Article(id=1241783826016436894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240156, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710086400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1714060800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-26, onlineDate=1773993935350, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993935350, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993935350, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993935350, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3474, endPage=3488, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783826771411617, articleId=1241783826016436894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mining, enzymatic characterization, and application of α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus sp., columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Isoquercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. However, the low content in plants poses a challenge to the large-scale production of isoquercetin by the extraction method.[Objective] α-L-rhamnosidase can specifically hydrolyze the terminal L-rhamnose residues of natural glycosides. In this study, we screened the strains capable of efficiently and specifically transforming rutin to produce isoquercetin with rutin as the sole carbon source and applied the α-L-rhamnosidase to the production of isoquercetin, aiming to provide new elements for the large-scale production of isoquercetin. [Methods] The selective culture medium with rutin as the sole carbon source was used to screen and identify the strains that can specifically hydrolyze rutin into isoquercetin. The transcriptome analysis was carried out to obtain highly efficient and specific α-L-rhamnosidase, the domain composition of which was determined by structural simulation. The enzymatic properties and substrate specificity of the α-L-rhamnosidase were studied. Furthermore, the hydrolysis effect of the enzyme heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris in a 5 L fermenter was determined. [Results] AfRhase had five domains, including one α-domain (domain A) and four β-domains (domains N, E, F, and C). With rutin as the substrate, the recombinant enzyme AfRhase showcased the best performance at 55 ℃ and pH 4.5. AfRhase had a wide range of substrates including rutin, hesperidin, naringin, and epimedin C. In a 5 L fermenter for scaled-up production of isoquercetin, P. pastoris expressing AfRhase generated 61 g isoquercetin by hydrolyzing 120 g crude rutin (purity of 70%), with the molar conversion rate of 95.4% and production efficiency of 2.0 mmol/(L·h). [Conclusion] This study for the first time discovered a highly efficient and specific α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus sp. XT-1 for the production of isoquercetin from rutin and heterologously expressed this enzyme in P. pastoris. The domain composition, enzymatic properties, substrate specificity, and hydrolysis efficiency in a 5 L fermenter of this enzyme were determined. In conclusion, this study broadened the function of a fungus-derived α-L-rhamnosidase for the transformation of rutin and laid a foundation for the industrial production of isoquercetin.

, correspAuthors=Bo LÜ, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LÜ Bo, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ting XIA, Tao SHU, Lanying WANG, Linhao CHEN, Yali BAN, Bo LÜ), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783834870612723, articleId=1241783826016436894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=曲霉属α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的挖掘、酶学性质表征与应用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

异槲皮素是一种黄酮类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎和免疫调节等多种生理活性。然而,由于其含量很低,传统的提取方法难以大规模制备。【目的】α-L-鼠李糖苷酶可特异性水解天然糖苷的末端L-鼠李糖残基。本研究筛选可高效且特异性转化芦丁生产异槲皮素的菌株,并从中挖掘新型α-L-鼠李糖苷酶且应用于异槲皮素的生产,为后续规模化生产异槲皮素提供新元件。【方法】通过芦丁唯一碳源的选择培养法筛选和鉴定可特异性水解芦丁为异槲皮素的菌株;利用转录组分析,获得高效且特异性强的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶,通过结构模拟确定其结构域组成,并对其酶学性质和底物特异性进行研究;通过毕赤酵母异源表达,在5 L发酵罐中对其水解效果进行验证。【结果】通过结构模拟确定AfRhase具有5个结构域,包括1个α-结构域(结构域A)和4个β-结构域(结构域N、结构域E、结构域F和结构域C)。以芦丁为底物,重组酶AfRhase的最适温度和最适pH分别为55 ℃和4.5。重组酶AfRhase底物特异性研究表明,其具有广泛的底物特异性,可以水解芦丁、橙皮苷、柚皮苷和朝藿定C的鼠李糖基。通过5 L发酵罐体系的水解芦丁生产异槲皮素的放大验证,其可将120 g芦丁粗品(纯度70%)水解生成61 g异槲皮素,摩尔转化率为95.4%,生产效率为2.0 mmol/(L·h)。【结论】本研究成功从曲霉(Aspergillus sp.) XT-1中挖掘到一种能够高效且特异性水解芦丁生成异槲皮素的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶,在毕赤酵母中异源表达,对该酶进行结构域分析和酶学性质研究,测试底物特异性,并进行5 L发酵罐的水解效果验证。综上所述,本研究拓宽了真菌来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶用于黄酮类化合物芦丁生物转化法的功能研究,也为异槲皮素的工业化生产奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=吕波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ojAfv8oQtjVdxXCg3TVxHQ==, magXml=PuZDA9YF0lmruBrABWcRXg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=H5dYcDViotGNnd+oSC0JPw==, pdfFileSize=1061566, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5DFTyBu+y1nZxqYLB1dOjQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=bm1Prd3P3MWVhmc7tp3M5g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=夏婷, 舒涛, 王兰英, 陈林浩, 班雅丽, 吕波)}, authors=[Author(id=1242902965330231498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2012, 78 (13):4752-4754., articleTitle=Aspergillus niger DLFCC-90 rhamnoside hydrolase, a new type of flavonoid glycoside hydrolase, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242902987329356773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=193, issue=Pt B, pageStart=1093, pageEnd=1102, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FERREIRA-LAZARTE A, PLAZA-VINUESA L, de LAS RIVAS B, VILLAMIEL M, MUÑOZ R, MORENO FJ. Production of α-rhamnosidases from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 and their role in deglycosylation of dietary flavonoids naringin and rutin[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 193 (Pt B):1093-1102., articleTitle=Production of α-rhamnosidases from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 and their role in deglycosylation of dietary flavonoids naringin and rutin, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242902978005418700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, awardId=2021YFC2102800, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2102800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242902978148025048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, awardId=2021YFC2102800, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2102800), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242902965208596671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902965216985280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, companyId=1242902965208596671, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902965221179585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, companyId=1242902965208596671, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京理工大学 化学与化工学院, 生物化工研究所, 北京 102488)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242902973337158178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Colony morphology, product HPLC and LC-MS spectra and strain molecular evolution tree. A: Colony morphology of strain XT-1. B: HPLC spectrum of the product of strain XT-1. C: LC-MS spectrum of the product of strain XT-1. D: Molecular evolution tree of strain XT-1., figureFileSmall=+YBIcJ3dc0B4QrwQLzTMYw==, figureFileBig=E0wmUpC2mJniJnO7v1nRng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902973601399342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株XT-1的菌落形态、产物的HPLC谱图、LC-MS谱图和菌株分子进化树

