Article(id=1241451301544980943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706198400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1709568000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-05, onlineDate=1773914655337, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709568000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914655337, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914655337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914655337, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2986, endPage=2997, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451303239479800, articleId=1241451301544980943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism of Ralstonia solanacearum strains with different pathogenicity, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the changes of pathogenicity and DNA methylation levels and patterns of Ralstonia solanacearum strains with different pathogenicity during consecutive subculture. [Methods] R. solanacearum strains with different pathogenicity were consecutively subcultured for 50 passages. The pathogenicity of different strains was determined by the attenuated index (AI) method and the pot experiments. Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) analysis was performed to profile the DNA methylation levels of different strains. Moreover, the relative expression levels of genes related to methylases and demethylases were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). [Results] After 50 passages, both of the virulent strain FJAT15304 and the intermediate strain FJAT445 evolved into avirulent strains, while the avirulent strain FJAT15249 remained to be avirulent. Compared with F1 strains, FJAT15304.F50 and FJAT445.F50 showed the total methylation rates increasing by 7.82% and 38.22%, respectively. However, both of FJAT15249.F1 and FJAT15249.F50 had the total methylation rate of 33.33%. Full methylation was the main pattern in the virulent and intermediate strains, while hemi-methylation was the main pattern in all the avirulent strains. Compared with F1 strains, strains FJAT15304.F50 and FJAT445.F50 showed up-regulated expression of three methylase-related genes dam, dcm, and ftsZ and down-regulated expression of demethylase-related gene alkB, which suggested that the change of DNA methylation might play a key role in the debilitation of pathogenicity. [Conclusion] The pathogenicity of R. solanacearum attenuates during the consecutive subculture, which might be related to the level of DNA methylation. The findings provide a scientific basis for the application of avirulent strains in the biocontrol of bacterial wilt.

, correspAuthors=Bo LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LIU Bo, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuefang ZHENG, Jiangxia SHU, Ying LIN, Jieping WANG, Yanping CHEN, Meichun CHEN, Zheng CHEN, Bo LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451306720752251, articleId=1241451301544980943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=不同致病力青枯雷尔氏菌的甲基化敏感扩增多态分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】探究不同致病力青枯雷尔氏菌连续传代过程中致病力、DNA甲基化水平与模式的变化。【方法】将不同致病力青枯雷尔氏菌连续传代培养50次,通过弱化指数(attenuated index, AI)和接种番茄盆栽苗,分析其F1和F50菌株致病力变化;采用甲基化敏感扩增多态(methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism, MSAP)技术分析不同致病力和传代数青枯雷尔氏菌DNA甲基化水平变化;利用荧光定量PCR (real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, qRT-PCR)技术分析DNA甲基化和去甲基化相关酶基因的表达量变化。【结果】经连续传代50次后,强致病力菌株FJAT15304和过渡型菌株FJAT445均变为无致病力菌株,而无致病力菌株FJAT15249仍然保持其无致病力特性。MSAP分析显示,与F1菌株相比,强致病力菌株传代50次的FJAT15304.F50和致病力衰退型菌株传代50次的FJAT445.F50的总甲基化率分别增加7.82%和38.22%;无致病力菌株FJAT15249的F1和F50的总甲基化率均为33.33%;强致病力和过渡型菌株的主要甲基化模式为全甲基化,其全甲基化率高于半甲基化率,而所有无致病力菌株主要甲基化模式为半甲基化。qRT-PCR分析表明,强致病力和过渡型菌株连续传代致病力衰退菌株的DNA甲基化酶相关基因damdcmftsZ表达量显著增加,而去甲基化酶相关基因alkB表达量显著降低,推测DNA甲基化水平变化在致病力衰退过程起重要作用。【结论】青枯雷尔氏菌连续传代出现致病力衰退现象,这种致病力衰退可能与DNA甲基化水平有关。本研究为利用无致病力菌株防治青枯病害提供依据。

