Article(id=1241451303352726012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705939200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1711900800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-01, onlineDate=1773914655769, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1712419200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-07, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914655769, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914655769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914655769, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2918, endPage=2939, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451303818293783, articleId=1241451303352726012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=MoLcb3 contributes to sphingolipid balance and stress responses in Magnaporthe oryzae, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid notable for its involvement in the regulation of biological processes and the development of diseases. Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase (S1PP) plays a role in regulating the intracellular metabolism of S1P, while the biological roles of S1PP in plant pathogenic fungi have not been reported.

[Objective] To explore the role of S1PP in the morphological differentiation, pathogenic process, and maintenance of sphingolipid balance of Magnaporthe oryzae. [Methods] We employed homologous recombination to delete the S1PP gene MoLCB3 from M. oryzae and characterized the obtained mutant ΔMolcb3 was by phenotypic analysis, gene complementation, and lipid metabolomics. Furthermore, we deleted the sphingosine kinase (SK) gene MoLcb4 from ΔMolcb3 to explore the relationship between MoLcb3 and MoLcb4. [Results] The deletion of MoLCB3 resulted in significant decreases in the mycelial growth rate and spore production and affected conidial malformation and initial appressorium formation. ΔMolcb3 completely lost the pathogenicity to barley. Moreover, the ΔMolcb3 mutant were significantly different from the wild type in responding to hyperosmic stress, cell wall integrity stress, high temperature stress, and fungal lipid synthesis inhibitors triadimefon and myriocin, suggesting that MoLcb3 was involved in these stress responses and lipid anabolism. Interestingly, the double mutant ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4 basically compensated for all phenotypic defects of ΔMolcb3. In addition, lipid metabolomics showed that compared with the wild type, ΔMolcb3 presented significantly different levels of lipids, such as free fatty acids, ceramides, and phosphatidyl inositol. [Conclusion] MoLcb3 plays an important role in the mycelial growth, sporulation, spore germination, pathogenicity, stress responses, and lipid homeostasis. In addition, knockout of MoLCB4 can cushion the effects of MoLcb3 deletion. The results of this study provide new ideas for elucidating the sphingolipid metabolic pathway of M. oryzae and the development of inhibitors of fungal lipid biosynthesis.

, correspAuthors=Xueming ZHU, Fucheng LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHU Xueming,
E-mail: LIN Fucheng,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaozhi ZHANG, Lei WANG, Lin LI, Jiandong BAO, Xueming ZHU, Fucheng LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451308968899426, articleId=1241451303352726012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=MoLcb3参与调控稻瘟病菌鞘脂平衡和胁迫反应, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鞘氨醇1-磷酸(sphingosine-1-phosphate, S1P)是一种具有生物活性的鞘脂,因其参与各种生物过程的调节和许多疾病的发展而引人注目,鞘氨醇1-磷酸磷酸酶(S1P phosphatase, S1PP)在控制S1P胞内代谢起着重要作用,而其在植物病原真菌中的生物学功能尚无报道。【目的】探究稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)鞘氨醇1-磷酸磷酸酶在形态分化、致病过程和维持鞘脂平衡的作用。【方法】利用同源重组方法敲除稻瘟病菌鞘氨醇1-磷酸磷酸酶编码基因MoLCB3,获得ΔMolcb3突变体,并通过表型分析、基因互补、脂质代谢组学分析等对MoLcb3的生物学功能进行研究,同时在ΔMolcb3突变体中敲除稻瘟病菌鞘氨醇激酶(sphingosine kinase, SK) MoLcb4,进一步探究磷酸酶MoLcb3和激酶MoLcb4之间的关系。【结果】敲除MoLCB3基因导致稻瘟病菌菌丝生长速率和产孢量显著下降,影响分生孢子畸形率和附着胞初期形成,ΔMolcb3突变体完全丧失对大麦的致病性。ΔMolcb3突变体在应对高渗胁迫、细胞壁完整性胁迫、高温胁迫,以及真菌脂质合成抑制剂三唑酮和多球壳菌素时,与野生型有显著差异,说明MoLcb3参与上述胁迫反应和脂质合成代谢。ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体可基本互补ΔMolcb3突变体所有表型缺陷。另外,脂质代谢组学分析显示,与野生型相比,ΔMolcb3突变体部分脂质含量有显著差异,例如游离脂肪酸、神经酰胺、磷脂酰肌醇等。【结论】鞘氨醇1-磷酸磷酸酶MoLcb3在菌丝生长、产孢、孢子萌发、致病性、胁迫应激反应和维持脂质稳态等过程中起着重要作用,此外敲除MoLCB4基因能缓解MoLcb3缺失带来的影响。本研究的结果为进一步阐明稻瘟病菌鞘脂代谢通路以及真菌脂质生物合成抑制剂的开发提供新的思路。

