Article(id=1241451302648082915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705161600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1713715200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-22, onlineDate=1773914655601, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914655601, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914655601, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914655601, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2799, endPage=2812, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451303084290546, articleId=1241451302648082915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Expression and immunogenicity of S protein with two proline residue mutations of porcine deltacoronavirus, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a major porcine enteric coronavirus, causing huge economic losses to the pig breeding industry worldwide. However, there is no commercial vaccine available for this virus. The spike (S) protein is a key factor inducing host immune response. In this study, the two sites 855 and 856 in the loop between the heptapeptide repeat-1 (HR1) and the central helix of PDCoV S protein were mutated to proline (E855P and V856P). Then, the recombinant S protein and mutated S protein (S2P) were expressed and purified by the ExpiCHO-S eukaryotic expression system, and their immunogenicity and immunoprotecive performance were evaluated for developing a PDCoV subunit vaccine with good immune effect. [Methods] The serum level of the specific antibody IgG in immunized mice was measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum neutralization test was carried out to determine the titer of neutralizing antibodies in the immunized mice. The proliferation of T lymphocytes in immunized mice was detected by flow cytometry. The secretion levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-α, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-4 were determined. RT-qPCR was employed to measure the PDCoV load in the intestinal tissue of mice after challenge. Tissue sections were prepared to observe the intestinal lesions of mice. The distribution of PDCoV antigen in the intestinal tissue of mice was detected by immunohistochemistry. [Results] High levels of anti-PDCoV specific IgG antibodies were produced in mice after intramuscular injection of S and S2P subunit vaccines, and the serum of mice 42 days after immunization had a neutralizing effect on PDCoV. The 50% neutralizing protective titer of LLC-PK cells in the S2P group was significantly higher than that in the S group. In addition, the immunization with S and S2P significantly induced the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in mice, which was higher in the S2P group than in the S group. The immunization with S2P induced the proliferation of CD8+ T lymphocytes in mice, and the level of CD8+ T lymphocytes showed no difference between the S group and the PBS group. The levels of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-2, and IL-4 in the S and S2P groups were significantly higher than those in the PBS group and had no difference between the S and S2P groups. The challenge assay results showed that the PBS group presented PDCoV, pathological damage, and a large number of PDCoV antigens in the intestinal tissue, while neither PDCoV nor intestinal tissue damage was detected in the S and S2P groups, which showed no significant difference between the two groups. [Conclusion] S2P induces higher level of the humoral immune response against PDCoV in mice than S. The vaccines prepared with both S2P and S have protective effects on mice. The findings lays a foundation for the follow-up study of PDCoV subunit vaccines.

, correspAuthors=Xia LIU, Xinsheng LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: LIU Xia,
E-mail: LIU Xinsheng,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuhan WEN, Ruiming YU, Liping ZHANG, Xiaohua DU, Li PAN, Yonglu WANG, Huichen GUO, Xia LIU, Xinsheng LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451307261817510, articleId=1241451302648082915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=猪德尔塔冠状病毒双脯氨酸突变S蛋白的表达及免疫原性评价, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】猪德尔塔冠状病毒(porcine deltacoronavirus, PDCoV)是一种重要的猪肠道冠状病毒,给全球生猪养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失,截至目前,尚无可用的商品化疫苗。本研究选择宿主免疫反应主要诱因因子棘突(spike, S)蛋白,并将PDCoV S蛋白七肽重复序列1 (heptapeptide repeat-1, HR1)与中心螺旋之间的环中855和856位点均突变为双脯氨酸(E855P和V856P),然后利用ExpiCHO-S真核表达系统表达、纯化重组S蛋白和双脯氨酸突变S蛋白(S2P)并评价其免疫原性及免疫保护性,以初步研制一种免疫效果较好的PDCoV亚单位疫苗。【方法】利用间接酶联免疫吸附法检测免疫小鼠血清特异性抗体IgG水平;利用血清中和试验检测免疫小鼠血清中和抗体滴度;通过流式细胞术检测免疫小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖情况;通过细胞因子检测免疫小鼠干扰素(interferon, IFN)-γ、IFN-α、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-2和IL-4等细胞因子分泌情况;采用RT-qPCR检测攻毒后小鼠肠道组织PDCoV病毒载量;采用病理组织切片检测小鼠肠道有无病理损伤;利用免疫组织化学检测小鼠肠道组织PDCoV抗原分布情况。【结果】免疫原性结果显示,小鼠在肌肉注射S组和S2P组亚单位疫苗后能够产生较高水平的抗PDCoV特异性IgG抗体,免疫后42 d的小鼠血清均对PDCoV具有中和作用,其中,S2P组对LLC-PK细胞50%中和保护效价显著高于S组。此外,S组和S2P组显著地诱导小鼠CD4+ T淋巴细胞增殖,并且S2P组高于S组,而S2P组能够诱导小鼠CD8+ T淋巴细胞增殖,但S组与PBS组并无差异。同时,S组和S2P组诱导的IFN-γ、IFN-α、IL-2和IL-4等细胞因子水平均显著高于PBS组,但S组和S2P组并无差异。免疫保护性结果显示,PBS组肠组织中可检测到PDCoV病毒,肠组织出现病理损伤且可见大量PDCoV抗原,而S组和S2P组未检测到PDCoV病毒且未观察到肠组织损伤,二者之间无明显差异。【结论】S2P组较之S组能够诱导小鼠产生更高水平的抗PDCoV体液免疫应答,两组疫苗对小鼠均有一定的保护效果,本研究为后续PDCoV亚单位疫苗研发奠定坚实的基础。