, correspAuthors=刘波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=L+ekxGbYiOo6YED+ztRApA==, magXml=xUthyf6LYuphAGr+ZqUuLQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=OiKPHKoN6v1oou8+dRNSow==, pdfFileSize=852160, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cLhmaftKSaEc5AtahB+/hQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zqoXJGB2fScneNJj+k+oSQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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A and B were FJAT15304.F1 and FJAT15304.F50, respectively; C and D were FJAT445.F1 and FJAT445.F50, respectively; E and F were FJAT15249.F1 and FJAT15249.F50, respectively., figureFileSmall=LR1bH2KmHt0Oo1wtr13udQ==, figureFileBig=k73iuh72O9/UlGnpv8mYUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065201464172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同致病力青枯菌的F1和F50代菌株弱化指数测定, figureFileSmall=LR1bH2KmHt0Oo1wtr13udQ==, figureFileBig=k73iuh72O9/UlGnpv8mYUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065331487603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Results of selective amplification in 6% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ were non-methylated, full-methylated, and hemi-methylated sites, respectively; M and H were EcoR Ⅰ+Msp Ⅰ and EcoR Ⅰ+ Hpa Ⅱ double digestion, respectively; M1 is DNA marker; Lane 1−6 are FJAT15304.F1, FJAT15249.F1, FJAT445.F1, FJAT15304.F50, FJAT15249.F50, and FJAT445.F50, respectively. The areas of a-f were the results of selective amplification for primers of E1/HM1, E2/HM2, E3/HM3, E4/HM4, E5/HM5, and E6/HM6, respectively., figureFileSmall=FX4EN0Cjo+pqRWqy4KCzxw==, figureFileBig=QITb6dQXKtrfDMckfF8dtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065436345211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=CN, label=图2, caption=选择性扩增产物经6%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果, figureFileSmall=FX4EN0Cjo+pqRWqy4KCzxw==, figureFileBig=QITb6dQXKtrfDMckfF8dtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065545397123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The expression level of methylation-related and demethylation-related enzyme genes for Ralstonia solanacearum virulent (A), intermediate (B) and avirulent strains (C) during consecutive subculture. Error bars represent the standard of three biological replicates. *, **, and ns indicate a significant difference at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, and no significant difference of gene relative expression between strains of F1 and F50., figureFileSmall=IKKgMbEsYbNIcGfAQ0sCoQ==, figureFileBig=7VxvjkYe8TiLaNbqjdmmUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065654449032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=CN, label=图3, caption=青枯菌连续传代过程DNA甲基化和去甲基化相关酶基因的表达水平, figureFileSmall=IKKgMbEsYbNIcGfAQ0sCoQ==, figureFileBig=7VxvjkYe8TiLaNbqjdmmUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065759306635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for MSAP analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer typeEcoR Ⅰ (E)Hpa Ⅱ/Msp Ⅰ (HM)
Primer nameSequence (5′→3′)Primer nameSequence (5′→3′)
AdapterEFCTCGTAGACTGCGTACCHMFGACGATGAGTCTAGAA
ERAATTGGTACGCAGTCHMRCGTTCTAGACTCATC
Pre-amplificationE00GACTGCGTACCAATTCAHM00ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGG
Selective amplificationE1GACTGCGTACCAATTCAACAHM1ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTAG
E2GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAAGHM2ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTTA
E3GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAATHM3ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTGT
E4GACTGCGTACCAATTCAACTHM4ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTGC
E5GACTGCGTACCAATTCAACCHM5ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTAC
E6GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAAAHM6ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTCG
), ArticleFig(id=1242193065851581329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MSAP分析的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer typeEcoR Ⅰ (E)Hpa Ⅱ/Msp Ⅰ (HM)
Primer nameSequence (5′→3′)Primer nameSequence (5′→3′)
AdapterEFCTCGTAGACTGCGTACCHMFGACGATGAGTCTAGAA
ERAATTGGTACGCAGTCHMRCGTTCTAGACTCATC