A:菌株XT-1菌落形态. B:菌株XT-1产物的HPLC谱图. C:菌株XT-1产物的LC-MS谱图. D:菌株XT-1的分子进化树

, figureFileSmall=+YBIcJ3dc0B4QrwQLzTMYw==, figureFileBig=E0wmUpC2mJniJnO7v1nRng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902973739811389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Statistical analysis of the number of differentially expressed genes (A) and functional classification of differentially expressed genes (B) in the transcriptome of Aspergillus sp. XT-1 strain., figureFileSmall=JJpvk1+55MFkLBiyHT9TTA==, figureFileBig=1MJFW+/QLG+3lFW+hUdtJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902973857251911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Aspergillus sp. XT-1菌株的转录组差异基因数量统计(A)与差异基因功能分类(B), figureFileSmall=JJpvk1+55MFkLBiyHT9TTA==, figureFileBig=1MJFW+/QLG+3lFW+hUdtJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902973978886743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=HPLC detection of rutin hydrolysis by recombinant GS115/pGAPZαA-DN3993., figureFileSmall=RisPRiaeuxDEBRElSKsnog==, figureFileBig=kJWXIK9c9sI3tDjtOkzosQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902974293459556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=CN, label=图3, caption=重组菌GS115/pGAPZαA-DN3993水解芦丁的HPLC检测, figureFileSmall=RisPRiaeuxDEBRElSKsnog==, figureFileBig=kJWXIK9c9sI3tDjtOkzosQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902974465426029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The sequences and structure information of α-L-rhamnosidase. A: Amino acid sequences phylogenetic tree. B: Schematic diagram of AfRhase protein topology, active pockets, and active catalytic sites., figureFileSmall=9bBLPjYRYSRPhLwir+Isjg==, figureFileBig=8Mm/xsoORKeZRINh/WdxnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902974708695669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=CN, label=图4, caption=α-L-鼠李糖苷酶序列和结构特征

A:氨基酸序列分子进化树. B:AfRhase蛋白拓扑、活性口袋和活性催化位点示意图

, figureFileSmall=9bBLPjYRYSRPhLwir+Isjg==, figureFileBig=8Mm/xsoORKeZRINh/WdxnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902976289948286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Enzymatic properties of recombinant α-L-rhamnosidase AfRhase. A: The optimal reaction temperature. B: The optimal reaction pH. C: Thermal stability., figureFileSmall=c09xBjAFjGaJtMk1Xl+1kg==, figureFileBig=yN21BFynXP47tSUpTy1w+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902976428360326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=CN, label=图5, caption=重组α-L-鼠李糖苷酶AfRhase的酶学性质

A:最适反应温度. B:最适反应pH. C:热稳定性

, figureFileSmall=c09xBjAFjGaJtMk1Xl+1kg==, figureFileBig=yN21BFynXP47tSUpTy1w+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902976684212880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The substrate specificity of recombinant enzyme AfRhase and its application in the 5 L reaction system for rutin hydrolysis. A: Substrate specificity of recombinant enzyme AfRhase hydrolysis. B: Using of AfRhase in 5 L reaction for rutin hydrolysis application., figureFileSmall=eCUG/8kyxrcy1NA9OyUGeQ==, figureFileBig=dk5XRdbl/ZzbCqqa/sw+gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902976780681879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=CN, label=图6, caption=重组酶AfRhase的水解底物特异性与5 L反应体系芦丁水解应用

A:重组酶AfRhase的水解底物特异性. B:重组酶AfRhase 5 L反应体系芦丁水解应用

, figureFileSmall=eCUG/8kyxrcy1NA9OyUGeQ==, figureFileBig=dk5XRdbl/ZzbCqqa/sw+gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902976910705313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Constructing PCR primers for vector construction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
PGAP-6144-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGTGACTTTGCTGGCAATGGCTTCACAGGCCACT
PGAP-6144-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCGTCGGGTCTGATAGCTCATGGGAAGTCACACAGG
PGAP-8610-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGATGGAGGTTATACGCACTGGTATTCACGGCATTGATG
PGAP-8610-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCGAGGAAACATACAGCGCATCCCCAGGTGATG
PGAP-10886-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGATTTTGAGTGCCCTGGCCTGTGTGACTACCG
PGAP-10886-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCACACTCTCCTGTAGAACTTCCCCCAACACACGGAG
PGAP-7311-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGTGCAATTTGTTCAGGCTCCGGCTTCCGCATG
PGAP-7311-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCCTTGCGTAGCGAGATTTACGACGGCGAAATCTAC
PGAP-3993-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGATGGCTCTCTCCATCTCCCAGGTGTCTTTC
PGAP-3993-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCTCAGTCCACCTGCAAACACTCGACATGGTAC
), ArticleFig(id=1242902977078477479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

