in healthy felines and felines with pyometra. The key strains were isolated and identified by the culture method. [Results] The dominant bacterial genera in the uterus of healthy felines were Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Weissella. The dominant bacterial genus and species in the uterus of felines with pyometra were Escherichia-Shigella and Escherichia coli, respectively. Functional prediction showed that pathways such as protein export, amino acid-related enzymes, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis in the pyometra group were significantly reduced. The results of isolation and identification showed that the prevalent bacterial species in the uterus of felines with pyometra was E. coli. The isolates all belonged to the phylogroup B2 and were mostly tested positive for hylA, fimH, iroN, cnf1, papC, kpsMTII, and iutA. [Conclusion] We compared the uterine microbiota in healthy felines and felines with pyometra. The dominant bacteria in the uterus of healthy felines were mostly non-pathogenic, while those in the uterus of felines with pyometra changed significantly, with E. coli being dominant and carrying multiple virulence genes. The findings provide a theoretical basis for treating pyometra in felines.

, correspAuthors=Suizhong CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CAO Suizhong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shengxin ZENG, Zhikun CHEN, Han WANG, Chengliang SUN, Zhengzhong LUO, Yixin HUANG, Kang YONG, Xueping YAO, Suizhong CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783841891877760, articleId=1241783827648021159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=健康和子宫蓄脓猫的子宫菌群多样性, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】本研究通过测定健康猫和子宫蓄脓猫子宫菌群的变化,旨在揭示子宫蓄脓猫的子宫菌群的变化,并探究引起子宫蓄脓的主要病原菌。【方法】采用全长16S rRNA基因测序技术测定健康猫和子宫蓄脓猫子宫微生物组,分析子宫菌群组成及其差异。使用鉴别培养基对关键菌种进行分离鉴定。【结果】健康猫子宫核心菌属为不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、嗜麦芽寡氧单胞菌属、魏斯氏菌属等;而子宫蓄脓猫子宫优势菌属为埃希氏-志贺氏菌属,优势菌种为大肠埃希菌。功能预测分析表明,子宫蓄脓组蛋白质的输出、氨基酸相关酶、内质网中蛋白质加工、氨酰tRNA生物合成相关通路显著降低。分离鉴定结果显示子宫蓄脓猫子宫内的优势菌种为大肠埃希菌种,分离株均属于B2型,hylAfimHiroNcnf1papCkpsMTIIiutA基因多呈阳性。【结论】本研究分析了健康猫和患子宫蓄脓猫子宫中菌群差异,其中健康猫子宫中优势菌群以非致病菌为主,而罹患子宫蓄脓的猫子宫中优势菌群发生显著改变,其中大肠埃希菌是猫蓄脓子宫中的主要菌种且存在多种毒力基因,为治疗猫子宫蓄脓提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=曹随忠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=O0moHrzlJIbPK/RKXa318g==, magXml=QRrzVUwBPErFkBa2s+nIuA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=C9gk2ygDH/J1S+/Dja9ynQ==, pdfFileSize=1622122, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5XoTtH3800JiWbi6w60XrA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eJx3wY/jR8d1bCLEZx+WrA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=曾圣鑫, 陈志坤, 王寒, 孙成亮, 罗正中, 黄逸馨, 雍康, 姚学萍, 曹随忠)}, authors=[Author(id=1242902976675820093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, 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H is the healthy group and D is the group of felines with pyometra. The same below., figureFileSmall=oCD3/DvKbp7y1Eo2IRA1GA==, figureFileBig=fERw5n6JzpIL60OTzXrBnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987895583640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图1, caption=ASVs韦恩图

H:健康组;D:子宫蓄脓组

, figureFileSmall=oCD3/DvKbp7y1Eo2IRA1GA==, figureFileBig=fERw5n6JzpIL60OTzXrBnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902988046578592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Alpha diversity box plot. A: Simpson index. B: Shannon index. C: Chao1 index., figureFileSmall=J27wzDlvvTnTmVmj/Y1HVQ==, figureFileBig=h+oWC/apl/3ZanmGRVanCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902989694940071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图2, caption=α多样性箱型图