Pre-amplificationE00GACTGCGTACCAATTCAHM00ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGG
Selective amplificationE1GACTGCGTACCAATTCAACAHM1ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTAG
E2GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAAGHM2ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTTA
E3GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAATHM3ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTGT
E4GACTGCGTACCAATTCAACTHM4ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTGC
E5GACTGCGTACCAATTCAACCHM5ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTAC
E6GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAAAHM6ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTCG
), ArticleFig(id=1242193065964827545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primer sequences of methylase and demethylase related genes used in RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneGene descriptionPrimer sequence (5′→3′)
damN6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferaseF: TGGTCGTTGTGCTCGTAATAG
R: GGACAAATCAGCGTGCATAAC
dcmC5 cytosine-specific DNA methylaseF: CTGAAGGTGCTCAACTACGG
R: TGATCCACTTGTCTTCCGC
ftsZCell division protein FtsZF: CCGAGACCAAGGAAGTGATG
R: GTAGACCGTACCGAAGATGAC
alkBOxidative demethylaseF: GTAATCCCGCTCATCCTTGTC
R: GCTTCCCAGGCTTCACG
), ArticleFig(id=1242193066086462367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

用于荧光定量PCR检测的DNA甲基化酶和去甲化酶相关基因的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneGene descriptionPrimer sequence (5′→3′)
damN6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferaseF: TGGTCGTTGTGCTCGTAATAG
R: GGACAAATCAGCGTGCATAAC
dcmC5 cytosine-specific DNA methylaseF: CTGAAGGTGCTCAACTACGG
R: TGATCCACTTGTCTTCCGC
ftsZCell division protein FtsZF: CCGAGACCAAGGAAGTGATG
R: GTAGACCGTACCGAAGATGAC
alkBOxidative demethylaseF: GTAATCCCGCTCATCCTTGTC
R: GCTTCCCAGGCTTCACG
), ArticleFig(id=1242193066212291496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The attenuation index (AI) value and disease incidence (DI) values of tomato seedlings using the tested Ralstonia solanacearum strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberAIP-valueDI (%)
5 d10 d15 d21 d
Mean count ± standard deviation (n=10 and 3 for AI and DI, respectively)
FJAT15304.F10.52±0.100.03119.44±2.4062.50±4.1784.72±2.41100.00±0.00
FJAT15304.F500.76±0.080000
FJAT445.F10.69±0.020.03809.72±2.4122.22±2.4129.16±4.17
FJAT445.F500.80±0.050000
FJAT15249.F10.88±0.050.4480000
FJAT15249.F500.85±0.060000
), ArticleFig(id=1242193066312954799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

供试青枯菌的弱化指数及其接种后番茄青枯病发病率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberAIP-valueDI (%)
5 d10 d15 d21 d
Mean count ± standard deviation (n=10 and 3 for AI and DI, respectively)
FJAT15304.F10.52±0.100.03119.44±2.4062.50±4.1784.72±2.41100.00±0.00
FJAT15304.F500.76±0.080000
FJAT445.F10.69±0.020.03809.72±2.4122.22±2.4129.16±4.17
FJAT445.F500.80±0.050000
FJAT15249.F10.88±0.050.4480000
FJAT15249.F500.85±0.060000
), ArticleFig(id=1242193066434589625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

MSAP analysis of DNA methylation for Ralstonia solanacearum with different pathogenicity and generation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberPatternTotal amplified bandsMethylated sitesTotal methylated
band ratio (%)
Full-methylated ratio (%)Hemi-methylated ratio (%)
FJAT15304.F139617622337.109.6827.42
FJAT445.F1481115742635.1414.8620.27
FJAT15249.F146158692333.3321.7411.59
FJAT15304.F501875301240.0023.3316.67
FJAT445.F5018116351748.5731.4317.14
FJAT15249.F50441111662233.3320.6612.67
), ArticleFig(id=1242193066543641534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451301544980943, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同致病力及传代数青枯菌DNA甲基化MSAP分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberPatternTotal amplified bandsMethylated sitesTotal methylated
band ratio (%)
Full-methylated ratio (%)Hemi-methylated ratio (%)
FJAT15304.F139617622337.109.6827.42
FJAT445.F1481115742635.1414.8620.27
FJAT15249.F146158692333.3321.7411.59
FJAT15304.F501875301240.0023.3316.67
