Article(id=1241451304741040710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705507200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1713715200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-22, onlineDate=1773914656100, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1714320000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914656100, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914656100, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914656100, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2861, endPage=2881, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451306657837681, articleId=1241451304741040710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of compound lactic acid bacteria on the bacterial diversity and metabolites in the fermentation of air-dried beef, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To explore the effects of compound lactic acid bacteria on the bacterial diversity and metabolites in the fermentation process of air-dried beef. [Methods] The lactic acid bacteria isolated in the early stage were inoculated into beef for fermentation with different strain combinations: C (Lactococcus garvieae TC-6:Pediococcus pentosaceus TMR-WJG, 1:1), D (L. garvieae TC-6:L. lactis TC-2, 1:1), G (P. pentosaceus TMR-WJG: L. lactis TC-2, 1:1), H (L. garvieae TC-6:P. pentosaceus TMR-WJG: L. lactis TC-2, 1:1:1), and K (without inoculation). High-throughput sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics were employed to study the bacterial community structure and metabolites, respectively, in air-dried beef inoculated with different combinations of lactic acid bacteria. [Results] A total of 304 species of bacteria belonging to 223 genera of 19 phyla were detected. Psychrobacter was predominant in the air-dried beef, with the average relative abundance of 52.21%. A total of 1 782 significantly differential metabolites were identified, including alkaloids, lipids, organic acids, and other metabolites related to flavor formation. The correlation analysis between microbiome and metabolome confirmed that the structures of bacterial communities differed significantly in the air-dried beef samples with different starters, which contributed to the differences of metabolites between groups, especially between groups C and K (P < 0.05). Specifically, the inoculation lowered the levels of coumarin and corilagin and elevated the levels of camellianin A, octadecadienoate, and lippioside Ⅱ. [Conclusion] The compound lactic acid bacteria selected in this study had a significant effect on the microbial community structure in air-dried beef. The quality formation of air-dried beef may be related to the microbial community structure and microbial metabolites. The compound lactic acid bacteria selected in this study demonstrated a potential application value.

, correspAuthors=Yuhui LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Yuhui, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jungang WANG, Yuhui LI, Yu LIU, Yuezhang LIU, Qiqi HAO, Yaxuan LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451309178614651, articleId=1241451304741040710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=复合乳酸菌发酵对风干牛肉细菌多样性及代谢物的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】探究接种复合乳酸菌对风干牛肉发酵过程中微生物多样性及代谢物的影响。【方法】以团队前期分离得到的不同乳酸菌为发酵剂,采用5种复配方式将乳酸菌接种到牛肉中进行发酵。具体分组与复配比例如下:C组为格氏乳球菌(Lactococcus garvieae) TC-6:戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus) TMR-WJG,按1:1比例混合;D组为格氏乳球菌: 乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis) TC-2按1:1比例混合;G组为戊糖片球菌: 乳酸乳球菌按1:1比例混合;H组为乳酸乳球菌: 戊糖片球菌: 格氏乳球菌按1:1:1比例混合;K组自然发酵,不接种乳酸菌。采用高通量测序技术和非靶向代谢组学技术对接种了不同复合乳酸菌的风干牛肉的细菌群落结构及其代谢产物进行研究。【结果】在所有接种了乳酸菌的风干牛肉中,共检测到19门223属304种细菌,其中以嗜冷杆菌为主要菌群,平均相对丰度为52.21%。非靶向代谢组学结果表明,共发现了1 782个具有显著差异的代谢物,这些代谢物包括生物碱、脂类、有机酸和其他与风味形成相关的化合物。微生物组和代谢组相关性分析表明,接种不同发酵剂导致风干牛肉中细菌群落结构差异显著,从而对其代谢产物产生影响,特别是接种了戊糖片球菌和格氏乳球菌的风干牛肉(C组)与自然发酵组(K组)之间差异显著(P < 0.05),其中香豆素和鞣料云实素显著下调,山茶苷A、十八碳二烯酸酯和脂质体Ⅱ显著上调。【结论】本研究选用的复配乳酸菌对风干牛肉中菌群结构影响显著,风干牛肉品质形成可能与微生物菌群结构及微生物代谢物相关,选取的复配乳酸菌具有潜在的应用价值。

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LWT, 2021, 149:111873., articleTitle=The potential correlation between microbial communities and flavors in traditional fermented sour meat, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242193062970097806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, awardId=31860437, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860437), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242193063074955419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, awardId=31860437, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31860437), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242193063204978856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, awardId=2022AH052410, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Foundation of Anhui Education Bureau(2022AH052410), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242193063301447859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, awardId=2022AH052410, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽省高等学校科学研究项目重点项目(2022AH052410), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242193063418888381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, awardId=BYKQ2021Z09, language=EN, fundingSource=Start Funding of Bozhou University(BYKQ2021Z09), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242193063523745987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, awardId=BYKQ2021Z09, language=CN, fundingSource=亳州学院科研启动资金(BYKQ2021Z09), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242193056087245328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193056095633938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, companyId=1242193056087245328, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bozhou University, Bozhou 236800, Anhui, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193056112411155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, companyId=1242193056087245328, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 亳州学院生物与食品工程系, 安徽 亳州 236800)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242193056225657372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193056238240285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, companyId=1242193056225657372, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Bozhou Engineering Research Center for Separation and Purification of Natural Products, Bozhou 236800, Anhui, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193056242434590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, companyId=1242193056225657372, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 亳州市天然产物分离纯化工程技术研究中心, 安徽 亳州 236800)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242193056334709289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193056343097897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, companyId=1242193056334709289, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193056355680811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, companyId=1242193056334709289, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 新疆农垦科学院农产品加工研究所, 新疆 石河子 832000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242193060122166127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The relative abundance of bacteria in air-dried beef samples. A: The relative abundances of phyla of air-dried beef samples. B: The relative abundances of genera of air-dried beef samples., figureFileSmall=/4CwugkbsRj6ZUyZd0jR7A==, figureFileBig=heLCmeOWkX4UP4NZ4K8Xyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193060222829436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=图1, caption=风干牛肉样品中细菌相对丰度, figureFileSmall=/4CwugkbsRj6ZUyZd0jR7A==, figureFileBig=heLCmeOWkX4UP4NZ4K8Xyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193060352852879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Analysis of microbial beta diversity in air-dried beef. A: PCoA score plots based on Binary-Jaccard distance. B: Boxplot of PERMANOVA based on Binary-Jaccard distance. The "o" indicates the discrete point. C: The evolutionary branching diagram of LEfSe analysis. D: The evolutionary branching diagram of histograms of LDA