Article(id=1241783824389051037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709481600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1714924800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-06, onlineDate=1773993934961, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1715270400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993934961, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993934961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993934961, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3409, endPage=3418, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783826565894827, articleId=1241783824389051037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=A metabolite cocktail of gut microbiota affects hepatocellular carcinoma, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the effects of a metabolite cocktail composed of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), sodium butyrate (SB), and valeric acid (VA) of gut microbiota on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Methods] The human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with the cocktail at different concentrations (1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, and 5×). The total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in the cells were determined by the total cholesterol and triglyceride assay kits. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays were employed to examine the cell proliferation. Twelve BALB/c athymic nude mice were randomized into a control (Ctrl) group and a treatment (Treat) group and then subjected to subcutaneous injections of HepG2 cells. The tumor size was measured every three days, and the tumor volume and tumor inhibition rate were calculated. When the tumor volume reached 100 mm3, the mice in the Ctrl group were administered with sterile water by gavage daily, while those in the Treat group received the cocktail via gavage until euthanized under anesthesia. After 27 days of treatment, the body weights of mice in both groups were measured, and tumors were excised and weighed, with the tumor weight/body weight ratio calculated. The content of Ki-67 protein in the tumors was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and the lipid accumulation within tumor cells was assessed by Oil Red O staining. [Results] The cocktail of IPA, SB, and VA lowered the levels of TC and TG in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and exerted an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Both CCK-8 and colony formation assays indicated that the cocktail inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The oral administration of the cocktail inhibited the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, as evidenced by smaller and lighter tumors and lower tumor weight/body weight ratios in the Treat group than in the Ctrl group (Ctrl: 723 mm3, 0.47 g, 22.23%; Treat: 526 mm3, 0.32 g, 16.65%). IHC and Oil Red O staining further demonstrated reductions in Ki-67 expression and lipid accumulation in the mice administered with the cocktail via gavage. [Conclusion] The cocktail of IPA, SB, and VA can inhibit the proliferation and suppress the lipid synthesis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