FJAT445.F5018116351748.5731.4317.14
FJAT15249.F50441111662233.3320.6612.67
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不同致病力青枯雷尔氏菌的甲基化敏感扩增多态分析
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郑雪芳 1, # , 舒江霞 2, # , 林莹 4 , 王阶平 1 , 陈燕萍 1 , 陈梅春 1 , 陈峥 3 , 刘波 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(8): 2986-2997
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(8): 2986-2997
不同致病力青枯雷尔氏菌的甲基化敏感扩增多态分析
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郑雪芳1, #, 舒江霞2, #, 林莹4, 王阶平1, 陈燕萍1, 陈梅春1, 陈峥3, 刘波1, *
作者信息
  • 1 福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所, 福建 福州 350003
  • 2 中福海峡(平潭)发展股份有限公司, 福建 福州 350000
  • 3 福建省农业科学院植物保护研究所, 福建 福州 350003
  • 4 福建省种植业技术推广总站, 福建 福州 350003
Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism of Ralstonia solanacearum strains with different pathogenicity
Xuefang ZHENG1, #, Jiangxia SHU2, #, Ying LIN4, Jieping WANG1, Yanping CHEN1, Meichun CHEN1, Zheng CHEN3, Bo LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
  • 2 Zhongfu Straits (Pingtan) Development Co. Ltd., Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China
  • 3 Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
  • 4 Fujian Provincial Farming Technology Promotion Station, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2024-03-05 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240071
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【目的】探究不同致病力青枯雷尔氏菌连续传代过程中致病力、DNA甲基化水平与模式的变化。【方法】将不同致病力青枯雷尔氏菌连续传代培养50次,通过弱化指数(attenuated index, AI)和接种番茄盆栽苗,分析其F1和F50菌株致病力变化;采用甲基化敏感扩增多态(methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism, MSAP)技术分析不同致病力和传代数青枯雷尔氏菌DNA甲基化水平变化;利用荧光定量PCR (real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, qRT-PCR)技术分析DNA甲基化和去甲基化相关酶基因的表达量变化。【结果】经连续传代50次后,强致病力菌株FJAT15304和过渡型菌株FJAT445均变为无致病力菌株,而无致病力菌株FJAT15249仍然保持其无致病力特性。MSAP分析显示,与F1菌株相比,强致病力菌株传代50次的FJAT15304.F50和致病力衰退型菌株传代50次的FJAT445.F50的总甲基化率分别增加7.82%和38.22%;无致病力菌株FJAT15249的F1和F50的总甲基化率均为33.33%;强致病力和过渡型菌株的主要甲基化模式为全甲基化,其全甲基化率高于半甲基化率,而所有无致病力菌株主要甲基化模式为半甲基化。qRT-PCR分析表明,强致病力和过渡型菌株连续传代致病力衰退菌株的DNA甲基化酶相关基因damdcmftsZ表达量显著增加,而去甲基化酶相关基因alkB表达量显著降低,推测DNA甲基化水平变化在致病力衰退过程起重要作用。【结论】青枯雷尔氏菌连续传代出现致病力衰退现象,这种致病力衰退可能与DNA甲基化水平有关。本研究为利用无致病力菌株防治青枯病害提供依据。

青枯雷尔氏菌  /  连续传代培养  /  DNA甲基化  /  甲基化敏感扩增多态性

[Objective] To investigate the changes of pathogenicity and DNA methylation levels and patterns of Ralstonia solanacearum strains with different pathogenicity during consecutive subculture. [Methods] R. solanacearum strains with different pathogenicity were consecutively subcultured for 50 passages. The pathogenicity of different strains was determined by the attenuated index (AI) method and the pot experiments. Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) analysis was performed to profile the DNA methylation levels of different strains. Moreover, the relative expression levels of genes related to methylases and demethylases were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). [Results] After 50 passages, both of the virulent strain FJAT15304 and the intermediate strain FJAT445 evolved into avirulent strains, while the avirulent strain FJAT15249 remained to be avirulent. Compared with F1 strains, FJAT15304.F50 and FJAT445.F50 showed the total methylation rates increasing by 7.82% and 38.22%, respectively. However, both of FJAT15249.F1 and FJAT15249.F50 had the total methylation rate of 33.33%. Full methylation was the main pattern in the virulent and intermediate strains, while hemi-methylation was the main pattern in all the avirulent strains. Compared with F1 strains, strains FJAT15304.F50 and FJAT445.F50 showed up-regulated expression of three methylase-related genes dam, dcm, and ftsZ and down-regulated expression of demethylase-related gene alkB, which suggested that the change of DNA methylation might play a key role in the debilitation of pathogenicity. [Conclusion] The pathogenicity of R. solanacearum attenuates during the consecutive subculture, which might be related to the level of DNA methylation. The findings provide a scientific basis for the application of avirulent strains in the biocontrol of bacterial wilt.

