Article(id=1241451303692464656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240078, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1716825600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-28, onlineDate=1773914655850, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1716912000000, pubDateStr=2024-05-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914655850, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914655850, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914655850, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2648, endPage=2660, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451304191586864, articleId=1241451303692464656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Progress in the synthesis of L-threonine by metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

L-threonine is one of the eight essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be taken from food. It is an important component of protein synthesis and is widely used in food, feed, medicine and other fields. At present, Escherichia coli can achieve a high threonine yield in fermentation, being the main bacterium used for industrial production of threonine. With the development of metabolic engineering, the modification of strains is no longer limited to mutagenesis, and the directed modification of strains greatly improves the production of L-threonine, facilitating the development of the L-threonine industry. This paper introduces the physicochemical properties and synthesis pathway of L-threonine and reviews the achievements in improving L-threonine production by metabolic engineering, aiming to enrich the knowledge about the modification of Escherichia coli for efficient synthesis of threonine.

, correspAuthors=Honghui ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHU Honghui, Tel: +86-20-87685699, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoping LUO, Buli SU, Mingrong DENG, Xiaolong XU, Honghui ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451307534447284, articleId=1241451303692464656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=代谢工程改造大肠杆菌合成L-苏氨酸研究进展, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

L-苏氨酸是一种人体自身无法合成,必须从食物中摄取的8种必需氨基酸之一,是蛋白质合成的重要组成成分,广泛应用于食品、饲料、医药等多个领域。目前,利用大肠杆菌发酵可获得更理想的苏氨酸产量,是工业上用于苏氨酸生产的主要菌株。随着代谢工程技术的发展,对菌株的改造不再局限于传统诱变育种,菌株的定向改造极大地提高了菌株L-苏氨酸的合成能力,促进了L-苏氨酸工业的发展。本文主要从L-苏氨酸的理化性质、合成途径以及利用代谢工程技术在提高L-苏氨酸产量研究中取得的一系列成果进行综述,旨在为改造大肠杆菌高效合成苏氨酸的研究提供更全面的认识。

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L-threonine. Glu: Glucose; G-6-P: Glucose-6-phosphate; Ru-5-P: Ribulose 5-phosphate; F-6-P: Fructose-6-phosphate; F-1, 6-P: Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate; PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvic acid; PYR: Pyruvic; Ac-COA: Acetyl coenzyme A; ACE: Acetic acid; OAA: Oxaloacetic acid; CIT: Citric acid; ICI: Isocitric acid; α-KG: α-ketoglutaric acid; SUC-CoA: Succinyl-coenzyme A; SUC: Succinic acid; FUN: Fumaric acid; MAL: Malic acid; GOL: Glyoxylic acid; L-Asp: L-aspartic acid; Asp-P: Aspartate phosphate; Asp-β-S: Aspartic acid-β-semialdehyde; L-Hom: L-Homoserine; Hom-P: Homoserine phosphate; L-Thr: L-threonine., figureFileSmall=47K4ig/3ZXzdlL60vwT5CQ==, figureFileBig=tWhB0qlR3dfZmimQGO+v8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193057559446136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303692464656, language=CN, label=图3, caption=L-苏氨酸的合成途径, figureFileSmall=47K4ig/3ZXzdlL60vwT5CQ==, figureFileBig=tWhB0qlR3dfZmimQGO+v8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193057685275266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303692464656, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The cofactor generation and consumption of L-threonine biosynthetic pathway. 6-P-GL: Gluconolactone-6-phosphate; L-Glu: Glutamic acid., figureFileSmall=L2hLZH18iCavdM/5KpAAwA==, figureFileBig=Loy7ipyItTqyquNgeRhghw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193057790132876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303692464656, language=CN, label=图4, caption=L-苏氨酸合成途径辅因子生成与消耗, figureFileSmall=L2hLZH18iCavdM/5KpAAwA==, figureFileBig=Loy7ipyItTqyquNgeRhghw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193057899184791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303692464656, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to synthesize L-threonine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsStrategyTiter (g/L)Productivity (g/(L·h))Yield (g/g)Fermentation methodReferences
NP: Not provide.
