Article(id=1241783826922410670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240122, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708963200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1712764800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-11, onlineDate=1773993935566, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1722787200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993935566, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993935566, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993935566, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3330, endPage=3344, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783828415582919, articleId=1241783826922410670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Keratinase: fermentation optimization based on DoseResp model and application in thrombolysis, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Keratinases, a class of serine proteases capable of degrading keratin, have important application potential and research value in the utilization of keratin resources. The efficient industrial production of keratinase is helpful to promoting its application in leather, textiles, feed, chemical fertilizers, daily chemicals, and medicine. In this study, we optimized the fermentation conditions of Bacillus subtilis WB600-pMA5-KerBv, a recombinant keratinase-producing strain constructed in our laboratory, to improve the enzyme production. Furthermore, we explored the potential application of keratinase in the degradation of fibrin. [Methods] First, the composition of the fermentation medium was determined by single factor experiments. Then, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the medium formula for producing keratinase, and the factors significantly affecting the growth and enzyme production of bacteria and the optimum concentrations were determined. Subsequently, the DoseResp model was adopted to predict the optimal growth point of the strain and thus guide the expansion of enzyme production in a 5 L fermenter. Finally, the blood clot and fibrinogen degradation experiments were carried out to evaluate the degradation performance of the keratinase. [Results] The formula of the fermentation medium for producing keratinase by the recombinant strain was optimized as follows (g/L): glucose 25.0, yeast powder 25.0, soybean meal 15.0, dipotassium phosphate 14.04, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2.58, and magnesium chloride 0.3. The optimal growth point of the strain was predicted based on the DoseResp model to guide the expansion of production in a 5 L fermenter. Under the optimized conditions, the OD600 (bacterial biomass) increased from 2.45 in a shake flask to 77.80, and the enzyme activity increased by about 4.76 times from 4 471 U/mL in a shake flask to 21 301.67 U/mL. In addition, the keratinase showcased remarkable degradation ability on fibrinogen and blood clots. [Conclusion] The systematic fermentation optimization and model-based prediction of enzyme production in fermenters improved the production of keratinase in Bacillus subtilis. The findings provided a research basis for the application of keratinase in thrombolysis.

, correspAuthors=Jinsong GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*GONG Jinsong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanling LIU, Chang SU, Jinsong GONG, Yuxin CHEN, Heng LI, Zhenghong XU, Jinsong SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783837777269706, articleId=1241783826922410670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=基于DoseResp模型的角蛋白酶发酵策略研究及其在血栓降解中的应用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】角蛋白酶是一类具有高效降解角蛋白纤维特性的丝氨酸蛋白酶,角蛋白酶的高效工业化生产有利于促进其在制革、纺织、饲料、肥料、日化、医疗等领域的广泛应用。本研究以课题组前期自主构建的重组角蛋白酶工程菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) WB600-pMA5-KerBv为研究对象,通过系统的发酵优化提升工程菌的产酶能力,并创新探究角蛋白酶在降解血栓纤维蛋白中的应用潜力。【方法】通过单因素试验确定发酵培养基成分,随后借助响应面分析方法优化产角蛋白酶的发酵培养基,确定对菌体生长和产酶具有显著影响的因素及最优浓度。基于DoseResp模型通过预测菌种最佳生长点指导其在5 L发酵罐水平的扩大产酶。最后通过血栓以及纤维蛋白原降解试验探究角蛋白酶对血栓纤维蛋白的降解能力。【结果】经优化确定重组菌产角蛋白酶的最佳发酵培养基为(g/L):葡萄糖25.0,酵母粉25.0,豆粕15.0,磷酸氢二钾14.04,磷酸二氢钾2.58,氯化镁0.3;基于DoseResp模型通过预测菌种最佳生长点指导5 L发酵罐水平扩大生产,在优化条件下,细菌浓度OD600从摇瓶的2.45提高至77.80,酶活从摇瓶的4 471 U/mL升至21 301.67 U/mL,提高约4.76倍。该角蛋白酶对纤维蛋白原以及血液凝块均表现出显著的降解能力。【结论】本研究通过系统的发酵优化以及基于模型预测的罐上产酶研究,有效提高了角蛋白酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的发酵产量,并为该酶在血栓降解领域的应用提供了研究基础,同时拓展了角蛋白酶的应用价值。

, correspAuthors=龚劲松, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=H3uhMpbsrpto5oB4Flu8KA==, magXml=xNAVHXebZLB/marzs7/fSw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=h7bAHswsWgV6mVEpZzlWqw==, pdfFileSize=1450642, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=X8Hm3vWbSTE0wSf+svfEUA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=tvR1Okh2J/mkIT5OmUF9jw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=刘燕凌, 苏畅, 龚劲松, 陈玉新, 李恒, 许正宏, 史劲松)}, authors=[Author(id=1242902976382218804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826922410670, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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for biotransformation of discarded feathers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242903000528826575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826922410670, doi=10.1007/s12010-014-0925-z, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=173, issue=5, pageStart=1222, pageEnd=1235, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU BH, ZHANG J, GU L, DU GC, CHEN J, LIAO XR.Comparative analysis of bacterial expression systems for keratinase production[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2014,173(5):1222-1235., articleTitle=Comparative analysis of bacterial expression systems for keratinase production, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242902991079060471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826922410670, awardId=32301283, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301283), 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caption=Single factor optimization results of fermentation medium components. A: Optimization of the first nitrogen source. B: Optimization of phosphate concentration. C: Optimization of the second nitrogen source. 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Results of response surface series experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupGlucose
(g/L)
Yeast powder
(g/L)
Soybean meal
(g/L)
Phosphate (mmol/L)Enzyme activity (U/mL)
Bold represents the optimal combination of culture media.