构建载体的PCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
PGAP-6144-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGTGACTTTGCTGGCAATGGCTTCACAGGCCACT
PGAP-6144-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCGTCGGGTCTGATAGCTCATGGGAAGTCACACAGG
PGAP-8610-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGATGGAGGTTATACGCACTGGTATTCACGGCATTGATG
PGAP-8610-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCGAGGAAACATACAGCGCATCCCCAGGTGATG
PGAP-10886-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGATTTTGAGTGCCCTGGCCTGTGTGACTACCG
PGAP-10886-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCACACTCTCCTGTAGAACTTCCCCCAACACACGGAG
PGAP-7311-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGTGCAATTTGTTCAGGCTCCGGCTTCCGCATG
PGAP-7311-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCCTTGCGTAGCGAGATTTACGACGGCGAAATCTAC
PGAP-3993-FGAGGCTGAAGCTGAATTCACGATGGCTCTCTCCATCTCCCAGGTGTCTTTC
PGAP-3993-RTTTTGTTCTAGAAAGCTGGCTCAGTCCACCTGCAAACACTCGACATGGTAC
), ArticleFig(id=1242902977183335084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Potential α-L-rhamnosidase gene information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene numberLength (bp)Early expression levelPost expression levellog2 fold changeKEGG explanatory noteGO explanatory noteNr comparison
DN6144947692852.2α-L-rhamnosidaseα-L-rhamnosidaseUncharacterized protein CDV56, XP_026614490.1 (73.4%)
DN86102 7653 9224 8510.4α-L-rhamnosidaseCatalytic activityUncharacterized protein APUU XP_041560449.1 (77.9%)
DN73112 7535786560.2α-L-rhamnosidaseHypothetical protein LIPSTDRAFT ODQ73385.1 (69.2%)
DN39932 615681 3254.3α-L-rhamnosidaseα-L-rhamnosidaseHypothetical protein HFD88 KAG2418458.1 (77.6%)
DN108861 253332953.2α-L-rhamnosidaseCarbon metabolism processHypothetical protein HFD88 KAG2414607.1 (82.6%)
), ArticleFig(id=1242902977283998386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783826016436894, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

潜在α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene numberLength (bp)Early expression levelPost expression levellog2 fold changeKEGG explanatory noteGO explanatory noteNr comparison
DN6144947692852.2α-L-rhamnosidaseα-L-rhamnosidaseUncharacterized protein CDV56, XP_026614490.1 (73.4%)
DN86102 7653 9224 8510.4α-L-rhamnosidaseCatalytic activityUncharacterized protein APUU XP_041560449.1 (77.9%)
DN73112 7535786560.2α-L-rhamnosidaseHypothetical protein LIPSTDRAFT ODQ73385.1 (69.2%)
DN39932 615681 3254.3α-L-rhamnosidaseα-L-rhamnosidaseHypothetical protein HFD88 KAG2418458.1 (77.6%)
DN108861 253332953.2α-L-rhamnosidaseCarbon metabolism processHypothetical protein HFD88 KAG2414607.1 (82.6%)
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曲霉属α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的挖掘、酶学性质表征与应用
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夏婷 , 舒涛 , 王兰英 , 陈林浩 , 班雅丽 , 吕波 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(9): 3474-3488
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(9): 3474-3488
曲霉属α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的挖掘、酶学性质表征与应用
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夏婷, 舒涛, 王兰英, 陈林浩, 班雅丽, 吕波*
作者信息
  • 北京理工大学 化学与化工学院, 生物化工研究所, 北京 102488
Mining, enzymatic characterization, and application of α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus sp.
Ting XIA, Tao SHU, Lanying WANG, Linhao CHEN, Yali BAN, Bo LÜ*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240156
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异槲皮素是一种黄酮类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎和免疫调节等多种生理活性。然而,由于其含量很低,传统的提取方法难以大规模制备。【目的】α-L-鼠李糖苷酶可特异性水解天然糖苷的末端L-鼠李糖残基。本研究筛选可高效且特异性转化芦丁生产异槲皮素的菌株,并从中挖掘新型α-L-鼠李糖苷酶且应用于异槲皮素的生产,为后续规模化生产异槲皮素提供新元件。【方法】通过芦丁唯一碳源的选择培养法筛选和鉴定可特异性水解芦丁为异槲皮素的菌株;利用转录组分析,获得高效且特异性强的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶,通过结构模拟确定其结构域组成,并对其酶学性质和底物特异性进行研究;通过毕赤酵母异源表达,在5 L发酵罐中对其水解效果进行验证。【结果】通过结构模拟确定AfRhase具有5个结构域,包括1个α-结构域(结构域A)和4个β-结构域(结构域N、结构域E、结构域F和结构域C)。以芦丁为底物,重组酶AfRhase的最适温度和最适pH分别为55 ℃和4.5。重组酶AfRhase底物特异性研究表明,其具有广泛的底物特异性,可以水解芦丁、橙皮苷、柚皮苷和朝藿定C的鼠李糖基。通过5 L发酵罐体系的水解芦丁生产异槲皮素的放大验证,其可将120 g芦丁粗品(纯度70%)水解生成61 g异槲皮素,摩尔转化率为95.4%,生产效率为2.0 mmol/(L·h)。【结论】本研究成功从曲霉(Aspergillus sp.) XT-1中挖掘到一种能够高效且特异性水解芦丁生成异槲皮素的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶,在毕赤酵母中异源表达,对该酶进行结构域分析和酶学性质研究,测试底物特异性,并进行5 L发酵罐的水解效果验证。综上所述,本研究拓宽了真菌来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶用于黄酮类化合物芦丁生物转化法的功能研究,也为异槲皮素的工业化生产奠定了基础。