A:Simpson指数. B:Shannon指数. C:Chao1指数

, figureFileSmall=J27wzDlvvTnTmVmj/Y1HVQ==, figureFileBig=h+oWC/apl/3ZanmGRVanCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902989892072370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Principal co-ordinates analysis., figureFileSmall=OhJA/4JKBMxl6jMe9y3BYA==, figureFileBig=2COZTVPM7nOYSzZHlfS5ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990051455930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图3, caption=主坐标分析, figureFileSmall=OhJA/4JKBMxl6jMe9y3BYA==, figureFileBig=2COZTVPM7nOYSzZHlfS5ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990215033795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The abundance of microbiota at the phylum level., figureFileSmall=adn2dvy+8rPFKHChzQ4lHg==, figureFileBig=mnlqZmfEXAKREsi5oVtapw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990345057223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图4, caption=门水平菌群组成柱状图, figureFileSmall=adn2dvy+8rPFKHChzQ4lHg==, figureFileBig=mnlqZmfEXAKREsi5oVtapw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990445720527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Bacterial differences at the genus level. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=PdwGBNKdc1ddFsp082LahA==, figureFileBig=XfRQeDjp2sIjeGpBv8VmFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990634464216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图5, caption=属水平菌群差异, figureFileSmall=PdwGBNKdc1ddFsp082LahA==, figureFileBig=XfRQeDjp2sIjeGpBv8VmFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990714156001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Differences in KEGG function predictions., figureFileSmall=RwSIuUwjvwlbnT+Q1fDy2g==, figureFileBig=lDbA2eIccymOj6V5L0J5hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990823207914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图6, caption=KEGG功能预测的差异分析, figureFileSmall=RwSIuUwjvwlbnT+Q1fDy2g==, figureFileBig=lDbA2eIccymOj6V5L0J5hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902990940648430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Results of the Escherichia coli isolated from the felines with pyometra. A: MacConkey medium culture of the samples from the group with pyometra. B: Eosin-Methylene Blue medium culture of the samples from the group with pyometra. C: Isolated bacteria observed under microscopy., figureFileSmall=xV34eFN7xK7Vm3zV98rjBg==, figureFileBig=rP2KVlSS5lPQKi2U4P+UKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991091643384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图7, caption=子宫蓄脓猫大肠埃希菌分离结果

A:子宫蓄脓组麦康凯培养基. B:子宫蓄脓组伊红美兰培养基. C:镜检结果

, figureFileSmall=xV34eFN7xK7Vm3zV98rjBg==, figureFileBig=rP2KVlSS5lPQKi2U4P+UKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991204889598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Results of the PCR identification. M: DNA marker; 1–10: Escherichia coli strains isolated from the felines with pyometra; N: Negative control; P: Positive control., figureFileSmall=3EnfhHmvuHll/ub/vRs9Zg==, figureFileBig=joBK5pq+4bW4Tb9UXVnHRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991318134788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图8, caption=PCR鉴定结果

M:DNA marker;1–10:从子宫蓄脓猫分离的大肠埃希菌菌株;N:阴性对照;P为阳性对照

, figureFileSmall=3EnfhHmvuHll/ub/vRs9Zg==, figureFileBig=joBK5pq+4bW4Tb9UXVnHRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991481712656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Results of the PCR identification. A: The results of the chuA identification. B: The results of the tspE4.C2 identification. C: The results of the yjaA identification. M: DNA marker; N: Negative control; 1–10: Escherichia coli strains isolated from the felines with pyometra., figureFileSmall=ZCVY/0a4pRvSl+nfnxugZA==, figureFileBig=+008Nn6gOMPwNPHGRf1Okw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991594958868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图9, caption=PCR鉴定结果

A:chuA鉴定结果. B:tspE4.C2鉴定结果. C:yjaA鉴定结果. M:DNA marker;N:阴性对照;1–10:从子宫蓄脓猫分离的大肠埃希菌菌株

, figureFileSmall=ZCVY/0a4pRvSl+nfnxugZA==, figureFileBig=+008Nn6gOMPwNPHGRf1Okw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991733370909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Results of the PCR identification. A: The results of the iroN identification. B: The results of the hylA identification. C: The results of the fimH identification. D: The results of the cnf1 identification. E: The results of the iutA identification. F: The results of the kpsMTII identification. G: The results of the papC identification. M: DNA marker; N: Negative control; 1–10: Escherichia coli strains isolated from the felines with pyometra., figureFileSmall=NLXOYPl2+BkiwIFsNQ46yA==, figureFileBig=uC3mRUpogwer/GXHJSbe4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902991834034211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783827648021159, language=CN, label=图10, caption=PCR结果鉴定

A为iroN鉴定结果. B为hylA鉴定结果. C为fimH鉴定结果. D为cnf1鉴定结果. E为iutA鉴定结果. F为kpsMTII鉴定结果. G为papC鉴定结果. M为DNA marker;N为阴性对照;1–10为从子宫蓄脓猫分离的大肠埃希菌菌株