, correspAuthors=朱学明, 林福呈, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=udoTvnR0FWSGEFwqhwXdnQ==, magXml=ZCQhFt3bElxrOvksw2GQAw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=xN/+wg1z+JukZRD93Jbg9w==, pdfFileSize=1961735, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Mc7M6AheptyVq5cHS6qTMQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=MTfPilK9gWH4O9htXMpVng==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=张晓智, 王蕾, 李琳, 鲍坚东, 朱学明, 林福呈)}, authors=[Author(id=1242193058511548681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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Genetics, 2000, 156 (4):1519-1529., articleTitle=Accumulation of phosphorylated sphingoid long chain bases results in cell growth inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242193065188881259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, awardId=LQ22C140005, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ22C140005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242193065306321777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, awardId=32100159, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100159), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242193058201170161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193058209558771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, companyId=1242193058201170161, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193058217947380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, companyId=1242193058201170161, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 浙江农林大学现代农学院, 浙江 杭州 311300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242193058306027771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193058314416379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, companyId=1242193058306027771, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193058326999293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, companyId=1242193058306027771, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所 农产品质量安全危害因子与风险防控国家重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242193062139622003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Sequences comparison and phylogenetic analysis of MoLCB3 homologous gene. A: Protein sequences alignment of homologous genes in Magnaporthe oryzae MoLcb3 (KAI7921492.1), Saccharomyces cerevicae Lcb3 (KZV10140.1), Gaeumannomyces tritici (XP_009230231.1), Xylariaceae sp. (KAI1337660.1), Colletotrichum orbiculare (TDZ17510.1), Zygosaccharomyces parabailii (AQZ17239.1), Nakaseomyces glabratus (KTB14151.1), Homo sapiens (NP_110418.1), the red background and purple box indicated the identity of all and more than 6 conserved nucleotides. B: Based on the sequence comparison results, MEGA 11 program was used to construct the phylogenetic tree of LCB3 genes., figureFileSmall=EmUKSSMRvTBiyYRJtfz1QQ==, figureFileBig=F+Ftxz7yfGEeF76zZkLU9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193062236091005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MoLCB3同源基因序列比对与系统发育分析, figureFileSmall=EmUKSSMRvTBiyYRJtfz1QQ==, figureFileBig=F+Ftxz7yfGEeF76zZkLU9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193062441611923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=MoLCB3 gene knockout diagram and internal and external PCR validation of ΔMolcb3 mutant replacement gene. A: Knockout vector pKO3A-Molcb3 and MoLCB3 target gene knockout. The red arrow represents the target gene MoLCB3, the blue arrow represents the HPH gene, the position of the primer is marked accordingly. B: 2 000 bp external fragment of MoLCB3 gene amplified with lcb3-upyzF/HPH-yzR primer. C: lcb3-innerF/lcb3-innerR primers were used to further verify the deletion of targeted genes in different strains, and bands of about 500 bp and 1 000 bp corresponded to Molcb3 and β-tubulin genes, respectively. M: DNA marker., figureFileSmall=/XIUpKRTT+gcrBzlYZAfgw==, figureFileBig=9PmGOdGF9skl7pF0h8gJNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193062563246751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MoLCB3基因敲除示意图及ΔMolcb3突变体替换基因内外部双重PCR验证, figureFileSmall=/XIUpKRTT+gcrBzlYZAfgw==, figureFileBig=9PmGOdGF9skl7pF0h8gJNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193062680687276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Colony morphology, growth rate and sporulation of ΔMolcb3. A: Colony morphology of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 mutant and replacement strain ΔMolcb3-C cultured at 25 ℃ on CM medium for 7 days. B: The colony diameters of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 and complementary strain ΔMolcb3-C on CM medium were statistically analyzed. C: An asterisk indicates a significant difference (**P < 0.01)., figureFileSmall=Bd3n9K4rgWUwJBUOlKaWlQ==, figureFileBig=Jt5Sdxc85R4BvPmFkbryuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193062789739190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ΔMolcb3的菌落形态、生长速度和产孢情况, figureFileSmall=Bd3n9K4rgWUwJBUOlKaWlQ==, figureFileBig=Jt5Sdxc85R4BvPmFkbryuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193062898791105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Conidial morphology and appressoria formation of ΔMolcb3. A: The