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Study on the pathogenicity of porcine delta coronavirus to chickens of different ages and different strains of mice[D]. 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A: Double proline mutation of S-pcDNA3.1(+) recombinant plasmid. B: Double digestion of recombinant plasmid S-pcDNA3.1(+). M: DNA marker; 1: Double digestion of S-pcDNA3.1(+) recombinant plasmid. C: Double digestion of recombinant plasmid S2P-pcDNA3.1(+). M: DNA marker; 1: Double digestion of S2P-pcDNA3.1(+) recombinant plasmid., figureFileSmall=CIhfvEDGxwE5OCFVrFTI/Q==, figureFileBig=NCCfkdwuq+XWUd4InJclYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065788670314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=CN, label=图1, caption=S-pcDNA3.1(+)重组质粒双脯氨酸突变及双酶切鉴定, figureFileSmall=CIhfvEDGxwE5OCFVrFTI/Q==, figureFileBig=NCCfkdwuq+XWUd4InJclYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065918693750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Expression and purification of S and S2P recombinant proteins in ExpiCHO-S cells. A: Recombinant S protein was expressed in ExpiCHO-S cells. M: Protein marker; 1: Expression of recombinant S protein. B: Recombinant S2P protein was expressed in ExpiCHO-S cells. M: Protein marker; 1: Expression of recombinant S2P protein. C: Ni-NTA Agarose was used to purify recombinant S protein. M: Protein marker; 1: 20 mmol/L imidazole elution; 2−5: 500 mmol/L imidazole elution. D: Ni-NTA Agarose was used to purify recombinant S2P protein. M: Protein marker; 1: 20 mmol/L imidazole elution; 2−5: 500 mmol/L imidazole elution., figureFileSmall=MQzl39i9aO89PHWpEPyfaQ==, figureFileBig=enCuEmQLjDF/pDDYYlelhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066069688702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=CN, label=图2, caption=S和S2P重组蛋白在ExpiCHO-S细胞表达及纯化, figureFileSmall=MQzl39i9aO89PHWpEPyfaQ==, figureFileBig=enCuEmQLjDF/pDDYYlelhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066191323527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Detection of serum specific antibody IgG by indirect ELISA., figureFileSmall=cUZVCLbqCW3EB3bHiyTu5g==, figureFileBig=Abcq7lYWUySOZatyZkg67w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066359095703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=CN, label=图3, caption=间接ELISA检测血清特异性抗体IgG, figureFileSmall=cUZVCLbqCW3EB3bHiyTu5g==, figureFileBig=Abcq7lYWUySOZatyZkg67w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066480730529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Titer of serum anti-PDCoV neutralizing antibody. **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=5SwMZ8TuD/McS0jK7GP08w==, figureFileBig=Mr2lOcU0RfOjwSlcbKyfLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066606559660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=CN, label=图4, caption=血清抗PDCoV中和抗体效价, figureFileSmall=5SwMZ8TuD/McS0jK7GP08w==, figureFileBig=Mr2lOcU0RfOjwSlcbKyfLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066740777398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Spleen lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry. A: Flow cytometry was used to determine the types of spleen T lymphocytes. B: CD3+/CD4+/CD8+ typing of spleen T lymphocytes. ns: P > 0.05; *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=Hv8YTOVp5iR/Y9solAN7PA==, figureFileBig=9iah6O4PK8KX8yS2llmP6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066866606529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=CN, label=图5, caption=流式细胞术检测脾淋巴细胞, figureFileSmall=Hv8YTOVp5iR/Y9solAN7PA==, figureFileBig=9iah6O4PK8KX8yS2llmP6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066988241354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Cytokine levels were measured. A: IFN-α levels. B: IFN-γ levels. C: IL-2 levels. D IL-4 levels. ns: P > 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=rVI8D5B+qzAxhCzVreRuNw==, figureFileBig=UtPOq2KeYntMnhT4Mw1Uyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067101487571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=CN, label=图6, caption=细胞因子水平测定, figureFileSmall=rVI8D5B+qzAxhCzVreRuNw==, figureFileBig=UtPOq2KeYntMnhT4Mw1Uyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067218928089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Histopathological and immunohistochemistry analyses. HE: Histomorphology; IHC: immunohistochemistry., figureFileSmall=fH2+Zmjku7clp/+QqWvmSw==, figureFileBig=M6eKm1zigdVmL9HPqahNWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067332174306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=CN, label=图7, caption=组织病理切片和免疫组织化学, figureFileSmall=fH2+Zmjku7clp/+QqWvmSw==, figureFileBig=M6eKm1zigdVmL9HPqahNWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067441226216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Immunity and blood collection of mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupImmunogenic antigenDose (μg)Immune time (d)Blood collection time (d)
− is PBS instead of antigen immunization dose.
G1PBS0, 14, 2814, 28, 42
G2S100, 14, 2814, 28, 42
G3S2P100, 14, 2814, 28, 42
), ArticleFig(id=1242193067529306603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小鼠免疫及采血情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupImmunogenic antigenDose (μg)Immune time (d)Blood collection time (d)
− is PBS instead of antigen immunization dose.