, correspAuthors=Jiali DONG, Ming CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*DONG Jiali, E-mail:
CUI Ming, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanxi DONG, Bin WANG, Shuqin ZHANG, Huiwen XIAO, Xingzhong LIU, Jiali DONG, Ming CUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783832135930649, articleId=1241783824389051037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一种肠道微生物代谢产物混合物对肝癌的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】探究肠道微生物代谢产物的混合物——吲哚-3-丙酸(indole-3-propionic acid, IPA)、丁酸钠(sodium butyrate, SB)和戊酸(valeric acid, VA)对肝癌细胞增殖的影响。【方法】体外培养人肝癌HepG2细胞系,分别给予不同浓度的混合物(1×、2×、3×、4×和5×)处理细胞,用总胆固醇和甘油三酯检测试剂盒检测细胞总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)和甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG)含量,用细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒(Cell Counting Kit-8, CCK-8)及克隆形成检测细胞增殖。12只BALB/c无胸腺裸鼠随机分为对照(Ctrl)组和处理(Treat)组,皮下注射HepG2细胞。每3 d测量肿瘤大小并计算肿瘤体积和抑瘤率。当肿瘤体积达到100 mm3时,Ctrl组小鼠每天给予无菌水灌胃,Treat组每天给予混合物灌胃直至麻醉处死。治疗27 d后,分别称量两组小鼠的体重,分离肿瘤并称量瘤重,计算瘤重/体重比。通过免疫组织化学(immunohistochemical, IHC)染色比较肿瘤Ki-67蛋白的含量,通过油红O染色比较肿瘤组织内的脂质积累。【结果】IPA、SB、VA的混合物降低了肝癌HepG2细胞内的TC和TG,对HepG2细胞的增殖有抑制作用,CCK-8和克隆形成结果都表明,混合物以剂量依赖的方式抑制HepG2细胞的增殖。在体内,混合物灌胃阻断了肝癌细胞的生长,表现为更小的肿瘤体积,更轻的肿瘤质量和更低的瘤重/体重比(Ctrl组: 723 mm3, 0.47 g, 22.23%; Treat组: 526 mm3, 0.32 g, 16.65%)。IHC和油红O染色进一步证明Ki-67的表达和脂质积聚在混合物处理的小鼠中减少。【结论】IPA、SB、VA的混合物可以抑制肝癌细胞增殖,抑制脂质合成。

, correspAuthors=董佳丽, 崔明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/qT3f4wDm7CaLaAePdBfag==, magXml=6YExDEvKZctGfab7JF3+cw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5r8q8Hm0sbrXfWmmunFvOQ==, pdfFileSize=674350, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Unij439pPjxHl7u7ffEMFg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=z+PmbU0PGnpGqJRa4dgo8A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=董妍汐, 王滨, 张书琴, 肖惠文, 刘杏忠, 董佳丽, 崔明)}, authors=[Author(id=1242902969956544847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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Reference(id=1242902992224104506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2022.07.014, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=7, pageStart=939, pageEnd=944, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Y, WANG H, BA Q.Role of gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma: cancer occurrence, progresses and treatments[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science),2022,42(7):939-944 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Role of gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma: cancer occurrence, progresses and treatments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242902992333156413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=55, issue=null, pageStart=55, pageEnd=68, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=Experimental & Molecular Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG B, CHEN XH, CHEN ZY, XIAO HW, DONG JL, LI Y, ZENG XZ, LIU JJ, WAN GY, FAN SJ, CUI M.Stable colonization of