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健康和子宫蓄脓猫的子宫菌群多样性
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曾圣鑫 1 , 陈志坤 1 , 王寒 2 , 孙成亮 2 , 罗正中 1 , 黄逸馨 1 , 雍康 3 , 姚学萍 1 , 曹随忠 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(9): 3224-3237
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(9): 3224-3237
健康和子宫蓄脓猫的子宫菌群多样性
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曾圣鑫1, 陈志坤1, 王寒2, 孙成亮2, 罗正中1, 黄逸馨1, 雍康3, 姚学萍1, 曹随忠1, *
作者信息
  • 1 四川农业大学 动物医学院, 四川 成都 611130
  • 2 四川水利职业技术学院 生物工程学院, 四川 崇州 611231
  • 3 重庆三峡职业学院 动物科技学院, 重庆 404155
Diversity of uterine microbiota in healthy felines and felines with pyometra
Shengxin ZENG1, Zhikun CHEN1, Han WANG2, Chengliang SUN2, Zhengzhong LUO1, Yixin HUANG1, Kang YONG3, Xueping YAO1, Suizhong CAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • 2 College of Bioengineering, Sichuan Water Conservancy Vocational College, Chongzhou 611231, Sichuan, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing 404155, China
出版时间: 2024-05-07 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240094
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【目的】本研究通过测定健康猫和子宫蓄脓猫子宫菌群的变化,旨在揭示子宫蓄脓猫的子宫菌群的变化,并探究引起子宫蓄脓的主要病原菌。【方法】采用全长16S rRNA基因测序技术测定健康猫和子宫蓄脓猫子宫微生物组,分析子宫菌群组成及其差异。使用鉴别培养基对关键菌种进行分离鉴定。【结果】健康猫子宫核心菌属为不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、嗜麦芽寡氧单胞菌属、魏斯氏菌属等;而子宫蓄脓猫子宫优势菌属为埃希氏-志贺氏菌属,优势菌种为大肠埃希菌。功能预测分析表明,子宫蓄脓组蛋白质的输出、氨基酸相关酶、内质网中蛋白质加工、氨酰tRNA生物合成相关通路显著降低。分离鉴定结果显示子宫蓄脓猫子宫内的优势菌种为大肠埃希菌种,分离株均属于B2型,hylAfimHiroNcnf1papCkpsMTIIiutA基因多呈阳性。【结论】本研究分析了健康猫和患子宫蓄脓猫子宫中菌群差异,其中健康猫子宫中优势菌群以非致病菌为主,而罹患子宫蓄脓的猫子宫中优势菌群发生显著改变,其中大肠埃希菌是猫蓄脓子宫中的主要菌种且存在多种毒力基因,为治疗猫子宫蓄脓提供了参考。

猫  /  子宫菌群  /  子宫蓄脓  /  16S rRNA基因  /  大肠埃希菌  /  毒力基因

[Objective] We characterized the uterine microbiota in healthy felines and felines with pyometra, aiming to reveal the effect of pyometra on the uterine microbiota of felines and explore the potential pathogens causing pyometra. [Methods] High-throughput sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene was employed to determine and compare the uterine microbiota in healthy felines and felines with pyometra. The key strains were isolated and identified by the culture method. [Results] The dominant bacterial genera in the uterus of healthy felines were Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Weissella. The dominant bacterial genus and species in the uterus of felines with pyometra were Escherichia-Shigella and Escherichia coli, respectively. Functional prediction showed that pathways such as protein export, amino acid-related enzymes, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis in the pyometra group were significantly reduced. The results of isolation and identification showed that the prevalent bacterial species in the uterus of felines with pyometra was E. coli. The isolates all belonged to the phylogroup B2 and were mostly tested positive for hylA, fimH, iroN, cnf1, papC, kpsMTII, and iutA. [Conclusion] We compared the uterine microbiota in healthy felines and felines with pyometra. The dominant bacteria in the uterus of healthy felines were mostly non-pathogenic, while those in the uterus of felines with pyometra changed significantly, with E. coli being dominant and carrying multiple virulence genes. The findings provide a theoretical basis for treating pyometra in felines.

