Article(id=1241783823952843419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708617600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1714233600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-28, onlineDate=1773993934857, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1714924800000, pubDateStr=2024-05-06, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993934857, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993934857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993934857, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3547, endPage=3558, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783826280682151, articleId=1241783823952843419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Culture medium optimization of fastidious Parvimonas micra, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To improve the culture medium components of Parvimonas micra, increase the number of live cells, and develop a demonstration method for culturing fastidious bacteria. [Methods] Biochemical analysis was conducted on a strain of P. micra to screen the potential substrates that could promote bacterial growth. A single-factor experiment was carried out for each substrate with three concentrations. The substrate with a significant bacterial enrichment effect was further optimized for concentration, and thus a new culture medium was obtained. [Results] The single-factor experiment results showed that the substrates with significant bacterial enrichment effects included L-serine, L-threonine, and glycyl-L-glutamine. In the medium with the addition of 4.8 g/L L-serine, the live cell count of P. micra reached 3.6×108 CFU/mL, representing a 4.2-fold increase compared with that in the basic medium with tryptone soya broth (TSB) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). Furthermore, the improved culture medium was applied to the culture of another P. micra strain, demonstrating a significant growth-promoting effect. [Conclusion] This study proves that using biochemical identification plates to screen medium supplements is a fast and efficient method, providing a reference for the enlargement culture of fastidious bacteria.

, correspAuthors=Yafang TAN, Yujing BI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*TAN Yafang, E-mail:
BI Yujing, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui LING, Yuxiao CHANG, Dong LI, Likun WANG, Huan ZHANG, Xiaoming QIN, Yafang TAN, Yujing BI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783833234838343, articleId=1241783823952843419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=难培养微小小单胞菌培养基改良, columnId=1194702986061517752, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=技术与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】改良微小小单胞菌(Parvimonas micra)培养基组分,提高活菌量,探究一套模型化的难培养细菌培养方法。【方法】选取一株微小小单胞菌,对其进行生化分析,初步筛选出可能促进微小小单胞菌生长的底物,对每种底物分别设置3个浓度并采用单因素试验的方法进行验证,对筛选出的增菌效果明显的底物进行浓度优化,得到新的培养基。【结果】单因素试验筛选后得到增菌效果明显的底物为L-丝氨酸、L-苏氨酸、甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺。在本优化体系下,培养基中添加4.8 g/L的L-丝氨酸后微小小单胞菌活菌量可达3.6×108 CFU/mL,较胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(tryptone soya broth, TSB)培养基+胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)基础培养基活菌量提高了4.2倍;将改良后的培养基应用于其他微小小单胞菌菌株,培养结果显示改良后的培养基在菌种水平上有良好地促进微小小单胞菌生长的效果。【结论】本研究表明利用生化鉴定板筛选难培养细菌培养基补充剂,是一种快捷、高效的筛选手段,并为难培养细菌的扩大培养提供参考。

, correspAuthors=谭亚芳, 毕玉晶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QNsiisxbbFYRy/Yd+PQD8A==, magXml=1HElVNuUeg6ZHL4oebOaPQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Ov59yxtmYciLIjOlL9+GPg==, pdfFileSize=1029470, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=P2ZsJtO7UDZEDFizGp5z4g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EkupNcbBBuYalvSOvZa+pg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Extremophiles, 2019, 23 (1):133-139., articleTitle=Improved production of bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium salinarum through direct amino acid supplement in the basal