115155403 653.58
22515151602 625.75
351515402 222.67
41515151002 641.42
5152515401 859.17
6515151602 903.92
7515251002 677.17
855151002 871.17
9151551603 405.42
1015515403 508.92
112515251003 107.58
12152551003 494.33
131515251603 419.67
141525151603 266.08
15151525402 525.50
161515151003 259.08
171515151002 542.58
18155151604 419.08
19155251004 260.17
20251551003 726.83
211515151003 742.08
221525251002 983.58
23255151004 541.58
241515151002 334.58
25525151003 536.83
2615551003 943.42
27251515404 691.17
282525151004 802.83
2951551003 577.58
), ArticleFig(id=1242902990521218006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826922410670, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面系列试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupGlucose
(g/L)
Yeast powder
(g/L)
Soybean meal
(g/L)
Phosphate (mmol/L)Enzyme activity (U/mL)
Bold represents the optimal combination of culture media.
115155403 653.58
22515151602 625.75
351515402 222.67
41515151002 641.42
5152515401 859.17
6515151602 903.92
7515251002 677.17
855151002 871.17
9151551603 405.42
1015515403 508.92
112515251003 107.58
12152551003 494.33
131515251603 419.67
141525151603 266.08
15151525402 525.50
161515151003 259.08
171515151002 542.58
18155151604 419.08
19155251004 260.17
20251551003 726.83
211515151003 742.08
221525251002 983.58
23255151004 541.58
241515151002 334.58
25525151003 536.83
2615551003 943.42
27251515404 691.17
282525151004 802.83
2951551003 577.58
), ArticleFig(id=1242902990688990174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826922410670, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Growth fitting curve equation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelDoseResp
EquationDouble span=A2A1
Double section1=
span×p/(1+pow(10, (log×01−x)×h1));
Double section1= span×p(1−p)/(1+pow(10, (log×02−x)×h2));
y=A1+Section1+Section2
PlottingBacterial concentration
A1−135.383 86±1 500.301 76
A2118.010 26±154.883 95
log×01−6.239 72±295.146 8
log×0259.207 25±6 287 188.455 21
h10.014 98±0.073 72
h21.123 74±8 912 232.906 3
P0.973 19±0.384 44
Reduced Chi-Sqr86.433 36
R2 (COD)0.991 05
), ArticleFig(id=1242902990827402218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826922410670, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生长拟合曲线方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelDoseResp
EquationDouble span=A2A1
Double section1=
span×p/(1+pow(10, (log×01−x)×h1));
Double section1= span×p(1−p)/(1+pow(10, (log×02−x)×h2));
y=A1+Section1+Section2
PlottingBacterial concentration
A1−135.383 86±1 500.301 76
A2118.010 26±154.883 95
log×01−6.239 72±295.146 8
log×0259.207 25±6 287 188.455 21
h10.014 98±0.073 72
h21.123 74±8 912 232.906 3
P0.973 19±0.384 44
Reduced Chi-Sqr86.433 36
R2 (COD)0.991 05
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基于DoseResp模型的角蛋白酶发酵策略研究及其在血栓降解中的应用
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刘燕凌 1 , 苏畅 1 , 龚劲松 1, * , 陈玉新 1 , 李恒 1 , 许正宏 2, 3 , 史劲松 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(9): 3330-3344
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(9): 3330-3344
基于DoseResp模型的角蛋白酶发酵策略研究及其在血栓降解中的应用
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刘燕凌1, 苏畅1, 龚劲松1, * , 陈玉新1, 李恒1, 许正宏2, 3, 史劲松1
作者信息
  • 1 江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 2 江南大学, 粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 3 四川大学 轻工科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610065
Keratinase: fermentation optimization based on DoseResp model and application in thrombolysis