feline  /  uterine microbiota  /  pyometra  /  16S rRNA gene  /  Escherichia coli  /  virulence gene
曾圣鑫, 陈志坤, 王寒, 孙成亮, 罗正中, 黄逸馨, 雍康, 姚学萍, 曹随忠. 健康和子宫蓄脓猫的子宫菌群多样性. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3224 -3237 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240094
Shengxin ZENG, Zhikun CHEN, Han WANG, Chengliang SUN, Zhengzhong LUO, Yixin HUANG, Kang YONG, Xueping YAO, Suizhong CAO. Diversity of uterine microbiota in healthy felines and felines with pyometra[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3224 -3237 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240094
子宫蓄脓是猫临床上常见的生殖系统疾病之一,在体内激素代谢紊乱、微生物感染等因素的共同作用下,引起子宫内膜增生、炎症,导致子宫内大量蓄脓[1]。其中孕酮的长期刺激使局部免疫力降低、腺体分泌物增加和肌层活性降低,形成对病原体有利的子宫内环境,使细菌在这一阶段更有可能定殖[2]。子宫蓄脓影响动物的繁殖活动,危害着动物健康,诊治不及时还会波及肾脏等组织器官,严重时危及生命安全。微生物菌群与机体的健康息息相关,宿主-微生物组的相互关系被认为是一种互惠共生关系,动物为微生物种群提供营养和足够的物理环境,而微生物则执行基本功能[3]
长期以来,人们认为健康子宫处于无菌状态,只有在感染或病理状态时才会有微生物的定殖。然而,随着高通量测序技术的发展,人们逐渐发现健康子宫内是存在微生物菌群的,“无菌子宫”的假说受到挑战[4]。在健康非孕女性中,子宫似乎含有独特的低量微生物群,有助于胎儿定殖[5]。全长16S rRNA基因测序避免了不同高变区和PCR偏好性的影响,更多的高变区信息能够显著提高物种注释的分辨率和准确性,目前已广泛运用于不同生境微生物群落研究。张玉珠研究表明,健康犬子宫内的核心菌门是变形菌门(Proteobacteria),核心菌属是假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、埃希氏-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)等[6],大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)是犬蓄脓子宫中最常被检测出来的病原[7],也是炎性子宫疾病猫子宫内容物培养最常见的分离菌[8]。目前,国内外关于健康猫子宫菌群的研究尚属空白,而关于猫子宫蓄脓的菌群研究也很少,大量文献均来自于犬。本研究采用全长16S rRNA基因测序技术,揭示健康猫和子宫蓄脓猫的子宫菌群特征,为治疗猫的子宫蓄脓提供参考。
10只健康猫样本(编号H1−H10)和10只子宫蓄脓猫样本(编号D1−D10)均来自它安宠物医院就诊病例,所有临床样本均得到宠主的知情同意。
DNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;Phusion Hot Start Flex 2×Master Mix,上海仪涛生物仪器有限公司;DNA Marker、5×FastPfu Buffer,2.5 mmol/L dNTPs,FastPfu Polymerase,TaKaRa公司;伊红美兰琼脂培养基、麦康凯琼脂培养基,青岛高科技工业园区海博生物技术有限公司;引物,北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司。
PCR扩增仪,杭州朗基科学仪器有限公司;凝胶成像仪、电泳仪,上海天能科技有限公司。
于它安宠物医院收集10例健康绝育猫样本和10例子宫蓄脓猫就诊病例样本,根据B超[9]和血液学检查[9-10]确诊子宫蓄脓。健康猫(H组)全身麻醉后仰卧保定于手术台上,沿脐后腹中线切开皮肤、皮下组织及腹白线、腹膜,显露腹腔,暴露子宫。子宫表面消毒后将子宫沿子宫角背侧剪开,用无菌拭子采集子宫黏膜表面分泌物,立即放入超低温冰箱内(−80 ℃)冷冻保存备检。子宫蓄脓猫(D组)用一次无菌注射器抽出子宫内脓汁,立即放入−80 ℃冰箱内冷冻保存。