medium, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242902990055653406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, awardId=2021YFC2301000, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2301000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242902990215036966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, awardId=2021YFC2301000, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2301000), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242902974268293727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902974280876640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, companyId=1242902974268293727, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902974293459555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, companyId=1242902974268293727, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 安徽医科大学 基础医学院, 安徽 合肥 230000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242902974461231724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902974469620333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, companyId=1242902974461231724, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242902974478008942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, companyId=1242902974461231724, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 军事医学研究院, 病原微生物与生物安全全国重点实验室, 北京 100071)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242902983000834986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The growth curves of Parvimonas micra. The growth curves of Parvimonas micra Pm-42 and ATCC 33270 in TSB+FBS (A), BHI (B) and BHI+cysteine (C) medium. The growth curves of Parvimonas micra Pm-42 (D) and ATCC 33270 (E) in three media. Date are shown as the mean of three replicates, with the error bars representing ± standard error., figureFileSmall=RpdGTZhUI76Zu0L7Cyw1UA==, figureFileBig=2riAodlRAdsU/4HZUh4urA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902983147635637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微小小单胞菌生长曲线, figureFileSmall=RpdGTZhUI76Zu0L7Cyw1UA==, figureFileBig=2riAodlRAdsU/4HZUh4urA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902983365739453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Biochemical identification positive results., figureFileSmall=FiBDYxo/+xH9aPoZYRdMQg==, figureFileBig=vpVspQ6wzOvqEq+QFoMOdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902983516734407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=CN, label=图2, caption=生化鉴定阳性结果, figureFileSmall=FiBDYxo/+xH9aPoZYRdMQg==, figureFileBig=vpVspQ6wzOvqEq+QFoMOdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902983642563536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Positive substrates and concentrations screening. A, B: The optical density at 660 nm after 48 h and 72 h culture with different concentrations of amino acid substrates. C, D: The optical density at 660 nm after 48 h and 72 h culture with different concentrations of nucleosides, nucleotides and acid substrates. E, F: The optical density at 660 nm after 48 h and 72 h culture with different concentrations of carbohydrate substrates. 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Date are shown as the mean of three replicates, with the error bars representing ± standard error., figureFileSmall=rtVTpQfviNLQIG1b1mNUtg==, figureFileBig=zshgmr+JYJIPBcU9haWrgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987354522598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=CN, label=图4, caption=阳性底物的浓度优化, figureFileSmall=rtVTpQfviNLQIG1b1mNUtg==, figureFileBig=zshgmr+JYJIPBcU9haWrgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987497128943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The growth curves of Parvimonas micra after adding L-serine in the medium. The growth curves of Parvimonas micra ATCC 33270 (A) and Pm-42 (B) after adding L-serine in the medium. Date are shown as the mean of three replicates, with the error bars representing ± standard error., figureFileSmall=wV0rVcpHYCyTdCiMmoAeWA==, figureFileBig=OlAezFZF00b+1KXMEu0BVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987610375157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=CN, label=图5, caption=培养基中添加L-丝氨酸后不同菌株的生长曲线, figureFileSmall=wV0rVcpHYCyTdCiMmoAeWA==, figureFileBig=OlAezFZF00b+1KXMEu0BVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902987740398585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Orthogonal experimental factors and levels design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LevelA:
L-threonine
(g/L)
B:
L-serine
(g/L)
C:
Glycyl-L-glutamine
(g/L)
14.83.64.8
26.44.86.4
38.06.08.0