Yanling LIU1, Chang SU1, Jinsong GONG1, * , Yuxin CHEN1, Heng LI1, Zhenghong XU2, 3, Jinsong SHI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 2 National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 3 College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2024-08-05 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240122
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【目的】角蛋白酶是一类具有高效降解角蛋白纤维特性的丝氨酸蛋白酶,角蛋白酶的高效工业化生产有利于促进其在制革、纺织、饲料、肥料、日化、医疗等领域的广泛应用。本研究以课题组前期自主构建的重组角蛋白酶工程菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) WB600-pMA5-KerBv为研究对象,通过系统的发酵优化提升工程菌的产酶能力,并创新探究角蛋白酶在降解血栓纤维蛋白中的应用潜力。【方法】通过单因素试验确定发酵培养基成分,随后借助响应面分析方法优化产角蛋白酶的发酵培养基,确定对菌体生长和产酶具有显著影响的因素及最优浓度。基于DoseResp模型通过预测菌种最佳生长点指导其在5 L发酵罐水平的扩大产酶。最后通过血栓以及纤维蛋白原降解试验探究角蛋白酶对血栓纤维蛋白的降解能力。【结果】经优化确定重组菌产角蛋白酶的最佳发酵培养基为(g/L):葡萄糖25.0,酵母粉25.0,豆粕15.0,磷酸氢二钾14.04,磷酸二氢钾2.58,氯化镁0.3;基于DoseResp模型通过预测菌种最佳生长点指导5 L发酵罐水平扩大生产,在优化条件下,细菌浓度OD600从摇瓶的2.45提高至77.80,酶活从摇瓶的4 471 U/mL升至21 301.67 U/mL,提高约4.76倍。该角蛋白酶对纤维蛋白原以及血液凝块均表现出显著的降解能力。【结论】本研究通过系统的发酵优化以及基于模型预测的罐上产酶研究,有效提高了角蛋白酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的发酵产量,并为该酶在血栓降解领域的应用提供了研究基础,同时拓展了角蛋白酶的应用价值。

角蛋白酶  /  培养基  /  发酵条件  /  优化  /  纤维蛋白原降解

[Objective] Keratinases, a class of serine proteases capable of degrading keratin, have important application potential and research value in the utilization of keratin resources. The efficient industrial production of keratinase is helpful to promoting its application in leather, textiles, feed, chemical fertilizers, daily chemicals, and medicine. In this study, we optimized the fermentation conditions of Bacillus subtilis WB600-pMA5-KerBv, a recombinant keratinase-producing strain constructed in our laboratory, to improve the enzyme production. Furthermore, we explored the potential application of keratinase in the degradation of fibrin. [Methods] First, the composition of the fermentation medium was determined by single factor experiments. Then, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the medium formula for producing keratinase, and the factors significantly affecting the growth and enzyme production of bacteria and the optimum concentrations were determined. Subsequently, the DoseResp model was adopted to predict the optimal growth point of the strain and thus guide the expansion of enzyme production in a 5 L fermenter. Finally, the blood clot and fibrinogen degradation experiments were carried out to evaluate the degradation performance of the keratinase. [Results] The formula of the fermentation medium for producing keratinase by the recombinant strain was optimized as follows (g/L): glucose 25.0, yeast powder 25.0, soybean meal 15.0, dipotassium phosphate 14.04, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2.58, and magnesium chloride 0.3. The optimal growth point of the strain was predicted based on the DoseResp model to guide the expansion of production in a 5 L fermenter. Under the optimized conditions, the OD600 (bacterial biomass) increased from 2.45 in a shake flask to 77.80, and the enzyme activity increased by about 4.76 times from 4 471 U/mL in a shake flask to 21 301.67 U/mL. In addition, the keratinase showcased remarkable degradation ability on fibrinogen and blood clots. [Conclusion] The systematic fermentation optimization and model-based prediction of enzyme production in fermenters improved the production of keratinase in Bacillus subtilis. The findings provided a research basis for the application of keratinase in thrombolysis.