morphology of ΔMolcb3 mutant conidia was observed and the cell wall and diaphragm of conidia were stained with Calcofluor white (CFW). Scale=10 μm. Type Ⅰ: Phragmoconidium; Type Ⅱ: Didmoconidium; Type Ⅲ: Ameroconidium. B: The abnormal rate of conidia in each strain was calculated. Type Ⅰ: Phragmoconidium; Type Ⅱ: Didmoconidium; Type Ⅲ: Ameroconidium. C: The appressorium formation rate of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 mutant and the complementary strain ΔMolcb3-C was induced on the surface of the hydrophobic membrane. Scale=10 μm., figureFileSmall=zBhShmNu2Pdxo0gSFsmbjQ==, figureFileBig=cr7TQpkFToSf5iOQ/G3IXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193063012037318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ΔMolcb3的分生孢子形态和附着胞形成, figureFileSmall=zBhShmNu2Pdxo0gSFsmbjQ==, figureFileBig=cr7TQpkFToSf5iOQ/G3IXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193063108506321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Pathogenicity detection on barley leaves. Mycelium plugs of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 mutant, and the complementary strain ΔMolcb3-C were placed on the isolated leaves of 7-day-old barley and photographed 4 days later., figureFileSmall=baPYN3QLd2LXIQ83N2c9bQ==, figureFileBig=/RgDlzJoxnh55u0kefWR5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193063234335452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ΔMolcb3在大麦上的发病情况检测, figureFileSmall=baPYN3QLd2LXIQ83N2c9bQ==, figureFileBig=/RgDlzJoxnh55u0kefWR5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193063347581670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The growth of each strain under hypertonic stress and cell wall stress factors. A: Hypertonic stress agent KCl, cell wall stress agent SDS and Congo red (CR) were added to CM substrate. After 7 days of cultivation under dark conditions, the growth of the strain was observed. B: Colony diameters of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 mutant and complementary strain ΔMolcb3-C on stress medium were statistically analyzed. Asterisks indicate significant differences (**: P < 0.01)., figureFileSmall=bukDFu5St/BBLdrEsESgqg==, figureFileBig=Jk0wn+EMKs8FPdLAm1WNkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193063452439281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各菌株在含高渗胁迫和细胞壁胁迫因子条件下的生长情况, figureFileSmall=bukDFu5St/BBLdrEsESgqg==, figureFileBig=Jk0wn+EMKs8FPdLAm1WNkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193063536325367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The growth of each strain under the condition of two fungal lipid synthesis inhibitors. A: The fungal lipid synthesis inhibitors triadimefon and myriocin were added on CM substrate, respectively. After 7 days of cultivation under dark conditions, the growth of the strain was observed. B: Colony diameters of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 mutant and complementary strain ΔMolcb3-C on stress medium were statistically analyzed. Asterisks indicate significant differences (**: P < 0.01)., figureFileSmall=QNjIFbunWAYFz8YbvlWqlQ==, figureFileBig=JFQ5ppH1hcfVvFRsCHgPSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193063662154493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各菌株在含两种真菌脂质合成抑制剂条件下的生长情况, figureFileSmall=QNjIFbunWAYFz8YbvlWqlQ==, figureFileBig=JFQ5ppH1hcfVvFRsCHgPSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193063905424144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The growth of each strain under high temperature stress. A: The colony morphology of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 mutant and the complementary strain ΔMolcb3-C were cultured on CM medium at 25 ℃ and 30 ℃ for 7 days. B: The relative growth rate of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 mutant and complementary strain ΔMolcb3-C were statistically analyzed at 30 ℃ temperature. Asterisks indicate significant differences (**: P < 0.01)., figureFileSmall=Tj8EIscoaKODRqyBAiyAnw==, figureFileBig=mZoDb2JrlNnU4JR1Rgpy7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064031253270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各菌株在高温胁迫下的生长情况, figureFileSmall=Tj8EIscoaKODRqyBAiyAnw==, figureFileBig=mZoDb2JrlNnU4JR1Rgpy7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064178053920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Colony morphology, growth rate and sporulation of ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4 double-knock mutant. A: The colony morphology of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 mutant, ΔMolcb4 mutant and ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4 double-knock mutant were cultured on CM medium at 25 ℃ for 7 days. B: Colony diameters of wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3 mutants, ΔMolcb4 