TSW009Adding betaine and deleting transporters ProP and ProVWX26.000.540.65Shake-flask[3]
TWK021Deleting the Sfm operon15.750.320.39Shake-flask[11]
TWF044Deleting fadR, fabR, and iclR genes103.892.16NPFed-batch[18]
P2.1-2901ΔptsGDynamic and balanced regulation of the thrABC operon gene121.052.520.60Fed-batch[19]
THPE5Adjusting carbon distribution and promoting cofactor generation70.801.770.40Fed-batch[20]
ΔycgF nMagHigh and ΔycgF pMagHighBlue light signal regulation16.570.61NPShake-flask[21]
MDS-205Deleting tdh, tdcC and sstT genes40.101.370.40Fed-batch[27]
TWF001/pFW01-phaCABOverexpressing the gene cluster phaCAB133.503.710.50Fed-batch[32]
TWF018Deleting arcA, iclR, and tdcC genes26.000.72NPShake-flask[33]
JLTHROptimizing medium127.30NP0.58Fed-batch[55]
THPZAdding betaine126.10±3.005.26±0.120.54±0.02Fed-batch[56]
TRFCOptimizing medium118.003.100.46Fed-batch[58]
TH-103ZCreating polyploid Escherichia coli by regulating ftsZ gene160.300.551.66Fed-batch[62]
TWF083Expressing iclR, aspC, arcA, cpxR, gadE, pykF, fadR, and aspC genes116.622.430.49Fed-batch[63]
Tm-JBDynamic regulation of biosensors26.780.630.74Shake-flask[64]
TWF106/pFT24rpRebalancing microbial carbon distribution23.291.570.78Shake-flask[65]
WMZ016/pFW01-thrA*BC-rhtCDeleting crr and iclR and enhancing the expression of gltA17.980.500.35Shake-flask[66]
), ArticleFig(id=1242193058066956967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303692464656, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

代谢工程改造大肠杆菌合成L-苏氨酸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsStrategyTiter (g/L)Productivity (g/(L·h))Yield (g/g)Fermentation methodReferences
NP: Not provide.
TSW009Adding betaine and deleting transporters ProP and ProVWX26.000.540.65Shake-flask[3]
TWK021Deleting the Sfm operon15.750.320.39Shake-flask[11]
TWF044Deleting fadR, fabR, and iclR genes103.892.16NPFed-batch[18]
P2.1-2901ΔptsGDynamic and balanced regulation of the thrABC operon gene121.052.520.60Fed-batch[19]
THPE5Adjusting carbon distribution and promoting cofactor generation70.801.770.40Fed-batch[20]
ΔycgF nMagHigh and ΔycgF pMagHighBlue light signal regulation16.570.61NPShake-flask[21]