G1PBS0, 14, 2814, 28, 42
G2S100, 14, 2814, 28, 42
G3S2P100, 14, 2814, 28, 42
), ArticleFig(id=1242193067646747120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ct values of mouse intestinal tissue

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupThe firstThe secondThe third
Ct-1Ct-2Ct-1Ct-2Ct-1Ct-2
Ct value > 30 is considered negative or below the detection limit of RT-qPCR, while Ct value≤30 is considered positive for PDCoV[28].
PBS28.1228.4828.7828.5529.4829.86
S31.8831.5631.7931.4232.1831.54
S2P32.8733.6931.9032.5933.6931.70
), ArticleFig(id=1242193067755799031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451302648082915, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

小鼠肠组织Ct

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupThe firstThe secondThe third
Ct-1Ct-2Ct-1Ct-2Ct-1Ct-2
Ct value > 30 is considered negative or below the detection limit of RT-qPCR, while Ct value≤30 is considered positive for PDCoV[28].
PBS28.1228.4828.7828.5529.4829.86
S31.8831.5631.7931.4232.1831.54
S2P32.8733.6931.9032.5933.6931.70
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文玉涵 1 , 于瑞明 1 , 张莉萍 2 , 杜晓华 1 , 潘丽 2 , 王永录 2 , 郭慧琛 2 , 刘霞 1, * , 刘新生 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(8): 2799-2812
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(8): 2799-2812
猪德尔塔冠状病毒双脯氨酸突变S蛋白的表达及免疫原性评价
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文玉涵1, 于瑞明1, 张莉萍2, 杜晓华1, 潘丽2, 王永录2, 郭慧琛2, 刘霞1, * , 刘新生2, *
作者信息
  • 1 甘肃农业大学生命科学技术学院, 甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 2 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所 动物疫病防控全国重点实验室, 甘肃 兰州 730046
Expression and immunogenicity of S protein with two proline residue mutations of porcine deltacoronavirus
Yuhan WEN1, Ruiming YU1, Liping ZHANG2, Xiaohua DU1, Li PAN2, Yonglu WANG2, Huichen GUO2, Xia LIU1, * , Xinsheng LIU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240041
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【目的】猪德尔塔冠状病毒(porcine deltacoronavirus, PDCoV)是一种重要的猪肠道冠状病毒,给全球生猪养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失,截至目前,尚无可用的商品化疫苗。本研究选择宿主免疫反应主要诱因因子棘突(spike, S)蛋白,并将PDCoV S蛋白七肽重复序列1 (heptapeptide repeat-1, HR1)与中心螺旋之间的环中855和856位点均突变为双脯氨酸(E855P和V856P),然后利用ExpiCHO-S真核表达系统表达、纯化重组S蛋白和双脯氨酸突变S蛋白(S2P)并评价其免疫原性及免疫保护性,以初步研制一种免疫效果较好的PDCoV亚单位疫苗。【方法】利用间接酶联免疫吸附法检测免疫小鼠血清特异性抗体IgG水平;利用血清中和试验检测免疫小鼠血清中和抗体滴度;通过流式细胞术检测免疫小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖情况;通过细胞因子检测免疫小鼠干扰素(interferon, IFN)-γ、IFN-α、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-2和IL-4等细胞因子分泌情况;采用RT-qPCR检测攻毒后小鼠肠道组织PDCoV病毒载量;采用病理组织切片检测小鼠肠道有无病理损伤;利用免疫组织化学检测小鼠肠道组织PDCoV抗原分布情况。【结果】免疫原性结果显示,小鼠在肌肉注射S组和S2P组亚单位疫苗后能够产生较高水平的抗PDCoV特异性IgG抗体,免疫后42 d的小鼠血清均对PDCoV具有中和作用,其中,S2P组对LLC-PK细胞50%中和保护效价显著高于S组。此外,S组和S2P组显著地诱导小鼠CD4+ T淋巴细胞增殖,并且S2P组高于S组,而S2P组能够诱导小鼠CD8+ T淋巴细胞增殖,但S组与PBS组并无差异。同时,S组和S2P组诱导的IFN-γ、IFN-α、IL-2和IL-4等细胞因子水平均显著高于PBS组,但S组和S2P组并无差异。免疫保护性结果显示,PBS组肠组织中可检测到PDCoV病毒,肠组织出现病理损伤且可见大量PDCoV抗原,而S组和S2P组未检测到PDCoV病毒且未观察到肠组织损伤,二者之间无明显差异。【结论】S2P组较之S组能够诱导小鼠产生更高水平的抗PDCoV体液免疫应答,两组疫苗对小鼠均有一定的保护效果,本研究为后续PDCoV亚单位疫苗研发奠定坚实的基础。