Ralstonia solanacearum  /  consecutive subculture  /  DNA methylation  /  methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism
郑雪芳, 舒江霞, 林莹, 王阶平, 陈燕萍, 陈梅春, 陈峥, 刘波. 不同致病力青枯雷尔氏菌的甲基化敏感扩增多态分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2986 -2997 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240071
Xuefang ZHENG, Jiangxia SHU, Ying LIN, Jieping WANG, Yanping CHEN, Meichun CHEN, Zheng CHEN, Bo LIU. Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism of Ralstonia solanacearum strains with different pathogenicity[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2986 -2997 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240071
青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum,简称青枯菌)可导致多种重要经济作物毁灭性枯萎[1],被认为是全球危害最大的植物病原菌之一[2-3],在“9·11”事件发生之后,美国一度将青枯菌列为十大农业恐怖微生物之首[4]。作为复合种(species complex),青枯菌呈现出高度种下分化的多态性[5]。在自然状态、继代培养和回接植株时,青枯菌均会出现致病力分化现象[6-8],存在强致病力型、无致病力型及致病力衰退型菌株[9]。研究表明青枯菌强致病力菌株会丧失致病性,弱化成无致病力菌株[10],而无致病力菌株一般无法恢复为强致病力菌株[11]。1993年,张长龄等对青枯菌连续传代5次后,观察到其致病力出现衰退现象[8]
DNA甲基化是一种常见的表观遗传修饰,在生命体的生理生化反应中起重要作用,调节基因的表达与关闭,如限制修饰系统(restriction modification systems, R-M系统)、DNA复制与修复、转录和翻译等[12]。DNA甲基化在维持正常细胞功能、调控组织特异性基因表达、保持转座子沉默和疾病的发生过程中都十分重要[13]。细菌以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl methionie, SAM)作为甲基供体,通过R-M系统和孤儿甲基转移酶实现N6-腺嘌呤(m6A)、C5-胞嘧啶(m5C)和N4-胞嘧啶(m4C)的甲基化修饰[14-15]。细菌中的DNA甲基转移酶主要包括DNA腺嘌呤甲基化酶(DNA adenine methylase, Dam)、细胞周期调控性甲基化酶(cell cycle-regulating methylases, CcrM)和DNA胞嘧啶甲基化酶(DNA cytosine methylase, Dcm)[16]。Dam是第一个发现的孤儿甲基转移酶,其介导的甲基化通过调控其他基因转录,间接调控关键毒力因子的表达[17]。CcrM是另一类重要的孤儿甲基转移酶,对细菌生命周期调控非常关键,其介导的DNA甲基化直接激活细胞分裂所必需基因ftsZ的转录[18]。另外,去甲基化基因alkB在m6A去甲基化中起重要作用,能修复DNA碱基异常甲基化[19-20]
甲基化敏感扩增多态(methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism, MSAP)技术是检测基因组DNA甲基化的重要方法之一,它是在扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism, AFLP)技术的基础上发展起来的,根据Hpa Ⅱ和Msp Ⅰ对甲基化敏感性的不同,将基因组DNA划分为全甲基化(双链甲基化)和半甲基化(单链甲基化)两种不同模式,同时可以检测DNA总甲基化水平[21]。本研究将不同致病力青枯菌连续传代培养,采用MSAP技术对不同致病力和传代数青枯菌的基因组DNA进行甲基化分析,旨在探究青枯菌传代过程DNA甲基化水平与模式,有利于揭示青枯菌致病力衰退的分子机制。
青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株FJAT15304、无致病力菌株FJAT15249和致病力衰退型菌株FJAT445分别分离自福建省莆田市荔城区东阳村番茄青枯病发病田块的病株、健株、健株[9],由福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所收集并保存。
青枯雷尔氏菌鉴别采用氯化三苯基四氮唑(triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TTC)培养基[22],液体培养采用SP培养基[9]
番茄品种为‘金石王1号’,厦门如意种苗高科技股份有限公司;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,EcoR Ⅰ、Msp Ⅰ、HpaⅡ等限制性内切酶,基因组DNA接头的连接试剂等,北京全式金生物技术有限公司;引物合成由福州博尚生物技术有限公司完成。