analysis., figureFileSmall=gI4pod+d9JiPIuHgjPgL3Q==, figureFileBig=Fv6mYOtB3FHW20CWobTsWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193060445127571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=图2, caption=风干牛肉中微生物β多样性分析, figureFileSmall=gI4pod+d9JiPIuHgjPgL3Q==, figureFileBig=Fv6mYOtB3FHW20CWobTsWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193060533207962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Metabolomics analysis of compounds in air-dried beef inoculated with different starter cultures. A: Heat map visualization and clustering results of the metabolites in air-dried beef samples. B: PCA of the metabolite profiles. C: OPLS-DA score plots of metabolites. D: Permutation test of OPLS-DA model., figureFileSmall=AuBR2tkW/UwFmEOcrV46Rw==, figureFileBig=wDHSW8HYGDVLo0rx2Fokvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193060642259883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=图3, caption=接种不同发酵剂风干牛肉中化合物的代谢组学分析, figureFileSmall=AuBR2tkW/UwFmEOcrV46Rw==, figureFileBig=wDHSW8HYGDVLo0rx2Fokvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193060721951670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Metabolite volcano plot between air-dried beef inoculated with different starters and the control group. A: Volcano plots of C vs. K. B: Volcano plots of D vs. K. C: Volcano plots of G vs. K. D: Volcano plots of H vs. K., figureFileSmall=Q0XtomE9AarpgibUttB4GQ==, figureFileBig=7ULUxAgvSDlHZXuJXNHpwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193060843586495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=图4, caption=接种不同发酵剂风干牛肉与对照组之间代谢物火山图, figureFileSmall=Q0XtomE9AarpgibUttB4GQ==, figureFileBig=7ULUxAgvSDlHZXuJXNHpwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193060948444112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Correlation analysis of differential microorganisms and key metabolites in air-dried beef inoculated with different starters and control group. A−D: Procrustes analysis of C vs. K (A), D vs. K (B), G vs. K (C), and H vs. K (D). E−H: Differential metabolites-differential bacteria correlation chord plots of C vs. K (E), D vs. K (F), G vs. K (G), and H vs. K (H)., figureFileSmall=DD44eJGLx3ViefiMrYi7UA==, figureFileBig=rRoy1Xti/mYQycVAovRYQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193061036524507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=图5, caption=接种不同发酵剂风干牛肉与对照组中差异微生物和关键代谢物相关性分析图, figureFileSmall=DD44eJGLx3ViefiMrYi7UA==, figureFileBig=rRoy1Xti/mYQycVAovRYQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193061158159336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mixing ratio of lactic acid bacteria strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupStrainRatio
CLactococcus garvieae (L.g) TMR-WJG, Pediococcus pentosaceus (P.p) TC-61:1
DLactococcus garvieae (L.g) TC-6, Lactococcus lactis (L.l) TC-21:1
GPediococcus pentosaceus (P.p) TMR-WJG, Lactococcus lactis (L.l) TC-21:1
HLactococcus lactis (L.l) TC-2, Pediococcus pentosaceus (P.p) TMR-WJG, Lactococcus garvieae (L.g) TC-61:1:1
KNo fermentation agent is added, natural curing
), ArticleFig(id=1242193061267211252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

乳酸菌菌种复配比例表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupStrainRatio
CLactococcus garvieae (L.g) TMR-WJG, Pediococcus pentosaceus (P.p) TC-61:1
DLactococcus garvieae (L.g) TC-6, Lactococcus lactis (L.l) TC-21:1
GPediococcus pentosaceus (P.p) TMR-WJG, Lactococcus lactis (L.l) TC-21:1
HLactococcus lactis (L.l) TC-2, Pediococcus pentosaceus (P.p) TMR-WJG, Lactococcus garvieae (L.g) TC-61:1:1
KNo fermentation agent is added, natural curing
), ArticleFig(id=1242193061380456451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Grouping of air-dried beef in different processing stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TimeL.g+P.pL.g+L.lP.p+L.lL.g+L.l+P.pControl
Fermentation for 1 dayC1D1G1H1K1
Air-dried for 1 dayC2D2G2H2K2
Air-dried for 3 daysC3D3G3H3K3
Air-dried for 7 daysC4D4G4H4K4
Storage for 7 daysC5D5G5H5K5
), ArticleFig(id=1242193061481119758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

风干牛肉样品分组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TimeL.g+P.pL.g+L.lP.p+L.lL.g+L.l+P.pControl
Fermentation for 1 dayC1D1G1H1K1
Air-dried for 1 dayC2D2G2H2K2
Air-dried for 3 daysC3D3G3H3K3
Air-dried for 7 daysC4D4G4H4K4
Storage for 7 daysC5D5G5H5K5
), ArticleFig(id=1242193061611143200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sequencing data quality assessment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleRaw CCSClean CCSEffective CCSAverage length (bp)Effective (%)
CCS: Circular consensus sequencing.
C110 6279 8779 6171 45490.50
C210 6239 9559 6981 46091.29
C312 99612 01611 6031 46489.28
C49 9819 2889 1101 46191.27
C512 10210 63710 1421 46183.80
D111 35010 0489 8271 46386.58
D29 4378 7378 5261 46390.35
D313 00012 31311 2851 46086.81
D413 03112 37612 2491 46494.00
D512 99212 30512 0721 45992.92
G113 04212 26411 7831 46690.35
G212 88711 97211 6281 46290.23
G312 95812 10911 7311 46690.53
G412 93711 80411 1731 46286.36
G512 58711 45011 1641 46788.69
H112 98912 24712 0471 46492.75
H213 08812 17811 8011 46490.17
H312 95511 98311 4771 46788.59
H412 97112 35712 1961 46494.03
H513 03512 04011 6101 46889.07
K112 88812 12411 8501 46691.95
K213 08912 09011 8111 46490.24
K38 0347 3827 2571 45090.33
K413 09511 90711 4661 46387.56
K512 92311 79711 4861 46888.88
Average12 22411 33010 9841 46289.86
), ArticleFig(id=1242193061728583722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

测序数据质量评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleRaw CCSClean CCSEffective CCSAverage length (bp)Effective (%)
CCS: Circular consensus sequencing.
C110 6279 8779 6171 45490.50
C210 6239 9559 6981 46091.29
C312 99612 01611 6031 46489.28
C49 9819 2889 1101 46191.27
C512 10210 63710 1421 46183.80
D111 35010 0489 8271 46386.58
D29 4378 7378 5261 46390.35
D313 00012 31311 2851 46086.81
D413 03112 37612 2491 46494.00
D512 99212 30512 0721 45992.92
G113 04212 26411 7831 46690.35
G212 88711 97211 6281 46290.23
G312 95812 10911 7311 46690.53
G412 93711 80411 1731 46286.36
G512 58711 45011 1641 46788.69
H112 98912 24712 0471 46492.75
H213 08812 17811 8011 46490.17
H312 95511 98311 4771 46788.59
H412 97112 35712 1961 46494.03
H513 03512 04011 6101 46889.07
K112 88812 12411 8501 46691.95
K213 08912 09011 8111 46490.24
K38 0347 3827 2571 45090.33
K413 09511 90711 4661 46387.56
K512 92311 79711 4861 46888.88
Average12 22411 33010 9841 46289.86
), ArticleFig(id=1242193061900550193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Species annotation of bacteria in air-dried beef samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
C1117295895175238
C2114255482123159
C3114203660113160
C4114193762116167
C5117286095152204
Average115244978135186
D115713182225
D21111533456077
D31122031477899
D411319436696129
D5114255383128166
Average1111734517699
G117816264360
G21449172737
G31449203449
G41101736466476
G51101739557391
Average171021324862
H11101429436380
H217813233548
H315816254059
H41111434508098
H514512182328
Average17920314862
K115612213341
K218922303843
K31121634466476
K41559162328
K511219436492106
Average181124355059
Category1193569119223304
), ArticleFig(id=1242193062001213500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

风干牛肉样品中细菌的种类注释

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
C1117295895175238
C2114255482123159
C3114203660113160
C4114193762116167
C5117286095152204
Average115244978135186
D115713182225
D21111533456077
D31122031477899
D411319436696129
D5114255383128166
Average1111734517699
G117816264360
G21449172737
G31449203449
G41101736466476
G51101739557391
Average171021324862
H11101429436380
H217813233548
H315816254059
H41111434508098
H514512182328
Average17920314862
K115612213341
K218922303843
K31121634466476
K41559162328
K511219436492106
Average181124355059
Category1193569119223304
), ArticleFig(id=1242193062131236942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Alpha diversity analysis of bacterial community in air-dried beef samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleOTUsACE indexChao1 indexSimpson indexShannon indexCoverage
Results are presented as mean±SD and the data are the mean of five replicates. Different letters in the same column are significantly different (P < 0.05).