猪德尔塔冠状病毒(porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV)  /  S蛋白  /  双脯氨酸突变  /  免疫原性

[Objective] Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a major porcine enteric coronavirus, causing huge economic losses to the pig breeding industry worldwide. However, there is no commercial vaccine available for this virus. The spike (S) protein is a key factor inducing host immune response. In this study, the two sites 855 and 856 in the loop between the heptapeptide repeat-1 (HR1) and the central helix of PDCoV S protein were mutated to proline (E855P and V856P). Then, the recombinant S protein and mutated S protein (S2P) were expressed and purified by the ExpiCHO-S eukaryotic expression system, and their immunogenicity and immunoprotecive performance were evaluated for developing a PDCoV subunit vaccine with good immune effect. [Methods] The serum level of the specific antibody IgG in immunized mice was measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum neutralization test was carried out to determine the titer of neutralizing antibodies in the immunized mice. The proliferation of T lymphocytes in immunized mice was detected by flow cytometry. The secretion levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-α, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-4 were determined. RT-qPCR was employed to measure the PDCoV load in the intestinal tissue of mice after challenge. Tissue sections were prepared to observe the intestinal lesions of mice. The distribution of PDCoV antigen in the intestinal tissue of mice was detected by immunohistochemistry. [Results] High levels of anti-PDCoV specific IgG antibodies were produced in mice after intramuscular injection of S and S2P subunit vaccines, and the serum of mice 42 days after immunization had a neutralizing effect on PDCoV. The 50% neutralizing protective titer of LLC-PK cells in the S2P group was significantly higher than that in the S group. In addition, the immunization with S and S2P significantly induced the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in mice, which was higher in the S2P group than in the S group. The immunization with S2P induced the proliferation of CD8+ T lymphocytes in mice, and the level of CD8+ T lymphocytes showed no difference between the S group and the PBS group. The levels of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-2, and IL-4 in the S and S2P groups were significantly higher than those in the PBS group and had no difference between the S and S2P groups. The challenge assay results showed that the PBS group presented PDCoV, pathological damage, and a large number of PDCoV antigens in the intestinal tissue, while neither PDCoV nor intestinal tissue damage was detected in the S and S2P groups, which showed no significant difference between the two groups. [Conclusion] S2P induces higher level of the humoral immune response against PDCoV in mice than S. The vaccines prepared with both S2P and S have protective effects on mice. The findings lays a foundation for the follow-up study of PDCoV subunit vaccines.

porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV)  /  S protein  /  bisproline mutation  /  immunogenicity
文玉涵, 于瑞明, 张莉萍, 杜晓华, 潘丽, 王永录, 郭慧琛, 刘霞, 刘新生. 猪德尔塔冠状病毒双脯氨酸突变S蛋白的表达及免疫原性评价. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2799 -2812 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240041
Yuhan WEN, Ruiming YU, Liping ZHANG, Xiaohua DU, Li PAN, Yonglu WANG, Huichen GUO, Xia LIU, Xinsheng LIU. Expression and immunogenicity of S protein with two proline residue mutations of porcine deltacoronavirus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2799 -2812 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240041
猪德尔塔冠状病毒(porcine deltacoronavirus, PDCoV)属于冠状病毒科德尔塔冠状病毒属,是新发的一种猪肠道病毒病,与猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, PEDV)和猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(transmissible gastroenteritis virus, TGEV)一样[1],PDCoV感染后的主要临床症状为水样腹泻、脱水、呕吐甚至死亡[2-4]。虽然PDCoV临床症状较PEDV轻,但PDCoV与PEDV或TGEV的混合感染可导致临床症状加重、致死率增高[5-6]。PDCoV最初于2012年在中国香港报道[7],随后于2014年在美国俄亥俄州的腹泻猪群中出现[8]。目前,PDCoV已传播到加拿大、韩国和泰国等国家[9-12],在全球范围内呈流行趋势。有报道称PDCoV可跨物种感染鸡、小牛等[13-15],而研究人员在3名患有急性未分化发热性疾病的海地儿童血浆样品中检测到PDCoV[16],表明PDCoV具有跨物种传播的潜能。
PDCoV是一种具有囊膜、单股正链的RNA病毒,基因组长约为25.4 kb[11],包含5′和3′非编码区及8个开放性阅读框,分别编码多聚酶蛋白1a/1b、棘突(spike, S)蛋白、小膜(envelope, E)蛋白、膜(membrane, M)蛋白、非结构(non-structure, NS)蛋白6、核衣壳(nucleocapsid, N)蛋白及非结构蛋白7 (NS7)[17]。棘突蛋白能够与受体结合介导病毒进入宿主细胞,是宿主免疫反应的主要诱因因子,其结构分为S1及S2亚基[18],在病毒感染过程中,S1结合宿主细胞表面的受体进行病毒附着,S2融合宿主和病毒膜,使病毒基因组进入宿主细胞[19]
疫苗接种是预防冠状病毒最有效的方法之一,然而PDCoV并无商品化疫苗,已有的减毒疫苗[20]和灭活疫苗[21]均存在一定的优势,但无法兼顾疫苗的安全性及保护性。亚单位疫苗安全性好、稳定性强、抗原质量高,已被广泛认可[22]。S蛋白在冠状病毒疫苗研究中常被作为靶标抗原[18]。此外,由于冠状病毒(如MERS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2)在感染宿主细胞的过程中,S蛋白三聚体会发生构象转变,从准备与受体结合的融合前构象转变为最终的病毒-细胞膜融合后构象,已有研究发现在PDCoV感染宿主细胞的过程中也发生了类似构象变化[19, 23-24],在这个过程中,S蛋白会从活性状态转变为失活状态,融合后构象活性较低,所引起的免疫反应较低。关于MERS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2研究显示,将第一个七肽重复序列(heptapeptide repeat-1, HR1)和中央螺旋之间的环中的2个氨基酸突变为双脯氨酸可稳定S蛋白融合前构象(S2P),基于S蛋白稳定预融合构象的疫苗大多保留病毒刺突的初始天然轮廓,从而引发高质量的抗病毒感染的中和抗体[25-26]。因此,本研究将PDCoV S蛋白第一个七肽重复序列和中央螺旋之间的环中855位点和856位点的谷氨酸和缬氨酸均突变为脯氨酸(E855P和V856P),然后利用ExpiCHO-S表达系统在体外表达PDCoV重组S蛋白和重组S2P蛋白,并在动物体内免疫评价PDCoV S和S2P亚单位疫苗的免疫原性及免疫保护性,以期为后续研制新型PDCoV亚单位疫苗奠定重要基础。
无特定病原体级(specific pathogen free, SPF) BALB/c雌性小鼠由中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所实验动物中心提供,该研究获得了中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:LVRIAEC-2023-048)。ExpiCHO-S细胞购自赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;猪肾上皮细胞LLC-PK (ATCC: CL-101)由中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所保存;PDCoV毒株CH/XJYN/2016 (GenBank登录号为MN064712)由本实验室前期分离并保存。
Mut Express Ⅱ Fast Mutagenesis Kit V2购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;BamH Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ购自New England Biolabs公司;质粒小量制备试剂盒购自US Everbright Inc.公司;无内毒素质粒大提试剂盒购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;弗式佐剂购自Sigma-Aldrich公司;山羊抗小鼠IgG购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司;BeyoECL Plus购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;脱脂奶粉购自上海雅酶生物医药科技有限公司;MEM EARLES、BASIC RPMI 1640 Medium购自赛默飞世尔生物化学制品(北京)有限公司;Mouse 1×Lymphocyte Separation Medium购自深圳市达科为生物技术股份有限公司;红细胞裂解液购自Solarbio公司;FITC偶联的大鼠抗小鼠CD3抗体、PE偶联的大鼠抗小鼠CD4抗体和APC偶联的大鼠抗小鼠CD8抗体购自BioLegend公司;细胞因子试剂盒购自北京欣博盛生物科技有限公司;大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) DH5α、RNAiso Plus、One Step PrimeScriptTM RT-PCR Kit均购自宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司。