mutants and ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4 double-knock mutants on CM medium were statistically analyzed. The strain growing for 7 days was used for sporulation analysis. An asterisk indicates a significant difference (*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01), and NS indicates no significant difference., figureFileSmall=MpC5X3QODRI+54jBdjXC0g==, figureFileBig=WEo5TjUY7X3NCSTINNlRxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064308077353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图9, caption=ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体的菌落形态、生长速度和产孢情况, figureFileSmall=MpC5X3QODRI+54jBdjXC0g==, figureFileBig=WEo5TjUY7X3NCSTINNlRxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064404546352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Incidence of ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4 in rice and barley. A: The appressoria formation rate of the wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3, ΔMolcb4, and ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4 strains were induced on the surface of the hydrophobic membrane. Scale=10 μm. B: Pathogenicity detection on barley leaves. Mycelial plugs of the wild type Guy11, ΔMolcb3, ΔMolcb4, and ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4 were placed on the isolated leaves on 7-day-old barley and photographed at 4 days. C: The same mycelium pieces were inoculated on isolated rice leaves growing at 14 days and photographed at 4 days. D, E, F: The growth rates of ΔMolcb3, ΔMolcb4 and the ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4 double-knock mutants at KCl, SDS, CR, Tri, Myr and heat stress conditions, respectively. An asterisk indicates a significant difference (*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01), and NS indicates no significant difference., figureFileSmall=ZPtlp/eSrFfxpou7BHkI/Q==, figureFileBig=4tGztGJjKHqcVBTdIxfktg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064488432443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图10, caption=ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4在水稻和大麦上的发病情况, figureFileSmall=ZPtlp/eSrFfxpou7BHkI/Q==, figureFileBig=4tGztGJjKHqcVBTdIxfktg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064572318530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Lipidomics was used to analyze the lipid content of each strain. A: Cluster heat maps, with significant differences in lipid content between groups (higher in red, lower in blue). B: KEGG enrichment analysis showed that there were significant differences in lipids involved in lipid metabolic pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored biosynthesis. C: The relative content of FFA. D: The relative content of Cer. E: The relative content of PI. An asterisk indicates a significant difference (*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001), and NS indicates no significant difference., figureFileSmall=sg+yt9ZO/Vg3kNoWNabT3w==, figureFileBig=dy+QPTnw+/8/qfMxVae86w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064689759052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=图11, caption=利用脂质组学分析各菌株脂质含量, figureFileSmall=sg+yt9ZO/Vg3kNoWNabT3w==, figureFileBig=dy+QPTnw+/8/qfMxVae86w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064807199574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
lcb3-upFAGGCTAACTGACACTCTAGAATATGTGCTATAGACAGGTCAC
lcb3-upRTGTTGACCTCCACTAAAGATTGGCCCGAAAGGTG
lcb3-downFGGAATAGAGTAGATGAAACACCCTTTGTTCTCTCAAC
lcb3-downRCGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTATCGGCATGATGCTCAACTGG
lcb3-upyzFCTGGTGTAGAATGTGGCG
lcb3-innerFCTGCCAAAGATTGCTGTCAATG
lcb3-innerRTCCACACCAAAACATGATGGG
lcb4-upFAGGCTAACTGACACTCTAGACGACGCTGATGATCAGGATGGC
lcb4-upRTTCAATATCATCTTCTGAAAGTTTCCGAGGGAAT
lcb4-downFCCGTCACCGAGATTTAGCTTGACGTCGCTCTCGTTG
lcb4-downRCGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTCGATTCCGCCGCATATTGTGT
lcb4-upyzFTGCAAAAAATCTCAGCGC
lcb4-innerFTCAATCGTGGGAGACAAGCT
lcb4-innerRGACGATCTCGAGCTCCATG
K5-GFP-lcb3-FATCAATCACAATGGCCATGAAGCGAAACAACCGAGGCT
K5-GFP-lcb3-RCGCCCTTGCTCACCATCCTTGGCTGGCGTAGGTGTT
HPH-yzRGCAGCAGATGATAATAATGTCC
BAR-yzRTGGGGCTGATCTGACCAGTTGC
HPH-FTAGTGGAGGTCAACAATGAATG
HPH-RCATCTACTCTATTCCTTTGCC
BAR-FAGAAGATGATATTGAAGGAGCA
BAR-RCTAAATCTCGGTGACGGGCAGG
Tubulin-FTGGAGCGTATGAGCGTCTAC
Tubulin-RAAGATGGCAGAGCAGGTCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1242193064958194523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451303352726012, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
lcb3-upFAGGCTAACTGACACTCTAGAATATGTGCTATAGACAGGTCAC
lcb3-upRTGTTGACCTCCACTAAAGATTGGCCCGAAAGGTG
lcb3-downFGGAATAGAGTAGATGAAACACCCTTTGTTCTCTCAAC
lcb3-downRCGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTATCGGCATGATGCTCAACTGG
lcb3-upyzFCTGGTGTAGAATGTGGCG