将不同致病力的青枯菌活化于TTC平板上,30 ℃培养48 h,挑选单菌落接种于SP培养基,30 ℃、180 r/min培养24 h。前期研究发现[23],青枯菌培养24 h时处于稳定生长期。为了保证菌种稳定和连续传代的长期操作,选择24 h为一个传代周期。每次传代按体积分数1%接种量接种到SP液体培养基,连续传代50次(F50)。
采用弱化指数结合番茄盆栽苗接种试验对不同致病力及传代数青枯菌进行致病力测定。弱化指数(attenuated index, AI)测定参照刘波等[24]方法:青枯菌于TTC平板30 ℃培养2 d,选取10个单菌落,在体视显微镜下测量整个菌落和红斑直径,计算AI值(菌落红斑直径/菌落直径),强致病力菌株的AI≤0.65,无致病力菌株的AI≥0.75,过渡型菌株的AI值范围在0.65−0.75之间。致病力的生物测定:将上述TTC平板上活化好的青枯菌单菌落转接至SP液体培养基中,30 ℃、170 r/min振荡培养24 h后,用清水将培养液稀释至1×107 CFU/mL。番茄苗种植于含有1 kg栽培基质的10 cm×12 cm的盆钵中,植株定植3 d后接种处理。采用灌根接种法,即沿着植株根围缓缓浇入菌液,接种量为80 mL/盆,等量清水灌根为阴性对照,每个处理10盆,菌剂处理和清水对照处理各重复3次,接种后每天(持续30 d)观察植株发病情况,计算发病率。发病率(%)=∑发病株数/总株数×100。
采用细菌DNA提取试剂盒提取青枯菌基因组DNA,具体操作步骤参照试剂盒说明书。分别用EcoR Ⅰ/Hpa Ⅱ和EcoR Ⅰ/Msp Ⅰ对DNA进行双酶切。酶切反应体系(25 μL):模板DNA (100 ng/μL) 5.0 μL,EcoR Ⅰ (20 U/μL) 0.5 μL,Msp Ⅰ (或Hpa Ⅱ) (20 U/μL) 5.0 μL,10×Buffer T 2.5 μL,ddH2O 12 μL。酶切反应程序:37 ℃ 12 h,65 ℃ 20 min,最后4 ℃保存备用。
连接反应体系(20 μL):酶切产物8 μL,T4 DNA连接酶(5 U/μL) 2 μL,连接酶缓冲液3 μL,EcoR Ⅰ和HpaⅡ-Msp Ⅰ接头引物(5 μmol/L)各2 μL,ddH2O 3 μL。连接反应程序:16 ℃恒温水浴锅静置培养过夜,70 ℃灭活10 min,−20 ℃保存备用。
预扩增PCR反应体系(25 μL):连接产物2 μL,2×EasyTaq PCR SuperMix 12 μL,预扩增上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各2 µL,ddH2O 7 μL。PCR反应程序:95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;最后72 ℃延伸10 min。
选择性扩增PCR反应体系(25 μL):预扩增产物20倍稀释液5 μL,2×EasyTaq PCR SuperMix 12 μL,选择性扩增上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各2 µL,ddH2O 4 μL。PCR反应程序:94 ℃变性30 s,65 ℃ (每个循环降低0.7 ℃)退火30 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,共13个循环;94 ℃变性30 s,56 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共23个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。接头、预扩增及选择性扩增引物序列见表1
采用6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测选择性扩增产物。电压1 800 V预电泳30 min,使凝胶预热。然后上样,1 200 V电泳2.0−2.5 h,取出凝胶,银染显色。
总RNA提取和cDNA反转录参照相应试剂盒操作说明进行,引物序列见表2。荧光定量PCR反应体系(20 μL):模板cDNA (300 ng/μL) 2 µL,TB Green 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各0.4 µL,Dye Ⅱ 0.4 µL,ddH2O 6.8 µL。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃退火/延伸34 s,共40个循环。
采用Excel 2007和DPS 17.10软件对数据进行统计和方差分析。MASP分析时,将聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱上有条带标记为“1”,无条带记为“0”,组成二次元矩阵,统计分析青枯菌DNA的甲基化多态性。
比较不同致病力青枯菌的F50和F1代菌株菌落形态的异质性,结果表明,强致病力菌株FJAT15304连续传代50次后菌落形态发生明显变化(图1),FJAT15304.F50的AI平均值为0.76,显著高于FJAT15304.F1的AI值(0.52) (P=0.031);无致病力菌株FJAT15249的F50和F1代菌株的AI平均值分别为0.85和0.88,差异不显著(P=0.448);致病力衰退型菌株FJAT445的F50和F1代菌株AI平均值分别为0.80和0.69,二者之间差异达显著水平(P=0.038) (表3)。