keratinase  /  medium  /  fermentation conditions  /  optimization  /  fibrinogen degradation
刘燕凌, 苏畅, 龚劲松, 陈玉新, 李恒, 许正宏, 史劲松. 基于DoseResp模型的角蛋白酶发酵策略研究及其在血栓降解中的应用. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3330 -3344 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240122
Yanling LIU, Chang SU, Jinsong GONG, Yuxin CHEN, Heng LI, Zhenghong XU, Jinsong SHI. Keratinase: fermentation optimization based on DoseResp model and application in thrombolysis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3330 -3344 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240122
角蛋白酶对结构复杂、硬质难溶的角蛋白具有特异性的降解作用,被认为是具有多种优良催化特性的强效蛋白酶,在不同的工业和生物领域展现出广泛应用潜力[1]。利用角蛋白酶降解废弃羊毛和鸡毛制备的可溶性短肽是动物饲料、肥料、植物生物刺激剂和营养补充剂中主要添加剂,具有吸收率高、吸收快等优势[2];此外,角蛋白酶有助于去除附着在衣物表面的角质污垢,从而提高洗涤效率[3];在制革脱毛过程中,使用含角蛋白酶的生物脱毛助剂能大幅度地减少硫化物的用量,有效减少脱毛废液对环境的污染[4];角蛋白酶也可用于去除皮肤角质层,增强药物和化妆品中有效成分的渗透与吸收,一些基于角蛋白酶的商业制剂,包括FixaFungusTM、Kernail-Soft PB和Pure100 Keratinase已被用于治疗指甲疾病[5]
目前国内外研究主要致力于产角蛋白酶微生物的筛选以及角蛋白酶的分离纯化等工作,野生菌酶活性普遍在1 000 U/mL以内[6]。一些课题组已实现了角蛋白酶的异源克隆表达与发酵生产优化。利刚慧等[7]对罐上发酵培养基的pH、温度以及时间进行单因素优化,重组枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)发酵产角蛋白酶的酶活达到(2 110±15) U/mL,使角蛋白酶产量提高5.01倍;蒋彪等[8]采用响应面法对芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) CJPE209产角蛋白酶的发酵培养基组分进行优化,最高酶活为417 U/mL,相较于响应面优化前提高了20.74%;廖朝勇等[9]对产角蛋白酶工程菌进行发酵条件优化,通过培养基组合优化以及正交优化后,角蛋白酶酶活达到56.9 U/mL,较初始培养条件提高49.74%。目前,多数角蛋白酶产量仍不足以满足工业生产的要求,导致生产成本较高,阻碍其产业化应用。
发酵动力学能够模拟菌体发酵动态过程,通过改进发酵技术和参数,构建精细的动力学模型,可以反映微生物的生命周期、营养需求和代谢产物,从而在实际发酵过程中被广泛应用[10]。Zhang等[11]通过经典的DoseResp等模型对发酵过程中的酵母量、糖分和所得乙醇的动态变化进行检测,使最大减糖率达99.02%;Wang等[12]对小球藻(Chlorella sp.) FACHB-8生长通过动力学DoseResp模型预测并优化,在最佳条件下,FACHB-8的最大产量为1.26 g/L;Li等[13]对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)依克多因进行分子动力学DoseResp模型优化,优化菌株ECT9-5通过0.3 g/L葡萄糖的补料分批发酵产生得到67.1 g/L的依克多因。因此,本研究利用实验室前期构建的枯草芽孢杆菌角蛋白酶生产菌株,在结合单因素与响应面分析系统优化发酵培养基成分的基础上,在5 L发酵罐上通过经典的分子动力学DoseResp模型预测菌株的生长情况,保证菌株的产酶效率,从而实现角蛋白酶的高效生产,为其工业化推广应用奠定基础。
近年来,越来越多的研究表明除角蛋白外,角蛋白酶对多种难降解的纤维状蛋白,如胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白、致病性病毒纤维蛋白以及引起阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)的β-淀粉样纤维蛋白(Amyloid β-protein, Aβ)等均表现出较好的降解效果[14]。血纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen, FIB)在凝血酶的催化下可凝结成的血液凝块在血管中沉积会形成血栓,若体内降解血栓的尿激酶无法将其及时清除,则会造成心血管疾病以及各种动静脉血栓等[15]。本研究创新探索了角蛋白酶在降解血栓纤维蛋白中的应用潜力,为血栓的治疗提供新的思路。