lcb3-innerFCTGCCAAAGATTGCTGTCAATG
lcb3-innerRTCCACACCAAAACATGATGGG
lcb4-upFAGGCTAACTGACACTCTAGACGACGCTGATGATCAGGATGGC
lcb4-upRTTCAATATCATCTTCTGAAAGTTTCCGAGGGAAT
lcb4-downFCCGTCACCGAGATTTAGCTTGACGTCGCTCTCGTTG
lcb4-downRCGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTCGATTCCGCCGCATATTGTGT
lcb4-upyzFTGCAAAAAATCTCAGCGC
lcb4-innerFTCAATCGTGGGAGACAAGCT
lcb4-innerRGACGATCTCGAGCTCCATG
K5-GFP-lcb3-FATCAATCACAATGGCCATGAAGCGAAACAACCGAGGCT
K5-GFP-lcb3-RCGCCCTTGCTCACCATCCTTGGCTGGCGTAGGTGTT
HPH-yzRGCAGCAGATGATAATAATGTCC
BAR-yzRTGGGGCTGATCTGACCAGTTGC
HPH-FTAGTGGAGGTCAACAATGAATG
HPH-RCATCTACTCTATTCCTTTGCC
BAR-FAGAAGATGATATTGAAGGAGCA
BAR-RCTAAATCTCGGTGACGGGCAGG
Tubulin-FTGGAGCGTATGAGCGTCTAC
Tubulin-RAAGATGGCAGAGCAGGTCAG
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MoLcb3参与调控稻瘟病菌鞘脂平衡和胁迫反应
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张晓智 1 , 王蕾 1 , 李琳 2 , 鲍坚东 2 , 朱学明 1, 2, * , 林福呈 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(8): 2918-2939
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(8): 2918-2939
MoLcb3参与调控稻瘟病菌鞘脂平衡和胁迫反应
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张晓智1, 王蕾1, 李琳2, 鲍坚东2, 朱学明1, 2, * , 林福呈1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江农林大学现代农学院, 浙江 杭州 311300
  • 2 浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所 农产品质量安全危害因子与风险防控国家重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310021
MoLcb3 contributes to sphingolipid balance and stress responses in Magnaporthe oryzae
Xiaozhi ZHANG1, Lei WANG1, Lin LI2, Jiandong BAO2, Xueming ZHU1, 2, * , Fucheng LIN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-04-07 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240061
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鞘氨醇1-磷酸(sphingosine-1-phosphate, S1P)是一种具有生物活性的鞘脂,因其参与各种生物过程的调节和许多疾病的发展而引人注目,鞘氨醇1-磷酸磷酸酶(S1P phosphatase, S1PP)在控制S1P胞内代谢起着重要作用,而其在植物病原真菌中的生物学功能尚无报道。【目的】探究稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)鞘氨醇1-磷酸磷酸酶在形态分化、致病过程和维持鞘脂平衡的作用。【方法】利用同源重组方法敲除稻瘟病菌鞘氨醇1-磷酸磷酸酶编码基因MoLCB3,获得ΔMolcb3突变体,并通过表型分析、基因互补、脂质代谢组学分析等对MoLcb3的生物学功能进行研究,同时在ΔMolcb3突变体中敲除稻瘟病菌鞘氨醇激酶(sphingosine kinase, SK) MoLcb4,进一步探究磷酸酶MoLcb3和激酶MoLcb4之间的关系。【结果】敲除MoLCB3基因导致稻瘟病菌菌丝生长速率和产孢量显著下降,影响分生孢子畸形率和附着胞初期形成,ΔMolcb3突变体完全丧失对大麦的致病性。ΔMolcb3突变体在应对高渗胁迫、细胞壁完整性胁迫、高温胁迫,以及真菌脂质合成抑制剂三唑酮和多球壳菌素时,与野生型有显著差异,说明MoLcb3参与上述胁迫反应和脂质合成代谢。ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体可基本互补ΔMolcb3突变体所有表型缺陷。另外,脂质代谢组学分析显示,与野生型相比,ΔMolcb3突变体部分脂质含量有显著差异,例如游离脂肪酸、神经酰胺、磷脂酰肌醇等。【结论】鞘氨醇1-磷酸磷酸酶MoLcb3在菌丝生长、产孢、孢子萌发、致病性、胁迫应激反应和维持脂质稳态等过程中起着重要作用,此外敲除MoLCB4基因能缓解MoLcb3缺失带来的影响。本研究的结果为进一步阐明稻瘟病菌鞘脂代谢通路以及真菌脂质生物合成抑制剂的开发提供新的思路。

稻瘟病菌  /  MoLcb3  /  鞘脂  /  功能分析  /  脂质代谢

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid notable for its involvement in the regulation of biological processes and the development of diseases. Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase (S1PP) plays a role in regulating the intracellular metabolism of S1P, while the biological roles of S1PP in plant pathogenic fungi have not been reported.

[Objective] To explore the role of S1PP in the morphological differentiation, pathogenic process, and maintenance of sphingolipid balance of Magnaporthe oryzae. [Methods] We employed homologous recombination to delete the S1PP gene MoLCB3 from M. oryzae and characterized the obtained mutant ΔMolcb3 was by phenotypic analysis, gene complementation, and lipid metabolomics. Furthermore, we deleted the sphingosine kinase (SK) gene MoLcb4 from ΔMolcb3 to explore the relationship between MoLcb3 and MoLcb4. [Results] The deletion of MoLCB3 resulted in significant decreases in the mycelial growth rate and spore production and affected conidial malformation and initial appressorium formation. ΔMolcb3 completely lost the pathogenicity to barley. Moreover, the ΔMolcb3 mutant were significantly different from the wild type in responding to hyperosmic stress, cell wall integrity stress, high temperature stress, and fungal lipid synthesis inhibitors triadimefon and myriocin, suggesting that MoLcb3 was involved in these stress responses and lipid anabolism. Interestingly, the double mutant ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4 basically compensated for all phenotypic defects of ΔMolcb3. In addition, lipid metabolomics showed that compared with the wild type, ΔMolcb3 presented significantly different levels of lipids, such as free fatty acids, ceramides, and phosphatidyl inositol. [Conclusion] MoLcb3 plays an important role in the mycelial growth, sporulation, spore germination, pathogenicity, stress responses, and lipid homeostasis. In addition, knockout of MoLCB4 can cushion the effects of MoLcb3 deletion. The results of this study provide new ideas for elucidating the sphingolipid metabolic pathway of M. oryzae and the development of inhibitors of fungal lipid biosynthesis.