为了将本实验室保存的S-pcDNA3.1(+)重组质粒[27] 855、856位点的谷氨酸及缬氨酸突变为连续的2个脯氨酸,使用Mut Express Ⅱ Fast Mutagenesis Kit V2进行定点突变。首先,设计引物对S2P-Forward (5′-AACAGACTGG AACCGCCGGAGGCCAATCAGCAGGTCG-3′)和S2P-Reverse (5′-CCGCGGTTCCAGTCTGTT GTAGATGTCCTGG-3′),以S-pcDNA3.1(+)质粒为模板进行PCR扩增。PCR扩增体系(50 μL):上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各2 µL,2×Max Buffer 25 µL,DNA模板2 µL,ddH2O 17 µL,dNTP Mix (10 mmol/L each) 1 µL,Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase 1 μL,每个样品设置3个重复。PCR扩增条件:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性15 s,65 ℃退火15 s,72 ℃延伸2 min,循环30次;72 ℃彻底延伸5 min。其次,将扩增产物用Dpn Ⅰ酶消化并测定消化产物浓度及计算消化产物用量;随后利用Express Ⅱ催化待突变位点重组,实现线性DNA体外环化,最后进行重组产物的转化及测序鉴定(详细步骤参考南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司Mut Express Ⅱ Fast Mutagenesis Kit 2说明书)。S-pcDNA3.1(+)重组质粒及测序正确的突变S2P-pcDNA3.1(+)重组质粒利用BamH Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切鉴定。
将重组质粒S-pcDNA3.1(+)和S2P-pcDNA3.1(+)转染至细胞密度为6×106个活细胞/mL的ExpiCHO-S细胞中,37 ℃、5% CO2条件下悬浮培养至第8天。随后在生物安全柜中无菌吸取1 mL悬浮细胞,4 ℃、4 000×g离心10 min后收取上清液进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,转印至硝酸纤维素膜进行免疫印迹分析。以Mouse Anti-His mAb (1:5 000稀释)为一抗,以HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG (1:10 000稀释)为二抗,用化学发光底物(enhanced chemiluminescence, ECL)进行显影。根据Western blotting结果验证重组蛋白表达情况。
将重组质粒S-pcDNA3.1(+)和S2P-pcDNA3.1(+)转染至细胞密度为6×106个活细胞/mL的ExpiCHO-S细胞中,37 ℃、5% CO2条件下悬浮培养10−12 d。将收集的细胞4 ℃、4 000×g离心30 min后,用0.22 μm过滤器过滤。过滤后上清液与Ni-NTA Agarose在4 ℃结合过夜,取出Ni-NTA Agarose静置10−20 min,使Ni-NTA Agarose填料自然沉淀于柱底。随后使流穿自然流出,用20 mL PBS过柱2次,洗涤杂蛋白,再用20 mL含20 mmol/L咪唑的PBS过柱并收集流穿液,最后用3 mL 500 mmol/L咪唑洗脱目的蛋白,重复5次。将洗脱目的蛋白进行透析浓缩并测定蛋白浓度,于−80 ℃保存备用。
将纯化的S和S2P重组蛋白分别与弗式佐剂1:1混合,通过互推法乳化,制备亚单位疫苗。将30只6周龄无特定病原体(SPF)的雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为3组(每组10只):G1组(PBS)、G2组(S蛋白10 μg)和G3组(S2P蛋白10 μg),如表1所述完成免疫。分别于0、14和28 d免疫3次,免疫采用肌内注射100 μL/只,每组免疫后的第14天进行外眦静脉采血,分离血清后储存在–80 ℃冰箱中备用。
用间接ELISA测定免疫后小鼠特异性抗体水平,将纯化的PDCoV S1重组蛋白用50 mmol/L的碳酸盐缓冲液(pH 9.6)稀释至2 μg/mL,4 ℃过夜包被96孔酶标板(100 μL/孔),PBST洗3次;再用5%脱脂奶粉在37 ℃温箱封闭2 h (100 μL/孔),PBST洗3次;随后用血清稀释液将小鼠血清以1:100、1:200、1:400等稀释比例倍比稀释,将稀释好的血清以100 μL/孔加样,于37 ℃温育45 min,PBST洗3次;接着用1×PBST将山羊抗鼠-HRP稀释(1:10 000),100 μL/孔加样,于37 ℃温育30 min,PBST洗5次;然后加入单组分四甲基联苯胺(tetramethylbenzidine, TMB)显色液显色(50 μL/孔),于37 ℃温育15 min;最后以50 μL/孔加入终止液终止显色,酶标仪测定OD450吸光度值。
将采集的小鼠血清于56 ℃灭活30 min,用0.22 μm过滤器过滤除菌,并用维持培养基稀释10倍,然后在96孔板进行连续倍比稀释。再与等体积的病毒液(200 TCID50)混合,置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中作用1 h。随后在铺满70%−80% LLC-PK细胞的96孔上加入100 μL血清-病毒混合液,在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中孵育1 h,随后弃掉96孔板中的液体,用PBS清洗3次,每孔加入200 μL维持培养基(含20 μg/mL胰酶),随后5−7 d观察并记录细胞病变(cytopathic effect, CPE)情况。采用Reed-Muench法计算中和抗体效价,中和抗体滴度为能够保护50%的细胞不发生病变的血清最高稀释倍数。