首先按照十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(hexadecyltrimethy ammonium bromide, CTAB)法基因组提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]说明书提取样本DNA,以获得的DNA为模板,使用全长通用引物对27F (5′-AGRGTTTG ATYNTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TASGGHTAC CTTGTTASGACTT-3′)[11]对单菌落的16S rRNA基因全长进行扩增。PCR反应体系:5×FastPfu Buffer 4 µL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 µL,FastPfu Polymerase (2.5 units/µL) 0.4 µL,上、下游引物(5 µmoL/L)各0.8 µL,模板10 ng,ddH2O添加至20 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 2 min;95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 1 min,循环25次;72 ℃ 10 min。测序得到的原始数据,经reads拼接、Tags过滤及去嵌合体后得到有效数据,然后基于有效数据在100%相似度下进行扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)聚类,对ASVs的代表序列进行物种注释,注释所用数据库为Greengenes (version 13.5)。基于ASVs聚类分析结果,利用QIIME 2对ASVs进行多样性分析。使用SILVA数据库(https://www.arb-silva.de/documentation/release-138/)进行物种注释,根据物种注释结果,获得各分类水平物种组成信息。
将样本置于LB肉汤培养基37 ℃、120 r/min培养12 h,菌液划线于麦康凯培养基37 ℃培养12 h,挑选光滑、圆形、红色单菌落增菌培养12 h,培养后菌液划线于伊红美兰培养基37 ℃培养12 h,挑选黑色、带有金属光泽的菌落增菌培养后再次划线于伊红美兰培养基,重复多次后挑选最后一次培养的黑色、带金属光泽的菌落镜检后增菌培养,取1.5 L菌液8 000 r/min离心8 min后倒掉废液,加入500 µL双蒸水,沸水浴10 min提取核酸,冷却至室温后放入−20 ℃保存备用。使用特异性上、下游引物对uidA-F (5′-ATGCCAGTCCAGCGTTTTTGC-3′)和uidA-R (5′-AAAGTGTGGGTCAATAATCAGGA AGTG-3′)[12]进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(20 µL):Hot Start Flex 2×Master Mix 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmoL/L)各1 µL,模板2 µL,ddH2O 6 µL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 30 s,63 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 30 s,循环35次;72 ℃ 10 min。PCR扩增产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳。
大肠埃希菌系统进化群鉴定基因chuAyjaAtspE4.C2引物序列及退火温度参考顾晓晓等[13]的研究,PCR反应体系为20 µL。系统进化群标准参考Clermont等[14]的研究,样品经过PCR扩增后,chuAyjaAtspE4.C2均为阴性,或仅yjaA阳性的菌株属于A群;仅tspE4.C2基因阳性的菌株属于B1群;同时chuAyjaA阳性,或3个基因均阳性的菌株属于B2型;同时chuAtspE4.C2基因阳性为D型。
选择hylAfimHiroNcnf1papCkpsMTIIiutAafapapAissompt等11种基因作为检测对象,引物序列及退火温度参考周磊等[15]的研究,反应体系为20 µL,PCR产物进行琼脂凝胶电泳检测。
采用相似性分析(analysis of similarities, ANOSIM)方法计算组间未加权UniFrac距离,采用SPSS 27.0软件进行t检验比较α多样性及肠道微生物不同分类水平组成,对相对丰度>0.01%的菌门和菌属进行差异性检验,以P<0.05为标准筛选显著差异菌群。采用SPSS 27.0软件进行相关性分析,通过杭州联川生物技术股份有限公司官网绘制网络相关图。使用GraphPad Prism 9绘制箱型图和物种丰度柱状图,PICRUSt软件检测不同丰度的KEGG。
20份样品通过Illumina MiSeq平台测序,并对得到的raw data进行拼接、过滤及去嵌合体后,共得到520 079条clean reads。将所有clean reads按100%的相似度聚类为ASVs,并对ASVs的代表序列进行物种注释。D组注释得到1 701个ASVs,H组注释得到398个ASVs,2组无共有的ASVs (图1)。