Magnaporthe oryzae  /  MoLcb3  /  sphingolipid  /  functional analysis  /  lipid metabolism
张晓智, 王蕾, 李琳, 鲍坚东, 朱学明, 林福呈. MoLcb3参与调控稻瘟病菌鞘脂平衡和胁迫反应. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2918 -2939 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240061
Xiaozhi ZHANG, Lei WANG, Lin LI, Jiandong BAO, Xueming ZHU, Fucheng LIN. MoLcb3 contributes to sphingolipid balance and stress responses in Magnaporthe oryzae[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2918 -2939 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240061
稻瘟病菌在水稻种植过程中引起毁灭性的病害——稻瘟病(rice blast),导致全球粮食严重减产[1-2],极大地影响了世界粮食安全[3-4]。多年来,稻瘟病菌由于基因组测序完成早,对功能遗传学的适应性以及在实验室环境中易验证结果而成为研究植物与病原菌相互作用的模式真菌[5]。稻瘟病菌和水稻相互作用是一个高度动态和受调控的过程,探究稻瘟病菌中能够影响致病性或毒力的途径,以及如何克服水稻寄主免疫一直是研究的热点[6-7]。近年来,高渗透压甘油丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(high-osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase, HOG-MAPK)信号通路[8]、细胞壁完整性(cell wall integrity, CWI)通路[9]、细胞自噬途径[10]和稻瘟病菌效应子调控机制[11-12]等都得到了广泛的研究。尽管目前这几条途径对稻瘟病菌致病作用的调控机制已经基本清晰,但是否还有其他途径参与调控稻瘟病菌的致病性仍然还不明确[11]
鞘脂是一类在自然界中广泛存在的脂质,作为细胞膜的结构成分和信号分子具有重要的作用[13-14]。鞘脂首先在内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)中合成,并被运输到高尔基体,形成复杂鞘脂整合到质膜(plasma membrane, PM)中,发挥免疫、抵抗非生物胁迫和通过胞间连丝的细胞间通讯等功能[15-16]。真菌中富含鞘脂的质膜形成隔室,有助于维持多种细胞功能和体内平衡[17]。寄主鞘脂是寄主免疫反应的关键调节因子,也有少量研究发现,真菌鞘脂能促进真菌的致病性[18-19]
在动物、植物和真菌中,鞘脂生物合成的主要过程具有一定的相似性,其合成过程都是在真核生物细胞的内质网和高尔基体上进行的[20]。神经酰胺(ceramide, Cer)是最简单的鞘脂类化合物[21]。神经酰胺的生物合成主要分为4步。首先,丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶(serine palmitoyl transferase, SPT)催化丝氨酸和棕榈酰辅酶A,缩合生成3-酮基二氢鞘氨醇(3-ketodihydrosphingosine, 3-KDS)[22]。然后,3-KDS经3-酮基二氢鞘氨醇还原酶(3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase, KDSR)还原生成二氢鞘氨醇(dihydrosphingosine, DHS)[23]。接着,二氢鞘氨醇与脂肪酸在神经酰胺合成酶(ceramide synthase, CerS)的催化下以酰胺键结合的形式,形成二氢神经酰胺(dihydroceramide, dhCer)[24]。随后二氢神经酰胺在二氢神经酰胺去饱和酶(dihydroceramide desaturase, DES)作用下合成神经酰胺[25]。以上3个过程都是在内质网上完成的[20]。最后,神经酰胺通过囊泡或神经酰胺转运蛋白(ceramide transport protein, CERT)转运到高尔基体中与各种极性头部结合,再转化为其他复杂鞘脂类物质[26-28]。鞘氨醇(sphingosine, Sph)还能被鞘氨醇激酶磷酸化,形成鞘氨醇-1-磷酸,再通过鞘脂降解途径最终酶——鞘氨醇-1-磷酸裂解酶(sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase, SPL)分解,产生乙醇胺磷酸盐(phosphoryl-ethanolamine)和C16脂肪醛(palmitaldehyde)[29-30]。鞘氨醇-1-磷酸磷酸酶也能催化鞘氨醇-1-磷酸去磷酸化为鞘氨醇,这是鞘氨醇激酶的逆反应[31]
鞘氨醇-1-磷酸磷酸酶最早是de Ceuster等在大鼠肝脏细胞膜中进行生化鉴定,由Mao等和Mandala等从酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中克隆出来[32-34]。S1PP能分别将二氢鞘氨醇-1-磷酸、鞘氨醇-1-磷酸和植物鞘氨醇-1-磷酸(phytosphingosine-1-phosphate, PHSP)去磷酸化为二氢鞘氨醇、鞘氨醇和植物鞘氨醇(phytosphingosine, PHS)[35]。在哺乳动物中,两个同源基因SGPP1SGPP2编码了特定的S1P磷酸酶,与其他具有广泛底物特异性的脂质磷酸酶不同,S1P磷酸酶对鞘氨醇磷酸盐具有高度底物特异性[34, 36]。当小鼠缺失SGPP1基因时,角质形成细胞中的S1P特异性的提高,触发角质形成细胞过早分化,导致出生后几天内患鱼鳞病并死亡[37]。SGPP1还参与了七氟烷抑制结肠癌细胞活力和促进细胞凋亡[38],而SGPP2能够调节小鼠胰岛细胞内质网的应激和增殖[39]。同时,LCB3编码的S1PP在酿酒酵母生长和热应激反应中起重要调控作用,是将外源长链碱基并入鞘脂的关键基因[33, 40]。目前,LCB3基因是否可以影响植物病原真菌的生长发育和致病性尚无报道。
本研究以MoLcb3为研究对象,拟通过表型分析和脂质组学分析,研究MoLcb3在调节稻瘟病菌生长发育、分生孢子萌发、致病性、胁迫应激和脂质稳态中的功能。此外通过在ΔMoLcb3突变体中敲除稻瘟病菌鞘氨醇激酶MoLcb4,明确MoLcb3和MoLcb4两者间的关系,为进一步解析稻瘟病菌鞘脂代谢通路以及开发真菌脂质生物合成抑制剂的研究提供一些基础理论依据。
稻瘟病菌野生型菌株Guy11及实验所用的感病水稻品种‘CO-39’种子、感病大麦‘Golden Promise’种子,含敲除载体质粒pKO3A以及含互补载体pKD5的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli),由浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所的真菌与植物免疫研究室保存,ΔMolcb3突变体、ΔMolcb4突变体、互补菌株ΔMolcb3-C和ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体为本研究中构建。完全培养基(complete medium, CM)和LB培养基配制、农杆菌介导转化(Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, ATMT)和突变体筛选均参照文献[41]。大肠杆菌感受态细胞(Trans1-T1 Phage Resistant Chemically Competent Cell)购自北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司,根癌农杆菌感受态细胞(AGL-1 Chemically Competent Cell)购自上海唯地生物技术有限公司。本研究使用的引物由杭州有康生物科技有限公司合成,引物见表1
以稻瘟病菌MoLCB3 (MGG_09184)基因的蛋白序列为检索对象,在NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中检索。得到的蛋白质序列使用ClustalW网站(https://www.genome.jp/tools-bin/clustalw)序列比对,比对结果利用ESPript网站(https://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/cgi-bin/ESPript.cgi)作序列比对图和导入MEGA 11构建系统发育树。
以野生型菌株Guy11基因组为模板,使用引物对lcb3-upF/lcb3-upR和lcb3-downF/lcb3-downR分别扩增MoLCB3上、下游各2.0 kb左右的片段,通过电泳检测片段大小并回收,然后把上、下游片段和潮霉素抗性基因HPH片段(通过引物对HPH-F/HPH-R扩增回收)通过多片段融合酶和经酶切后的PKO3A载体融合。将重组载体转入大肠杆菌感受态细胞,挑取适量单克隆菌落进行PCR验证(lcb3-upF/lcb3-upR、lcb3-downF/lcb3- downR、HPH-F/HPH-R),能同时扩增基因上、下游片段和潮霉素片段,则证明转入成功。确认序列准确的单菌落经扩大培养后提取质粒,−20 ℃保存备用。利用农杆菌介导转化方法,将质粒转入农杆菌中,随后采用潮霉素抗性筛选获得了稻瘟病菌转化子。提取所获得的敲除转化子的基因组DNA,用引物对lcb3-upyzF/HPH-yzR进行PCR检测上游和潮霉素抗性基因重组片段,用引物对lcb3-innerF/lcb3-innerR检测基因内部片段,若上游重组片段有,基因内部片段无,则证明转化子正确,基因成功敲除。MoLCB4基因敲除也是类似,但转入片段及验证将HPH改用双丙氨磷抗性基因BAR。在获得ΔMolcb3突变体菌株的基础上,再敲除其MoLCB4基因,得到ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4突变体菌株。
设计引物对K5-GFP-lcb3-F/K5-GFP-lcb3-R,在基因上游连接绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescence protein, GFP)基因,扩增MoLCB3基因全长片段,采用同源重组的方法连接到含有BAR抗性筛选的载体质粒pKD5上。首先,对重组质粒进行测序,将序列正确的重组质粒转入农杆菌,利用ATMT方法转入ΔMolcb3的孢子中,最后得到用BAR抗性筛选的转化子。挑取转化子菌丝在绿色荧光显微镜下观察荧光,将有荧光的转化子做上标记进一步PCR验证,若扩增出MoLCB3基因片段,则成功获得互补菌株ΔMolcb3-C