), ArticleFig(id=1242902987857839105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素及水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LevelA:
L-threonine
(g/L)
B:
L-serine
(g/L)
C:
Glycyl-L-glutamine
(g/L)
14.83.64.8
26.44.86.4
38.06.08.0
), ArticleFig(id=1242902988042387463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Orthogonal experimental groups and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Experiment numberA:
L-threonine
(g/L)
B:
L-serine
(g/L)
C:
Glycyl-L-glutamine
(g/L)
OD660
(72 h)
1 (A1B1C1)1110.439
2 (A1B2C2)1220.420
3 (A1B3C3)1330.384
4 (A2B1C2)2120.284
5 (A2B2C3)2230.276
6 (A2B3C1)2310.340
7 (A3B1C3)3130.197
8 (A3B2C1)3210.248
9 (A3B3C2)3320.210
K11.2430.9441.027
K20.9000.9430.914
K30.6790.9350.881
k10.4140.3150.342
k20.3000.3140.305
k30.2260.3120.294
R0.1880.0000.049A > C > B
), ArticleFig(id=1242902989715914762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783823952843419, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验分组及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Experiment numberA:
L-threonine
(g/L)
B:
L-serine
(g/L)
C:
Glycyl-L-glutamine
(g/L)
OD660
(72 h)
1 (A1B1C1)1110.439
2 (A1B2C2)1220.420
3 (A1B3C3)1330.384
4 (A2B1C2)2120.284
5 (A2B2C3)2230.276
6 (A2B3C1)2310.340
7 (A3B1C3)3130.197
8 (A3B2C1)3210.248
9 (A3B3C2)3320.210
K11.2430.9441.027
K20.9000.9430.914
K30.6790.9350.881
k10.4140.3150.342
k20.3000.3140.305
k30.2260.3120.294
R0.1880.0000.049A > C > B
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难培养微小小单胞菌培养基改良
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凌慧 1, 2, # , 常宇骁 2, # , 李东 1, 2 , 王立坤 2 , 张欢 2 , 覃小铭 2 , 谭亚芳 2, * , 毕玉晶 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024,64(9): 3547-3558
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微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024, 64(9): 3547-3558
难培养微小小单胞菌培养基改良
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凌慧1, 2, #, 常宇骁2, #, 李东1, 2, 王立坤2, 张欢2, 覃小铭2, 谭亚芳2, * , 毕玉晶1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 安徽医科大学 基础医学院, 安徽 合肥 230000
  • 2 军事医学研究院, 病原微生物与生物安全全国重点实验室, 北京 100071
Culture medium optimization of fastidious Parvimonas micra
Hui LING1, 2, #, Yuxiao CHANG2, #, Dong LI1, 2, Likun WANG2, Huan ZHANG2, Xiaoming QIN2, Yafang TAN2, * , Yujing BI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
出版时间: 2024-05-06 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240114
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【目的】改良微小小单胞菌(Parvimonas micra)培养基组分,提高活菌量,探究一套模型化的难培养细菌培养方法。【方法】选取一株微小小单胞菌,对其进行生化分析,初步筛选出可能促进微小小单胞菌生长的底物,对每种底物分别设置3个浓度并采用单因素试验的方法进行验证,对筛选出的增菌效果明显的底物进行浓度优化,得到新的培养基。【结果】单因素试验筛选后得到增菌效果明显的底物为L-丝氨酸、L-苏氨酸、甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺。在本优化体系下,培养基中添加4.8 g/L的L-丝氨酸后微小小单胞菌活菌量可达3.6×108 CFU/mL,较胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(tryptone soya broth, TSB)培养基+胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)基础培养基活菌量提高了4.2倍;将改良后的培养基应用于其他微小小单胞菌菌株,培养结果显示改良后的培养基在菌种水平上有良好地促进微小小单胞菌生长的效果。【结论】本研究表明利用生化鉴定板筛选难培养细菌培养基补充剂,是一种快捷、高效的筛选手段,并为难培养细菌的扩大培养提供参考。

微小小单胞菌  /  难培养细菌  /  培养基改良

[Objective] To improve the culture medium components of Parvimonas micra, increase the number of live cells, and develop a demonstration method for culturing fastidious bacteria. [Methods] Biochemical analysis was conducted on a strain of P. micra to screen the potential substrates that could promote bacterial growth. A single-factor experiment was carried out for each substrate with three concentrations. The substrate with a significant bacterial enrichment effect was further optimized for concentration, and thus a new culture medium was obtained. [Results] The single-factor experiment results showed that the substrates with significant bacterial enrichment effects included L-serine, L-threonine, and glycyl-L-glutamine. In the medium with the addition of 4.8 g/L L-serine, the live cell count of P. micra reached 3.6×108 CFU/mL, representing a 4.2-fold increase compared with that in the basic medium with tryptone soya broth (TSB) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). Furthermore, the improved culture medium was applied to the culture of another P. micra strain, demonstrating a significant growth-promoting effect. [Conclusion] This study proves that using biochemical identification plates to screen medium supplements is a fast and efficient method, providing a reference for the enlargement culture of fastidious bacteria.