Akkermansia muciniphila educates host intestinal microecology and immunity to battle against inflammatory intestinal diseases[J].Experimental & Molecular Medicine,2023,55: 55-68., articleTitle=Stable colonization of Akkermansia muciniphila educates host intestinal microecology and immunity to battle against inflammatory intestinal diseases, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242902981314720507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, awardId=20JCJQJC00100, language=EN, fundingSource=Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Tianjin(20JCJQJC00100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242902981516047109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, 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remark=1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902969629389114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, companyId=1242902969591640373, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院放射医学研究所, 天津市放射医学与分子核医学重点实验室, 天津 300192)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242902969860075841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902969864270146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, companyId=1242902969860075841, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902969885241670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, companyId=1242902969860075841, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 南开大学 生命科学学院 微生物学系, 天津 300071)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242902978575839909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The impact of the cocktail on hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation in vitro. A, B: The assay kit was employed to ascertain the relative levels of TC and TG in HepG2 hepatoma cells following treatment with IPA, SB, or VA individually. C, D: The assay kit was utilized to determine the relative concentrations of TC and TG in HepG2 hepatoma cells after treatment with a mixture of IPA, SB, and VA. E, F: The effects of the cocktail on proliferation of HepG2 cells were determined by CCK-8 (E) and colony formation assay (F). G: The relative cell viabilities of HepG2 cells after the cocktail treatment were computed. The specified dosages were delineated as follows: 1× of each compound was IPA 0.3 mmol/L, SB 0.1 mmol/L, and VA 0.1 mmol/L. Significant differences are indicated: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test between each two cohort., figureFileSmall=IhtBNwgtnh+BknQLAUlddQ==, figureFileBig=XC6ieCEHFr62Ze9IOi0rZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902978722640555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, language=CN, label=图1, caption=混合物在体外对肝癌细胞增殖的影响

A、B:试剂盒检测IPA、SB或VA单独处理后HepG2肝癌细胞中TC和TG的相对水平. C、D:试剂盒检测IPA、SB和VA的混合物处理后HepG2肝癌细胞中TC和TG的相对水平. E、F:通过CCK-8 (E)和克隆形成(F)检测混合物对HepG2细胞增殖的影响. G:混合物处理后HepG2细胞的相对细胞存活率. 具体浓度如下:混合物的1×浓度为IPA 0.3 mmol/L、SB 0.1 mmol/L和VA 0.1 mmol/L. Student’s t检验用来检测每2组间的显著性差异:*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01,***P < 0.001