α-L-鼠李糖苷酶  /  异槲皮素  /  转录组分析  /  新酶挖掘  /  曲霉属

Isoquercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. However, the low content in plants poses a challenge to the large-scale production of isoquercetin by the extraction method.[Objective] α-L-rhamnosidase can specifically hydrolyze the terminal L-rhamnose residues of natural glycosides. In this study, we screened the strains capable of efficiently and specifically transforming rutin to produce isoquercetin with rutin as the sole carbon source and applied the α-L-rhamnosidase to the production of isoquercetin, aiming to provide new elements for the large-scale production of isoquercetin. [Methods] The selective culture medium with rutin as the sole carbon source was used to screen and identify the strains that can specifically hydrolyze rutin into isoquercetin. The transcriptome analysis was carried out to obtain highly efficient and specific α-L-rhamnosidase, the domain composition of which was determined by structural simulation. The enzymatic properties and substrate specificity of the α-L-rhamnosidase were studied. Furthermore, the hydrolysis effect of the enzyme heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris in a 5 L fermenter was determined. [Results] AfRhase had five domains, including one α-domain (domain A) and four β-domains (domains N, E, F, and C). With rutin as the substrate, the recombinant enzyme AfRhase showcased the best performance at 55 ℃ and pH 4.5. AfRhase had a wide range of substrates including rutin, hesperidin, naringin, and epimedin C. In a 5 L fermenter for scaled-up production of isoquercetin, P. pastoris expressing AfRhase generated 61 g isoquercetin by hydrolyzing 120 g crude rutin (purity of 70%), with the molar conversion rate of 95.4% and production efficiency of 2.0 mmol/(L·h). [Conclusion] This study for the first time discovered a highly efficient and specific α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus sp. XT-1 for the production of isoquercetin from rutin and heterologously expressed this enzyme in P. pastoris. The domain composition, enzymatic properties, substrate specificity, and hydrolysis efficiency in a 5 L fermenter of this enzyme were determined. In conclusion, this study broadened the function of a fungus-derived α-L-rhamnosidase for the transformation of rutin and laid a foundation for the industrial production of isoquercetin.