MDS-205Deleting tdh, tdcC and sstT genes40.101.370.40Fed-batch[27]
TWF001/pFW01-phaCABOverexpressing the gene cluster phaCAB133.503.710.50Fed-batch[32]
TWF018Deleting arcA, iclR, and tdcC genes26.000.72NPShake-flask[33]
JLTHROptimizing medium127.30NP0.58Fed-batch[55]
THPZAdding betaine126.10±3.005.26±0.120.54±0.02Fed-batch[56]
TRFCOptimizing medium118.003.100.46Fed-batch[58]
TH-103ZCreating polyploid Escherichia coli by regulating ftsZ gene160.300.551.66Fed-batch[62]
TWF083Expressing iclR, aspC, arcA, cpxR, gadE, pykF, fadR, and aspC genes116.622.430.49Fed-batch[63]
Tm-JBDynamic regulation of biosensors26.780.630.74Shake-flask[64]
TWF106/pFT24rpRebalancing microbial carbon distribution23.291.570.78Shake-flask[65]
WMZ016/pFW01-thrA*BC-rhtCDeleting crr and iclR and enhancing the expression of gltA17.980.500.35Shake-flask[66]
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代谢工程改造大肠杆菌合成L-苏氨酸研究进展
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罗筱萍 1, 2 , 苏卜利 2 , 邓名荣 2 , 徐晓龙 1 , 朱红惠 2, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(8): 2648-2660
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(8): 2648-2660
代谢工程改造大肠杆菌合成L-苏氨酸研究进展
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罗筱萍1, 2, 苏卜利2, 邓名荣2, 徐晓龙1, 朱红惠2, *
作者信息
  • 1 五邑大学环境与化学工程学院, 广东 江门 529020
  • 2 广东省科学院微生物研究所 华南应用微生物国家重点实验室 农业农村部农业微生物组学与精准应用重点实验室 农业农村部农业微生物组学重点实验室 广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室, 广东 广州 510070
Progress in the synthesis of L-threonine by metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli
Xiaoping LUO1, 2, Buli SU2, Mingrong DENG2, Xiaolong XU1, Honghui ZHU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-05-29 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240078
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L-苏氨酸是一种人体自身无法合成,必须从食物中摄取的8种必需氨基酸之一,是蛋白质合成的重要组成成分,广泛应用于食品、饲料、医药等多个领域。目前,利用大肠杆菌发酵可获得更理想的苏氨酸产量,是工业上用于苏氨酸生产的主要菌株。随着代谢工程技术的发展,对菌株的改造不再局限于传统诱变育种,菌株的定向改造极大地提高了菌株L-苏氨酸的合成能力,促进了L-苏氨酸工业的发展。本文主要从L-苏氨酸的理化性质、合成途径以及利用代谢工程技术在提高L-苏氨酸产量研究中取得的一系列成果进行综述,旨在为改造大肠杆菌高效合成苏氨酸的研究提供更全面的认识。

L-苏氨酸  /  大肠杆菌  /  代谢调控  /  前体  /  辅因子