, figureFileSmall=IhtBNwgtnh+BknQLAUlddQ==, figureFileBig=XC6ieCEHFr62Ze9IOi0rZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902978856858298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The impact of the cocktail on tumor volume in xenograft nude mice. A: Tumor-bearing mice body weight. B, C: Growth curves (B) and percentage inhibition rate of tumors (C) were recorded. n=6. Significant differences are indicated: *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test between each two cohort., figureFileSmall=qr2Kp68d6ZbwCZIY0YMu1w==, figureFileBig=FbtmY8Lu9cRBKdbx+Hjnsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902978974298818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, language=CN, label=图2, caption=混合物对移植瘤裸鼠肿瘤体积的影响

A:荷瘤小鼠体重. B、C:记录皮下瘤生长曲线(B)和肿瘤抑制率百分比(C). 每组6只. Student’s t检验用来检测每2组间的显著性差异:*P < 0.05

, figureFileSmall=qr2Kp68d6ZbwCZIY0YMu1w==, figureFileBig=FbtmY8Lu9cRBKdbx+Hjnsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902979095933644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The impact of the cocktail on tumor weight in xenograft nude mice. A, B: Tumor image (A) and tumor weight (B) were recorded. C: The weight ratio of tumor/body was figured out according to the tumor weight and final body weight of each mouse. n=6. Significant differences are indicated: *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test between each two cohort., figureFileSmall=8Fd6qx5irLNRms68Esz//Q==, figureFileBig=yTSa7fWqbPOuvnjgyLVPKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902980643631829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, language=CN, label=图3, caption=混合物对移植瘤裸鼠肿瘤质量的影响

A、B:记录肿瘤图像(A)和肿瘤质量(B). C:根据每只小鼠肿瘤质量和最终体重计算瘤重/体重比率. 每组6只. Student’s t检验用来检测每2组间的显著性差异:*P < 0.05,***P < 0.001

, figureFileSmall=8Fd6qx5irLNRms68Esz//Q==, figureFileBig=yTSa7fWqbPOuvnjgyLVPKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902980807209695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The effect of the cocktail on Ki-67 expression and lipid accumulation in tumor tissues. A: The expression of Ki-67 was examined by IHC in tumor tissues dissected from mice. Scale bar: 50 μm. B: The lipid content of tumor tissues was assessed using Oil Red O staining. Scale bar: 40 μm. C: Quantification of Ki-67 and Oil Red O staining, used Image-Pro Plus. Significant differences are indicated: **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test between each two cohort., figureFileSmall=x9eDNTKO0dt3pYM6OUutWA==, figureFileBig=/nTdRigS5ow59LWuhpA6Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902980912067305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783824389051037, language=CN, label=图4, caption=混合物对肿瘤组织中Ki-67表达和脂质积累的影响

A:IHC检测小鼠肿瘤组织中Ki-67的表达,比例尺50 μm. B:油红O染色评估肿瘤组织中的脂质含量,比例尺40 μm. C:使用Image-Pro Plus对Ki-67和油红O染色进行定量. Student’s t检验用来检测每两组间的显著性差异:**P < 0.01,***P < 0.001

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一种肠道微生物代谢产物混合物对肝癌的影响
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董妍汐 1 , 王滨 1 , 张书琴 1 , 肖惠文 2 , 刘杏忠 2 , 董佳丽 1, * , 崔明 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(9): 3409-3418
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(9): 3409-3418
一种肠道微生物代谢产物混合物对肝癌的影响