比较不同致病力及传代数青枯菌接种番茄植株后的发病情况,结果表明,接种强致病力菌株FJAT15304.F1第5天,植株开始发病(发病率为19.44%),接种21 d后植株完全发病(发病率为100%);番茄接种致病力衰退型菌株FJAT445.F1第10天,植株开始发病,发病率为9.72%,接种21 d后植株发病率为29.16%;无致病力菌株及传代导致致病力衰退的菌株接种番茄,在观察期(21 d)内,植株均未出现发病症状(表3)。
Hpa Ⅱ (简称H)和Msp Ⅰ (简称M)是一组同裂酶,可识别并切割5′-CCGG-3′序列,其中,H只识别并切割半甲基化的5′-CCGG-3′序列;M只能切割外部胞嘧啶未发生甲基化的5′-CCGG-3′序列。研究发现,供试菌株经选择性PCR扩增可划分为4种类型(图2):Ⅰ型(无甲基化或半甲基化类型),H和M酶切产物扩增均有条带(图2,红色方框);Ⅱ型(全甲基化类型),M酶切产物扩增有条带,H酶切产物扩增无条带(图2,黑色方框);Ⅲ型(半甲基化类型),H酶切产物扩增泳道有条带,M酶切产物扩增泳道无条带(图2,白色方框);Ⅳ型,不存在CCGG位点,或内、外侧胞嘧啶同时甲基化,鲜少见此甲基化类型。
经引物对E1/HM1的选择性PCR扩增,FJAT15304.F1、FJAT15249.F1、FJAT15249.F50、FJAT15304.F50和FJAT445.F50出现Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型,FJAT445.F1只出现Ⅰ和Ⅱ型;经引物对E2/HM2的PCR扩增,FJAT15304.F1、FJAT15249.F1、FJAT445.F1和FJAT445.F50出现Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型,FJAT15304.F50只出现Ⅲ型,而FJAT15249.F50只出现Ⅰ和Ⅱ型;经引物对E3/HM3的PCR扩增,除FJAT15304.F50只出现Ⅰ型外,其他菌株都出现Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型;经引物对E4/HM4的PCR扩增,6个菌株都出现Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型;经引物对E5/HM5的PCR扩增,除FJAT15304.F1只出现Ⅰ型,其余菌株都出现Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型;经引物对E6/HM6的PCR扩增,所有菌株都出现Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型。此外,供试菌株经所有引物的选择性PCR扩增均未出现Ⅳ型(图2)。
MSAP技术分析连续传代过程青枯菌的DNA甲基化水平变化情况,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果见图2,统计结果见表4。不同致病力及传代数青枯菌的总甲基化率较高,在33.33%−48.57%之间。强致病力菌株FJAT15304连续传代50次后,总扩增条带数由F1的62条减少至F50的30条,与FJAT15304.F1相比,FJAT15304.F50的总甲基化率增加7.82%,全甲基化率增加141.01%,而半甲基化率降低39.20%;致病力衰退型菌株FJAT445连续传代50次后,菌株的甲基化变化规律与强致病力菌株连续传代菌株的甲基化变化规律相似,与其F1菌株相比,FJAT445.F50菌株的总扩增带数降低52.70%,总甲基化率增加38.22%,全甲基化率增加178.80%,而半甲基化率降低15.44%;无致病力菌株FJAT15249连续传代50次后,F50与F1菌株的总甲基化率均为33.33%。
细菌甲基化水平是由甲基化酶和去甲基化酶共同维持的[25]。因此,对青枯菌连续传代过程的DNA甲基化酶和去甲基化相关酶基因进行荧光定量PCR分析,结果表明,与F1菌株相比,强致病力菌株FJAT15304和致病力衰退型菌株FJAT445连续传代50次后,DNA甲基化酶相关基因damdcmftsZ表达量显著增加(P < 0.01),而去甲基化酶基因alkB表达量显著降低;无致病力菌株FJAT15249连续传代过程中,DNA甲基化酶基因dcm表达量显著增加(P < 0.01),去甲基化酶基因alkB表达量显著降低(P < 0.05),而DNA甲基化酶基因damftsZ表达量未发生明显变化(图3)。
环境胁迫、体外和植株体内继代培养,青枯菌均会出现致病力衰退现象[26-28]。Wang等发现解淀粉芽胞杆菌T-5的挥发性物质会致弱青枯菌毒力[26]。刘颖研究发现,在酸(pH 4.9)和低温(20 ℃)胁迫条件下,长期继代培养的青枯菌从典型强致病力菌株菌落形态转变为无致病力菌落形态[27]。Guidot等发现青枯菌在寄主植株中连续继代14−15代,82%的菌落从强致病力形态转为无致病力形态[28]。本研究发现,青枯菌强致病力菌株FJAT15304连续传代50次后菌落形态发生明显变化,FJAT15304.F50的弱化指数(0.76)显著高于其F1(0.52) (P=0.031),该菌株接种番茄植株不发病,表明其为无致病力菌株。过渡型菌株FJAT445连续传代50次后,无论菌落形态还是接种番茄试验,均证实其为无致病力菌株,表明青枯菌连续传代会出现致病力衰退现象。Wang等研究表明,传代培养可使致病力相关基因丢失或发生变异而不表达,随着传代次数增加,突变不断积累,群体中衰退型细胞数量增加,致使群体致病力表型出现衰退[29]