α多样性分析结果显示,D组和H组的Simpson、Shannon、Chao1指数均无显著差异(P>0.05) (图2A2C)。通过多变量统计学的方法对H组和D组进行了基于Unweighted UniFrac距离主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA),结果发现H组与D组之间有极显著分离(P<0.001)的趋势,如图3所示。
在门分类水平,共检测出5个门,D组相对丰度大于0.01%的有变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 99.86%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 0.10%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 0.03%);H组大于0.01%的有变形菌门(99.95%)和厚壁菌门(0.05%) (图4)。门水平各组间均无显著差异。
在属分类水平,D组相对丰度大于0.01%的只有埃希氏-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella, 99.7%),与H组有极显著差异(P<0.001);H组相对丰度大于0.01%的有5个,分别是不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter, 96.61%)、草酸杆菌属(Massilia, 1.89%)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas, 1.36%)、嗜麦芽寡氧单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas, 0.09%)和魏斯氏菌属(Weissella, 0.05%)。其中不动杆菌属、草酸杆菌属、假单胞菌属与D组相比有极其显著差异(P<0.001);嗜麦芽寡氧单胞菌属与D组相比有极显著差异(P<0.01);魏斯氏菌属与D组相比有显著差异(P<0.05) (图5)。
在种分类水平上,H组核心菌种是约氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter johnsonii, 91.51%)和利沃夫氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter lwoffii, 3.88%);D组中占绝对优势的菌种是大肠埃希菌(99.58%)。
为预测子宫蓄脓对机体代谢功能的影响,通过PICRUSt方法分析代谢过程中的潜在功能,分析细菌KEGG同源(KEGG orthology, KO) Pathway Hierarchy下的第三层级(level 3)。有30种显著差异的代谢通路,与H组相比,D组蛋白质输出(protein export)、氨基酸相关酶(amino acid related enzymes)、内质网中蛋白质加工(protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum)、氨酰tRNA生物合成(aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis)均显著降低(图6)。
LB肉汤培养结果显示,健康组和子宫蓄脓组肉汤均是浑浊状态,空白对照组肉汤澄清,表明健康组和子宫蓄脓组子宫内均有菌存在。麦康凯鉴别培养结果显示,健康组未出现菌落,子宫蓄脓组出现了光滑、圆形、红色菌落(图7A)。伊红美兰选择培养结果显示,子宫蓄脓组各样本均出现黑色、带有金属光泽的圆形菌落(图7B)。取最后一次纯化的单菌落革兰染色镜检可见到红色、革兰氏阴性的短杆菌(图7C),PCR产物电泳结果显示:10个样本在1 487 bp附近均出现了目的条带(图8)。
对10个大肠埃希菌分离株进行16S rRNA基因PCR扩增,电泳结果显示,10个分离株中,chuA (288 bp)、tspE4.C2 (152 bp)和yjaA (211 bp)基因均为阳性,参考Clermont等[14]系统进化群标准,10个样本均属于B2群(图9)。
对10个分离株检测11种毒力基因,结果如图10所示,对于iroN (667 bp)、hylA (1177 bp)、fimH (508 bp)、cnf1 (498 bp)基因,10个分离株均呈阳性;iutA (302 bp)基因中,D2、D3、D6、D10为阳性,其余均为阴性;kpsMTII (272 bp)基因中,除D10外,其余均为阳性,papC (328 bp)基因中,除D5以外,其余分离株均为阳性;对于afapapAissompt基因,10个分离株均为阴性。
近年来,“无菌子宫”的假说逐渐受到挑战[4]。张玉珠[6]取健康犬子宫内膜组织进行16S rRNA基因高通量测序发现,门水平相对丰度前三的分别是变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门。丘甜美等[16]发现人子宫内的核心菌门是变形菌门,与本研究的结果有一致性。研究表明,变形菌门是新生小鼠结肠中的核心菌门[17],其中1周龄的小鼠变形杆菌门相对丰度可达到70%以上,胎儿的肠道定殖可能是由胎盘和羊水中不同的微生物群落在子宫内启动的[4],胎儿肠道菌群可能就源自母体子宫。胃肠道中常见的肠杆菌科细菌都属于变形菌门,如大肠埃希菌、沙门氏菌、志贺菌和变形杆菌等。新生健康哺乳动物结肠中变形菌门丰度稍高,主要作用是吸收氧气,创造厌氧环境,抑制需氧菌的生长[18]。由此推测,健康子宫内变形菌门的主要作用可能是抑制其他菌群的生长,维持子宫内相对无菌的环境。