产角蛋白酶的目标菌株重组枯草芽孢杆菌WB600-pMA5-KerBv[16],由本实验室前期构建并保藏。
胰蛋白胨、酵母粉,OXOIDE公司;脱脂奶粉、甘油、氯化钠、琼脂粉、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾、碳酸钠、三氯乙酸、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖、乳糖、果糖、尿素、硫酸铵、豆粕、羽毛粉、豆饼粉、玉米粉、氯化镁、福林酚试剂、麦芽糖,国药集团上海有限公司;琼脂糖,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;5%可溶性角蛋白,北京百灵威科技有限公司。
恒温振荡培养箱,太仓市实验设备厂;生化培养箱,上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;小型高速离心机、小型低温离心机,Eppendorf公司;紫外分光光度计,尤尼可(上海)仪器有限公司;酶标仪,Molecular Devices公司;电子pH计,METTLER TOLEDO公司;发酵罐系统、溶氧电极、pH电极,迪必尔生物工程(上海)有限公司;超净台,上海博讯实业有限公司;PCR仪、蛋白电泳系统、高温高压灭菌锅,TOMY公司。
用去离子水将菌液稀释到吸光度在0.2–0.8范围内,使用分光光度计测定其在600 nm处的吸光值。
将5%角蛋白底物与Tris-HCl (pH 9.0)缓冲液以体积比2:3的比例配制2%的角蛋白底物。
0.1 mL经过pH 9.0的Tris-HCl缓冲液稀释的角蛋白酶液中加入0.1 mL角蛋白底物,在50 ℃水浴中孵育20 min,加入0.2 mL的4%三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid, TCA)溶液终止反应,然后将充分反应后的样品于12 000 r/min离心5 min。在0.2 mL的离心上清液中加入1 mL的Na2CO3 (0.4 mmol/L)和0.2 mL的福林酚试剂,充分混合后于40 ℃下水浴加热20 min,然后取0.2 mL反应后样品放入酶标仪中,于660 nm处检测吸光度。对照组先将角蛋白酶液与4%三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid, TCA)溶液进行混合,在50 ℃水浴中孵育20 min,加入0.1 mL的角蛋白底物进行反应,其余过程与实验组操作一致。角蛋白酶活性的定义:在上述反应条件下,酶液水解底物在660 nm处产生0.01吸光度的差别定义为一个酶活单位U[17]
保持TB培养基成分不变的情况下,调整第一氮源的种类,以探究不同氮源对菌株生长和产酶的影响。添加的蛋白胨质量浓度为12 g/L,其他氮源如酵母粉、豆粕、羽毛粉、豆饼粉、尿素、玉米粉、硫酸铵等分别换算为等氮量的质量浓度。37 ℃、220 r/min培养72 h,测定菌株的生长和产酶情况。
在上述培养基下,保持磷酸二氢钾: 磷酸氢二钾物质的摩尔比为1:4.2,调整磷酸盐的浓度分别为40、60、80、100、120、140 mmol/L,37 ℃、220 r/min培养72 h,测定菌株生长状况和酶活。
在上述培养基的基础上添加第二氮源,分别为豆粕、硫酸铵、羽毛粉、玉米粉、硫酸铵等,添加的质量浓度为12 g/L,37 ℃、220 r/min培养72 h,测定菌株生长状况和酶活。
保持其他条件不变,分别使用葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖、果糖、麦芽糖等不同的碳源,添加的质量浓度为4 g/L,37 ℃、220 r/min摇床培养72 h,测定菌株的生长和产酶情况。
以单因素试验结果为基础,以角蛋白酶酶活性为响应值,选取葡萄糖浓度、酵母粉浓度、豆粕浓度以及磷酸盐浓度为自变量,使用Design-Expert 8.0软件中的Box-Behnken原理进行4因素3水平的响应面试验设计。为保证试验结果的准确性,以上试验均重复3次。
根据试验数据分析,枯草芽孢杆菌菌体的生长呈“S”型曲线,结合经验模型,选取DoseResp模型进行线性拟合,选取拟合R2系数最大的模型对枯草芽孢杆菌菌体的生长规律进行描述。
采用软件Origin 8.5统计分析,统计处理结果用平均值±标准差(Mean±SD)的方式表示,当统计结果中P < 0.05时,表示数据具有统计学意义。
在LB-牛奶固体培养基上选择透明圈较大的枯草芽孢杆菌单菌落,接种至10 mL LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养12 h。将1 mL上述种子液接种于50 mL LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养24 h作为二级种子。将二级种子转入5 L发酵罐中,接种量为5%,分批发酵,加入1‰卡那霉素,进行高密度发酵。发酵罐转速400 r/min,温度37 ℃。流加75%冰醋酸或3 mol/L NaOH调节pH,保持pH在8.0左右,定期加入消泡剂进行消泡。在发酵过程中,定期取样检测细菌菌体浓度和角蛋白酶活性。