α-L-rhamnosidase  /  isoquercetin  /  transcriptome analysis  /  enzyme discovery  /  Aspergillus sp.
夏婷, 舒涛, 王兰英, 陈林浩, 班雅丽, 吕波. 曲霉属α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的挖掘、酶学性质表征与应用. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3474 -3488 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240156
Ting XIA, Tao SHU, Lanying WANG, Linhao CHEN, Yali BAN, Bo LÜ. Mining, enzymatic characterization, and application of α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus sp.[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3474 -3488 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240156
芦丁又称芸香苷,是一种常见的黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于槐米、芸香、沙棘、银杏、枸杞等植物中,具有抗氧化和抗炎等多种生物活性,是我国中药的重要原料之一。然而,由于芦丁水溶性低、稳定性差,导致芦丁的生物利用度降低。异槲皮素也称作异槲皮苷,由芦丁脱去一分子鼠李糖形成,具有抗氧化[1]、抗肿瘤[2]、免疫调节[3]、降血糖血脂[4]等药理作用,与芦丁相比具有更高的药理活性和生物利用度,也是目前药学界的热点新药化合物。相关药理实验结果表明,异槲皮苷具有清热解暑、降压强心的作用,还可有效地用于防治糖尿病[5-6]、卒中[7]、脑损伤[8]及严重急性呼吸综合征[9]等疾病。目前,异槲皮素在自然界中的含量低,传统的提取方法难以实现大规模生产[10]。传统化学法水解芦丁生产异槲皮素存在选择性差、无法控制糖苷键断裂的位置等缺点,水解得到的异槲皮素会进一步被水解生成槲皮素,从而降低异槲皮素产率和质量[11]
生物酶法水解具有副产物少、选择性强、转化率高及环境污染小等优点,是极具潜力的天然产物改性增效的生产方法[12]。α-L-鼠李糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.40)是一类能从各种天然糖苷化合物中释放末端α-L-鼠李糖苷的糖苷水解酶,可特异性水解芦丁为异槲皮素。卢姗等[13]对从嗜热菌冰岛硫化叶菌(Sulfolobus islandicus)中筛选得到的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶SisRha进行大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中异源表达,以芦丁作为底物用于生产异槲皮素,重组酶SisRha的芦丁转化率为1.2 mmol/(L·h);Beekwilder等[14]从嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)中挖掘得到α-L-鼠李糖苷酶RamA (La)并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中异源表达,通过底物特异性测试显示重组酶RamA (La)可以将芦丁特异性水解为异槲皮素,该酶对芦丁的转化率为1 mmol/(L·h);Li等[15]基于高通量测序技术从新型细菌Rha78s中筛选得到GH78家族α-L-鼠李糖苷酶HFM-RhaA并用于水解芦丁生产异槲皮素,在最适pH 6.0、温度为40 ℃下,该酶水解芦丁生产异槲皮素的转化率为1.8 mmol/(L·h)。α-L-鼠李糖苷酶广泛分布于自然界,在细菌、真菌、植物和动物中均有发现,其中动物和植物源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶报道较少,微生物源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶是主要来源[16-17]。传统的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶表征策略中蛋白纯化鉴定存在成本较高、酶容易变性失活、周期长和步骤繁杂等缺点。利用DNA、RNA和蛋白质序列的数据驱动技术可以快速、准确地分析大量数据,以高通量方式提高目标基因筛选的准确度与效率[18]。本研究期望通过以芦丁为唯一碳源,筛选可特异性水解芦丁生成异槲皮素的菌株,进而利用组学数据驱动挖掘并表征新型的鼠李糖苷酶,通过异源表达、结构分析和放大验证等策略,提供了一种切实可行的生物法转化芦丁高效制备异槲皮素的方法。
Aspergillus sp. XT-1等22株菌株由本实验室分离保存。克隆宿主大肠杆菌Top10购自北京博迈德基因技术有限公司,毕赤酵母GS115为本实验室保存。大肠杆菌重组质粒Top10/pGAPZαA- DN6144、Top10/pGAPZαA-DN8610、Top10/ pGAPZαA-DN7311、Top10/pGAPZαA-DN3993、Top10/pGAPZαA-DN10886均为本研究构建保存。
酵母提取物、胰蛋白胨及抗生素Zeocin均购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司,Phanta® Max DNA聚合酶和ClonExpress Ultra One Step Cloning Kit试剂盒均购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司,质粒小提试剂盒、DNA琼脂糖凝胶回收试剂盒均购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司,芦丁、异槲皮素、槲皮素、橙皮苷、柚皮苷、朝霍定C、淫羊藿苷和杨梅苷等HPLC级标准品均购自成都埃法生物科技有限公司,其他相关试剂购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
在以芦丁为唯一碳源的产酶基础培养基中观察22株菌株的生长与水解情况,在菌体培养每隔24 h取样进行高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)检测,筛选得到可以水解芦丁生成异槲皮素的菌株XT-1,基于HPLC检测结果确定菌株的水解模式。将菌株XT-1接种到产酶基础固体培养基上,通过表观形态初步判定种属信息。对菌株进行真菌ITS和18S rRNA基因保守序列的扩增和测序,PCR引物为ITS基因通用引物ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′)和ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′),以及真菌18S rRNA基因通用引物NS1 (5′-GTAGTCATAT GCTTGTCTC-3′)和NS8 (5′-TCCGCAGGTTCAC CTACGGA-3′)。PCR反应体系(15 μL):2× TaqMix 6.5 μL,上、下游引物(5 µmol/L)各0.5 μL,DNA模板1 μL,ddH2O 6.5 μL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性10 min;94 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸2 min,31个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。在NCBI中比对测序结果,根据比对结果构建菌株分子进化树,分析进化分支情况与菌株的种属信息。