Winters等研究表明,不动杆菌属是健康子宫内膜的核心菌属[19],假单胞菌属、嗜麦芽寡氧单胞菌属也是子宫内的常见菌属[20]。不动杆菌属可能引起感染[21],不动杆菌属常存在于皮肤湿润的区域如腋窝、腹股沟、泌尿生殖道等,偶尔见于呼吸道和口腔。其中引起致病感染的主要是鲍氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii),A. johnsonii引起的感染相对较少[22]。健康组检测到的菌种主要是A. johnsonii,未检测到A. baumannii。正常情况下,A. johnsonii不引发疾病,与其他菌群之间相互制约、相互协调,处于被抑制状态[23]。铜绿假单胞菌是假单胞菌属的主要菌种,铜绿假单胞菌通过精氨酸二水解酶分解精氨酸,在没有氧气的情况下,提供运动所需的能量来源[24]。嗜麦芽寡氧单胞菌与人类健康和环境安全息息相关[25]。嗜麦芽寡氧单胞菌因胞内过氧化氢酶和氧化酶作用,产生独特的类胡萝卜素,类胡萝卜素具有耐受环境胁迫和抗氧化作用,能够有效预防肿瘤的形成和黄斑变性,抗癌抗衰老[26]。草酸杆菌属是机会致病菌,有报道发现某个脓毒性流产中分离出的主要病原菌是草酸杆菌属[27],也有一些脓毒症体征的患者血液中被检出的报道[28],子宫内的草酸杆菌属可能是潜在的致病菌。魏斯氏菌属与乳酸菌属密切相关,是一种潜在的益生菌,菌株可以产生细菌素、过氧化氢、有机酸和维生素,具有抑制病原体的生长、抗氧化等作用[29],其益生菌制剂被推荐用于治疗或预防各种疾病,如寻常痤疮、皮肤病、口腔疾病、肠道微生物群失衡、腹泻和特应性皮炎等[30]
子宫蓄脓组在门水平优势菌属仍是变形菌门,属水平和种水平发生了显著变化,张玉珠等[31]取子宫蓄脓猫子宫内脓液进行16S rRNA基因高通量测序发现,门水平相对丰度前三的门分别是变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门,与本研究的结果相同。鲜有文献报道子宫蓄脓动物子宫内的主要菌门,但有很多报道表明[32-33]引起子宫蓄脓感染的主要病原是大肠埃希菌,大肠埃希菌的大量增殖会挤压其他菌群的生存空间,且大肠埃希菌属于变形菌门。与健康组相比,子宫蓄脓组无显著差异的门,说明子宫蓄脓未改变猫子宫的核心菌门。由于疾病组猫子宫内的核心菌属埃希氏-志贺氏菌属和健康组猫子宫核心菌属不动杆菌属均是变形菌门下的属,因此,即便子宫内菌群结构发生了显著的改变,门水平却无显著差异。
张玉珠研究表明,子宫蓄脓猫子宫内膜组织中埃希氏-志贺氏菌属显著富集[6],子宫蓄脓猫子宫内膜组织和脓液菌群无明显差异[31]。本研究中,与正常组相比,疾病组埃希氏-志贺氏菌属相对丰度极显著增多且该菌属相对丰度高达99.70%,极可能是引起子宫蓄脓继发感染的主要菌属。
蓄脓子宫中的优势菌种大肠埃希菌[34-35]是常见的引起感染的致病菌。目前许多研究表明,大肠埃希菌是子宫蓄脓细菌感染的主要病原菌[32-33],与本研究的结果一致。Tsumagari等[36]使用60只临床健康的比格母犬在发情期不同阶段分别通过将大肠埃希菌接种到子宫中来诱导子宫积脓,研究发现,在乳铁蛋白(lactoferrin, LH)激增后第11−20天和第21−30天接种大肠埃希菌的积脓发生率分别为90.9%和78.9%,表明在动物发情前期感染大肠埃希菌更易诱发子宫蓄脓。健康子宫清除入侵细菌的能力随着发情周期的变化而改变,粪便或尿路感染是入侵子宫的细菌的主要来源。发情时,孕酮促进子宫内膜增生释放高营养物质,并抑制子宫内膜局部免疫,此时子宫内膜更易被大肠埃希菌定殖感染,研究表明,在黄体期使用大肠埃希菌诱导子宫蓄脓比其他发情周期更易成功[37]。然而,蒋春阳研究发现子宫蓄脓中大肠埃希菌与肠道内粪源性大肠埃希菌的亲缘性进化关系并不密切,但与尿道致病性大肠埃希菌的某些菌株进化关系较亲近[38]。因此尿道致病性大肠埃希菌才是导致子宫蓄脓的主要细菌,子宫蓄脓患犬中经常可以从子宫和膀胱中分离出相同的菌株型[39],其具有特殊的尿道感染毒力基因(uropathogenic virulence factors, UVFs),UVFs帮助细菌吸附和定殖于尿道和子宫黏膜,为细菌的生长繁殖提供必要的营养物质[40]。例如ExPEC菌株合成的毒素主要以溶血素和细胞毒性坏死因子为代表,两者都促进真核细胞的破坏,并特别有助于肠外感染的发生;载体如需氧杆菌素,导致从周围介质中摄取铁,使菌株在存活和复制方面具有优势[41]。毒力基因的数量可能与毒力成正比,毒力基因越多,越容易感染诱发子宫蓄脓[42]。通过免疫某些重要的毒力因子(如黏附因子、侵袭因子等),可能限制细菌在子宫内膜定殖,降低疾病发生的可能[43]