免疫后第6周取小鼠脾脏,使用小鼠淋巴分离液分离脾淋巴细胞,并用细胞计数板计数。利用BASIC RPMI 1640培养基将脾淋巴细胞悬液稀释成1×106个细胞/mL,使用100 μL PBS重悬细胞,并加入1 μL FITC偶联的大鼠抗小鼠CD3抗体、2 μL PE偶联的大鼠抗小鼠CD4抗体和2 μL APC偶联的大鼠抗小鼠CD8抗体,避光孵育抗体(4 ℃, 30 min);设置空白组及单阳对照组。随后用1.5 mL预冷的PBS清洗2次,500×g离心5 min。最后用200 μL PBS重悬细胞,流式细胞仪检测。
使用细胞因子ELISA试剂盒(北京欣博盛生物科技有限公司)检测免疫后第42天小鼠血清中的细胞因子[干扰素(interferon, IFN)-α、IFN-γ、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-2和IL-4]的浓度,具体步骤参考该试剂盒说明书。
每个免疫组随机选择3只小鼠,每只小鼠灌胃300 μL PDCoV病毒液(104.6 TCID50/mL)及肌内注射200 μL PDCoV病毒液(104.6 TCID50/mL),接种后第3天安乐死小鼠,取小鼠肠组织−80 ℃保存以提取组织RNA,同时采集小鼠肠组织固定在4%多聚甲醛中进行病理观察及免疫组织化学实验。
将采集好的小鼠肠组织用组织研磨仪研磨,并加入1 mL RNAiso Plus提取小鼠肠组织中病毒RNA,随后RT-qPCR检测小鼠肠组织中的PDCoV病毒载量。RT-qPCR按照One Step PrimeScriptTM RT-PCR Kit说明书进行。采用PDCoV N基因特异性引物和探针进行检测,引物为PDCoV-Q-Forward (5′-ACGTCGTAAGACC CAGCATC-3′)、PDCoV-Q-Reverse (5′-CCCACC TGAAAGTTGCTCTC-3′)和PDCoV-Q-probe (5′-CY5-GTATGGCTGATCCTCGCATCATGGC-BHQ2-3′)。热循环参数:42 ℃ 5min,95 ℃ 10 s;95 ℃ 5 s,57 ℃ 20 s,循环40次。
将固定组织经全自动脱水机脱水后切片并脱蜡至水,苏木精染色10−20 min,冲洗1−3 min。盐酸乙醇分化5−10 s,冲洗1−3 min后放入50 ℃的温水中或弱碱性水溶液返蓝,直到出现蓝色为止。随后伊红染色3−5 min,水洗3−5 s,经梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明后用中性树胶封固。采用Pannoramic 250数字切片扫描仪对切片进行图像采集,观察肠组织具体病变。以本实验室制备并保存的PDCoV N蛋白单抗为一抗,HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG为二抗进行免疫组织化学实验。
采用GraphPad Prism软件对试验数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)确定组间差异。ns表示各组间无显著性差异(P > 0.05),*表示为各组间有统计学差异(P < 0.05),**表示各组间有显著性统计学差异(P < 0.01),而***表示各组间有极显著性统计学差异(P < 0.001)。
将S-pcDNA3.1(+)重组质粒855、856位点的谷氨酸及缬氨酸突变为连续的2个脯氨酸(图1A),并用BamH Ⅰ、Xho Ⅰ双酶切验证S-pcDNA3.1(+)和S2P-pcDNA3.1(+)质粒,结果如图1B所示,出现符合pcDNA3.1(+)载体及S基因大小的2条条带,说明S-pcDNA3.1(+)重组质粒正确;如图1C所示,同样出现符合pcDNA3.1(+)载体及S2P基因大小的2条条带,说明S2P-pcDNA3.1(+)重组质粒构建正确。
将S-pcDNA3.1(+)和S2P-pcDNA3.1(+)重组质粒转染至ExpiCHO-S细胞,第8天吸取1 mL悬浮细胞验证S和S2P重组蛋白是否在ExpiCHO-S细胞表达,Western blotting结果显示(图2A2B),在180 kDa出现特异性条带,与S和S2P重组蛋白大小相符,证明S和S2P重组蛋白已经在ExpiCHO-S细胞成功表达。第10天收集细胞,冷冻离心机离心,收取上清液,运用Ni-NTA Agarose纯化蛋白。为了鉴定纯化蛋白,将20 mmol/L咪唑洗脱液及500 mmol/L咪唑洗脱液进行SDS-PAGE鉴定。如图2C所示,考马斯亮蓝染色出现4条较亮条带,蛋白分子量大小180 kDa,与预期S蛋白大小相符。图2D中180 kDa处同样出现符合预期大小条带,证明重组S2P蛋白纯化成功。
为了检测S及S2P组亚单位疫苗在小鼠体内特异性IgG抗体水平,本研究采用间接ELISA方法分别检测第14、28和42天小鼠特异性抗体水平。如图3所示,以PDCoV S1蛋白作为包被抗原检测小鼠特异性抗体,其中S亚单位疫苗经过第一次免疫后特异性抗体滴度最高达到1:86 400,第二次免疫后特异性抗体滴度最高达到1:640 000,第三次免疫后特异性抗体滴度最高达到1:640 000;S2P亚单位疫苗经过第一次免疫后特异性抗体滴度最高达到1:86 400,第二次免疫后特异性抗体滴度最高达到1:640 000,第三次免疫后特异性抗体滴度最高达到1:1 080 000,经过3次免疫后S和S2P亚单位疫苗在小鼠体内产生的特异性IgG抗体均显著高于PBS组(P < 0.001)。
为了鉴定S组和S2P组亚单位疫苗免疫后的小鼠血清在体外中和PDCoV的能力,本研究采用固定病毒-稀释血清的方法来测定实验小鼠血清的中和抗体滴度。如图4所示,S组中和抗体滴度达到了1:118,S2P组中和抗体滴度达到了1:203,2组血清的中和抗体滴度均极显著(P < 0.001)高于PBS组,并且S2P组显著(P < 0.01)高于S组。
当小鼠受到刺激产生免疫反应后,淋巴细胞在增殖过程中会产生CD4+ T淋巴细胞及CD8+ T淋巴细胞,进而发生体液免疫和细胞免疫。本研究通过流式细胞术检测,第一次免疫后42 d小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞分型可知(图5A),与PBS组相比,S组亚单位疫苗能显著(P < 0.01)诱导小鼠CD3+ T淋巴细胞增殖(图5B),S2P组亚单位疫苗能极显著(P < 0.001)诱导小鼠CD3+ T淋巴细胞增殖(图5B),但S与S2P两组亚单位疫苗在诱导CD3+ T淋巴细胞增殖时无显著差异。与PBS组相比,S和S2P两组亚单位疫苗均能极显著(P < 0.001)诱导小鼠CD4+ T淋巴细胞增殖(图5B),并且S2P组要高于S组(P < 0.05)。与PBS组相比,S2P组能(P < 0.05)诱导小鼠CD8+ T淋巴细胞增殖(图5B),但S组与PBS组无差异。