在以芦丁为唯一碳源的培养基中对芦丁水解菌株Aspergillus sp. XT-1进行培养,设置对照组。每间隔12 h取样检测,根据HPLC检测菌株中关键水解基因的表达水平变化。分别将水解率为10%和60%的样品设置为对照组和实验组,收集培养对应时间后的菌体,送至北京博云华康基因科技有限公司进行转录组测序分析。基于Aspergillus sp. XT-1菌株转录组分析中水解前后水解酶基因表达水平的差异,对潜在的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因进行高效筛选。
采用OMEGA公司的真菌RNA提取试剂盒对菌株Aspergillus sp. XT-1进行RNA提取,采用PrimeScriptRT Master Mix进行反转录cDNA,反转录体系(10 μL):Total RNA (5 µmol/L) 2 μL,5× PrimeScriptRT Master Mix 2 μL,ddH2O 6 μL。在37 ℃下反应15 min、85 ℃下反应5 s,让反转录酶失活结束反应从而得到菌株Aspergillus sp. XT-1的cDNA。基于转录组分析数据库中核苷酸序列,以Aspergillus sp. XT-1菌的cDNA为模板,使用Phanta® Max DNA聚合酶扩增得到目的条带,纯化回收基因片段,扩增所需PCR引物如表1所示。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2× Phanta Buffer 25 μL,上、下游引物(5 µmol/L)各2 μL,DNA模板1 μL,Phanta® Max DNA聚合酶1 μL,dNTP Mixture 1 μL,ddH2O 18 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性15 s,60 ℃退火15 s,72 ℃延伸2 min,31个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。使用ClonExpress Ultra One Step Cloning Kit将纯化后的基因片段DN6144、DN8610、DN7311、DN3993和DN10886连入pGAPZαA载体中,将连接后的重组质粒转化进大肠杆菌Top10中。挑选大肠杆菌pGAPZαA载体的阳性克隆培养后进行菌液PCR鉴定,选取鉴定正确的阳性单克隆送至安升达(天津)生物科技有限公司测序。
测序正确的大肠杆菌质粒使用Bln Ⅰ (Avr Ⅱ)酶进行线性化,参照毕赤酵母表达操作手册转化,成功的毕赤酵母重组菌分别命名为GS115/pGAPZαA- DN6144、GS115/pGAPZαA-DN8610、GS115/ pGAPZαA-DN7311、GS115/pGAPZαA-DN3993和GS115/pGAPZαA-DN10886。
将毕赤酵母阳性克隆子接种到5 mL YPD液体培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min活化培养24 h,按照体积分数为1%的接种量转接至50 mL YPD培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养16−18 h,得到粗酶液。每1 mL粗酶液中加入终浓度为2 g/L的芦丁,在恒温振荡培养器中30 ℃反应10 min,用等比例甲醇终止反应,使用HPLC检测底物消耗和产物生成量。
每1 mL粗酶液中加入终浓度为2 g/L的芦丁,在不同温度和pH下反应10 min,用等比例甲醇终止反应,分别测定重组酶AfRhase在不同温度和pH下的活性。
在相同pH条件下,分别于40−65 ℃测定重组酶AfRhase的酶活,计算不同温度下重组酶AfRhase的相对酶活力。将测得的最高酶活定义为100%。将重组酶AfRhase在一系列不同温度(45−65 ℃)下保存1 h,计算不同温度下重组酶AfRhase的相对酶活力。
在最适温度条件下,分别于pH值3.5−8.0 (50 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液)测定重组酶AfRhase的酶活,计算不同pH下重组酶AfRhase的相对酶活力。
不同的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶底物特异性有很大差异,不同的糖苷键类型以及与母核连接位置均会对酶的催化活性产生影响[19]。探究重组酶AfRhase的最适催化底物,在最适条件下,将AfRhase分别与芦丁、橙皮苷、柚皮苷、朝霍定C、淫羊藿苷和杨梅苷反应10 min后加入等体积的甲醇终止反应,12 000 r/min离心10 min后使用HPLC进行分析。
芦丁、异槲皮素和杨梅苷的HPLC检测条件:Kromasil EternityXT-5-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm);进样量:5 µL;流速:1 mL/min;检测波长:260 nm;柱箱温度:40 ℃;乙腈(A): 0.4%乙酸(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱:0−7 min,20% A;7−9 min,20%−36% A;9−11 min,36%−90% A;11−12 min,90%−20% A;12−17 min,20% A。
橙皮苷和柚皮苷的HPLC检测条件相同,进样量:10 µL;流速:1 mL/min;检测波长:280 nm;柱温:30 ℃;乙腈(A): 0.1%磷酸水溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱:0−28 min,5%−26% A;28−36 min,26% A;36−48 min,26%−40% A;48−57 min,40%−5% A。
朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的HPLC检测条件相同,进样量:10 µL;流速:1 mL/min;检测波长:270 nm;柱温:30 ℃;乙腈(A): 磷酸(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱:0−14 min,18% A;14−20 min,18%−26% A;20−48 min,26%−52% A;48−64 min,52%−77% A;64−75 min,77%−18% A。
使用NCBI对AfRhase的核酸序列和氨基酸序列进行比对,基于氨基酸序列比对结果使用MEGA 11软件制作分子进化树。利用AlphaFold对α-L-鼠李糖酶AfRhase进行蛋白结构模拟,分析结构域组织分布,并基于CAZy数据库中已报道晶体结构的GH78家族α-L-鼠李糖酶6GSZ进行结构域组织差异比对。
在NCBI的PubChem中搜索底物芦丁的3D结构,使用AutoDock Vina分子对接软件进行芦丁与AfRhase蛋白的分子对接,选择能量最低的模型,确定AfRhase与芦丁结合口袋位置以及底物分子4 Å范围内的关键氨基酸,并与α-L-鼠李糖酶6GSZ进行结合口袋位置以及关键氨基酸的比对,分析催化关键氨基酸。
对重组菌GS115-AfRhase进行5 L发酵罐培养。发酵罐培养使用补料分批发酵方式,菌体生长过程中补加2次葡萄糖,待菌体生长稳定后,投入芦丁进行生物催化反应。每小时取样对发酵罐内芦丁的消耗进行检测,当罐内芦丁消耗率达到投料量的90%时,进行下一次投料。
以课题组保藏的22株真菌为研究对象,通过对菌体培养0、24、48 h的HPLC检测结果进行分析,发现大部分菌株无法实现利用芦丁生成异槲皮素,而菌株XT-1可以水解芦丁生成异槲皮素。将菌株XT-1接种到以芦丁为唯一碳源的产酶基础固体培养基上进行验证,菌落围绕中心接种点呈圆形向培养基四周规律性生长,生长过程中产生黄色粉末状孢子,并在菌落最外围出现明显的水解圈(图1A),初步判定该菌株为曲霉属。
HPLC检测XT-1菌株发酵液样品,结果显示,XT-1菌株在5.2 min芦丁出峰位置和7.2 min异槲皮素出峰位置均检测到出峰,与混合标品中芦丁和异槲皮素的出峰时间一致。然而在13.5 min槲皮素出峰位置未检测到出峰,表明XT-1不具备继续水解异槲皮素生成槲皮素的能力(图1B)。对样品进行液相色谱质谱联用仪(LC-MS)检测,从LC-MS结果中检测到分子量为608.2 m/z和464.3 m/z的2种化合物(图1C),分别与芦丁(分子量610.5 m/z)和异槲皮素(分子量464.4 m/z)相对应,未检测到槲皮素生成。以上结果表明,菌株XT-1具有水解芦丁生成异槲皮素的能力,但不会进一步水解生成槲皮素,具有良好的底物特异性。