L-threonine is one of the eight essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be taken from food. It is an important component of protein synthesis and is widely used in food, feed, medicine and other fields. At present, Escherichia coli can achieve a high threonine yield in fermentation, being the main bacterium used for industrial production of threonine. With the development of metabolic engineering, the modification of strains is no longer limited to mutagenesis, and the directed modification of strains greatly improves the production of L-threonine, facilitating the development of the L-threonine industry. This paper introduces the physicochemical properties and synthesis pathway of L-threonine and reviews the achievements in improving L-threonine production by metabolic engineering, aiming to enrich the knowledge about the modification of Escherichia coli for efficient synthesis of threonine.

L-threonine  /  Escherichia coli  /  metabolic regulation  /  precursor  /  cofactor
罗筱萍, 苏卜利, 邓名荣, 徐晓龙, 朱红惠. 代谢工程改造大肠杆菌合成L-苏氨酸研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2648 -2660 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240078
Xiaoping LUO, Buli SU, Mingrong DENG, Xiaolong XU, Honghui ZHU. Progress in the synthesis of L-threonine by metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2648 -2660 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240078
我国是L-苏氨酸生产大国,目前,国内有多家L-苏氨酸生产企业。2021年,全球L-苏氨酸产量达90.7万t,我国L-苏氨酸产量为84.7万t,占全球L-苏氨酸产量的93.4%;2017年至2021年,全球苏氨酸需求量每年呈快速增长趋势,五年间需求量增长40% (图1)[1]
L-苏氨酸虽然无法在动物体内合成,但其可以在植物及微生物中合成。L-苏氨酸的制备方法包括微生物发酵法、化学合成法和蛋白质水解法。其中,微生物发酵法因工艺更为简单、发酵周期短、所需投资少等优点,逐渐成为最主要的生产方法。L-苏氨酸可以由谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)、褪色沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)、黄色短杆菌(Brevibacterium flavum)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)这4种微生物发酵生产[2-3],其中,大肠杆菌具有繁殖速度快、生理生化研究更为透彻等特性[4],而且利用大肠杆菌发酵得到的产量及糖酸转化率更理想[5]。此外,由于遗传背景清晰和遗传操作简便的优势,大肠杆菌还是分子生物学的模式细菌,广泛用于各类氨基酸的生物合成[6-8]
L-苏氨酸发酵工业发展早期主要利用诱变育种技术对菌株进行筛选,虽然可以提高菌株生产性能,但随机性较强,很难进一步提高菌株产量。随着代谢工程技术的发展,实现了对菌株的定向改造,菌株产L-苏氨酸的能力得到了显著提升。然而,产量和糖酸转化率较低仍然是L-苏氨酸发酵工业的最大瓶颈,因此,利用代谢工程技术改造大肠杆菌提高菌株L-苏氨酸合成能力尤为关键[9]
L-苏氨酸(L-threonine, L-Thr)是William C. Rose于1935年从纤维蛋白水解物中分离和鉴定出来的[10],是一种有机化合物,化学名称是α-氨基-β-羟基丁酸,化学式为C4H9NO3,结构式如图2所示。L-苏氨酸也是苏氨酸4种旋光异构体中唯一具有生物学活性的结构。