将获得的Guy11、ΔMolcb3、ΔMolcb3-C、ΔMolcb4和ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4菌株在完全培养基上活化,用灭菌刀片在菌落边缘区域切块,选取同样大小的菌块分别接种在新的完全培养基上,在25 ℃下培养7 d (光照16 h,黑暗8 h)。之后用十字交叉法测量菌落生长直径,记录、拍照保存。每个菌株设置3个重复,实验重复3次。
每个培养皿加入3 mL的ddH2O,分别将在完全培养基上培养12 d的野生型和待测菌株菌落表面的分生孢子清洗完全,收集至20 mL离心管中,7 500 r/min离心5 min弃上清,收集孢子。最终离心管定容至2 mL,将孢子液滴在血球计数板上,在显微镜下观察、统计分生孢子数目,并记录数据,试验重复3次。将孢子浓度稀释5×104个/mL后,滴在载玻片上用显微镜观察,并用细胞壁钙荧光白(calcofluor white, CFW)荧光染色剂对分生孢子细胞壁和隔膜进行染色,统计不同孢子类型数目,每次重复统计3次,重复实验3次。同时将上述浓度的孢子液滴至覆有疏水膜的玻片上,28 ℃黑暗保湿培养,在诱导4、8、24 hpi的时候用显微镜观察孢子萌发和附着胞形成情况。
剪取培育7−8 d生长良好的大麦叶片和三叶一芯期的水稻的第三叶,利用打孔器对在完全培养基培养7 d的待测菌株进行打孔,将大小均匀的菌丝块接种至离体大麦叶片和水稻叶片上,保湿培养4 d,观察叶片发病情况并拍照记录。每个菌株设置3个重复,实验重复3次。
以完全培养基为基底培养基,分别添加0.7 mol/L氯化钾(KCl)、0.01%十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)和400 μg/mL刚果红(Congo red, CR)。将各测试菌株接种于胁迫培养基表面,于28 ℃条件下暗培养7 d后,测量菌落直径并统计相对生长率。每组实验独立重复3次,每处理设置3个生物学重复。
以完全培养基为基底培养基,分别添加1 μg/mL三唑酮(triadimefon, Tri)和1 μg/mL多球壳菌素(myriocin, Myr)。将各测试菌株接种于胁迫培养基表面,于28 ℃条件下暗培养7 d后,测量菌株菌落直径并统计相对生长率。每组实验独立重复3次,每处理设置3个生物学重复。
将各待测菌株菌丝块接种于完全培养基平板上,分别于25 ℃和30 ℃暗培养7 d,之后用十字交叉法测量菌落生长直径,记录、拍照保存。每个菌株设置3个重复,实验重复3次。
将Guy11、ΔMolcb3、ΔMolcb4和ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4菌株在CM液体培养基中培养60 h,分别收集菌丝,每个菌株设置3个重复,送至上海拜谱生物科技有限公司进行靶向脂质含量测定。对实验定量到的靶向脂质多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)结果进行差异代谢物表达及功能分析,利用GraphPad Prism 8软件绘制筛选的脂质相对含量差异图。
通过生物信息学分析,稻瘟病菌MoLCB3基因(MGG_09184)位于稻瘟病菌第Ⅰ条染色体上,序列全长为3 161 bp,包含6个外显子,4个内含子,编码包含597个氨基酸的蛋白质,对序列跨膜结构分析发现,其有6个跨膜区。与稻瘟病菌单基因编码不同,模式真菌酿酒酵母中有2个同源基因编码S1PP,分别是LCB3YSR3,这2种蛋白具有53.00%的一致性,Lcb3负责大多数细胞活动[33, 40]。通过同源对比发现,MoLcb3蛋白与酿酒酵母中Lcb3蛋白和Ysr3蛋白的氨基酸一致性分别达到29.58%和28.96%。进一步与其他真菌的同源蛋白进行系统发育树分析,其中稻瘟病菌MoLcb3与小麦全蚀病菌(Gaeumannomyces tritici) R3-111a-1和炭角菌(Xylariaceae sp.) FL0016同源蛋白的遗传关系较近(图1),氨基酸一致性分别为71.19%和65.57%。
根据DNA同源重组的原理将MoLCB3基因替换成潮霉素抗性基因,以达到敲除的目的(图2A),并经过潮霉素抗性筛选得到转化子。用目的基因外部引物对lcb3-upyzF/HPH-yzR验证转化子目的基因是否成功被替换,图2B显示泳道3−8扩增到2 000 bp的条带,对照泳道2未扩增出条带,同时用目的基因内部引物对lcb3-innerF/lcb3-innerR进一步验证,图2C显示仅泳道2扩增到约500 bp的条带(部分MoLCB3基因),用对照引物对Tubulin-F/Tubulin-R都能扩增出1 000 bp的条带,说明泳道3−8的相应菌株为正确的MoLCB3基因敲除突变体菌株(ΔMolcb3)。
在CM板上生长7 d后观察菌落形态,发现稻瘟病菌野生型Guy11气生菌丝浓密,并呈灰绿色,然而ΔMolcb3突变体的菌落菌丝稀疏,气生菌丝呈现黄白色,互补菌株ΔMolcb3-C的菌落形态与Guy11类似(图3A),二者的菌落直径分别为(4.68±0.05) cm、(4.70±0.01) cm,而ΔMolcb3突变体的菌落直径仅有(3.85±0.02) cm (图3B)。表明MoLcb3的缺失影响了稻瘟病菌的菌落形态和生长速度。产孢量统计结果表明,ΔMolcb3突变体的分生孢子极少,而Guy11和互补菌株的产孢量正常(图3C)。
为了探究MoLCB3基因除了对稻瘟病菌产孢数目的影响外,是否还对其分生孢子其他功能产生作用,经显微镜下观察分生孢子发现,ΔMolcb3突变体孢子无隔和单隔孢子占比较高,而正常的孢子往往是两隔的(图4A)。为了更清晰地对分生孢子进行观察和统计,用荧光染料CFW对各菌株分生孢子进行染色,在紫外光下观察分生孢子。经统计,ΔMolcb3突变体分生孢子相较于其他菌株畸形率更高(图4B),表明MoLcb3参与了分生孢子的分隔形成过程。将分生孢子悬浮液置于疏水玻片表面诱导附着胞形成,发现ΔMolcb3突变体虽然孢子的畸形率较高,但不同类型孢子还是可以正常萌发。当ΔMolcb3突变体的单隔孢子在诱导4 h时,相较于其他类型孢子,芽管顶管未形成初始附着胞(图4C),结果说明MoLcb3缺失影响孢子畸形的同时,还影响其附着胞的初期形成。
为了探究MoLcb3是否参与稻瘟病菌的致病过程,采用大麦作为寄主进行致病力测定。在接种菌株4 d后观察发现,Guy11和互补菌株均表现出极强的致病性,在叶片上产生明显黄褐色扩展病斑,而ΔMolcb3突变体无病斑产生,致病性显著降低(图5)。以上结果表明MoLcb3是稻瘟病菌致病过程所必需的。
面对生长过程中遭遇的各种胁迫压力,长期的自然选择下真菌已经形成了良好的抗胁迫能力[42-43],稻瘟病菌当然也不例外。为了验证MoLcb3对稻瘟病菌抗胁迫能力的影响,本研究通过添加外界环境胁迫因子来检测突变体在高渗胁迫和细胞壁胁迫下的生长情况。将Guy11、ΔMolcb3突变体和ΔMolcb3-C互补菌株分别接种在含0.7 mol/L KCl、0.01% SDS和400 μg/mL CR的完全培养基平板上,7 d后测量菌落直径并计算其相对生长率。结果显示,Guy11在含KCl的相对生长率为(67.7±1.0)%,ΔMolcb3突变体在含KCl的相对生长率为(73.2±0.8)%,高渗胁迫压力对突变体的抑制效果显著减弱(图6),说明稻瘟病菌MoLCB3基因缺失后,对高渗胁迫更加耐受。Guy11在含SDS、CR的相对生长率分别为(51.1±0.7)%、(51.1±1.7)%,ΔMolcb3突变体分别为(57.7±1.0)%、(42.5±2.8)%,表现为SDS对突变体的抑制效果减弱(图6),而突变体对CR更加敏感。虽然SDS和CR都能够干扰细胞壁完整性,但其作用机理不一致,CR会与几丁质和β-1, 3-葡聚糖形成复合物,干扰细胞壁组装[44-45],SDS渗透细胞膜以激活应激反应[46],但色氨酸可以提高酿酒酵母对SDS的抵抗力,却对CR无效果[47]
为了进一步探究Molcb3基因对脂质合成代谢通路是否有影响,本研究测试了菌株对2种真菌脂质合成抑制剂的敏感情况。将Guy11、ΔMolcb3突变体和ΔMolcb3-C互补菌株分别接种在含添加1 μg/mL三唑酮(麦角甾醇合成抑制剂,通过抑制真菌麦角甾醇生物合成途径去甲基化酶的活性减少麦角甾醇的合成,从而破坏真菌的细胞膜[48-49])和1 μg/mL多球壳菌素(丝氨酸-棕榈酰转移酶抑制剂,抑制鞘脂的从头合成)的完全培养基平板上,7 d后测量菌落直径并计算其相对生长率。结果显示,Guy11在含Tri的相对生长率为(77.5±1.0)%,ΔMolcb3突变体为(81.6±1.0)%,抑制效果显著减弱(图7)。Guy11在含Myr的相对生长率为(67.7±2.5)%,ΔMolcb3突变体为(62.0±1.9)%,显著低于野生型(图7)。
真核细胞对温度升高具有高度保守的反应,称为热休克反应[50]。酵母和哺乳动物细胞热休克会引发SPT的急性激活,导致鞘脂的从头生物合成[51-52],鞘脂是参与真核生物热休克反应许多方面的生物活性信号分子[53-55]。本研究测试了ΔMolcb3突变体在高温胁迫下的生长情况,发现Guy11在30 ℃的相对生长率为(53.7±1.2)%,ΔMolcb3突变体为(46.4±1.3)%,高温胁迫对于突变体的抑制效果明显增强(图8),结果说明MoLcb3在稻瘟病菌热胁迫应激过程中发挥着功能。
在鞘脂生物学中,神经酰胺和鞘氨醇以及鞘氨醇-1-磷酸在多种细胞中发挥拮抗作用[56]。Cer和Sph可以介导细胞凋亡、细胞周期阻滞和细胞分化,而S1P则促进细胞增殖、存活和抑制凋亡,这有点像是“鞘脂变阻器”,特别是在对压力源或生长刺激的反应中,这些简单鞘脂的相对水平是细胞存活的重要决定因素[57]。Sph、DHS和PHS可以经鞘氨醇激酶磷酸化是一个可逆的动态过程[58]。磷酸化和去磷酸化常常是激活关键调控蛋白和控制信号通路传导的开关,一旦磷酸化过程发生异常,相关信号通路会出现功能失调[59]
为了进一步探究磷酸酶MoLcb3和激酶MoLcb4之间的关系。在CM板上生长7 d后观察菌落形态,发现ΔMolcb4突变体的菌落形态与Guy11类似,ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4突变体的菌落相较于ΔMolcb3突变体,部分恢复灰绿色(图9A)。通过测量直径发现,Guy11的菌落直径分别为(4.55±0.04) cm,而ΔMolcb3突变体的菌落直径仅有(3.73±0.03) cm,ΔMolcb4突变体和双敲突变体ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4菌落直径介于两者之间,分别为(4.37±0.03) cm和(4.10±0.03) cm (图9B)。表明MoLcb3和MoLcb4缺失都会影响稻瘟病菌的菌落形态和生长速度,但当MoLcb3和MoLcb4同时缺失时,对比ΔMolcb3突变体菌落形态和直径大小反而有一定程度恢复。进一步统计产孢量,结果发现ΔMolcb4突变体和双敲突变体ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4产孢量趋势与菌落表现基本一致。