Parvimonas micra  /  fastidious bacterium  /  medium optimization
凌慧, 常宇骁, 李东, 王立坤, 张欢, 覃小铭, 谭亚芳, 毕玉晶. 难培养微小小单胞菌培养基改良. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3547 -3558 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240114
Hui LING, Yuxiao CHANG, Dong LI, Likun WANG, Huan ZHANG, Xiaoming QIN, Yafang TAN, Yujing BI. Culture medium optimization of fastidious Parvimonas micra[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3547 -3558 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240114
微生物是地球上最重要的生命形式,在工业、农业、医学、食品发酵和环境保护等领域有着广泛的应用[1]。绝大多数已知的微生物物种不能在实验室环境下培养,这些微生物被称为“暗物质”[2]。未培养的微生物的丰度和存活力与已获得纯培养的微生物在不同水平的系统发育差异仍然是未知的,由于更大的系统发育距离与更高的进化变化水平相关[3],未培养的微生物可能具有未发现的新功能和应用。
目前由于微生物分离培养技术的局限性,对于难培养微生物的培养还存在很多问题。确定微生物不可培养的原因是获得纯培养微生物的关键。细菌不可培养的问题存在3个主要的潜在原因:首先,环境中微生物可能以非常低的丰度存在,不完整的采样会阻碍其分离;其次,不适宜的培养条件可能会阻碍细菌的纯培养,微生物常常存在于物质元素种类丰富的自然环境中,难以在实验室配制的普通培养基上生存[4];第三,细菌之间的生物相互作用可能会对菌株的生长产生积极或消极的影响[5],这些因素都可能是造成微生物不可培养的原因。
微小小单胞菌(Parvimonas micra)是一种常见的革兰氏阳性厌氧球菌,可能与牙周病以及呼吸道、胃肠道和女性泌尿生殖道感染有关[6],其大小约为正常细菌的1/10,微小小单胞菌可以自发形成生物膜,也可以与其他细菌协同形成生物膜,这一过程有可能诱发炎症[7]。微小小单胞菌在慢性根尖周炎患者感染根管中的定殖情况较为普遍[8]。近年来,人们发现微小小单胞菌不仅是一种口腔致病菌,而且与结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)的发生、发展密切相关[9],微小小单胞菌通过诱导结肠细胞的增殖和改变Th17免疫反应促进小鼠结直肠癌发生[10]。在实验室环境中,微小小单胞菌对培养条件的要求较严苛,通常需要在37 ℃的严格厌氧环境下培养。微小小单胞菌不同菌株的生长状况不同,在目前的研究中培养出的微小小单胞菌平台期OD600值最高仅能达到0.4左右,难以满足深入研究的需求。
本研究利用反向筛选法选取微小小单胞菌,对其进行生化鉴定,初步筛选出可能促进微小小单胞菌生长的底物后,利用单因素试验一一验证,对该菌株的培养基的组分进行改良,以提高菌体生物量,促进微小小单胞菌的代谢和功能的研究,并为难培养细菌的扩大培养提供参考。
微小小单胞菌标准株(编号:ATCC 33270)购自美国模式培养物集存库(American type culture collection, ATCC);微小小单胞菌菌株Pm-42由军事医学研究院分离并保藏。
胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(tryptone soya broth, TSB)培养基及脑心浸出液肉汤(brain heart infusion broth, BHI)培养基均购自OXOID公司;AN-IF接种液及AN生化鉴定板均购自Biolog公司;胎牛血清购自浙江天杭生物科技股份有限公司;肌苷、胸苷、L-苏氨酸、L-丝氨酸、丙酮酸和L-半胱氨酸均购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;尿苷、甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺均购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