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董妍汐1, 王滨1, 张书琴1, 肖惠文2, 刘杏忠2, 董佳丽1, * , 崔明1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院放射医学研究所, 天津市放射医学与分子核医学重点实验室, 天津 300192
  • 2 南开大学 生命科学学院 微生物学系, 天津 300071
A metabolite cocktail of gut microbiota affects hepatocellular carcinoma
Yanxi DONG1, Bin WANG1, Shuqin ZHANG1, Huiwen XIAO2, Xingzhong LIU2, Jiali DONG1, * , Ming CUI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
  • 2 Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
出版时间: 2024-05-10 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240135
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【目的】探究肠道微生物代谢产物的混合物——吲哚-3-丙酸(indole-3-propionic acid, IPA)、丁酸钠(sodium butyrate, SB)和戊酸(valeric acid, VA)对肝癌细胞增殖的影响。【方法】体外培养人肝癌HepG2细胞系,分别给予不同浓度的混合物(1×、2×、3×、4×和5×)处理细胞,用总胆固醇和甘油三酯检测试剂盒检测细胞总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)和甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG)含量,用细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒(Cell Counting Kit-8, CCK-8)及克隆形成检测细胞增殖。12只BALB/c无胸腺裸鼠随机分为对照(Ctrl)组和处理(Treat)组,皮下注射HepG2细胞。每3 d测量肿瘤大小并计算肿瘤体积和抑瘤率。当肿瘤体积达到100 mm3时,Ctrl组小鼠每天给予无菌水灌胃,Treat组每天给予混合物灌胃直至麻醉处死。治疗27 d后,分别称量两组小鼠的体重,分离肿瘤并称量瘤重,计算瘤重/体重比。通过免疫组织化学(immunohistochemical, IHC)染色比较肿瘤Ki-67蛋白的含量,通过油红O染色比较肿瘤组织内的脂质积累。【结果】IPA、SB、VA的混合物降低了肝癌HepG2细胞内的TC和TG,对HepG2细胞的增殖有抑制作用,CCK-8和克隆形成结果都表明,混合物以剂量依赖的方式抑制HepG2细胞的增殖。在体内,混合物灌胃阻断了肝癌细胞的生长,表现为更小的肿瘤体积,更轻的肿瘤质量和更低的瘤重/体重比(Ctrl组: 723 mm3, 0.47 g, 22.23%; Treat组: 526 mm3, 0.32 g, 16.65%)。IHC和油红O染色进一步证明Ki-67的表达和脂质积聚在混合物处理的小鼠中减少。【结论】IPA、SB、VA的混合物可以抑制肝癌细胞增殖,抑制脂质合成。

肠道微生物代谢产物  /  肝癌  /  细胞增殖  /  脂质合成

[Objective] To investigate the effects of a metabolite cocktail composed of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), sodium butyrate (SB), and valeric acid (VA) of gut microbiota on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Methods] The human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with the cocktail at different concentrations (1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, and 5×). The total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in the cells were determined by the total cholesterol and triglyceride assay kits. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays were employed to examine the cell proliferation. Twelve BALB/c athymic nude mice were randomized into a control (Ctrl) group and a treatment (Treat) group and then subjected to subcutaneous injections of HepG2 cells. The tumor size was measured every three days, and the tumor volume and tumor inhibition rate were calculated. When the tumor volume reached 100 mm3, the mice in the Ctrl group were administered with sterile water by gavage daily, while those in the Treat group received the cocktail via gavage until euthanized under anesthesia. After 27 days of treatment, the body weights of mice in both groups were measured, and tumors were excised and weighed, with the tumor weight/body weight ratio calculated. The content of Ki-67 protein in the tumors was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and the lipid accumulation within tumor cells was assessed by Oil Red O staining. [Results] The cocktail of IPA, SB, and VA lowered the