在诱导形成附着胞试验中,ΔMolcb4突变体和ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体附着胞都能够正常形成(图10A)。在大麦和水稻作为寄主的致病力测定试验中,在接种菌株4 d后观察发现,不管是大麦叶片还是水稻叶片,Guy11和ΔMolcb4突变体均表现出极强的致病性,在叶片上产生明显黄褐色扩展病斑,而ΔMolcb3突变体几乎丧失致病性,ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体能够恢复一定致病性(图10B10C)。以上结果表明MoLcb4的缺失能解除MoLcb3缺失对致病力的影响。
对ΔMolcb4突变体和ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体在各类胁迫下的敏感情况同样进行了检测,结果发现在KCl、SDS和CR的胁迫下,ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体相对生长率恢复至野生型同一水平,说明MoLcb4缺失能够缓解MoLcb3缺失所引起的高渗胁迫和细胞壁完整性胁迫敏感。在Tri和Myr的胁迫下,ΔMolcb3突变体表现对Tri耐受,而对Myr敏感,但是ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体表现都耐受,在Tri的胁迫下比Tri更加耐受,说明MoLcb4的缺失能够缓解MoLcb3的缺失所引起的真菌脂质合成抑制剂敏感。另外,在30 ℃的胁迫下,ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体同样表现出了耐受情况。综上所述,说明敲除MoLCB4能缓解MoLcb3缺失带来的影响。正常情况下MoLcb3和MoLcb4均存在时,MoLcb3发挥着控制开关的作用,控制着稻瘟病菌相关功能正常进行,当MoLcb3缺失时,则导致MoLcb4失去调控,这也许是ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体各类表型基本恢复的原因。
为了进一步证实MoLcb3在脂质稳态中的作用,本研究通过脂质组学分析测定了脂质含量,其中正离子模式定量的脂质共466个,负离子模式定量到的脂质256个。挑选了50个各菌株间均有显著差异的脂质绘制聚类图(图11A)。KEGG的通路富集分析显示,鞘磷脂(sphingomyelin, SM)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamines, PE)、甘油三酯(triacylglycerols, TAG)、神经酰胺、磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylglycerols, PI)等异常调节的脂质参与了甘油磷脂代谢、鞘脂代谢和糖基磷脂酰肌醇(glycosylphosphatidyl inositol, GPI)-锚定生物合成等过程(图11B)。其中发现ΔMolcb3突变体中游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid, FFA) FFA (20:1)、FFA (20:2)、FFA (20:3)、FFA (22:1)含量相对于其他菌株显著升高(图11C)。ΔMolcb3突变体和ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体中Cer (d18:1/16:0)、Cer (d18:1/18:0)、Cer (d18:1/18:1)、Cer (d18:1/20:0)、Cer (d18:1/20:1)和Cer (d18:1/26:0)含量相对于野生型和ΔMolcb4突变体显著升高(图11D)。PI (16:0/20:2)、PI (16:0/20:3)、PI (18:1/18:3)、PI (18:2/20:2)和PI (18:2/20:3)也与Cer情况相似,都是ΔMolcb3突变体和ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体相对于野生型和ΔMolcb4突变体含量显著升高(图11E)。这些结果进一步证实了MoLcb3的缺失会影响菌株内脂质稳态,从而涉及其他脂质代谢途径。
鞘脂代谢是真核生物界的一个多分支途径,途径的基本结构在整个进化过程中是保守的,但一些细节在不同物种之间有所不同[6, 60]。几种鞘脂代谢物,特别是神经酰胺、鞘氨醇和鞘氨醇-磷酸作为控制细胞生长和细胞程序性死亡的关键生物活性分子,某类鞘脂的扰动可能增强或干扰其他类型鞘脂的作用,因此,鞘脂水平受到特定生物合成和分解代谢途径的严格调节[61-62]。在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)保护细胞中负责S1P生成的SK会受到植物激素脱落酸的刺激,S1P再调节保护细胞膨胀,从而调节气孔开度[63]。在酿酒酵母中,Lcb3是将外源LCBs并入鞘脂所必需的[64],Lcb3的缺失会导致LCBP的积累和Cer水平降低[40]。由于S1P的重要性,S1P在医学上得到了广泛的研究,其在癌症发展、心血管功能和大脑健康等具有重要作用[65-67]。本研究发现,稻瘟病菌MoLcb3蛋白与酿酒酵母LCB3同源,并在菌丝生长、产孢量、孢子形态和致病性等方面均起重要作用,这些研究结果对进一步探明MoLcb3调控稻瘟病菌鞘脂代谢的基因网络及分子机制具有重要意义。
本研究发现,MoLcb3缺失会导致稻瘟病菌生长减缓,产孢量显著下降,菌落直径仅为野生型Guy11的81.91% (图3B),产孢量仅为野生型Guy11的1.18% (图3C)。此外,ΔMolcb3突变体的分生孢子畸形率显著升高,但不影响其形成附着胞(图4B4C),ΔMolcb3突变体完全丧失了对大麦和水稻寄主的致病性,而MoLcb4的缺失不影响稻瘟病菌致病性,双敲突变体恢复一定致病性(图10B10C),说明MoLcb3在调控稻瘟病菌正常孢子形成和致病过程中可能比MoLcb4起着更重要的作用。
根据ΔMolcb3突变体在含KCl培养基上的生长情况,推测是LCBP物质含量的积累提高了稻瘟病菌对高渗胁迫的耐受性。面对SDS和CR胁迫时的相反表现,说明MoLcb3参与细胞完整性通路功能并不是完全单向的。另外MoLCB3基因的缺失使稻瘟病菌对Tri更加耐受,可能是某类脂质代谢途径的波动缓解了麦角甾醇被结合的影响。当鞘脂从头合成途径第一步关键酶SPT受到Myr抑制时,ΔMolcb3突变体表现为更加敏感。Sph除了从头合成,也可以通过S1P去磷酸化得到,可以一定程度弥补Sph上游合成不足,当该补救途径也受到阻断时,稻瘟病菌受到抑制是合理的。在高温胁迫下,ΔMolcb3突变体生长显著减缓,说明MoLcb3在稻瘟病菌热胁迫应激过程中发挥着功能。
鞘氨醇-1-磷酸是一种多效性脂质介质,与人类各类癌症的生长、进展、转化和转移的过程有关[68-70],针对唯一能限速催化鞘氨醇磷酸化形成S1P的激酶-鞘氨醇激酶,开发出了各类鞘氨醇激酶抑制剂,以发挥抗癌的功效[71-73]。与人类不同的是,在酿酒酵母中LCB4LCB5 (均编码鞘氨醇激酶)缺失或者LCB3缺失都不影响其在培养基中正常生长[53, 58, 74]。同样是真菌的稻瘟病菌,本研究结果也表明MoLcb4缺失似乎不影响稻瘟病菌的正常功能,但是MoLcb3缺失是会受到影响的,此外,敲除MoLCB4能缓解MoLcb3缺失带来的影响。
另外,本研究通过脂质代谢组学分析,鉴定到了一些可能受MoLcb3调控的脂质代谢途径,如甘油磷脂代谢、鞘脂代谢、糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)-锚定生物合成等,ΔMolcb3突变体还有多种游离脂肪酸(FFA)、神经酰胺(Cer)和磷脂酰肌醇(PI)含量较其他菌株显著升高,含量水平基本处于ΔMolcb3突变体最高,ΔMolcb3ΔMolcb4双敲突变体次之,野生型Guy11再次之,ΔMolcb4突变体最低。说明MoLcb3的缺失导致这几种物质不能被很好地消耗或者合成更复杂的鞘脂,MoLcb3直接或者间接调控稻瘟病菌FFA、Cer和PI的胞内水平。然而,对MoLcb3如何调控这些基因的表达尚不清楚。
直接靶向LCBP的酶除了鞘氨醇-1-磷酸磷酸酶,还有鞘氨醇-1-磷酸裂解酶,S1P通过SPL裂解生成磷酸乙醇胺和十六醛类,这一过程不可逆[75]。在拟南芥中DPL1 (编码SPL)的较高表达显著降低了伏马菌素B诱导的LCBP和LCB水平升高,并使植物对这种真菌毒素具有更强的抵抗力[76-77]。在酿酒酵母中,缺乏SPT和类黏蛋白(orosomucoid, ORM)调控的酵母突变体需要DPL1将LCB维持在亚致死水平[78]。酿酒酵母中DPL1YSR2的双突变体是致死的,而DPL1YSR2LCB4的三重突变体是可以存活的[79]。然而,稻瘟病菌中MoLcb3、MoLcb4和MoDpl三者之间存在什么样的关系,我们尚不清楚,需要进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究对稻瘟病菌鞘氨醇-1-磷酸磷酸酶MoLcb3的生物学功能进行了研究,阐明了MoLcb3在菌丝生长、产孢、孢子萌发、致病性、胁迫应激反应和维持脂质稳态等过程中起重要作用,敲除MoLCB4能缓解MoLcb3缺失带来的影响。
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2024年第64卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240061
  • 接收时间:2024-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-07
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-23
  • 录用日期:2024-04-01
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Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ22C140005)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100159)
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    1 浙江农林大学现代农学院, 浙江 杭州 311300
    2 浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所 农产品质量安全危害因子与风险防控国家重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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