恒温培养箱购自天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;厌氧培养箱购自Ruskinn公司;分光光度计购自ThermoFisher Scientific公司;电子天平购自赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;离心机购自Eppendorf公司;水浴锅购自北京市医疗设备厂有限责任公司。
从−80 ℃菌库中取出微小小单胞菌混合甘油保藏液,待融化后吸取50 μL混合甘油菌液,按照1:40的比例加入24孔板中,孔板中添加了2 mL含5%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)的TSB培养基,放入37 ℃厌氧培养箱中进行液体扩增,恒温培养2 d。待孵育好后,收集24孔板中的菌液5 000 r/min离心8 min,弃上清,用3−5 mL无菌培养基重悬,以培养基不加细菌的孔为空白对照,用于检测OD660值时调零。用分光光度计调整菌液OD660为1.0后,同样按照1:40的比例加入含有5%胎牛血清的TSB培养基中,再次进行液体扩增。菌液传代到第三代后可进行后续试验。
将传代好的菌液调整OD660为1.0,将调整好的微小小单胞菌ATCC 33270株及Pm-42株菌液按1:40的比例分别接种于BHI、BHI+半胱氨酸及TSB+FBS三种培养基中,置于37 ℃厌氧箱中培养,在0、0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6和7 d这9个时间点取出测量OD660值,记录并统计,每个处理重复3次。
吸取100 μL传代好的微小小单胞菌ATCC 33270菌液涂布于哥伦比亚血平板上,放入厌氧培养箱中,37 ℃孵育2 d。
平板上细菌孵育好后,在平板上添加1 mL PBS,用涂布棒将细菌从平板上刮取下来,5 000 r/min离心8 min,弃上清后用PBS重复洗涤2次,随后去掉PBS,用AN-IF接种液对细菌进行重悬,调整菌液OD660值为0.2。
在AN生化鉴定板中每孔加入100 μL细菌悬液,随后将生化鉴定板置于厌氧培养箱中37 ℃培养48 h。
用酶标仪测量并记录生化鉴定板中每孔的OD660值。
将生化试验筛选出的可能促进微小小单胞菌生长的阳性底物按以下浓度配制成母液(g/L):肌苷125.0,尿苷25.0,D-氨基葡萄糖酸5.0,D-半乳糖醛酸25.0,2′-脱氧腺苷15.0,胸苷25.0,L-丙氨酰-L-苏氨酸2.5,L-苏氨酸100.0,L-丝氨酸600.0,L-鼠李糖250.0,甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺200.0,丙酮酸25.0,L-岩藻糖25.0,α-酮丁酸25.0,D-半乳糖250.0,α-D-葡萄糖250.0,D-甘露糖250.0,D-果糖250.0,帕拉金糖250.0,L-半胱氨酸25.0,过滤除菌。设置低、中、高3个不同的浓度进行浓度筛选(添加4、16、64 μL母液并补充TSB+FBS培养基至培养基总体积为2 mL),按照1:40的比例接入菌液,每个浓度设置3个重复,在48 h和72 h两个时间点测量OD660值来评价菌株的生长情况。
根据单因素试验结果,选择增菌量显著的底物进行正交试验。每组试验设置3个重复,研究其综合影响,以获得最佳的培养基配方。
将传代好的微小小单胞菌菌液调至OD660值为1.0,按照10倍稀释法稀释至10−8,分别吸取100 μL 10−6、10−7、10−8三个稀释梯度的菌液,涂布于哥伦比亚血平板上,每个稀释度接种3个平板,然后将平板倒置放入厌氧培养箱中,37 ℃孵育3 d后进行菌落计数。
从−80 ℃冰箱取出微小小单胞菌Pm-42进行复苏,按照1:40的比例添加至含有TSB+FBS培养基中,传代至第三代,将促进微小小单胞菌ATCC 33270株生长效果明显的底物添加至培养基中,37 ℃恒温培养箱中共同孵育观察其增菌效果。