前期种子液准备以及接种等条件与分批发酵相同,发酵罐转速400−700 r/min,转速与溶氧、补料相关联,温度37 ℃。流加75%冰醋酸或3 mol/L NaOH调节pH,保持pH在8.0左右,定期加入消泡剂进行消泡。通过调节转速来控制溶解氧。在发酵过程中,定期取样检测细菌浓度,在细菌浓度降低时,以10 mL/h的流速加入补料培养基,并定期取样检测角蛋白酶活性。
按Astrup等[18]的方法制备纤维蛋白平板。利用凝血酶将血浆中原本可水溶的纤维蛋白原凝固成为不溶于水的纤维蛋白,纤维蛋白扭结其他血细胞成团,凝固成为血栓,制造人造血纤维平板。尿激酶是直接作用于纤维蛋白溶解系统从而溶解血块的商品化溶栓酶。因此以尿激酶作为阳性对照,评价角蛋白酶对纤维蛋白的降解作用。纤维蛋白平板的制作:0.15 g琼脂糖溶解于20 mL磷酸缓冲液中,加入3 mL (50 g/L)纤维蛋白原、100 mL (200 kU/L)凝血酶和200 μL (60 kU/L)纤溶酶原,轻轻晃动混匀,迅速将该混合液倒入灭菌的塑料培养皿中,待其冷却凝固后,4 ℃下储存备用。另外,制备不加纤溶酶原的平板。测定酶活力时,加入4 mL (0.8 μg)待测样品,37 ℃保温4 h,测量溶圈的互为垂直的2个直径,以其乘积作为纤溶活性的大小。活力单位mm2/μL。制备纤维蛋白平板2块,1块在制备时加0.5 mL (1 U)的纤溶酶原,另一块在85 ℃加热30 min使酶原失活,测活时,同样直接加入4 μL (0.8 μg)待测样品,37 ℃保温4 h后测定溶圈面积,前者减去后者即为样品的纤溶酶原激活活性。
将125 μL的纤维蛋白原(2.4 mg/mL)与100 μL尿激酶在96孔板上孵育,在最佳检测波长下每间隔1 min记录60 min的反应动力学曲线。然后根据最大斜率拟合时间-吸光度曲线与尿激酶线性标准曲线的函数,计算酶活性,将每分钟吸光度的变化(ΔA/min)绘制在y轴上,将尿激酶浓度绘制在x轴上。
取牛全血加入凝血酶静置10 min凝固,在37 ℃水浴箱内孵育约5 h后取出,弃血清,制成血栓。在4 ℃下保存12 h确保血栓回缩完全,使其更加稳定,进而减少洗涤和吸附血栓水分时血栓破碎[19]。将血栓分别浸入2 000、1 600、1 200、800 U的角蛋白酶溶液中,角蛋白酶溶液终体积为2 mL,并设置2 mL生理盐水作为对照组;于37 ℃下孵育12 h后,测定角蛋白酶降解后血栓的体积。
本研究基于课题组前期构建的产角蛋白酶的重组枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) WB600- pMA5-KerBv为出发菌株,采用单因素优化、响应面试验以及基于DoseResp模型的罐上发酵,获得最适发酵条件,提高角蛋白酶的产量;为了拓展该酶的应用价值,进一步探究了角蛋白酶对血栓的降解能力,为角蛋白酶的规模化生产及应用奠定基础。
为了强化重组菌株的生长和角蛋白酶的表达能力,以TB为基础培养基,探究培养基各组分对重组菌株枯草芽孢杆菌生长和产酶情况的影响。在初始发酵培养基的基础上选取了不同类型的氮源、碳源以及不同磷酸盐浓度,分别进行单因素试验。结果如图1所示,通过对发酵上清液的酶活性检测,发现使用25 g/L的酵母粉、140 mmol/L的磷酸盐、15 g/L的豆粕以及15 g/L的葡萄糖作为培养基组分进行发酵时,得到的上清液中角蛋白酶的活性最高,为3 352.60 U/mL,是TB培养基的1.24倍。
为确定角蛋白酶发酵培养基最优工艺条件,在单因素试验基础上,根据响应面试验设计原理,以酶活为响应值,选取葡萄糖、酵母粉、豆粕、磷酸盐为因素设计4因素试验,试验设计及结果见表1,利用Design-Expert 8.0软件[20],分析4种显著性因素葡萄糖、酵母粉、豆粕、磷酸盐的响应面,预测得到发酵培养基最佳工艺参数如图2所示:葡萄糖质量浓度为25.0 g/L,酵母粉为25.0 g/L,豆粕为15.0 g/L,磷酸盐为100 mmol/L,理论最高酶活力可达4 802.83 U/mL。为验证模型的准确性及重复性,利用上述最佳工艺参数进行3次平行验证,测得角蛋白酶的平均酶活力为(4 471.00±561.00) U/mL。实际值与理论值较为接近,说明采用响应面优化能够很好地预测枯草芽孢杆菌产角蛋白酶的实际情况。
细菌生长曲线反映了单细胞微生物在一定环境条件下于液体培养时所表现出的群体生长规律,其分为迟缓期、对数生长期以及稳定期[11]。检测摇瓶水平枯草芽孢杆菌的细菌浓度变化,并利用DoseResp模型对其生长曲线进行拟合,可用于计算菌株最佳生长点,从而指导发酵生产。本研究利用该模型对工程菌的一级种子液和二级种子液进行细菌浓度监测,并进行生长曲线拟合[21]。一级种子液最佳生长时间如图3A所示,其在10.5 h时菌株生长活力最强,而二级种子液最佳生长时间如图3B所示,在24 h时菌株生长活力最强。因此,分别在一级种子液培养至10.5 h时转接二级种子液,并在二级种子液培养24 h后用于发酵罐接种。