levels of TC and TG in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and exerted an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Both CCK-8 and colony formation assays indicated that the cocktail inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The oral administration of the cocktail inhibited the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, as evidenced by smaller and lighter tumors and lower tumor weight/body weight ratios in the Treat group than in the Ctrl group (Ctrl: 723 mm3, 0.47 g, 22.23%; Treat: 526 mm3, 0.32 g, 16.65%). IHC and Oil Red O staining further demonstrated reductions in Ki-67 expression and lipid accumulation in the mice administered with the cocktail via gavage. [Conclusion] The cocktail of IPA, SB, and VA can inhibit the proliferation and suppress the lipid synthesis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

gut microbiota metabolites  /  hepatocellular carcinoma  /  cell proliferation  /  lipid synthesis
董妍汐, 王滨, 张书琴, 肖惠文, 刘杏忠, 董佳丽, 崔明. 一种肠道微生物代谢产物混合物对肝癌的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3409 -3418 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240135
Yanxi DONG, Bin WANG, Shuqin ZHANG, Huiwen XIAO, Xingzhong LIU, Jiali DONG, Ming CUI. A metabolite cocktail of gut microbiota affects hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3409 -3418 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240135
生物体内与体表栖居着众多的微生物群落,其中胃肠道(gastrointestinal, GI)的微生物密度最大、多样性最为丰富[1]。肠道微生物不仅参与宿主食物和能量代谢,而且调节宿主免疫反应和稳态[2]。一方面,肠道微生物能够通过表面接触与宿主直接作用,另一方面主要通过其代谢产物,如短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acid, SCFAs)、色氨酸(tryptophan, Trp)和胆汁酸(bile acid, BA)与宿主建立相互影响的作用网络。肠道微生物群的紊乱会导致宿主多种疾病的发生和发展[3]
SCFAs是一类重要的肠道微生物代谢产物,被认为是肠道中最丰富的微生物组衍生代谢产物[4]。SCFAs的缺乏可能会引发代谢综合征,进而产生慢性炎症,诱发癌症。一项研究表明,丁酸盐可以激活宿主产生谷胱甘肽转移酶π,降解导致细胞氧化应激的化合物,从而保护细胞免受致癌物的侵害[5]。SCFAs能够降低结肠pH值,从而阻止病原体的定殖和致癌物的吸收[6]。此外,肠道微生物代谢产物也可以通过释放入血,在肠外器官的多种疾病中发挥作用。例如,色氨酸代谢产物吲哚3-丙酸(indole-3-propionic acid, IPA)可通过抑制miR-142-5p/ABCA1信号通路,促进巨噬细胞反向转运胆固醇,从而在小鼠模型中抑制动脉粥样硬化的发展[7]
肝癌是全球范围内极为常见的恶性肿瘤之一,也是癌症相关死亡的第四大原因[8]。肝脏和肠道之间的相互作用可以调节新陈代谢和免疫功能。肠道共生菌通过调节宿主抗肿瘤免疫在肝肿瘤进展中发挥重要作用[9]。更重要的是,肠道微生物群通过其代谢产物影响肝脏代谢,其稳态与肝癌发生发展密不可分[10]。研究表明丁酸钠(sodium butyrate, SB)和丙酸钠可以以剂量依赖的方式抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖[11]。戊酸(valeric acid, VA)和丁酸(butyric acid, BA)可以通过调节T细胞代谢和表观遗传,增强其抗肿瘤活性[12]。此外,IPA可以在乳腺癌、结直肠癌等多种癌症中改善免疫检查点阻断(immune checkpoint blockade, ICB)的反应性,增强CD8+ T细胞介导的αPD-1疗效[13]。我们之前的研究发现,肠道微生物衍生的色氨酸代谢产物IPA、短链脂肪酸类的BA和VA在减轻电离辐射引起的造血和胃肠道损伤方面具有显著作用[14-16]。因此,选择IPA、SB和VA这3种代谢产物作为研究对象,探究其对肝癌增殖的作用。
本研究以人肝癌细胞和裸鼠为研究对象,通过体外培养HepG2细胞系和体内建立荷瘤小鼠模型,旨在探究一种肠道微生物衍生的代谢产物混合物——IPA、SB和VA对人肝癌细胞的生长抑制作用。
人肝癌细胞系HepG2购自美国模式培养物集存库(American type culture collection, ATCC),保存在Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基(Gibco公司)中。采用10%胎牛血清(Gibco公司)、100 U/mL青霉素和100 mg/mL链霉素培养细胞,并在5% CO2和37 ℃下生长。
四周龄雄性BALB/c无胸腺裸鼠购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司。小鼠被安置在中国医学科学院放射医学研究所的无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF)级动物设施中。将小鼠置于标准条件下[环境温度(22±2) ℃,空气湿度40%−70%和12 h/12 h的光/暗循环],连续获取食物和水。所有实验小鼠根据动物伦理以及实验动物管理和使用指南操作,编号为IRM-DWLL-2023270。