C221±53a277.74±84.87a267.52±65.20a0.86±0.16a4.59±1.27a0.99
D126±71b176.55±64.14a167.83±60.67b0.62±0.26ab2.89±1.73b1.00
G68±28b194.36±152.34a111.20±65.82b0.65±0.05ab2.14±0.40b1.00
H65±31b164.08±95.20a114.93±42.86b0.66±0.13ab2.53±0.60b1.00
K70±45b140.86±100.21a104.24±67.76b0.54±0.21b1.90±0.59b1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1242193062340952153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

风干牛肉样品中细菌群落的α多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleOTUsACE indexChao1 indexSimpson indexShannon indexCoverage
Results are presented as mean±SD and the data are the mean of five replicates. Different letters in the same column are significantly different (P < 0.05).
C221±53a277.74±84.87a267.52±65.20a0.86±0.16a4.59±1.27a0.99
D126±71b176.55±64.14a167.83±60.67b0.62±0.26ab2.89±1.73b1.00
G68±28b194.36±152.34a111.20±65.82b0.65±0.05ab2.14±0.40b1.00
H65±31b164.08±95.20a114.93±42.86b0.66±0.13ab2.53±0.60b1.00
K70±45b140.86±100.21a104.24±67.76b0.54±0.21b1.90±0.59b1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1242193062517112932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of six types of important metabolites in different types of air-dried beef samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypesC vs. KD vs. KG vs. KH vs. KMost discriminant compounds (OPLS-DA)
The average and cumulative log10 (fold-change, FC) values for each comparison vs. the experimental control (i.e., air-dried beef not inoculated) are reported, together with the most discriminant compound (i.e., possessing the highest VIP score) for each class annotated.
Alkaloids and derivatives (n=18)log10 FC (average)3.349−0.3360.833−0.272Cuscohygrine (VIP=1.759)
log10 FC (cumulative)127.247−140.91731.653−10.339
Lipids and lipid-like molecules (n=1 517)log10 FC (average)1.8450.860−0.675−0.714Annoglaxin
(VIP=1.918)
log10 FC (cumulative)2 798.6091 304.775−1 023.880−1 083.407
Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues (n=87)log10 FC (average)−0.468−1.669−2.384−1.199Uridine diphosphate galactose (VIP=1.835)
log10 FC (cumulative)−40.713−145.187−207.450−104.288
Organic acids and derivatives (n=623)log10 FC (average)3.7781.300−0.095−0.427Glutaminyl-lysine (VIP=1.858)
log10 FC (cumulative)2 353.481809.941−59.493−266.264
Alcohols and polyols (n=32)log10 FC (average)3.3430.155−1.904−1.791Shikimic acid (VIP=1.798)
log10 FC (cumulative)106.9684.962−60.939−57.299
Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates (n=239)log10 FC (average)2.1000.291−0.614−0.531CMP-2-aminoethylphosphonate (VIP=1.768)
log10 FC (cumulative)501.99569.459−146.669−127.009
), ArticleFig(id=1242193062718439539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451304741040710, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同风干牛肉样品中6类重要代谢物的差异性比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypesC vs. KD vs. KG vs. KH vs. KMost discriminant compounds (OPLS-DA)
The average and cumulative log10 (fold-change, FC) values for each comparison vs. the experimental control (i.e., air-dried beef not inoculated) are reported, together with the most discriminant compound (i.e., possessing the highest VIP score) for each class annotated.
Alkaloids and derivatives (n=18)log10 FC (average)3.349−0.3360.833−0.272Cuscohygrine (VIP=1.759)
log10 FC (cumulative)127.247−140.91731.653−10.339
Lipids and lipid-like molecules (n=1 517)log10 FC (average)1.8450.860−0.675−0.714Annoglaxin
(VIP=1.918)
log10 FC (cumulative)2 798.6091 304.775−1 023.880−1 083.407
Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues (n=87)log10 FC (average)−0.468−1.669−2.384−1.199Uridine diphosphate galactose (VIP=1.835)
log10 FC (cumulative)−40.713−145.187−207.450−104.288
Organic acids and derivatives (n=623)log10 FC (average)3.7781.300−0.095−0.427Glutaminyl-lysine (VIP=1.858)
log10 FC (cumulative)2 353.481809.941−59.493−266.264
Alcohols and polyols (n=32)log10 FC (average)3.3430.155−1.904−1.791Shikimic acid (VIP=1.798)
log10 FC (cumulative)106.9684.962−60.939−57.299
Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates (n=239)log10 FC (average)2.1000.291−0.614−0.531CMP-2-aminoethylphosphonate (VIP=1.768)
log10 FC (cumulative)501.99569.459−146.669−127.009
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复合乳酸菌发酵对风干牛肉细菌多样性及代谢物的影响
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王俊钢 1, 2 , 李宇辉 3, * , 刘钰 3 , 刘玥璋 3 , 郝奇奇 1 , 刘雅宣 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(8): 2861-2881
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(8): 2861-2881
复合乳酸菌发酵对风干牛肉细菌多样性及代谢物的影响
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王俊钢1, 2, 李宇辉3, * , 刘钰3, 刘玥璋3, 郝奇奇1, 刘雅宣1
作者信息
  • 1 亳州学院生物与食品工程系, 安徽 亳州 236800
  • 2 亳州市天然产物分离纯化工程技术研究中心, 安徽 亳州 236800
  • 3 新疆农垦科学院农产品加工研究所, 新疆 石河子 832000
Effects of compound lactic acid bacteria on the bacterial diversity and metabolites in the fermentation of air-dried beef
Jungang WANG1, 2, Yuhui LI3, * , Yu LIU3, Yuezhang LIU3, Qiqi HAO1, Yaxuan LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bozhou University, Bozhou 236800, Anhui, China
  • 2 Bozhou Engineering Research Center for Separation and Purification of Natural Products, Bozhou 236800, Anhui, China
  • 3 Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2024-04-29 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240053
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【目的】探究接种复合乳酸菌对风干牛肉发酵过程中微生物多样性及代谢物的影响。【方法】以团队前期分离得到的不同乳酸菌为发酵剂,采用5种复配方式将乳酸菌接种到牛肉中进行发酵。具体分组与复配比例如下:C组为格氏乳球菌(Lactococcus garvieae) TC-6:戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus) TMR-WJG,按1:1比例混合;D组为格氏乳球菌: 乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis) TC-2按1:1比例混合;G组为戊糖片球菌: 乳酸乳球菌按1:1比例混合;H组为乳酸乳球菌: 戊糖片球菌: 格氏乳球菌按1:1:1比例混合;K组自然发酵,不接种乳酸菌。采用高通量测序技术和非靶向代谢组学技术对接种了不同复合乳酸菌的风干牛肉的细菌群落结构及其代谢产物进行研究。【结果】在所有接种了乳酸菌的风干牛肉中,共检测到19门223属304种细菌,其中以嗜冷杆菌为主要菌群,平均相对丰度为52.21%。非靶向代谢组学结果表明,共发现了1 782个具有显著差异的代谢物,这些代谢物包括生物碱、脂类、有机酸和其他与风味形成相关的化合物。微生物组和代谢组相关性分析表明,接种不同发酵剂导致风干牛肉中细菌群落结构差异显著,从而对其代谢产物产生影响,特别是接种了戊糖片球菌和格氏乳球菌的风干牛肉(C组)与自然发酵组(K组)之间差异显著(P < 0.05),其中香豆素和鞣料云实素显著下调,山茶苷A、十八碳二烯酸酯和脂质体Ⅱ显著上调。【结论】本研究选用的复配乳酸菌对风干牛肉中菌群结构影响显著,风干牛肉品质形成可能与微生物菌群结构及微生物代谢物相关,选取的复配乳酸菌具有潜在的应用价值。

风干牛肉  /  复配乳酸菌  /  微生物多样性  /  高通量测序  /  非靶向代谢组学

[Objective] To explore the effects of compound lactic acid bacteria on the bacterial diversity and metabolites in the fermentation process of air-dried beef. [Methods] The lactic acid bacteria isolated in the early stage were inoculated into beef for fermentation with different strain combinations: C (Lactococcus garvieae TC-6:Pediococcus pentosaceus TMR-WJG, 1:1), D (L. garvieae TC-6:L. lactis TC-2, 1:1), G (P. pentosaceus TMR-WJG: L. lactis TC-2, 1:1), H (L. garvieae TC-6:P. pentosaceus TMR-WJG: L. lactis TC-2, 1:1:1), and K (without inoculation). High-throughput sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics were employed to study the bacterial community structure and metabolites, respectively, in air-dried beef inoculated with different combinations of lactic acid bacteria. [Results] A total of 304 species of bacteria belonging to 223 genera of 19 phyla were detected. Psychrobacter was predominant in the air-dried beef, with the average relative abundance of 52.21%. A total of 1 782 significantly differential metabolites were identified, including alkaloids, lipids, organic acids, and other metabolites related to flavor formation. The correlation analysis between microbiome and metabolome confirmed that the structures of bacterial communities differed significantly in the air-dried beef samples with different starters, which contributed to the differences of metabolites between groups, especially between groups C and K (P < 0.05). Specifically, the inoculation lowered the levels of coumarin and corilagin and elevated the levels of camellianin A, octadecadienoate, and lippioside Ⅱ. [Conclusion] The compound lactic acid bacteria selected in this study had a significant effect on the microbial community structure in air-dried beef. The quality formation of air-dried beef may be related to the microbial community structure and microbial metabolites. The compound lactic acid bacteria selected in this study demonstrated a potential application value.

