Article(id=1241451300752257482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704470400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1712073600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-03, onlineDate=1773914655149, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1713110400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914655149, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914655149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914655149, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2702, endPage=2712, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451302799077863, articleId=1241451300752257482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=The glycosyltransferase WekM is involved in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and environmental adaptation of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the role of WekM, the O-antigen glycosyltransferase of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O1, in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and environmental adaptation. [Methods] The wekM-deleted strain ΔwekM of APEC O1 was constructed by Red homologous recombination, and then the complementary strain CΔwekM was constructed. The impacts of wekM on bacterial growth and motility were examined. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile and reactivity with rabbit anti-O1 serum of each strain were identified by silver staining and Western blotting. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was conducted to determine the transcriptional levels of flagellum-related genes, and ethidium bromide was used to measure the bacterial cell membrane permeability. Finally, the drug sensitivity test was carried out to identify the bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin. [Results] The constructed ΔwekM and CΔwekM were verified by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. Compared with the wild type, ΔwekM showed incomplete LPS profile and absence of some O-antigen bands. Western blotting results showed that ΔwekM did not react with the anti-O1 serum, suggesting that the loss of WekM impaired the LPS production. The deletion of wekM reduced the swimming motility and did not impact the bacterial growth rate compared with the wild type. The transcription levels of flagellum-related genes such as flgC were down-regulated in ΔwekM. The results implied that the reduced motility of ΔwekM was caused by the decrease in flagellar production. In addition, ΔwekM demonstrated increased cell membrane permeability compared with the wild type (P < 0.01), and ΔwekM improved bacterial sensitivity to 7 antibiotics including polymyxin. This result suggested that the adaptability of ΔwekM to the environment was inhibited due to the increased cell membrane permeability. [Conclusion] The deletion of wekM in APEC results in diminished swimming motility, increased antibiotic resistance, improved cell membrane permeability, and damaged LPS integrity. The findings lay a foundation for mining the role of wekM and enrich our understanding of the stress resistance mechanism of APEC.

, correspAuthors=Jimian YU, Yue HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*YU Jimian, E-mail:
HAN Yue, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qiyu CAO, Yujie GAO, Xiaohui ZHANG, Xindan CHEN, Ping LUO, Ruidong ZHAI, Xiangan HAN, Houhui SONG, Changyong CHENG, Jimian YU, Yue HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451304879452754, articleId=1241451300752257482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=糖基转移酶WekM参与禽致病性大肠杆菌脂多糖合成和环境适应, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】研究O1血清型禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, APEC)的O-抗原糖基转移酶WekM在脂多糖合成和环境适应中的作用。【方法】采用Red同源重组方法,构建APEC O1菌株的wekM基因缺失株,并构建wekM回补株。随后分析wekM基因对APEC O1菌株生长和运动能力的影响,通过银染和Western blotting鉴定细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)图谱以及与兔抗O1血清的反应能力,通过实时荧光定量PCR测定细菌鞭毛相关基因转录水平,使用溴化乙锭测定细菌细胞膜通透性。最后,通过药敏试验检测细菌对环丙沙星等抗生素敏感性。【结果】PCR验证及DNA测序结果表明ΔwekM缺失株和回补株构建成功。银染鉴定ΔwekM缺失株较野生株LPS图谱不完整,部分O-抗原条带缺失;同时,Western blotting检测未见到ΔwekM与O因子血清的反应条带,这说明O-抗原糖基转移酶wekM基因缺失后影响LPS合成。生长运动能力分析显示,ΔwekM缺失株的运动能力较野生株显著减弱,生长速率与野生株一致。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,ΔwekM缺失株的flgC等鞭毛相关基因转录水平降低,表明wekM基因影响细菌鞭毛的合成。此外,ΔwekM的细胞膜通透性较野生株显著增加(P < 0.01),药敏结果也显示,ΔwekM缺失株较野生株对多黏菌素等7种抗生素敏感性增加,这说明wekM缺失后细菌细胞膜理化性质改变,适应环境的能力降低。【结论】本研究揭示了禽致病性大肠杆菌糖基转移酶wekM基因缺失导致细菌LPS完整性受损,运动能力降低,鞭毛合成受阻,鞭毛形成基因转录水平下降,细胞膜通透性增强,对抗生素敏感性增加。这些结果为解析wekM基因的功能奠定了研究基础,有助于深入了解禽致病性大肠杆菌O1的环境适应机制。