L-苏氨酸是一种人体自身无法合成的必需氨基酸,在人体内参与蛋白质合成[11],广泛应用于食品、饲料、医药等多个领域,在延缓衰老、提高免疫力、增强抵抗力和预防疾病中起着重要作用[9],是猪饲料中仅次于L-赖氨酸(L-lysine, L-Lys)的第二大限制性氨基酸,也是家禽饲料中继L-赖氨酸和L-甲硫氨酸(L-methionine, L-Met)之后的第三大限制性氨基酸[12],同时也是3种氨基酸中唯一主要使用大肠杆菌作为发酵菌株的氨基酸[13]
以葡萄糖为碳源,L-苏氨酸的生物合成主要涉及糖酵解途径(glycolytic pathway, EMP)、三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA)、磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)及L-苏氨酸的生物合成途径(biosynthetic pathway of L-threonine)。葡萄糖经葡萄糖磷酸转移酶系统(phosphotransferase system, PTS)进入细胞,PTS系统由EⅠ、HPr、EⅡAGlc以及EⅡBCGlc (分别由ptsHptsIcrrptsG基因编码)构成,其关键基因ptsGcrr缺失可以弱化葡萄糖转运[14]
进入细胞的葡萄糖分子经过EMP途径生成磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvic acid, PEP),PEP在磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶(ppc基因编码)作用下生成草酰乙酸(oxaloacetic acid, OAA),进入TCA循环[15],OAA在天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspC基因编码)催化下,生成L-天冬氨酸(L-aspartate, L-Asp),进入L-苏氨酸的生物合成途径。
L-苏氨酸的生物合成由五步酶催化反应得到:(1) L-天冬氨酸由3种激酶同工酶(分别由thrAmetLlysC基因编码)催化生成L-天冬氨酸磷酸;(2) L-天冬氨酸磷酸由天冬氨酸半醛脱氢酶(asd基因编码)催化生成L-天冬氨酸-β-半醛;(3) L-天冬氨酸-β-半醛由高丝氨酸脱氢酶(分别由thrAmetL基因编码)催化生成L-高丝氨酸;(4) L-高丝氨酸由高丝氨酸激酶(thrB基因编码)催化生成高丝氨酸磷酸;(5) 高丝氨酸磷酸由苏氨酸合成酶(thrC基因编码)催化生成L-苏氨酸,并由RhtABC转运蛋白转运至胞外(图3)。
代谢工程是对负责细胞内酶催化反应的基因进行遗传操作[16],主要目标是通过基因工程技术手段增加目标产物的合成[17]。L-苏氨酸在大肠杆菌中生物合成过程极其复杂,受到许多胞内和胞外因素的影响[14, 18],如细胞生长与产物合成之间的竞争、副产物积累、辅因子[adenosinetriphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and triphosphopyridine nucleotide (NADPH)]供应不足等因素会影响L-苏氨酸产量的进一步提高,因此,产L-苏氨酸的大肠杆菌菌株通常生长缓慢。产量和生产效率对于生物合成的经济性和可行性至关重要,L-苏氨酸作为大宗氨基酸产品,提高菌株发酵产量和糖酸转化率可使生产成本大幅度降低,增加经济效益[6, 19-21]
随着代谢工程技术的发展,尤其是CRISPR基因编辑技术开始应用于菌株的定向改造,利用代谢工程手段改造代谢途径,对关键代谢节点进行精准调控,成为提高目标产物产量的重要手段[22]。目前,对L-苏氨酸合成菌株的改造主要通过增加前体供应、关键合成基因改造、减少副产物生成、增加辅因子供应、增强L-苏氨酸的胞外转运及敲除降解途径。
前体物质(precusor)指某一代谢中间体前一阶段的物质,前体充足是生物合成的关键[23-24],其可以将碳流引入L-苏氨酸生物合成途径,减少碳流失。草酰乙酸、L-天冬氨酸及L-高丝氨酸是L-苏氨酸的前体物质。因此,增强草酰乙酸-天冬氨酸节点的碳通量可以促进细胞生长和L-苏氨酸的生成[20]。在TCA循环中,异柠檬酸裂解酶(aceA基因编码)可将异柠檬酸(isocitric acid, ICT)裂解成乙醛酸(glyoxylic acid, GOL),乙醛酸在苹果酸合成酶(aceB基因编码)作用下生成苹果酸(malic acid, MAL),重新参与TCA循环,构成乙醛酸循环(glyoxylate cycle)。乙醛酸循环是草酰乙酸的回补途径,可以有效避免碳源以CO2的形式流失。aceK基因调控异柠檬酸进入三羧酸循环或乙醛酸循环,在微生物碳代谢调控中起着关键作用[15],乙醛酸主要通过TCA循环代谢产生能量和生物合成前体[25],因此,强化乙醛酸循环可以有效地促进草酰乙酸生成,有利于L-苏氨酸的生物合成。磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶(ppc基因编码)可以直接将碳通量从EMP途径引入TCA循环,在菌株中敲除ppc基因,与对照菌株TH07 (pBRThrABC)相比,菌株的苏氨酸产量降低87%;用强启动子trc调控ppc基因表达,L-苏氨酸产量增加了27.7%[26]