以菌株XT-1的基因组为模板扩增其ITS和18S rRNA基因序列,根据测序结果在NCBI上进行序列比对,构建XT-1菌株的DNA分子进化树。菌株XT-1与曲霉属中的黄柄曲霉(Aspergillus flavipes)进化关系相近(图1D),属于同一个进化分支,因此确定菌株XT-1属于曲霉属,重新命名为Aspergillus sp. XT-1。
传统的基因挖掘方式集中于蛋白纯化鉴定,鉴于野生菌株曲霉属在生长和繁殖过程中可能产生曲霉毒素,具有潜在的安全隐患,期望开发异源表达系统增加酶的表达和减少毒素风险。基于转录组差异分析可快速准确获取目标基因,提高酶挖掘的准确度与效率。通过不同培养时间下Aspergillus sp. XT-1的转录组水解差异,以芦丁转化率为指标,通过基因的转录组差异展开α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因的筛选与挖掘。根据菌株的转录组测序结果进行筛选分析,水解率为60%的样品相对于水解率为10%的样品有764个上调基因(图2A)。以代谢过程(metabolic process)、催化活性(catalytic activity)、碳利用(carbon utilization)、碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism)等相关生理功能分类缩小筛选范围至413个,其中,上调基因中与代谢过程相关的基因数量为213个,催化活性相关的基因数量为87个,碳利用相关的基因数量为25个,碳水化合物代谢相关的基因数量为88个。已知的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶归属为糖苷水解酶,以注释信息中包含糖苷水解酶相关信息为筛选条件,进一步将413个基因缩小至60个潜在的糖苷水解酶基因。
根据糖苷水解酶基因的KEGG、GO和表达量分析,结合注释信息中水解酶种类与表达差异,最终从60个潜在的糖苷水解酶基因中筛选出5个潜在的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因,分别为DN6144、DN8610、DN7311、DN3993和DN10886。DN6144基因编码序列全长947 bp,实验组与对照组的log2 fold change倍数为2.2,KEGG和GO注释均为α-L-鼠李糖苷酶;DN8610基因编码序列全长2 765 bp,log2 fold change倍数为0.4,KEGG注释为α-L-鼠李糖苷酶,GO注释其具有催化活性;DN7311基因编码序列全长2 753 bp,log2 fold change倍数为0.2,KEGG注释为α-L-鼠李糖苷酶;DN3993基因编码序列全长2 615 bp,log2 fold change倍数为4.3,KEGG和GO注释均为α-L-鼠李糖苷酶;DN19886基因编码序列全长1 253 bp,log2 fold change倍数为3.2,KEGG注释为α-L-鼠李糖苷酶,GO注释其属于碳代谢过程。
将候选的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的序列进行NCBI数据的Nr比对,确定DN6144、DN8610、DN7311、DN3993和DN10886基因与已报道基因的相似度最高均为未鉴定功能蛋白,序列相似度分别为73.4%、77.9%、69.2%、77.6%和82.6% (表2)。后续将通过异源表达对以上5个α-L-鼠李糖苷酶进行功能验证。
基于转录组差异分析和功能注释,以Aspergillus sp. XT-1菌的cDNA为模板,构建5个候选α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因的毕赤酵母异源表达系统并测定水解芦丁的情况。结果显示,基因DN6144、DN8610、DN7311和DN10886的毕赤酵母异源表达均无法水解芦丁生成异槲皮素,而DN3993基因的样品在5.4 min和8.1 min处均有一个峰(图3),与混合标品中芦丁和异槲皮素的出峰位置对应,证明DN3993表达的蛋白具有水解芦丁生成异槲皮素的能力,不会进一步水解生成槲皮素。根据功能注释将α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因DN3993命名为AfRhase。
经NCBI中氨基酸序列比对得到与AfRhase相似度最高的蛋白为土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)来源的未知蛋白HFD88_001559,相似度为77.6%。为了进一步确定AfRhase的功能与催化特性,选择鼠李糖苷酶GH28家族(红色)、GH78家族(蓝色)和GH106家族(绿色)的57条α-L-鼠李糖苷酶,构建α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的系统发育树。AfRhase (黄色)与进化树中多数GH78家族来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的亲缘关系较近,AfRhase与GH78家族中土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)来源的AFH54529.1和构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)来源的EAA61403.1在一个分支上,说明它们的亲缘关系较近,AfRhase与AFH54529.1的Bootstrap value为99,可信度较高,表明Aspergillus sp. XT-1来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶AfRhase也属于GH78家族(图4A)。
利用AlphaFold模拟AfRhase的蛋白结构,AfRhase蛋白是由1个α-结构域(结构域A)和4个β-结构域组成的多结构域结构,结构域A (残基439−763)是催化模块,具有GH78家族典型的(α/α)6桶结构,4个β-结构域分别为结构域N (残基3−120)、结构域E (残基133−301)、结构域F (残基310−420)和结构域C (残基779−870) (图4B)。基于与已报道晶体结构的GH78家族α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的氨基酸序列比对结果显示,AfRhase与阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis) MA-4680 NBRC 14893来源的3W5N相似度为31.3%;与多形拟杆菌(Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) VPI-548来源的3CIH相似度为12.2%;与密歇根克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella michiganensis) KCTC 1686来源的4XHC相似度为9.9%;与土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus) CCF 3059来源的6GSZ的氨基酸序列相似度为77.4%,6GSZ也是由1个α-结构域(结构域A)和4个β-结构域(结构域N、结构域E、结构域F和结构域C)组成[20],通过蛋白结构域相似性分析,进一步确定α-L-鼠李糖苷酶AfRhase属于GH78家族。通过分子对接和结合口袋分析,AfRhase的活性口袋位置与6GSZ的活性口袋位置一致,均位于催化模块结构域A中,进一步分析AfRhase活性口袋4 Å范围内的关键氨基酸时,确定GLU468和GLU741为AfRhase的活性催化位点,GLU468与芦丁的空间距离为2.8 Å,GLU741与芦丁的空间距离为3.8 Å (图4B),符合α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的催化特性。