air-dried beef  /  compound lactic acid bacteria  /  microbial diversity  /  high-throughput sequencing  /  non-targeted metabolomics
王俊钢, 李宇辉, 刘钰, 刘玥璋, 郝奇奇, 刘雅宣. 复合乳酸菌发酵对风干牛肉细菌多样性及代谢物的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2861 -2881 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240053
Jungang WANG, Yuhui LI, Yu LIU, Yuezhang LIU, Qiqi HAO, Yaxuan LIU. Effects of compound lactic acid bacteria on the bacterial diversity and metabolites in the fermentation of air-dried beef[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2861 -2881 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240053
风干牛肉是我国传统的发酵肉制品之一。因其营养丰富、风味独特、携带方便、耐储存等特点,深受消费者的欢迎。风干牛肉由新鲜牛肉经分割、切条、修剪、腌渍后自然风干而成,传统风干牛肉一般采用自然发酵。然而,在传统风干牛肉工业化生产过程中,产品质量难以控制,造成企业“高成本、低产出”生产现状,因此亟须对风干牛肉的加工工艺进行改进,以提高我国传统发酵肉制品品质。
发酵过程中微生物菌群结构变化与产品质量、风味形成以及食用安全性都密切相关[1-2]。然而,风干肉中微生物群落结构很容易受到生产环境、原材料种类、加工设备和人员操作等多种因素的影响,从而导致风干肉的品质难以保证[3]。针对以上问题,许多研究人员通过接种外源发酵剂的方式来保证发酵肉制品质量,提高发酵肉制品的品质[4-6]。其中,从当地传统发酵肉制品中分离优良微生物,并研究其发酵性能以及接种发酵后对肉制品品质形成机制为当前该领域的主要研究热点[7]。这是因为发酵肉制品中的微生物在长期的演化过程中,适应了当地的环境,具有稳定且特殊的发酵性能[8-9]。新疆传统风干肉发酵过程中发挥作用的主要微生物有乳酸菌、葡萄球菌和微球菌[10]。乳酸菌对发酵肉制品的品质形成十分重要,并且作为发酵剂被广泛应用于发酵肉制品的研究[11]。乳酸菌是一类革兰氏阳性、过氧化氢酶阴性、无孢子的细菌,根据其形态学可将乳酸菌分为乳杆菌属、链球菌属、单球菌属、片球菌属和双歧杆菌属[11-12]。乳酸菌对风干牛肉中碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂质分解都有一定的促进作用,从而有利于产品风味的形成[13]。Hu等[3]研究发现,清酒乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sakei) HRB10和希腊魏斯氏菌(Weissella hellenica) HRB6可以改善风干肠的风味特性,另外,还发现弯曲乳杆菌(Lactobacillus curvatus)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)可作为潜在发酵剂提高风干低盐香肠的质地、颜色和风味。此外,乳酸菌在发酵过程中会产生乳酸和细菌素,能够有效抑制病原微生物和腐败微生物的生长,有助于提高食品的安全性[14]。Diana等[15]研究发现, L. plantarum PCS20可防止发酵猪肉中梭状芽孢杆菌的生长。
新疆传统风干牛肉通常采用自然发酵法,但在长期的发酵过程中往往会导致病原微生物的污染[16-17]。为了适应工业化生产,亟须对生产工艺进行改进。鉴于前人研究成果,本研究通过接种特定的发酵剂来制作风干牛肉,保证食用品质的同时提高其安全性。前期从新疆巴里坤哈萨克自治县和塔城市传统干牛肉中得到了戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus) TMR-WJG、格氏乳球菌(Lactococcus garvieae) TC-6和乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis) TC-2这3株乳酸菌。研究发现,这3株乳酸菌具有不同的产蛋白酶性能,分别将3株菌接种到牛肉中进行发酵实验,发现3株菌单独使用可以降解风干牛肉肌原纤维蛋白,产生小肽分子,对风干牛肉品质有一定的提升作用[18]。为了进一步提高风干牛肉的品质,研究混合菌种发酵过程中菌群变化对肉制品品质的影响机制,以及发酵过程中菌群结构对相关代谢产物的影响,本研究拟将上述3种乳酸菌以不同的方式进行复配后接种到风干牛肉中,以探讨复配发酵剂对风干牛肉不同发酵阶段微生物菌群结构和代谢物的影响,并对微生物种群结构与差异代谢物之间的相关性进行分析,以期阐明3种不同组合的乳酸菌复配发酵剂对风干牛肉产品品质的影响机制,并为风干牛肉的工业化生产提供理论支持。
新鲜牛里脊肉,购自新疆石河子九鼎农产品批发市场;食盐、白糖,购自新疆石河子友好超市。戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus, P.p) TMR-WJG、格氏乳球菌(Lactococcus garvieae, L.g) TC-6和乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis, L.l) TC-2分别为实验室前期从新疆巴里坤哈萨克自治县传统风干肉和新疆塔城市传统风干肉中分离获得。
MRS培养基,青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;PCA平板计数培养基、KOD OneTM PCR Master Mix,北京百灵克生物科技有限责任公司;正向引物(forward primer) VnF (10 µmol/L)、反向引物(reverse primer) VnR (10 µmol/L),苏州泓迅生物科技股份有限公司;低分子量范围琼脂糖,北京诺驰源生物科技有限公司;Monarch DNA Gel Extraction,北京鸿跃创新科技有限公司;Tris-EDTA (TE)缓冲液(pH 8.0)、琼脂糖、Tris base、乙酸(冰醋酸)、EDTA二钠,北京博美富鑫科技有限公司;EB (红色荧光核酸染料)、无水乙醇、Hyclone PBS缓冲液SH,青岛拓邦生物科技有限公司;去离子水,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;VAHTSTM DNA Clean Beads,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;ExKubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit,上海吉泰依科赛生物科技有限公司;缓冲液SC、缓冲液SA,武汉百浩天生物科技有限公司;试验所用试剂均为分析纯或色谱纯。
瞬时离心机、涡旋振荡器,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;四维旋转混匀仪,其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司;磁力架,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司。
Pediococcus pentosaceus TMR-WJG、Lactococcus garvieae TC-6和Lactococcus lactis TC-2分别接种于MRS液体培养基增菌培养基,活化并扩大培养,收集菌体,制备浓度为108 CFU/mL的发酵剂。按表1比例对乳酸菌进行复配。
将新鲜牛里脊肉用无菌水淋洗修整,切割为长条状,每块约200 g;腌制期(4 ℃腌制24 h):添加糖1%、盐2.5% (均为质量分数)以及亚硝酸钠100 mg/kg;发酵期(15 ℃、65%的相对湿度发酵24 h):将牛肉分为5组接种复配乳酸菌发酵剂(按牛肉质量的0.2%接种浓度1.0×108 CFU/mL的乳酸菌);风干期:温度10 ℃,时间7 d,空气流速1.8−2.0 m/s;后熟期:温度4 ℃,后熟7 d。每个采样点各取3份样品(200 g左右),制成5组风干牛肉样,每组设置5个取样时点,每个采样点设置3个重复,共计25份试样,分别记作C1−C5、D1−D5、G1−G5、H1−H5、K1−K5,分组见表2。每组样品采集完成后分别放置于无菌采样袋中,−80 ℃保存,备用。