L-苏氨酸的生物合成过程中存在一些关键基因,敲除、过表达或者动态调控这些关键基因可以有效地增加L-苏氨酸的产量。例如,敲除代谢途径中非必需基因可以有效地减少副产物的生成,增加基因组的稳定性,并在不损害其生长的情况下简化代谢;敲除细胞生长非必需基因可以减轻细胞代谢负担,提高细胞代谢效率[27];过表达L-苏氨酸合成途径关键酶基因可以将碳通量指向合成途径,有效减少副产物的生成[9]
ThrABC操纵子在L-苏氨酸的生物合成中起着重要的调节作用,thrABC的改造是增加大肠杆菌中L-苏氨酸产量的最常用策略[15]。在MG442菌株中表达突变操纵子thrA442BC后产量提高130%[28]。在菌株D8中过表达thrAfbrBC基因簇,同时敲除iclR与参与L-苏氨酸降解的itaE基因,L-苏氨酸产量增加19.3%[29]。Hao等[19]thrABC表达进行动态调控,促进了细胞的生长,缩短了发酵时间,在敲除ptsG基因后,菌株分批补料发酵产生121.05 g/L的L-苏氨酸。本课题组Su等[30]前期基于L-苏氨酸存在的“类诱导剂”效应,结合L-苏氨酸核糖开关构建了一种新型L-苏氨酸生物传感器;以此生物传感器为表征手段,通过对thrA酶中与L-苏氨酸结合的ACT结构域的保守序列进行分析,对保守位点进行饱和突变,构建thrA突变文库,导入含有生物传感器的苏氨酸合成菌株WS00 (苏氨酸合成基础菌株);选择绿色荧光蛋白变得更加明亮的菌落进行发酵,并测定L-苏氨酸产量,与对照菌株相比,L-苏氨酸产量最高可提高7倍,该突变体(S353F/S354W) L-苏氨酸产量高于文献中应用较多的thrAC1034T突变体[15]
ProVWX是甘氨酸甜菜碱ABC转运蛋白ATP结合亚基,大肠杆菌蛋白ProP既是一种渗透传感器,也是一种渗透保护剂转运体。在TWF001中敲除proP后,L-苏氨酸产量增加33.3%;敲除proVWX后,L-苏氨酸产量增加40.0%,进一步缺失PTS系统关键基因ptsG,最终菌株的摇瓶发酵产量为26 g/L,在对照菌株的基础上提高了116%[3]。聚羟基丁酸酯(polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB)在大肠杆菌中积累不仅能抑制乙酸和丙酮酸生成,还能促进琥珀酸的产生[31],在TWF001菌株中过表达phaCAB基因簇可显著提高L-苏氨酸的产量,最终菌株分批补料发酵产生133.5 g/L的L-苏氨酸[32]。Sun等[21]构建了缺乏蓝光感应蛋白(ΔycgF)的菌株,大大降低了蓝光信号对生物膜的抑制作用,并构建了一种高效的生物膜形成系统Magnet,最终菌株L-苏氨酸摇瓶发酵产量提高65%。
在有氧条件下,DNA结合转录阻遏蛋白IclR (iclR基因调控)负向调控编码异柠檬酸水解酶(aceK基因编码)和苹果酸合成酶(aceAB基因编码)的表达,因此,敲除iclR基因可以激活乙醛酸循环,使得更多的草酰乙酸生成L-苏氨酸,并减少副产物的积累[33]。在TWF001菌株中缺失iclR基因,L-苏氨酸产量可在出发菌株基础上提高26%[34]lysC碱基序列中的第1 055个碱基C替换为T可以解除L-苏氨酸对天冬氨酸激酶Ⅲ的反馈抑制[35]。同时,过表达lysC基因也会将碳通量引入L-苏氨酸的合成,Zhang等[36]在菌株中过表达lysC基因,L-苏氨酸产量提高30%,葡萄糖转化率提高20%。
在L-苏氨酸合成过程中,乙酸、乳酸、乙醇等副产物会随之产生。其中,乙酸(acetic acid, ACE)是大肠杆菌以葡萄糖为碳源时的典型副产物[37-38],乙酸大量积累会抑制菌株生长,影响L-苏氨酸的合成[2]。丙酮酸可在丙酮酸氧化酶(poxB基因编码)作用下催化生成乙酸,导致碳流失。因此,将碳流引入磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-草酰乙酸-天冬氨酸节点,而不是作为乙酸流失是提高L-苏氨酸产量的重要途径[18, 39]
在THRD菌株中分别敲除糖酵解途径相关基因pykFpykApfkAB,将碳通量引向戊糖磷酸途径,乙酸含量分别降低了52%、80%、65%,菌株THRDΔpykF和THRDΔpykA的L-苏氨酸产量分别提高了11.5%和5.35%[40]。乳酸的存在对菌株的影响相对较小,少量的乳酸存在时可以为菌株提供碳源,但是浓度过高时,其对L-苏氨酸合成及代谢有明显的抑制作用,充足的氧气和合适的葡萄糖补给可以有效降低乳酸生成[41]