子宫蓄脓组蛋白质的输出、氨基酸相关酶、内胚层中蛋白质加工、氨酰tRNA生物合成相关通路显著降低,表明疾病组子宫内蛋白质的合成在减少。健康组的主要菌属不动杆菌属与这几个通路均是显著正相关,疾病组主要菌属埃希氏-大肠杆菌属和大肠埃希菌与这几个通路呈负相关的趋势。刘雨珂等[44]的研究表明,LF可在局部与Fe3+结合,使局部形成相对无铁的状态,从而抑制细菌生长,参与局部免疫,而且在子宫腺上皮细胞、子宫腺膜上皮细胞、卵巢黄体、卵泡、间质、血管、生殖上皮均有表达,并且患子宫蓄脓时猫子宫和卵巢中LF的表达水平降低。由此可以推测不动杆菌属可能参与LF的表达,不动杆菌属的降低可能会导致LF减少从而使子宫内膜免疫下降,变得更易被大肠埃希菌感染。
大部分肠道内的大肠埃希菌是不具备致病性的,仅有某些特殊血清型的大肠埃希菌具有致病性,根据致病机制及病变部位的不同,致病性大肠埃希菌可分为肠致病性大肠埃希菌(intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, IPEC)和肠外致病性大肠埃希菌(extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli, ExPEC)[45]。Clermont等研究基于特定基因的存在或缺失,将大肠埃希菌分为A、B1、B2、C、D、E、F和clade Ⅰ共8个系统发育群[14]。Bujňáková等[46]认为A和B1分群的大肠埃希菌引起疾病感染的风险较小,为正常肠道微生物组的成员,B2和D分群的大肠埃希菌为肠外感染病原体。大多数ExPEC属于B2、D和F分群。Johnson等[47]认为,大肠埃希菌株中5种毒力基因papA/papCsfa/focafa/draiutAkpsMTII中存在2种及以上可认定为ExPEC。本研究经过系统进化群鉴定基因和毒力基因鉴别分离到的10个菌株,结果表明其均属于B2型的ExPEC。在检测到的阳性毒力基因中,黏附素相关基因papCfimH可以促使ExPEC组织定殖及介导入侵,其中papC能促进大肠埃希菌的黏附侵袭从而增强感染能力,同时,促进被膜生长进而增强其对机体免疫的抵抗力[48]fimH与Ⅰ型菌毛合成有关[49],推测此类基因在大肠埃希菌定殖子宫内膜过程中发挥重要作用。iutAiroN是大肠埃希菌必需的生长因子,属于铁摄取系统相关基因,可以帮助细菌调节胞内铁离子浓度,摄铁能力影响着细菌的致病性[50]hylAcnf1为毒素相关基因,cnf1为细胞毒性坏死因子,是大肠埃希菌重要的毒力基因,通过阻断细胞凋亡和诱导有丝分裂突变,从而促进非整倍体和细胞质分裂失调[51]kpsMTII为荚膜外糖相关基因。综上所述,推测大肠埃希菌通过黏附因子在猫子宫内膜定殖,通过抗血清杀菌因子逃避宿主免疫反应,进而释放效应因子破坏宿主细胞导致病变发生。
本研究通过高通量测序的方法检测了健康猫和罹患子宫蓄脓猫子宫菌群的组成及差异,结果表明健康猫子宫内的优势菌群主要为不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、嗜麦芽寡氧单胞菌属、魏斯氏菌属等。子宫蓄脓会显著改变子宫菌群结构,肠道外致病性大肠埃希菌是主要病原菌且存在多种毒力基因。本研究为进一步研究健康猫菌群作用和针对病原治疗子宫蓄脓提供了理论依据。
  • 四川省自然科学基金(24NSFSC4469)
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2023NSFSC0234)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1602)
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2024年第64卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240094
  • 接收时间:2024-02-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-07
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-03
  • 录用日期:2024-04-28
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(24NSFSC4469)
四川省自然科学基金(24NSFSC4469)
Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC0234)
四川省自然科学基金(2023NSFSC0234)
Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1602)
重庆市自然科学基金(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1602)
作者信息
    1 四川农业大学 动物医学院, 四川 成都 611130
    2 四川水利职业技术学院 生物工程学院, 四川 崇州 611231
    3 重庆三峡职业学院 动物科技学院, 重庆 404155

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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