在2 mL离心管中加入样本0.5 g,加入500 µL缓冲液SA、100 µL缓冲液SC和0.25 g研磨珠,加入10 µL RNaseA,去除肉中可能含有的RNA,涡旋振荡混匀后70 ℃加热裂解15 min提高裂解效率。12 000 r/min离心1 min,转移上清液(约500 µL)至新的2 mL离心管。加入200 µL缓冲液SH混匀,涡旋,4 ℃放置10 min。12 000 r/min离心3 min,上清液转移至2 mL离心管,加入500 µL缓冲液GFA,颠倒混匀。加入10 µL磁珠悬浮液,振荡混匀5 min。将离心管放置于磁力架上静置30 s,磁珠完全吸附后,吸去液体。加入700 µL去蛋白液RD,振荡混匀5 min。静置30 min,磁珠完全吸附后,吸去液体。加入700 µL漂洗液PWD,振荡混匀3 min。重复上一步骤,之后室温晾5−10 min。
离心管中加入50 µL洗脱缓冲液TB,振荡混匀,于56 ℃孵育5 min,期间振荡混匀3回,每回3次。静置2 min,将DNA溶液转移至一个新离心管中,并于适当条件保存。
检测方法:使用酶标仪对核酸浓度进行检测。根据Wang等[19]方法对16S rRNA基因V3−V4可变区进行PCR扩增,引物序列为27F (5′-AGRGTTTGATYNTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TASGGHTACCTTGTTASGACTT-3′)。扩增后产物使用浓度1.8%的琼脂糖进行电泳检测。
测序方法:使用PacBio Binding Kit对上机文库进行上机前的结合,使文库结合上Primer及Polymerase;将最终的反应产物进行AMpure PB Beads纯化后置于Sequel Ⅱ测序仪上进行上机测序。
称取500 mg风干牛肉,加入1 000 μL提取液(甲醇: 乙腈: 水=2:2:1,内标浓度2 mg/L),旋涡搅拌30 s;加入陶瓷珠,45 Hz研磨仪处理10 min后,冰水浴超声处理10 min;于−20 ℃静置1 h;4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min;取出500 μL上清液于EP管中;在真空浓缩器中干燥提取物;向干燥后的代谢物加入160 μL提取液(乙腈与水的体积比为1:1)复溶;旋涡30 s,冰水浴超声10 min;4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min;取出120 μL上清液至2 mL进样瓶,每个样本各取10 μL混合成QC样本上机检测。
LC-MS系统:Acquity I-CLass PLUS超高效液相质谱仪,色谱柱选用Acquity UPLC HSST3 (1.8 μm, 2.1 mm×100 mm)。
正离子模式:流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液;流动相B为0.1%甲酸乙腈,进样体积1 μL。
负离子模式:流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液;流动相B为0.1%甲酸乙腈,进样体积1 μL。
质谱条件:毛细管电压2 000 V (正离子模式);锥孔电压30 V;离子源温150 ℃;脱溶剂气温度500 ℃;反吹气流速50 L/h;脱溶剂气流速800 L/h。
微生物多样性使用Trimmomatic软件质控并过滤原始序列,采用FLASH软件和UCHIME软件拼接和剔除嵌合体。使用UPARSE软件对序列进行分类操作单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)聚类。非靶向代谢使用MassLynxV4.2采集的原始数据通过Progenesis QI软件做峰提取、峰对齐等数据处理操作,基于Progenesis QI软件在线METLIN数据库及北京百迈客生物科技有限公司自建库进行鉴定,质量数偏差均在100 mg/L以内。通过北京百迈客生物科技有限公司云平台进行数据分析。
高通量测序结果显示,25个样品测序共获得305 617对有效的基因序列条带,平均每个样品产生8 034条。平均有效基因序列为89.86% (表3)。OTU是在系统发生学研究或群体遗传学研究中,为了便于进行分析,人为给某一个分类单元(品系、种、属、分组等)设置的同一标志。根据不同的相似度水平,对所有序列进行OTU划分,每个OTU对应于一种代表序列。根据97%相似性水平下的OTU信息,共获得418个OTUs。另外,原始特征序列表中可能包含丰度小于0.005%的物种,将低丰度特征序列过滤后,得到最终的特征基因序列条带,之后对这些基因序列条带进行分类,25个样品中基因序列条带分属于19门35纲69目119科223属304种。其中,K组5个取样点的物种丰富度最低,平均为59种,C组的物种丰度最高,平均为186种(表4)。
发酵结束后,不同组别样品中细菌群落在门和属水平上的相对丰度如图1所示。由图1A可知,接种乳酸菌发酵后的风干牛肉样品中主要菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其平均相对丰度为72.26%,其次为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),平均相对丰度为22.30%;拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota),平均相对丰度为3.87%。变形菌门是细菌中占比最大、最多样化的细菌门类,为革兰氏阴性菌,其外膜结构主要由脂多糖组成。厚壁菌门可以产生能分解碳水化合物活性酶,促进碳水化合物的水解,有助于风干牛肉风味的形成[20]。由图1B可以看出,在属水平上,鉴定出相对丰度大于1.00%的优势菌属有10个,分别是嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter, 52.21%)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas, 6.65%)、巨大球菌属(Macrococcus, 4.67%)、索丝菌属(Brochothrix, 4.49%)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter, 3.42%)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus, 2.86%)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas, 2.83%)、克吕沃尔氏菌属(Kluyvera, 2.60%)、漫游球菌属(Vagococcus, 2.38%)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus, 2.26%)。其中微生物多样性最丰富的C组中占比前三的微生物菌属分别为嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属和不动菌属。这3种微生物均属于嗜冷菌,最佳生长温度为−15−20 ℃,本研究中,牛肉的发酵温度为15 ℃,比较适宜此类微生物的生长,因此占比相对较大。其中嗜冷杆菌属中的部分菌株具有很好的产蛋白酶和脂肪酶的特性,在低温条件下活性极高,这些酶可能会对风干牛肉中的蛋白质和脂肪的降解产生影响,假单胞菌属中也有部分菌株具有产蛋白酶能力,这些酶的存在都可能影响风干肉的发酵过程。有研究认为,发酵肉制品品质形成最重要的微生物有乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria, LAB)和凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, CNS)[21-22],乳酸菌产生的酸性物质可以导致肉制品酸化,另外部分乳酸菌还有产脂肪酶和蛋白酶性质,对肉制品品质形成有益。葡萄球菌则具备很强的产酶性能,可以降解蛋白质和脂肪,产生多肽、游离氨基酸及游离脂肪酸等小分子物质,对发酵肉制品的质构和风味形成起主要作用[23]。大部分的发酵肉制品的制作温度通常为25−37 ℃,与本研究中的工艺上存在一定差异。
为了评价不同发酵剂组合接种后对风干牛肉中微生物多样性的影响,本研究对微生物进行α多样性分析(表5)。其中,覆盖率可以反映测序结果是否代表样本中微生物的真实情况。从表5可以看出,所有覆盖值均大于0.99,说明测序结果可靠。从表5可以看出,C组样品的Chao1指数显著高于其他组(P < 0.05),Shannon指数和Simpson指数也显著高于其他组(P < 0.05),这表明C组具有较高的细菌种类丰度,但另外3组接种了发酵剂的风干牛肉α多样性指数与自然发酵的风干牛肉(K组)无显著差异(P > 0.05)。