IPA、SB和VA的药用原料购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。对于细胞实验,将SB和VA溶解在ddH2O中以获得浓度为SB 0.1 mol/L和VA 0.1 mol/L的储存溶液,将IPA溶解在浓度为0.3 mol/L的乙醇中。将溶液保存在4 ℃,稀释1 000倍以获得使用时的工作浓度[SB 0.1 mmol/L (pH 7.7)、VA 0.1 mmol/L (pH 7.5)和IPA 0.3 mmol/L (pH7.4)]。对于动物实验,将药品溶解在ddH2O中,以获得浓度为IPA 75 mg/mL、SB 75 mg/mL、VA 150 mg/mL的储存溶液。灌胃时将混合物稀释10倍使用(IPA 7.5 mg/mL, SB 7.5 mg/mL, VA 15 mg/mL)。
使用组织总胆固醇检测试剂盒(北京普利莱基因技术有限公司)测定细胞TC含量,使用甘油三酯检测试剂盒(北京普利莱基因技术有限公司)测定细胞TG含量。所有实验均根据制造商推荐的方案进行。
在药物处理前将人肝癌HepG2细胞系接种到96孔板上,每个孔接种1×103个细胞,培养12 h。用IPA、SB和VA的混合物以几何级数模式从低剂量到高剂量处理细胞系3 d。混合物的1×浓度为IPA 0.3 mmol/L、SB 0.1 mmol/L、VA 0.1 mmol/L。从第1天到第3天,每天添加10 µL细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒(Cell Counting Kit-8, CCK-8)试剂以评估细胞增殖。此外,通过计算OD450值的比率(治疗组/对照组)来获得相对细胞存活率。
对于克隆原性分析,将HepG2细胞接种于6孔板中,每孔约1×103个细胞,并在添加有不同剂量混合物的完全培养基中维持2周。用甲醇固定克隆并用亚甲基蓝染色。
对于裸鼠移植瘤模型的建立,收集HepG2细胞,并用无菌生理盐水以2×107 CFU/mL重悬。将200 μL HepG2细胞悬液皮下注射到BALB/c无胸腺裸鼠的腋下。当肿瘤体积达到100 mm3时,将荷瘤小鼠随机分为对照(Ctrl)组和治疗(Treat)组,每组6只。Treat组小鼠每天灌胃200 μL混合物,Ctrl组每天灌胃等量无菌水,连续27 d。每3 d测量1次肿瘤生长情况,并记录体重。用游标卡尺测量长度(L)和宽度(W),并用公式V=(L×W2)×0.5计算肿瘤体积(V)。27 d后,处死荷瘤小鼠,分离肿瘤并称重。根据每只小鼠的肿瘤质量和最终体重计算瘤重/体重比。
对肿瘤组织进行IHC染色,小鼠安乐死后,分离肿瘤组织,将组织置于4%多聚甲醛缓冲液中固定过夜,然后包埋于石蜡中。组织切片厚度为5 μm。室温下用5%牛血清白蛋白封闭1 h,4 ℃孵育一抗过夜,室温孵育二抗1 h后,用二氨基联苯胺(diaminobenzidine, DAB)染色试剂染色,苏木素复染细胞核。兔抗Ki-67一抗9027T (Cell Signaling Technology公司) 1:400稀释于PBS中使用。
对于肿瘤组织的油红O染色,小鼠安乐死后,分离肿瘤组织,将组织置于4%多聚甲醛缓冲液中4 ℃固定过夜,30%蔗糖溶液4 ℃脱水过夜,之后用冰冻切片技术(optimal cutting temperature, OCT)包埋进行冷冻切片。在65 ℃下用油红O (北京索莱宝科技有限公司)染色60 min,之后用苏木素染色1 min。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析,数据符合正态分布,用 x±s表示。2组间比较采用Student’s t检验:*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001。每组实验重复3次。
脂质代谢异常是肝癌细胞的典型特征。首先,通过体外培养人肝癌HepG2细胞,探究肠道微生物代谢产物吲哚3-丙酸(IPA)、丁酸钠(SB)和戊酸(VA)单独以及其混合物对肝癌细胞总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)的影响。结果表明,IPA、SB和VA单独处理后,细胞内TC和TG含量无显著变化(图1A、1B),而其混合物以剂量依赖的方式降低了肝癌细胞中TC和TG的含量(图1C、1D),差异均有统计学意义(*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01,***P < 0.001)。因此,推测混合物可能具备抑制肝癌的作用。通过CCK-8和克隆形成实验探究了混合物对肝癌细胞增殖的影响。CCK-8结果表明,处理48 h后细胞无明显增殖;处理72 h后,与Ctrl组相比,混合物处理的HepG2细胞生长受到显著抑制,并呈现剂量依赖性,差异均有统计学意义(*P < 0.05,***P < 0.001),混合物的最大抑制率约为60% (图1E)。克隆形成结果也表明,混合物以剂量依赖的方式抑制HepG2细胞的增殖(图1F)。混合物处理72 h后,不同浓度梯度处理下的HepG2细胞与Ctrl组相比相对细胞活力均显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(*P < 0.05,***P < 0.001),5×混合物处理组的肝癌细胞约为Ctrl组细胞活力的44% (图1G)。
为了进一步探究混合物对肝癌的作用,将HepG2细胞注射到4周龄BALB/c无胸腺裸鼠皮下。每3 d测量一次肿瘤体积并计算抑瘤率。混合物处理后2组小鼠体重无差异,暗示了混合物治疗的安全性(图2A)。与Ctrl组相比,混合物处理组的小鼠肿瘤增长速度显著减慢,在第27天,Ctrl组小鼠的平均肿瘤体积为723 mm3,而混合物处理组的小鼠平均肿瘤体积为526 mm3,差异有统计学意义(*P < 0.05) (图2B)。Ctrl组小鼠的肿瘤持续增长,而混合物处理显著抑制肿瘤生长,在第27天的抑瘤率达到37.83% (图2C)。
肿瘤图像清楚地展示出混合物处理组小鼠的肿瘤体积更小(图3A)。分别称量两组小鼠的肿瘤质量和体重,结果表明,混合物处理后的小鼠肿瘤更轻(Ctrl组平均瘤重:0.47 g;Treat组平均瘤重:0.32 g;差异有统计学意义,***P < 0.001),而且瘤重/体重比率更低(Ctrl组平均瘤重/体重比:22.23%;Treat组平均瘤重/体重比:16.65%;差异有统计学意义,*P < 0.05) (图3B、3C)。
免疫组织化学(IHC)染色检测肿瘤内Ki-67表达显示,与Ctrl组相比,混合物处理后的小鼠肿瘤内Ki-67蛋白的含量显著降低(图4A)。为了探究其脂质代谢变化,使用油红O染色检测肿瘤细胞内的脂质积累。结果表明,对照小鼠的肿瘤内有大量的脂质积累,而混合物处理显著减少肝癌组织内的脂质积累(图4B),该结果与细胞实验中TC和TG含量下降相一致。两组间Ki-67蛋白和脂质的量化差异均有统计学意义(**P < 0.01,***P < 0.001) (图4C)。