分批发酵是罐上发酵中最常用且最基础的发酵方式之一,具有稳定性高、操作简便以及可以灵活控制时间和发酵产物等优点。同时分批发酵也是蛋白酶罐上发酵的基础发酵方式[22]。在前期采用优化培养基和模型预测生长曲线等方法的基础上进行分批发酵,发酵罐中菌的生长情况和酶活变化如图4A所示,0−24 h,由于发酵罐中的营养物质及溶氧充足,菌体生长速度较快,并在24 h时OD600达到最大值19.40,此后,菌体生长逐渐衰退。然而,在54 h时由于菌体在葡萄糖消耗殆尽后,继续利用培养基中多余的酵母粉等进行二次生长,OD600又再次升高至11.68,随后菌体生长持续减少。在罐上分批发酵过程中,角蛋白酶活性在36 h达到最高值,为4 961.00 U/mL。
研究发现,随着发酵的进行,发酵液的pH呈现下降趋势,最低可达pH 6.0左右,该酸性条件不利于菌体的生长和产酶。因此,使用前期试验优化值pH 8.0对罐上pH进行调控。如图4B所示,0−54 h由于发酵罐中的营养物质及溶氧充足,菌体生长速度较快,并在54 h时达到最大细菌浓度21.88。此后,菌体生长逐渐衰退。然而,在66 h时由于菌体在葡萄糖消耗殆尽后,继续利用培养基中多余的酵母粉等营养物质,OD600又再次升高至19.24,随后菌体生长继续减少。在罐上发酵过程中,角蛋白酶活性在60 h达到最高值,为8 297.50 U/mL,较不控pH条件下提升了1.7倍。研究表明pH对菌株生长和产酶影响较大,pH为8.0时菌株生长情况较好。
分批发酵培养为一次性投料和放罐,培养液初始底物浓度较高,容易产生底物和代谢产物的抑制作用,并且不利于氧气的传质,在进入对数生长期后期容易出现供氧不足的现象。而补料发酵可以解除底物或代谢产物的抑制作用;与连续发酵相比,流加补料发酵染菌的可能性小,也不易产生菌种老化变异等[23]
在分批发酵基础上,将菌株接种在5 L的发酵罐中进行补料发酵,进一步提高角蛋白酶的表达量。补料发酵的细菌浓度变化和酶活变化如图4C所示,0−36 h菌株处于对数生长期,角蛋白酶表达较慢。36−54 h细胞继续生长并趋于稳定,在此阶段,角蛋白酶不断积累,酶活增长较快。此后,通过流加培养基,细胞继续保持生长,并在114 h达到最大值66.48。由于发酵罐中的营养物质及溶氧不足,补料初期营养物质增多,菌株迅速增长,酶活呈小幅下降趋势,随后立即呈上升趋势。随着补料的持续,酶活与细菌浓度均持续升高,在102 h时达到最大值,活性为16 026.00 U/mL,约为摇瓶发酵的3.6倍。
研究发现,当发酵液中底物几乎耗尽时,菌株生长变慢,氧气消耗速率下降,溶氧会突然升高。因此,溶氧的突然变化可以成为底物补料开始以及菌株生长的指示性特征。由于补料分批发酵具有经济上的重要性,因此对其进行的模型构建以及生产策略的选择对产量具有重要影响。结合氧平衡动力学,对菌株生长期的长度、最大细胞浓度以及补料模式和发酵时间进行了优化[24]
恒流补料发酵结果如图4D所示,在恒流补料发酵中,0−12 h时溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)维持在15%−25%左右,而在12−13 h时DO迅速升高,无法通过调整转速使DO保持在15%−25%,并且发酵液中的碳源含量极低(0.6 g/L),说明发酵液中的营养物质不足以维持菌体的正常生长,菌体生长缓慢。因此在此时进行恒流补料发酵,补充营养物质维持菌株的正常生长。0−48 h期间细菌浓度和酶活呈现上升趋势,OD600和酶活在48 h分别为77.80和19 399.00 U/mL,其中酶活力是摇瓶水平的4.34倍。
为了对罐上发酵菌株生长情况进行检测,通过生长拟合曲线DoseResp模型进行预测,预测具体数据如图5所示,菌体浓度输入DoseResp模型,得到拟合公式如表2所示。
y=A1+Section1+Section2,并将菌体生长浓度到达最大浓度一半时的浓度代入公式,得到最佳生长点为27 h。
随后按照预测的菌体最佳生长点27 h作为接种时间,罐上发酵参数的设置与上述优化结果相同,并在DO迅速上升的时间点进行恒流补料发酵。结果如图6所示,0−48 h期间细菌浓度和酶活呈现上升趋势,OD600和酶活在60 h分别为77.80和21 301.67 U/mL。相比前期未优化接种时间的发酵结果,本次发酵角蛋白酶表达量进一步提高,因此试验证实DoseResp模型能够较好的预测菌株的最佳生长时期,并以此为依据确定接种时间,从而提高角蛋白酶的发酵产量。
研究表明,角蛋白酶对羊毛、羽毛等纤维状结构蛋白具有较强的水解作用。此外,角蛋白酶对淀粉样纤维蛋白和朊病毒蛋白等疏水性复杂蛋白的降解作用也已得到试验验证[25]。纤维蛋白以及纤维蛋白原是生物体内参与凝血和止血过程中的重要蛋白,其在体内的非正常沉积会导致血栓的形成,造成缺血性脑血管病、心肌梗塞、肺栓塞等心血管疾[26]。因此,推测角蛋白酶对形成血栓的纤维蛋白也具有降解作用,可用于血栓的降解。