采用基于Binary-Jaccard距离的主坐标分析法(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA) (图2A)和PERMANOVA分析法(以距离矩阵为对象的多元方差分析) (图2B)进一步对5组风干牛肉样品中细菌群落结构进行差异性分析。PCoA坐标图上距离越近的样品,相似性越大。从图2A可以看出,不同风干牛肉样品中的细菌种群存在一定的重叠,但基于Binary-Jaccard距离的PCoA显示出明显的聚类趋势。C组样品中微生物主要分布在PCoA图的左上方,而其他组中的微生物主要分布在中下部。PERMANOVA分析可以对不同分组样品之间的β多样性是否显著差异进行检验,R2越大表示分组对差异的解释度越高,即不同组别之间差异越大,P值小于0.05说明检验的可信度高。由图2B可知,不同复合乳酸菌发酵剂的使用导致了风干牛肉样品中微生物群落结构的差异。
综上所述,在微生物菌群多样性方面,接种了不同复合乳酸菌发酵剂的风干牛肉样品中微生物菌群结构存在一定差异。尤其是接种1:1的格氏乳球菌(L.g)和戊糖片球菌(P.p)风干牛肉样品(C组)的微生物多样性与其他组存在显著差异(P < 0.05),这与图1A1B中的结果一致。Lv等[6]将酿酒酵母LXPSC1作为发酵剂来制作酸肉,发现酿酒酵母LXPSC1的使用导致了酸肉中微生物多样性的变化。这与本研究的发现相似,即在肉中接种不同的发酵剂对肉制品进行发酵,可以导致发酵肉中微生物群落结构发生改变。
线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)效应大小(LDA effect size, LefSe)可以确定不同组间具有典型差异的微生物群落构成[24-25]图2C为LEfSe分析进化分支图,分支图中由内至外辐射的圆圈代表微生物由门至种的分类级别,小圆圈的直径与物种相对丰度成正比。5组风干牛肉样品具有显著差异的微生物群落共有21个类群。图2D为LDA得分大于4的微生物物种在不同组别中的分布柱状图。C、D、G和H组中LDA得分超过4的典型微生物菌属有26种,其中,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroidales)和希米氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter xiamenensis)是C、D和H组的典型细菌属;识别假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas distincta)、交替假单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonadaceae)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)和交替单胞菌(Alteromonadales)是G组的典型微生物群落。风干肉中不同菌群结构可能会导致其代谢产物不同,如部分交替假单胞杆菌属可以产生蛋白酶,可能对风干牛肉中蛋白质降解起到积极作用。拟杆菌属微生物则能很好地利用肉中的糖原,其代谢物可能会对其他微生物的生长繁殖产生影响。不动杆菌则属于条件致病菌,其产生的代谢物更多的是对风干牛肉产品的质量安全带来负面影响。图2结果表明接种不同发酵剂导致了不同组别风干牛肉中微生物菌群结构的差异,而这些微生物的差异则可能会影响风干牛肉发酵过程中代谢产物,从而导致风干牛肉品质的差异。
发酵结束后,在5组风干牛肉中共鉴定出4 225种代谢物,其中包括脂类及类脂分子(1 517种)、有机酸及衍生物(623种)、有机杂环化合物(529种)、有机含氧化合物(360种)、苯丙素及聚酮类化合物(327种)、苯环类化合物(196种)、核苷、核苷酸及类似物(87种)、生物碱及衍生物(38种)、有机含氮化合物(37种)、烃类化合物(15种)、木脂素、新木脂素及相关化合物(12种)、有机硫化合物(8种)、均相非金属化合物(3种)、有机聚合物(3种)、烃类衍生物(1种)、混合金属/非金属化合物(1种)、有机卤素化合物(1种)及其他类化合物(467种)。图3A为接种不同复合乳酸菌发酵剂风干牛肉中代谢物热图。从图3A中可以看出,根据每组样品中代谢物的丰度可以将这5组样品分成2大类,即C、D和G组为第一类,其中D组和G组代谢物丰度相似度更高;H和K组为第二类。根据每组样品中代谢物的含量,可以将样品分为3类。其中,第Ⅰ类中包含6类2 233种代谢物,主要包括苯甲酸及其衍生物、苯丙烷类、脂肪酸及其衍生物、脂肪酰基糖苷类、脂肪酸酯类、甾体糖苷类、多肽类等。第Ⅱ类中包含5类640种代谢物,主要包括烷烃、环烷烃、嘧啶核苷酸糖、嘌呤和嘌呤衍生物。第Ⅲ类中包含7类1 352种代谢物,主要有氨基酸类、肽类及其类似物、胺类、羰基化合物等。以上结果表明,在添加了不同发酵剂后风干牛肉样品中的代谢物组成存在差异。
主成分分析(principal components analysis, PCA)不仅可以了解各组样品之间的总体代谢差异还能对组内样本之间的变异度大小进行分析[26]。通过正交变换将一组可能存在相关性的变量转换为一组线性不相关的变量,转换后的这组变量我们称之为主成分。为了明确添加不同发酵剂对风干牛肉代谢物的影响,依据LC-MS分析得到的样品中代谢物的具体信息,对其进行主成分分析,结果如图3B所示。从图3B可以看出,第一主成分(95.24%)和第二主成分(1.20%)对样品差异的贡献占比为96.44%,表明这2个主成分能反映绝大部分信息。PCA结果可以阐明风干牛肉样品代谢物谱之间的主要差异,揭示发酵剂培养对风干牛肉代谢物的影响。从图3B可以看出,不管单个样品之间是否发生重叠,都可以通过微生物代谢物之间的差异将不同样品进行区分。尤其是接种了复合乳酸菌发酵剂的C组和D组,其代谢物与对照组(K组)之间存在明显分离。另外,C组样品和G组、H组样品的微生物代谢物之间也存在明显分离(图3B)。
主成分分析法虽然能够有效地提取细菌代谢物的主要信息,但是对于相关性较小的变量不敏感,而偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)则可以弥补PCA法的不足[27]。C、D、G、H和K组的OPLS-DA得分图如图3C所示,这与图3B的结果一致,说明接种复合乳酸菌发酵剂的风干牛肉样品与自然发酵的风干牛肉样品的微生物代谢物之间存在明显差异。进一步通过R2Y和Q2对OPLS-DA模型进行验证,R2Y和Q2的值分别为0.986和0.915 (图3D),说明该模型的可靠性高,可以用来筛选差异代谢物。通过OPLS-DA模型得到的变量重要性投影(variable importance in projection, VIP)既反映了每个代谢物在模型中的加载权重,也反映了该代谢物解释响应的可变性,可用于初步筛选不同组间的关键代谢物[28]。同时结合差异倍数值(fold change, FC)和VIP得分进一步筛选出不同样品中的差异代谢物(表6)。表6为5组样品中与风干牛肉风味形成密切相关的6种类型的代谢物(生物碱及其衍生物,脂类和类脂分子,核苷、核苷酸及其类似物,有机酸及其衍生物,醇类和多元醇,碳水化合物及其结合物)之间的差异性分析结果。从表6可以看出,这6种与风干牛肉风味相关的代谢物中对应代谢物对组间差异影响强度较大的分别为生物碱及其衍生物中的吡咯烷生物碱(VIP=1.759)、脂类和类脂分子中的脂肪醇苦杏仁苷(VIP=1.918)、核苷、核苷酸及其类似物中的嘧啶核苷酸糖尿苷二磷酸半乳糖(VIP=1.835)、有机酸及其衍生物中的二肽谷氨酰胺赖氨酸(VIP=1.858)、醇类和多元醇中的莽草酸(VIP=1.798)和碳水化合物及其结合物中的CMP-2-氨基乙基膦酸(VIP=1.768),这6种化合物分别在不同类型的代谢物中具有最高的鉴别潜力。
不同样品中显著差异化合物可以使用VIP得分结合P值进行筛选,并使用火山图(volcano plot)进行可视化。接种不同发酵剂的5组风干牛肉代谢物谱两两比较得到的火山图如图4所示。当P < 0.05且VIP > 1时,则认为这些化合物为显著差异代谢物;当FC > 1为上调的差异代谢物,用红色圆点表示;FC < 1为下调的差异代谢物,用蓝色圆点表示;灰色圆点表示无明显差异的代谢物。如图4A所示,C组和K组之间共有1 435种代谢物存在显著差异,其中728种代谢物上调,707种代谢物下调,这些差异代谢物中包括493种脂类及类脂分子,211种有机酸和衍生物,73种碳水化合物及其结合物,31种核苷、核苷酸及其类似物,14种生物碱及其衍生物,12种醇和多元醇。其中,5个代谢物差异最为显著,香豆素和鞣料云实素显著下调,山茶苷A、十八碳二烯酸酯和脂质体Ⅱ显著上调。这表明C组和K组样品之间的代谢物之间存在显著差异,这与之前的PCA结果和OPLS-DA结果一致。D组和K组样品中有1 177个代谢物差异显著,其中542个代谢物表达上调,下调635个,其中,差异最显著的5种代谢物分别为三十烷酰甘氨酸和苏合香烷(显著下调),炔诺酮、十八碳二烯酸和15(s)-羟基二十碳四烯酸(显著上调) (图4B)。G组和K组样品中有703种代谢物差异显著,其中293种上调,410种下调,其中差异最显著的5种代谢物是棉素8-硫酸3-葡萄糖醛酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺(20:2/22:6)和磷脂酰胆碱(16:0/22:5) (显著下调),天冬酰胺亮氨酸和1, 5-羟基柠檬酸二丁酯(显著上调) (图4C)。H组和K组样品中有124种代谢物差异显著,其中110种上调,14种下调(图4D)。其中,4′-羟基苯乙酮、丝氨基脯氨酸和菠叶素显著上调,己糖基神经酰胺(d18:1/20:0)和PE (15:0/22:1)显著下调。