L-苏氨酸合成的同时,伴随着多种辅因子的生成与消耗(图4)。其中,NADPH (烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸)是代谢网络中的关键辅助因子之一,参与细胞内多种反应,对氧化还原平衡和细胞代谢产生重要影响[42]。NADPH在L-苏氨酸生物合成中不可缺少,1分子L-苏氨酸生成需消耗3分子NADPH,辅因子工程是实现目标产物高产的重要代谢工程策略[9, 43]
影响NADPH生成的基因有:PPP途径中NADP(+)依赖性葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(zwf基因编码)和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶(gnd基因编码);TCA循环中异柠檬酸脱氢酶(由icd基因编码),所以,将糖酵解通量转向PPP途径和TCA循环可以增加NADPH供应,在菌株中敲除pgi基因,将碳通量引向PPP途径,菌株NADPH/NADP+比值可提高7倍左右[44]。然而,过表达合成途径中NADPH合成相关基因可能会影响菌株的生长,因此,Liu等[20]引入了额外的NADPH再生途径,同时过表达甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)和吡啶核苷酸脱氢酶(pntAB基因编码),强化NADH与NADPH的相互转化[45],菌株L-苏氨酸产量提高了1.21倍。
L-苏氨酸的合成受到细胞代谢和转运蛋白的影响,随着L-苏氨酸逐渐积累和菌株合成速率的提高,胞内L-苏氨酸浓度始终高于胞外,无法及时将L-苏氨酸转运至胞外是限制L-苏氨酸生产的重要因素[7]。目前,大肠杆菌中存在RhtA、RhtB、RhtC和YecC (分别由rhtArhtBrhtCyecC基因编码) 4种转运蛋白可将L-苏氨酸转运至胞外,改造转运蛋白也是提高菌株L-苏氨酸生产性能的重要手段。Xu等[46]在THR菌株中分别敲除rhtArhtBC基因,L-苏氨酸产量分别下降25.7%及15.7%,而缺失rthABC后,L-苏氨酸的产率下降了54.2%;YecC蛋白也可以转运L-苏氨酸,但与rhtABC相比,yecC与L-苏氨酸的亲和力不高,可能参与细胞内L-苏氨酸的微调或紧急调节。在THR120 (ΔrhtBC)菌株中过表达yecC基因,L-苏氨酸产量提高40.6%。在菌株中过表达rhtAB,菌株L-苏氨酸产量仅略微增加,但过表达rhtC基因后菌株L-苏氨酸产量提高了50.2%,这可能和RhtAB蛋白与L-苏氨酸特异性较低有关[26]
大肠杆菌细胞内还存在SstT (Na+依赖性,sstT基因编码)和TdcC (H+依赖性,tdcC基因编码) 2种可以将胞外L-苏氨酸转运至胞内的特异性载体蛋白,它们将L-苏氨酸转运至胞内后,胞内L-苏氨酸浓度增加,促进L-苏氨酸的生物降解,导致苏氨酸产量降低;在W3110菌株中敲除tdcCsstT基因,L-苏氨酸产量分别提高了82.5%和112.5%,同时敲除tdcCsstT基因的L-苏氨酸产量提高172.5%[47]。因此,在大肠杆菌中敲除tdcCsstT基因可以有效降低L-苏氨酸的胞内转运,有利于L-苏氨酸的合成。
作为必需氨基酸L-异亮氨酸(L-isoleucine, L-Iso)和非必需氨基酸L-甘氨酸(L-glycine, L-Glu)的重要前体物质,苏氨酸的胞内降解主要用于异亮氨酸和甘氨酸的生物合成,参与L-苏氨酸降解的基因有tdhtdgltaEtdcBsstTilvAtdcC[48]
L-苏氨酸在苏氨酸脱水酶(tdcB基因编码)和苏氨酸脱氨酶(tdg基因编码)作用下,生成L-异亮氨酸;当细胞甘氨酸缺乏时,苏氨酸在苏氨酸脱氢酶(tdh基因编码)和苏氨酸醛缩酶(ltaE基因编码)作用下转化为乙醛和甘氨酸[11-12, 49-50]。苏氨酸脱氨酶(ilvA基因编码)也参与L-苏氨酸胞内分解代谢,生成L-异亮氨酸的前体物质α-酮基丁酸[51]。闫继爱等[52]敲除ilvA基因后,L-苏氨酸产量从(5.55±0.51) g/L提升至(8.65±1.42) g/L,进一步敲除metA基因,L-苏氨酸产量提高至(13.6±1.14) g/L。因此,通过阻断L-苏氨酸的降解途径可以有效地降低L-苏氨酸消耗,促进L-苏氨酸积累。
发酵工艺优化主要集中于优化培养基成分(碳氮源、无机盐、生长因子)和调控环境因素(渗透压、pH值、温度、溶氧量),发酵培养基为菌种生长及代谢产物合成提供营养物质及能量,是影响发酵效率的重要因素;提供适宜的生长环境是提高产量的重要方法[53],L-苏氨酸发酵通常采用可以有效控制生长速度、避免高底物浓度抑制作用的分批补料发酵进行大规模发酵[6]
渗透压是指溶液中溶质分子通过半透膜吸收水分子的能力。在发酵生产过程中,可能出现渗透压不平衡导致菌株生长受限和L-苏氨酸生物合成受阻的情况,因此,平衡渗透压对维持发酵至关重要。甜菜碱(betaine)是一种具有渗透保护作用的相容溶质,可以用于提高工程大肠杆菌的L-苏氨酸生产效率。补充甜菜碱不仅能提高糖酵解酶活性,还能上调葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(zwf基因编码)的表达[3, 54]