本研究对角蛋白酶降解纤维蛋白原的能力进行了探究。对纤维蛋白平板上透明圈直径进行测量,得到溶解圈面积并进行分析,结果如图7所示,计算得出其活性在1.54 mm2/μL,并与尿激酶对纤维蛋白原的降解进行比对,发现1 U的角蛋白酶与等比的尿激酶对纤维蛋白原的降解能力相近。说明角蛋白酶具有较好的纤维蛋白原降解能力。
为了探究角蛋白酶对血栓的溶解能力,进一步在体外验证了角蛋白酶的溶栓活性。将制备好的血栓浸入不同浓度的角蛋白酶或生理盐水中。于室温下放置12 h后,观察各试管血栓溶解程度及颜色变化。结果如图8所示,相比加入生理盐水的对照组,角蛋白酶量加入越多,血栓溶解越明显。其中加入浓度2 000 U角蛋白酶的试验组血栓降解最为彻底,血栓凝块几乎被完全降解,降解液颜色最深。
角蛋白酶是一种具有高效降解角蛋白纤维特性的丝氨酸蛋白酶,具有广泛的工业应用前景。目前,角蛋白酶的产量仍具有较大的提升潜力。本研究基于课题组前期研究结果,围绕重组菌的产酶发酵优化和发酵罐上培养,以及角蛋白酶在血栓纤维蛋白中的降解等方面展开研究,为该酶的工业化应用奠定基础。
通过培养基组分优化和响应面设计提高角蛋白酶产量。重点对发酵培养基的碳氮源及磷酸盐种类和浓度进行优化,使重组枯草芽孢杆菌的角蛋白酶活性从2 126.75 U/mL提高到4 471 U/mL。为了继续挖掘重组菌株枯草芽孢杆菌WB600的产酶能力,通过5 L发酵罐产酶研究提高角蛋白酶产量。运用DoseResp预测模型,通过对细菌浓度检测和生长曲线拟合,建立了罐上发酵模型,确定了菌株在发酵罐上的最佳生长点;通过流加补料方式,基于溶氧恒定的反馈控制策略,将细菌浓度从2.45提高至77.80,酶活从4 471 U/mL提升至21 301.67 U/mL,提高了约4.76倍。Fang等[27]对角蛋白酶菌株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) BBE11-1在30 L发酵罐中进行补料发酵,使角蛋白酶酶活提高117.7% (1 728 U/mL);Liao等[28]筛选的淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) NK11角蛋白酶,在3 L发酵罐优化发酵条件下,角蛋白酶活性达到2 210.66 U/mL,是原始活性的56.74倍;Liu等[29]改造的毕赤酵母角蛋白酶KerP,在3 L发酵罐的优化条件下其酶活性为3 010 U/mL。因此重组枯草芽孢杆菌WB600- pMA5-KerBv在优化后的罐上发酵条件下培养的角蛋白酶酶活力在目前已报道的研究中处于较高水平。
目前角蛋白酶主要应用于制革、纺织、饲料、肥料、日化等领域,在医疗领域中,通常应用于痤疮的治疗和阮病毒的降解等,而在血栓降解中的研究较少。因此我们创新性地探究了角蛋白酶降解血栓中纤维蛋白的能力,为开发角蛋白酶类溶栓药物提供了创新思路,并创造性拓展了角蛋白酶的应用价值和应用范围。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32301283)
  • 国家自然科学基金(21978116)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JUSRP22047)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240122
  • 接收时间:2024-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-08-05
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-27
  • 录用日期:2024-04-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301283)
国家自然科学基金(32301283)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(21978116)
国家自然科学基金(21978116)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP22047)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JUSRP22047)
作者信息
    1 江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
    2 江南大学, 粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心, 江苏 无锡 214122
    3 四川大学 轻工科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610065

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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