发酵肉制品中的挥发性风味化合物一般是由肉制品中的风味前体物质经过一系列的水解、氧化和降解反应形成。在肉制品中,风味形成的机制非常复杂,主要包括脂质水解和氧化、蛋白质降解以及美拉德反应等[29]。此外,微生物的发酵作用也会对肉制品的风味产生重要影响[1]。肉制品中微生物代谢产生的蛋白酶、脂肪酶和酯酶等可以降解肉制品中的蛋白质、脂质和碳水化合物等大分子化合物,形成小分子风味物质。与自然发酵组相比,接种复合乳酸菌发酵剂的试验组样品中共鉴定出1 782种显著差异的代谢物,其中生物碱及其衍生物类16种,脂类和类脂分子类636种,核苷、核苷酸及其类似物43种,有机酸及其衍生物254种,醇类及多元醇14种,碳水化合物及其结合物88种。在有机酸及其衍生物中,有195种氨基酸、肽及其类似物与对照组差异显著。C组和K组样品间代谢物谱差异最大,其次是D组和G组,H组和K组差异最小,这与风干牛肉代谢物聚类热图结果相似(图3A)。这也表明微生物菌群结构可能对发酵风干牛肉样品中代谢物种类产生显著影响,从而导致接种不同发酵剂的风干牛肉样品间风味存在差异。
风干牛肉样品中微生物多样性和代谢物之间的关联分析通常采用普氏分析法(procrustesanalysis),该方法可以从整体或差异的层面对样品中微生物和代谢物的相关数据进行关联分析。普氏分析是一种多元统计学中的形状比较分析的方法,即通过分析形状分布来比较2组数据一致性。图5A5D为试验组样品C组、D组、G组和H组分别与对照组K组之间的普氏分析结果。结果表明,只有C组样品和K组样品的微生物组数据丰度和代谢组表达趋势具有显著一致性(P=0.001),其他试验组与对照组之间微生物数据丰度和代谢组表达趋势一致性不显著。
相关性分析(correlation analysis)是指对2个或多个具备相关性的变量元素进行分析,从而衡量2个变量因素的相关密切程度。基于皮尔逊相关系数(Pearson’s correlation coefficient)对样品中微生物多样性(属水平)与代谢物之间的关联程度进行分析(图5E5H)。弦图左半圈为代谢物,右半圈为微生物,每一条弦(圆上2点之间的连线)表示该代谢物与该微生物具有相关关系,红色弦代表具有正相关,绿色弦代表具有负相关。弦的宽度越宽,表示与这个代谢物或微生物相关的频数越多。从图5E可以看出,苯丙酰- 赖氨酸与不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、Fluviicola、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)和寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)呈负相关,其他代谢物与这些微生物呈正相关。D组和K组样品中差异代谢物异羟基洋地黄毒苷配基双洋地黄毒糖苷(digoxigenin bisdigitoxoside)、胡卢巴甙(graecunin E)、磷脂酰肌醇(18:0/22:5)、磷脂酰胆碱(22:5/18:2)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione)与沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、摩根氏菌属(Morganella)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、变形菌属(Proteus)等呈负相关(图5F)。图5G中,26种代谢物与3个细菌菌属具有相关关系,图5H中的15种代谢物与9个细菌菌属具有相关关系。由此可以推测,接种了不同复合乳酸菌的风干牛肉其品质也会有所差异。由此可见,各类微生物的作用机制有所差异,进而形成了不同风干牛肉制品代谢产物与营养物质的迥异。本研究揭示的微生物结构及代谢的关联,为进一步基于假设的靶向研究与途径分析相结合提供了基础,这将利于风干牛肉制品行业的产业化和标准化生产。
采用高通量测序技术对风干牛肉的微生物多样性进行分析,并确定了其微生物群落结构。结果发现,接种不同复配乳酸菌发酵剂风干牛肉的微生物群落结构不同,特别是接种L.g+P.p的C组,风干牛肉中微生物种群结构最丰富。其中变形菌门中的嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属和不动菌属是C组所有样品中的典型微生物。徽派腊肉低温晾晒期和成品中主要影响代谢特征的微生物为弧菌、葡萄球菌和盐弧菌,这与本研究得出的典型微生物有区别,原因可能是由于地域、环境等因素差异性导致的[30]。此外,研究发现嗜冷杆菌是所有样品中的优势菌种。C组中占比前三的微生物菌属分别为嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属和不动菌属。这3种微生物均属于嗜冷菌,最佳生长温度为–15–20 ℃,本研究中,牛肉的发酵温度为15 ℃,比较适宜此类微生物生长,因此占比相对较大。
代谢物簇-微生物相关性分析表明,代谢物的差异与微生物菌群结构密切相关,接种不同的复合乳酸菌发酵剂,导致风干牛肉的微生物结构存在差异,从而导致代谢物发生变化,微生物与代谢物之间具有明显的相关关系。C组中下调代谢产物香豆素、鞣料云实素,主要通过参与风干肉中乳酸菌的抗氧化途径和抗菌作用使得接种后风干肉能够抑制其他微生物生长。C组中上调代谢产物山茶苷A、十八碳二烯酸酯和脂质体Ⅱ,山茶苷A是一种天然产物,是一种黄酮类化合物,可帮助乳酸菌对抗氧化应激,提高细胞活性;十八碳二烯酸酯、脂质体Ⅱ主要是参与乳酸菌的脂质代谢和合成。C组中微生物多样性分析中嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属和不动菌属为主要优势菌种,分泌的胞外酶水解肉中的脂质和蛋白,产生小分子代谢物[30-31],提高风干肉中蛋白质降解和脂质代谢,这与C组中代谢产物山茶苷A、十八碳二烯酸酯和脂质体Ⅱ上调具有一致性,而C组中香豆素、鞣料云实素下调主要是乳酸菌发酵产酸后抑制其他菌群生长,其代谢产物累积在一定程度上受到抑制,研究结果与Jin等[32]关于磷脂是脂质降解主体物质的研究结果相符合。
C组风干牛肉的代谢物与其他组也存在显著差异,特别是与风干牛肉风味形成相关的代谢物,如脂类、碳水化合物、氨基酸等。接种L.g+P.p的C组样品中主要代谢产物脂肪酸及其衍生物、脂肪酰基糖苷类、脂肪酸酯类、甾体糖苷类、多肽类与风干肉中优势菌种正相关。醛类、醇类化合物一般来自脂质氧化,是干腌肉制品中常见的主要挥发性风味物质[17, 33],可能是因为冬季样品晾晒时间更长,脂质氧化产物积累更多,Zhong等[34]在研究酸肉风味形成过程中也有类似的发现。本研究表明C组接种复合乳酸菌(L.g+P.p)发酵风干肉能够增强脂质代谢,促进风干肉风味物质的形成。外源接种戊糖乳球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus) TMR-WJG、格氏乳球菌乳(Lactococcus garvieae) TC-6和乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis) TC-2等会通过影响风干牛肉中菌群多样性变化从而影响产品品质。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31860437)
  • 安徽省高等学校科学研究项目重点项目(2022AH052410)
  • 亳州学院科研启动资金(BYKQ2021Z09)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240053
  • 接收时间:2024-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-29
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-18
  • 录用日期:2024-04-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860437)
国家自然科学基金(31860437)
Key Foundation of Anhui Education Bureau(2022AH052410)
安徽省高等学校科学研究项目重点项目(2022AH052410)
Start Funding of Bozhou University(BYKQ2021Z09)
亳州学院科研启动资金(BYKQ2021Z09)
作者信息
    1 亳州学院生物与食品工程系, 安徽 亳州 236800
    2 亳州市天然产物分离纯化工程技术研究中心, 安徽 亳州 236800
    3 新疆农垦科学院农产品加工研究所, 新疆 石河子 832000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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