细菌DNA甲基化修饰在DNA复制起始、错配修复、细菌毒力等方面发挥重要功能[17, 30]。Blow等通过对200余种不同细菌和古细菌等的研究发现,超过180种的生物体中存在DNA甲基化,并在生物体的毒力调节、抗生素耐药性、氧化适应等生理生化中发挥重要作用[31]。Kumar等研究发现,m4C和m5C均参与幽门螺杆菌基因的表达调控,m4C调控菌株自然转化能力、编码毒力基因、核糖体组装和细胞成分等[32],m5C在菌株的运动、黏附和毒力中起重要作用[33],本研究发现,青枯菌强致病力菌株和过渡型菌株连续传代致病力衰退后,其DNA甲基化水平显著增加,总甲基化率分别提高7.82%和38.22%,而无致病力菌株连续传代过程DNA甲基化率未发生明显变化,表明青枯菌DNA甲基化水平可能与其致病力衰退存在一定的关联性,研究结果与Nye等对链球菌的甲基化研究结果相吻合,Nye等研究发现链球菌MEW123基因组的基因编码区存在高占比的m6A甲基化位点,影响毒力相关基因的表达[34]。此外,本研究发现全甲基化是青枯菌强致病力菌株和过渡型菌株基因组DNA甲基化的主要模式,表现为全甲基化率大于半甲基化率,而自然分离的无致病力菌株或连续传代50次后的无致病力菌株的DNA全甲基化率均低于半甲基化率,表明半甲基化是无致病力菌株DNA甲基化的主要模式。
DNA甲基化水平主要是由DNA甲基转移酶和去甲基化酶创建和维持的[25]。Dam及其同源蛋白一直是细菌表观调控最重要的范例之一[12]dam缺失后基因突变率升高[35],许多基因表达发生改变[36]。Wion等研究表明,dam缺失导致的GATC甲基化缺失,会引起沙门菌毒力减弱[37]。本研究对不同致病力青枯菌连续传代过程DNA甲基化酶基因damdcmftsZ,以及去甲基化酶基因alkB的表达水平变化分析,发现与F1菌株相比,强致病力和过渡型菌株连续传代致病力衰退菌株的DNA甲基化酶相关基因表达量显著增加,而DNA去甲基化酶相关基因的表达量显著降低,与MSAP结果相吻合,表明这些基因参与青枯菌DNA甲基化的调控。
青枯菌DNA甲基化位点的特征及其在整个基因组的分布,特定甲基化转移酶、去甲基化酶相关基因的表达、功能及其如何在分子水平上表观调控基因表达,青枯菌DNA甲基化与其致病力调控网络相关基因表达的关联性有待进一步研究与验证。
本研究对不同致病力青枯菌进行连续传代培养,通过弱化指数AI值和番茄盆栽苗接种试验,确定强致病力和过渡型菌株连续传代50次后,为无致病力菌株,而无致病力菌株连续传代50次后,保持无致病力特性。随后利用MSAP技术分析不同致病力及传代数菌株的DNA甲基化水平,表明青枯菌DNA甲基化水平较高,而且其DNA甲基化水平可能与致病力衰退有关,无致病力菌株以DNA半甲基化为主要模式,强致病力和过渡型菌株以DNA全甲基化为主要模式。进一步利用荧光定量PCR分析不同致病力及传代数青枯菌DNA甲基转移酶和去甲基化酶相关基因的表达水平,明确这些基因参与青枯菌DNA甲基化的调控。本研究最终为揭示青枯菌致病力衰退的分子机制提供理论依据,并为利用无致病力菌株防治青枯病害提供新的思路和依据。
  • 福建省公益类科研院所基本专项(2021R1034003)
  • 福建省公益类科研院所基本专项(2021R1034005)
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2024年第64卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240071
  • 接收时间:2024-01-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-05
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-26
  • 录用日期:2024-03-05
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Fujian Special Fund for Scientific Research Institutes in the Public Interest(2021R1034003)
福建省公益类科研院所基本专项(2021R1034003)
Fujian Special Fund for Scientific Research Institutes in the Public Interest(2021R1034005)
福建省公益类科研院所基本专项(2021R1034005)
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    1 福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所, 福建 福州 350003
    2 中福海峡(平潭)发展股份有限公司, 福建 福州 350000
    3 福建省农业科学院植物保护研究所, 福建 福州 350003
    4 福建省种植业技术推广总站, 福建 福州 350003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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