所有处理均设置3个以上重复,结果均以“平均值±标准差”表示,利用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件作图,组间比较用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件中的t检验进行分析,P < 0.01标记为“**”;P < 0.001标记为“***”。
为筛选初始培养基,本研究选用了3种培养基对微小小单胞菌ATCC 33270及Pm-42菌株进行生长曲线的测定,分别为BHI、BHI+半胱氨酸(cysteine)、TSB+FBS,其中TSB+FBS为ATCC推荐,BHI、BHI+半胱氨酸(cysteine)为相关研究中曾使用过用于培养微小小单胞菌的培养基[11]。0−0.5 d菌株生长缓慢,为迟缓期;0.5−3 d菌株快速增殖,为对数生长期;菌株在生长到2−3 d时到达平台期,在3−7 d细菌数量趋于稳定(图1A1C)。因此,后续试验选择48 h和72 h两个时间点测量菌株的OD660值。微小小单胞菌ATCC标准株在BHI培养基中生长速率低于TSB+FBS培养基,Pm-42在BHI培养基中的生长速率显著低于TSB+FBS培养基。因此本研究选择更适合微小小单胞菌生长的TSB+FBS培养基为基础培养基。另外,添加了半胱氨酸的BHI培养基中微小小单胞菌的生长速率明显高于BHI培养基(图1D1E),因此推测添加相应底物有助于刺激微小小单胞菌的生长。
本研究在测定生长曲线试验中发现,在BHI培养基中添加半胱氨酸可以有效地促进菌株的生长。因此,本研究选择利用生化反应筛选出可能促进微小小单胞菌生长的底物。通过鉴定结果可以看出,微小小单胞菌ATCC 33270菌株对一些底物是阳性结果,以热图的形式展示(图2)。生化检测中,将OD660值大于1.0的定义为强阳性,OD660值在0.2−1.0之间的定义为弱阳性。结果发现强阳性有:L-丝氨酸(L-serine)、尿苷(uridine)、胸苷(thymidine)、L-苏氨酸(L-threonine)、2′-脱氧腺苷(2′-deoxy adenosine)、胸苷-5′-单磷酸(thymidine-5′-mono-phosphate)、L-丙氨酰-L-苏氨酸(L-alanyl-L-threonine)和肌苷(inosine)。弱阳性有:尿苷-5′-单磷酸(uridine-5′- mono-phosphate)、α-酮丁酸(α-ketobutyric acid)、L-鼠李糖(L-rhamnose)、帕拉金糖(palatinose)、丙酮酸(pyruvic acid)、D-半乳糖醛酸(D-galacturonic acid)、3-甲基-D-葡萄糖(3-methyl-D-glucose)和α-酮丁酸(α-ketobutyric acid)等。底物阳性结果说明微小小单胞菌ATCC菌株可以和相应的底物发生反应,也有可能底物可以为菌株提供营养,因此本研究通过设计单因素试验对生化检测结果中的20个阳性结果进行验证。
氨基酸作为细菌主要的营养物质,能够帮助细菌合成蛋白质、核酸及其他物质。此外,氨基酸可以通过转氨基作用进行代谢和转化,有助于维持生物体内氨基酸的动态平衡及正常的生理功能。以TSB+FBS为基础培养基,分别添加低、中、高3种浓度的5种氨基酸(L-丙氨酰-L-苏氨酸、L-苏氨酸、L-丝氨酸、甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺和L-半胱氨酸)进行增菌效果的评价。厌氧条件下培养72 h后,与对照组相比,培养基中添加高浓度L-苏氨酸、中浓度L-丝氨酸、高浓度甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺增菌效果明显(图3A3B)。