为了进一步确定AfRhase的酶学特征,以芦丁为底物,测定温度和pH对AfRhase酶活的影响。AfRhase反应温度在40−65 ℃之间,最适反应温度为55 ℃,反应高于55 ℃之后AfRhase酶活损失迅速,60 ℃时酶活下降40%以上(图5A);催化反应pH在3.5−8.0之间,其最适反应pH为4.5,在pH为3.5−7.0的偏酸性条件下具有良好酶活,催化活力能够保持70%以上,而pH大于7.5后酶活损失80%左右(图5B)。热稳定性结果表示,AfRhase在温度≤55 ℃时保存1 h,对AfRhase酶活基本无影响,但是当温度≥60 ℃时,该酶将丧失大部分的酶活(图5C)。通过AfRhase的酶学性质探究确定酶催化的最适条件,为后续5 L体系放大催化反应条件提供理论基础。
选取芦丁、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、杨梅苷、淫羊藿苷、朝霍定C作为底物,测试重组酶AfRhase的底物特异性。结果如图6A所示,AfRhase可以水解芦丁、橙皮苷、柚皮苷和朝霍定C,但是不能水解杨梅苷与淫羊藿苷,不同底物的摩尔转化率分别为97.0%、2.3%、80.1%和29.5%,具有广泛的底物识别能力。通过糖苷键的类型和苷元分析表明,AfRhase对葡萄糖上连接的鼠李糖具有一定的水解能力,更偏好α-1, 6键连接的芦丁,但是无法水解苷元与糖基之间直接相连的底物。基于底物特异性探究,筛选AfRhase的最适催化底物,并拓宽曲霉属来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶可催化的底物范围。
对重组菌GS115-AfRhase进行5 L体系的放大测试。共进行4次芦丁补料,总投入粗品芦丁120 g (纯度为70%),反应22 h后,最终异槲皮素的浓度达到20.3 g/L (图6B),摩尔转化率达到95.4%,总生产效率为2.0 mmol/(L·h),AfRhase重组酶是目前已报道的最高水平,具有良好的工业生产应用价值和市场化前景。
本研究通过芦丁水解菌株的筛选、鉴定与转录组分析,α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因挖掘、克隆与载体构建等工作,成功获得并表征特异性水解芦丁生成异槲皮素的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶AfRhase。通过分子进化树与结构域相似性分析确定AfRhase属于鼠李糖苷水解酶GH78家族,基于蛋白结构模拟确定AfRhase由1个α-结构域(结构域A)和4个β-结构域(结构域N、结构域E、结构域F和结构域C)组成,结构域A为催化模块,具有GH78家族典型的(α/α)6桶结构。CAZy数据库中已报道晶体结构的GH78家族α-L-鼠李糖酶的结构域组成也不尽相同,阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis) MA-4680 NBRC 14893来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶3W5N也具有1个α-结构域(结构域A)和4个β-结构域(结构域N、结构域E、结构域F和结构域C),但是3W5N比AfRhase和6GSZ多1个附加域,碳水化合物结合模块CBM67[21];密歇根克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella michiganensis) KCTC 1686来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶4XHC仅含有1个α-结构域(结构域A)和1个β-结构域(结构域F)[22]
α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的底物特异性较强,不同来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶催化活性的位置也存在差异。嗜热细菌(Thermophilic bacterium) PRI-1686来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶对柚皮苷和橙皮苷具有相似的酶活性,但是不能水解芦丁[23];灰玫瑰青霉(Penicillium griseoroseum) MTCC 9224来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶可以水解芦丁,但是不能水解柚皮苷和橙皮苷[24]。底物特异性测试显示AfRhase具有水解葡萄糖上连接鼠李糖苷底物的能力(芦丁、橙皮苷、柚皮苷和朝霍定C),而且更偏好于α-1, 6键连接的底物,在天然产物之间的转化具有较好的应用潜力。Li等[25]通过使用黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) JMU-TS528来源GH13家族的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶r-Rha1与高速逆流色谱(HSCCC)纯化,通过芦丁的生物转化制备异槲皮苷,在最适pH值为5.0、温度为60 ℃下,该酶对芦丁的转化率为2.2 mmol/(L·h);Liu等[26]对黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) DLFCC-90来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶进行纯化后用于水解芦丁制备异槲皮素,在最适pH值为5.0、温度为50 ℃下,该酶对芦丁转化率为0.2 mmol/(L·h);Ferreira-Lazarte等[27]通过使用植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)来源的GH78家族的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶Ram2水解芦丁生成异槲皮素,在最适pH值为5.5、温度为50 ℃下,该酶对芦丁的转化率为2.2 mmol/(L·h)。通过5 L反应体系的验证,重组酶AfRhase成功将120 g芦丁(纯度70%)转化为异槲皮素,通过批次底物补料,异槲皮素的生产效率能维持在2.0−5.4 mmol/(L·h)之间,摩尔转化率达到95.4%,具有良好的工业化应用价值和市场前景。本研究通过对曲霉属来源的新型α-L-鼠李糖苷酶AfRhase进行酶学性质表征、底物特异性测试以及黄酮类化合物的生物转化研究,为酶法生物转化天然黄酮类化合物提供理论基础和指导作用。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2102800)
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2024年第64卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240156
  • 接收时间:2024-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11
  • 录用日期:2024-04-26
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National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2102800)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2102800)
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    北京理工大学 化学与化工学院, 生物化工研究所, 北京 102488

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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