原发性肝癌是一种异质性疾病。目前,肝切除或肝移植是肝癌患者的主要治疗选择。对于非肝硬化的肝癌患者,手术切除是首选;然而对于大多数有潜在肝病以及肝硬化的肝癌患者来说,肝移植可以提供较低的复发风险和75%−80%的5年生存率,但器官短缺限制了其普遍应用[17]。射频消融(radiofrequency ablation, RFA)作为一项新兴的治疗技术仅对肿瘤小于3 cm的肝癌患者有较为明确的疗效[18]。此外,放射治疗技术如立体定向放射治疗(stereotactic radiotherapy, SBRT)、质子治疗和间质近距离放射治疗因其靶区精确,在实现高肿瘤剂量的同时降低辐射诱导肝病的风险,可有效控制肝癌以延长患者等待肝移植的时间[17]。对于不能手术切除或局部消融治疗的中期肝癌患者,往往使用经动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, TACE)的治疗方法[19]。基于免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICI)的治疗已成为晚期肝细胞癌患者系统治疗的重要组成部分;同时,免疫治疗也可作为早期肝癌的辅助治疗,并与其他局部治疗联合使用以控制中期肝癌[20]。对肝癌患者的治疗,可能需要多学科诊疗以及更偏向于个性化的治疗。近年来,新的治疗手段和药物的开发为肝细胞癌治疗带来了希望,然而对于中晚期肝癌患者,尽管有新的治疗选择,但总体生存率仍然不高,治疗后的复发率也相对较高。此外,肝细胞癌治疗,特别是系统治疗,可能伴随严重的副作用和并发症。
肠道微生物群是维持肝脏生理功能的关键因素,研究表明许多肝脏疾病的发病及调节均与肠-肝轴机制有关[21]。肠-肝轴涉及肠道菌群、细菌代谢产物和肠道屏障。肠道微生物失调会导致肠道屏障被破坏,肠道内微生物及其产物通过肝门静脉进入肝脏,促进肝脏炎症和氧化应激,进而影响肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝癌的发展过程[22-23]。肠道微生物代谢产物同样可以通过此方式缓解或治疗肝脏疾病。研究表明,IPA可以通过血液入肝,给药后其在血清内的含量显著升高,具体来说,IPA可以通过直接抑制肝巨噬细胞中NF-κB信号传导的活性和促炎细胞因子的产生,进而减轻肝脏炎症和肝损伤[24]。此外,SB和VA也可以通过相似的方式在肝脏中发挥功能。SB主要由肠道中的厚壁菌门细菌产生,并通过结肠吸收后进入门静脉,再被运输到肝脏[25]。SB通过激活GPR43和β-arrestin-2信号通路,展现出抗炎作用,并能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,有效缓解肝脏损伤[26]。另有报道指出小鼠灌胃戊酸钠可以缓解非酒精性脂肪肝病[27]。因此在本研究中,我们推测IPA、VA、SB可以通过肠道入血,发挥抑制肝癌的作用。此外,调节肠道菌群是提高肝癌治疗效果的重要手段,在一项针对肝细胞癌晚期患者的免疫治疗中,给予患者定期抗PD-1抗体治疗发现,对治疗敏感的患者肠道内嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila) BAA-835的丰度呈现明显增长的趋势[28]。提高肠道有益菌的丰度还可以使其产生具有肿瘤抑制活性的抗炎代谢物。研究表明,Prohep (杭州麟嘉生物科技有限公司)作为一种新的益生菌混合物[包括双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)和嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)等]能够有效延缓肝脏肿瘤生长,补充Prohep通过下调IL-17以及Th17细胞、抑制肝脏肿瘤内血管生成,进而抑制肿瘤生长[29-30]。目前临床上通过粪菌移植或口服微生物制剂的方式治疗许多疾病,也有望提高肝癌治疗效率。然而微生物移植可能存在定植效率低的问题。我们之前的研究表明,A. muciniphila在治疗炎症性肠病和辐射诱导的肠损伤中,其治疗效率与其在胃肠道中稳定的定植有关;A. muciniphila对结肠炎和肠道辐射毒性的治疗效果约为50%,同时预后良好的小鼠在胃肠道中携带高丰度的A. muciniphila;然而通过设计一种磁性和炎症靶向的递送系统,增强了A. muciniphila在肠道中的保留和定植能力;此外,微生物容易受到其周围环境的影响,环境的变化能够导致微生物基因表达谱发生改变,进而影响其代谢谱及其生物学功能的发挥[31]。粪菌移植还存在一定的毒性问题,临床实践证明以胃肠镜、胶囊、灌肠等形式实施的粪菌移植都存在诱发不良事件(包括腹痛、腹泻等)发生的风险。在本研究中,我们使用肠道微生物代谢产物治疗肝癌,成分明确、用量精准、功效稳定且质控简单,更容易应用于临床实践和大规模推广。
总的来说,本研究发现肠道微生物代谢产物IPA、SB和VA的混合物在体外可以抑制肝癌细胞增殖;进一步验证发现,该混合物在体内可以抑制肿瘤组织的生长,降低肿瘤内的脂质积累。临床上,IPA、SB和VA的混合物有希望作为一种有应用前景的药物治疗肝癌。本研究为肝细胞癌的治疗提供了基于肠道微生物新思路,为提高肿瘤治疗效率提供了新策略。
  • 天津市杰出青年科学基金(20JCJQJC00100)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82373524)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32100087)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82202944)
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2024年第64卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240135
  • 接收时间:2024-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-04
  • 录用日期:2024-05-06
基金
Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Tianjin(20JCJQJC00100)
天津市杰出青年科学基金(20JCJQJC00100)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82373524)
国家自然科学基金(82373524)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100087)
国家自然科学基金(32100087)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82202944)
国家自然科学基金(82202944)
作者信息
    1 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院放射医学研究所, 天津市放射医学与分子核医学重点实验室, 天津 300192
    2 南开大学 生命科学学院 微生物学系, 天津 300071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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