为了检测肌内注射S和S2P亚单位疫苗后对小鼠体液免疫及细胞免疫的影响,本研究分别利用第一次免疫后42 d的小鼠血清检测了IFN-α (图6A)、IFN-γ (图6B)、IL-2 (图6C)及IL-4 (图6D) 4种细胞因子。S和S2P组诱导的IFN-γ显著(P < 0.01)高于PBS组,S和S2P组诱导的IFN-α、IL-2、IL-4极显著(P < 0.001)高于PBS组,但S组与S2P组的4种细胞因子均无差异。
利用RT-qPCR鉴定小鼠肠组织中PDCoV病毒载量。结果显示(表2),PBS组中3只小鼠的肠组织均可检测到PDCoV病毒,S组(3只小鼠)和S2P组(3只小鼠)的肠组织均未检测到PDCoV病毒。
PBS组中3只小鼠肠组织均出现了炎性细胞浸润,其中一例黏膜固有层深层点状坏死,可见坏死细胞胞核固缩、崩解,胞质溶解,坏死区域纤维组织轻微增生(图7)。S组和S2P组均有2例固有层少量或极少量炎性细胞浸润,肌层和浆膜层未见明显炎性细胞浸润和增生,其他未见明显病理变化(图7)。此外,免疫组织化学结果显示(图7),PBS组可见大量的PDCoV抗原,呈棕色分布。S组及S2P组未检测到明显的PDCoV抗原。
PDCoV作为一种新发的猪肠道冠状病毒,其流行病学、临床和病理特征与传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)相似。所有年龄的猪都可能受到影响,但在新生仔猪中最为严重。PDCoV可引起哺乳仔猪严重萎缩性肠炎并伴有严重腹泻、呕吐和脱水,甚至死亡,死亡率约为40%−80%[29]。PDCoV在美国、加拿大、韩国、中国、泰国等多个国家均有发现[8-12],对全球养猪业造成严重的威胁。因此,预防和治疗PDCoV就显得非常重要,但目前尚无PDCoV商业化疫苗,因此研究新型亚单位疫苗是非常有必要的。
目前PDCoV亚单位疫苗已有一些相关研究报道。Chen等[30]利用大肠杆菌表达系统表达了PDCoV S蛋白部分区域,动物实验结果表明C端结构域可能比N端结构域和S2区域更具有免疫原性,并且可能包含主要的PDCoV S蛋白中的中和表位。Li等[31]设计了PDCoV刺突(S)蛋白和受体结合域(receptor binding domain, RBD)三聚体作为候选亚单位疫苗,并证明了基于S蛋白的亚单位疫苗对PDCoV感染具有显著的保护作用。Wang等[32]利用昆虫杆状病毒表达系统中高效表达密码子优化的PDCoV-RBD蛋白,并表明RBD蛋白具有良好的抗原性,可以作为一种保护性抗原,为PDCoV的发展提供基础。上述研究均以S蛋白或S蛋白截短蛋白作为靶标抗原[18]。此外,Pallesen等[25]的研究表明MERS-CoV S蛋白连续2个脯氨酸替换残基V1060和L1061,可使其三聚体S蛋白产量增加50倍以上,而且接种后所诱导的中和活性广度和效力显著提升。Li等[26]证明昆虫细胞表达的预融合三聚体稳定的SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白可能为开发重组COVID-19疫苗提供潜在的候选策略。在膜病毒RSV[33-34]和HIV[35]也有学者通过稳定预融合状态来设计疫苗。上述研究均说明S2P蛋白是一种非常有潜力的抗原。因此,本研究选择通过突变S蛋白关键位点并评价其免疫原性,以期有更好的免疫效果。
本研究设计、突变了PDCoV S蛋白855、856位点的谷氨酸、缬氨酸为双脯氨酸,并利用ExpiCHO-S真核表达系统表达并纯化了重组S和S2P蛋白,再以BALB/c小鼠为实验动物模型,评价了PDCoV S组和S2P组亚单位疫苗的免疫原性。动物实验结果显示,S组和S2P组在小鼠体内可诱导产生高水平的抗PDCoV特异性IgG抗体,这与Li等[26]、Yu等[27]研究结果一致。S组和S2P组一免后42 d血清的中和抗体可以有效中和PDCoV感染,其中,S组中和抗体滴度达到了1:118,S2P组中和抗体滴度达到了1:203,S2P组对细胞50%保护率显著优于S组,这与Li等[26]的研究结果一致。此外,与PBS组相比,S组和S2P组免疫组小鼠CD4+淋巴细胞水平均有显著增长,S2P组优于S组,这与中和试验结果一致,说明S2P组较S组能够更好地刺激小鼠产生体液免疫。然而S2P组CD8+淋巴细胞水平较PBS组有一定增长,但S组CD8+淋巴细胞水平与PBS并无差异,这与亚单位疫苗主导机体体液免疫相符。同时S组和S2P组所诱导的IFN-α、IFN-γ、IL-2及IL-4水平均显著高于PBS组,并且S组及S2P组无差异,这说明了S组及S2P组均能刺激小鼠产生一定的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答。小鼠攻毒试验结果显示,PBS组小鼠肠组织中含有PDCoV抗原,而且有病理性损伤,说明小鼠易感PDCoV病原,这与已有研究结果一致[36]。S组和S2P组小鼠肠道组织未检测到PDCoV病毒,也未观察到明显的病理损伤。研究表明S和S2P均可对小鼠提供有效的免疫保护来抵抗PDCoV感染,能一定程度上减轻小鼠的病理损伤。
综上所述,S和S2P亚单位疫苗能够有效刺激小鼠产生较高水平的体液免疫应答及一定程度的细胞免疫应答,S2P组较S组能刺激更强的体液免疫应答。S和S2P均可对小鼠提供有效的免疫保护。这为后续深入研究PDCoV S蛋白免疫原性提供了材料,并为PDCoV亚单位疫苗的研究奠定了基础。
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(1610312021011)
  • 国家生猪技术创新中心(NCTIP-XD/C 03)
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2024年第64卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240041
  • 接收时间:2024-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-14
  • 录用日期:2024-04-22
基金
Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(1610312021011)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(1610312021011)
National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs(NCTIP-XD/C 03)
国家生猪技术创新中心(NCTIP-XD/C 03)
作者信息
    1 甘肃农业大学生命科学技术学院, 甘肃 兰州 730070
    2 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所 动物疫病防控全国重点实验室, 甘肃 兰州 730046

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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