核苷是构成核酸的基本单元,核酸负责传递遗传信息并调控生长、发育和代谢的过程。核苷的加入可以确保细菌在培养过程中有足够的核酸合成原料,从而支持其正常的生长和分裂。胸苷-5′-单磷酸是脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷酸(deoxythymine nucleotide, dTMP)的活性形式,是DNA合成的前体物质之一。因此,在培养基中加入胸苷-5′-单磷酸可以确保细菌在生长和繁殖过程中有充足的dTMP供应,从而维持正常的DNA合成和细胞分裂。以TSB+FBS为基础培养基,分别添加低、中、高3种浓度的肌苷、尿苷、胸苷、2′-脱氧腺苷、胸苷-5′-单磷酸、D-氨基葡萄糖酸、丙酮酸和α-酮丁酸,厌氧条件下培养72 h后,与对照组相比,培养基中添加中浓度肌苷、高浓度尿苷、高浓度胸苷增菌效果明显,并且添加尿苷和肌苷的增菌效果随着浓度的升高而增大(图3C3D)。后续将继续优化尿苷和肌苷的添加浓度,以筛选最佳的促进微小小单胞菌生长的浓度。
糖类营养物质是细菌体内代谢的主要能源物质,通过糖酵解途径被分解,产生能量供细菌进行各种生命活动。以TSB+FBS为基础培养基,将生化试验中的8种糖类阳性底物(D-半乳糖醛酸、α-D-葡萄糖、D-甘露糖、D-果糖、帕拉金糖、L-鼠李糖、L-岩藻糖和D-半乳糖)分别设置低、中、高3种浓度进行增菌效果的评价,以OD660为评价指标进行筛选,与对照组相比,添加以上糖类并无明显增菌效果(图3E3F)。
根据单因素试验结果,对增菌效果明显的底物在最佳浓度附近设置两个浓度对因子浓度进行再次优化。与对照组相比,L-丝氨酸增菌效果最为显著,厌氧培养3 d后OD660值由对照组的0.401增加至0.716。其次为L-苏氨酸和甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺,L-苏氨酸OD660值增加至0.624,甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺OD660值增加至0.615 (图4A4B)。因此,在TSB+FBS培养基中,L-丝氨酸最佳添加浓度为4.8 g/L时增菌效果最佳。
根据单因素结果可知,L-丝氨酸、L-苏氨酸、甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺为主要影响因素,并在单因素试验中筛选出的最佳浓度附近设置2个浓度(表1)。设计L9(33)正交试验(表2)对培养基组分进行优化,每一行中各因素的水平组合即为一次试验条件,以TSB+FBS培养基为基础培养基,按表2加入对应浓度的3种底物,共9组试验方案,并以TSB+FSB培养基为对照组培养基,按照1:40的比例接入菌液,检测OD660时用TSB+FSB培养基调零。各因素对增菌效果影响程度为A > C > B;最佳优化条件为A1B1C1,此优化条件下微小小单胞菌OD660值增加至0.439,对照组OD660值为0.398。因此,可以看出在3种氨基酸组合添加量最低时,增菌效果最好。许多研究中曾尝试使用高浓度营养物质却抑制了微生物的生长,因为许多天然微生物群落在寡营养条件下繁衍生息。因此使用低浓度营养物质反而更能够促进微生物的生长[12-13]。然而,3种氨基酸组合后的增菌效果低于单独添加底物时,可能是同时添加3种氨基酸发生了拮抗作用,降低了氨基酸的利用率。
为探究改良后的培养基对活菌量的影响,对增菌效果最为显著的添加了L-丝氨酸的培养3 d后菌液进行10倍稀释涂布,37 ℃孵育3 d进行菌落计数。微小小单胞菌ATCC标准株的活菌量由对照组的8.5×107 CFU/mL提高至3.6×108 CFU/mL,活菌量约提高了4.2倍。
为了探究改良后的培养基的增菌效果是否在种水平上有效,本研究选择微小小单胞菌Pm-42株进行验证,与标准株ATCC 33270加入L-丝氨酸的生长曲线类似(图5A),微小小单胞菌Pm-42菌株在厌氧培养3 d时到达平台期,在TSB+FBS培养基中添加L-丝氨酸后厌氧培养3 d,OD660值由对照组的0.315提高至0.534 (图5B)。表明L-丝氨酸同样能够明显促进微小小单胞Pm-42菌株的生长速率及平台期的菌量,也证明改良后的培养基可以在种水平上促进微小小单胞菌的快速生长。
细菌培养是其整体功能研究的基础,是微生物学和生物技术研究的重要手段,可以用于研究细菌生长规律、代谢途径及其功能研究等方面的问题[14],一直是微生物学研究的重点问题。近年来宏基因组学、宏转录组学推动微生物研究的快速发展[15],但仍需以纯培养为基础进行微生物生理特性及其功能研究。