运用单因素试验策略在培养基中分别添加0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 g/L含甜菜碱的葡萄糖溶液,L-苏氨酸的产量分别为115.7、118.9、123.6和127.3 g/L,在对照菌株基础上分别提高4.05%、6.92%、11.20%和14.50%;糖酸转化率分别为55.24%、56.57%、57.41%和58.12%,均高于对照组[55]。Li等[56]添加1 g/L甜菜碱,最终菌株发酵L-苏氨酸产量为(126.1±3.0) g/L,与对照菌株相比提高了17.6%。
L-苏氨酸的生产成本主要取决于培养基的成本,优化发酵工艺不仅能提高菌株生产性能,还能有效降低生产成本[57],在生产过程中保持最佳的发酵条件对菌株生产非常重要[58]。在优化L-苏氨酸发酵工艺时,优先考虑优化碳源和氮源的浓度,与其他因素相比,碳氮源对L-苏氨酸生产的影响更加明显[57-58]。发酵时可用玉米浆代替酵母提取物作为氮源以降低成本[59];在MT201菌株中添加生物素作为生长因子,L-苏氨酸的产量由15.9 g/L提高至52.0 g/L,提高227.00%[57];当氧气供应不足时,可将培养基pH下调至6.5,虽然菌株生长受到影响,但产量可小幅度提高[41];在培养基中分别添加30–60 g/L葡萄糖,以30 g/L葡萄糖为对照,当葡萄糖浓度为40 g/L时,糖酸转化率略微降低的同时,菌株产量提高24.88%;当培养基中葡萄糖浓度为50–60 g/L时,产量略微增加,但葡萄糖转化率持续大幅度降低,导致成本增加,可能是因为高葡萄糖浓度下,渗透压升高导致乙酸大量积累,大肠杆菌细胞生长受到抑制[33, 59]
L-苏氨酸是一种必需氨基酸,哺乳动物需要L-苏氨酸及其代谢物才能维持正常的生理功能[60-61],因此,饲料行业的高速发展使得L-苏氨酸需求不断增加,这是L-苏氨酸产业的挑战也是机遇。目前,利用代谢工程手段改造大肠杆菌已经取得了一系列成果(表1)。其中,实验室发酵L-苏氨酸最高产量为160.3 g/L[62],其与L-苏氨酸在25 ℃下205 g/L的溶解度相比,还有较大的提升空间[48]
谷氨酸棒状杆菌也可用于L-苏氨酸的生物合成,它是谷氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸等多种氨基酸的生产模式菌[67]。然而,谷氨酸棒状杆菌中仅有ThrE (thrE基因编码)及SerE (serE基因编码) 2种特异性不强的转运蛋白可以用于L-苏氨酸的转运[68-69],其L-苏氨酸产量一直低于大肠杆菌。因此,利用代谢工程技术改造代谢途径和优化发酵工艺,提高大肠杆菌L-苏氨酸合成能力,对促进L-苏氨酸发酵产业的发展具有重要意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2100900)
  • 广东特支计划(2021JC06N628)
  • 广东省科学院发展专项资金(2022GDASZH-2022010101)
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2024年第64卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240078
  • 接收时间:2024-01-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-05-29
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-31
  • 录用日期:2024-05-28
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2100900)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2100900)
Guangdong Special Support Program(2021JC06N628)
广东特支计划(2021JC06N628)
GDAS Project of Science and Technology Development(2022GDASZH-2022010101)
广东省科学院发展专项资金(2022GDASZH-2022010101)
作者信息
    1 五邑大学环境与化学工程学院, 广东 江门 529020
    2 广东省科学院微生物研究所 华南应用微生物国家重点实验室 农业农村部农业微生物组学与精准应用重点实验室 农业农村部农业微生物组学重点实验室 广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室, 广东 广州 510070

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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