目前,对于难培养细菌的培养研究有很多技术和理论上的问题还未解决。在微生物的培养过程中,不同微生物对培养基的组成成分和浓度需求差异很大[16]。目前的研究主要集中在营养物质(如碳源、氮源、无机盐等)的选择、pH、温度、湿度等培养条件的优化以及分子机制上[17]。在本研究中发现,在基础培养基TSB+FBS中添加各种糖类营养物质并不能促进微小小单胞菌的生长,可能是由于基础培养基TSB中含有的葡萄糖可以为微小小单胞菌生长提供足够的能量和碳源,促进细胞代谢,因此不需要从外界额外摄入碳源。
近年来,研究者发明了许多新型的培养方法,大多数都是通过模拟自然条件下菌株的生存环境[18]。某些未培养微生物之所以不能在基础培养基上生长,很可能是因为不了解它对营养物质的需求,可以通过代谢组学的方法有针对性地添加非传统的碳源、氮源等营养物质。Matthews等[19]通过代谢组学分析在无机盐培养基中加入脂肪酸、胆固醇提高了毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)的生物量。Nichols等[20]发现小肽LQPEV能够诱导嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)在培养基上生长。因此,如果提供了适当的培养条件,这些细菌也能够在实验室中分离,使不可培养/难培养的细菌实现实验室条件下培养。
细菌在生长过程中还需要一些自身不能合成的化合物质,称为生长因子,包括氨基酸、嘌呤、嘧啶等,必须从外界进行补充。本研究中发现,培养基中添加肌苷、尿苷、胸苷以及3种氨基酸均可以有效促进微小小单胞菌的生长。肌苷是嘌呤代谢的中间体,由次黄嘌呤和核糖组成,参与核酸代谢、能量代谢和蛋白质的合成[21]。Brown等[22]研究揭示了微生物和肌苷之间的机制联系。微生物组衍生的Bxa,是拟杆菌属一种丰富的ADP-核糖基转移酶(ADP-ribosyltransferases, ADPRTs),能够诱导肌苷作为碳源分泌,从而充当细菌适应性因子。尿苷由核糖和尿嘧啶组成,Skinner等[23]发现,细胞普遍可以利用尿苷作为营养和能量来源。氨基酸不但是蛋白质的基本组成单位,还能够为细菌的生长代谢提供能量[24]。Jeganathan等[25]通过在改良的营养培养基中直接补充氨基酸,增强了盐沼需盐小杆菌(Halobacterium salinarum)的生长。
本研究在TSB+FBS培养基中添加肌苷、尿苷、胸苷,以及L-丝氨酸、L-苏氨酸、甘氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺3种氨基酸均能显著促进微小小单胞菌的生长及平台期的菌量,特别是单独添加L-丝氨酸时增菌效果最佳,较TSB+FBS基础培养基活菌量提高了4.2倍。本研究表明,对于难培养细菌,利用生化鉴定板筛选培养基补充剂,是一个方便、快捷、高效的筛选手段,也为其他难培养细菌改良培养基提供了新的思路。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2301000)
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2024年第64卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240114
  • 接收时间:2024-02-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-06
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-23
  • 录用日期:2024-04-28
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2301000)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2301000)
作者信息
    1 安徽医科大学 基础医学院, 安徽 合肥 230000
    2 军事医学研究院, 病原微生物与生物安全全国重点实验室, 北京 100071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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