, correspAuthors=于纪棉, 韩月, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ah/FXupBduPX0uuYkfBAtw==, magXml=OzvsMsnLNWJvyN4eHN9jqw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GPkro/2v3FEe26aYEtbcuQ==, pdfFileSize=677703, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=VVEzQuNiHBl8VFAdnuluhA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=S2uo1/IRtsB+UpGvaPuJGA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=曹启予, 高宇杰, 张晓荟, 陈歆丹, 罗平, 翟瑞东, 韩先干, 宋厚辉, 程昌勇, 于纪棉, 韩月)}, authors=[Author(id=1242193062777156275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, 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motility in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium: critical role for lipopolysaccharide, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242193073908838666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=38, issue=8, pageStart=1307, pageEnd=1315, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSWT201108039.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=微生物学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马鹏, 胡晓清, 陈久洲, 王小元.大肠杆菌细胞外膜渗透性与脂多糖结构的关系[J].微生物学通报,2011,38(8):1307-1315., articleTitle=大肠杆菌细胞外膜渗透性与脂多糖结构的关系, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242193073992724747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=38, issue=8, pageStart=1307, pageEnd=1315, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSWT201108039.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=Microbiology China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA P, HU XQ, CHEN JZ, WANG XY.The effect of the structure of lipopolysaccharide on the permeability of Escherichia coli cell membranes[J].Microbiology China,2011,38(8):1307-1315 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=The effect of the structure of lipopolysaccharide on the permeability of Escherichia coli cell membranes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242193074101776653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, doi=10.1096/fj.202300215R, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=37, issue=5, pageStart=e22928, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=Faseb Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN QW, QUAN H, YU YF, LIU DH, LI CY, CHU YF, GONG XW.EptA of Riemerella anatipestifer mediates phenotypes involved in colistin resistance and virulence[J].Faseb Journal,2023,37(5):e22928., articleTitle=EptA of Riemerella 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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 宁波卫生职业技术学院, 浙江 宁波 315100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242193068288471063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The O-antigen gene cluster and unit of Escherichia coli O1., figureFileSmall=/A8KTksG+cHZiI9huj1lEg==, figureFileBig=4gc63osvUxtsT/HNFKYWmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068368162847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=CN, label=图1, caption=  O1型大肠杆菌O-抗原基因簇和O-抗原糖单元结构示意图, figureFileSmall=/A8KTksG+cHZiI9huj1lEg==, figureFileBig=4gc63osvUxtsT/HNFKYWmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068498186279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Identification of the mutant strain and complementation strain with PCR. A: Identification of ΔwekM mutant strain with wekM-outF/wekM-outR primer pair. B: Identification of ΔwekM and CΔwekM strain with wekM-inF/wekM-inR primer pair. Lane M: DL2000 DNA Marker; Lane 1: APEC O1; Lane 2: ΔwekM; Lane 3: CΔwekM., figureFileSmall=Jnq5BZgb1kwBfp/CwcyegQ==, figureFileBig=hpUW8FchnfG553ZkCBCQPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068586266668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=CN, label=图2, caption=缺失株和回补株PCR鉴定结果

A:使用外侧引物对wekM-outF/wekM-outR鉴定缺失株. B:使用内侧引物对wekM-inF/wekM-inR鉴定缺失株和回补株. 泳道M、1、2和3分别为DL2000 DNA Marker、APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM

, figureFileSmall=Jnq5BZgb1kwBfp/CwcyegQ==, figureFileBig=hpUW8FchnfG553ZkCBCQPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068712095796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Silver staining (A) and Western blotting (B) identification of LPS profiles. Lane M: 180 kDa Protein Marker; Lane 1: APEC O1; Lane 2: ΔwekM; Lane 3: CΔwekM. , figureFileSmall=DDgN8pp2bmANxfhXN1FuRg==, figureFileBig=UvpevDowCZX42J/PWsnZzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068804370488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=CN, label=图3, caption=LPS的银染(A)及Western blotting (B)鉴定结果

泳道M、1、2和3分别为180 kDa Protein Marker、APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM

, figureFileSmall=DDgN8pp2bmANxfhXN1FuRg==, figureFileBig=UvpevDowCZX42J/PWsnZzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068888256575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Determination of bacterial growth curves (A) and swimming motility (B, C) of APEC O1, ΔwekM, and CΔwekM. A: Growth curve of APEC strains grown in LB medium for 12 h. B: Determination of swimming motility of APEC strains in semi-solid agar plate. C: Analysis of the difference in size of bacterial swimming motility circle diameter. ***: P < 0.001; ns: P > 0.05., figureFileSmall=58KUXKo3n13VUoD4jQfWCA==, figureFileBig=uAOsQnZExyScpYDw0TD6qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068993114179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=CN, label=图4, caption=APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM菌株生长(A)和运动(B和C)能力检测

A:APEC菌株在LB培养基中生长12 h的生长曲线. B:APEC菌株在半固体琼脂培养基中的运动能力测定. C:细菌运动圈直径大小差异分析. ***表示P < 0.001;ns表示P > 0.05

, figureFileSmall=58KUXKo3n13VUoD4jQfWCA==, figureFileBig=uAOsQnZExyScpYDw0TD6qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193069089583179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Transcription levels of flagella-related genes (A) and transmission electron micrographs of flagellum of APEC O1, ΔwekM, and CΔwekM (B)., figureFileSmall=6kwqiU/6o7q0DnuCgBGooA==, figureFileBig=pUZezsni113Dnho9Fqk2pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193069177663566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=CN, label=图5, caption=APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM菌株鞭毛相关基因转录水平检测(A)及鞭毛透射电镜图(B), figureFileSmall=6kwqiU/6o7q0DnuCgBGooA==, figureFileBig=pUZezsni113Dnho9Fqk2pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193069290909779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Cell membrane permeability detection for APEC O1, ΔwekM, and CΔwekM. **: P < 0.01., figureFileSmall=vM1tmis9PFt47VAauy6TAQ==, figureFileBig=Pn/8fXeWn1wBhgJeLiFI6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193069404155993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=CN, label=图6, caption=APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM菌株细胞膜通透性检测, figureFileSmall=vM1tmis9PFt47VAauy6TAQ==, figureFileBig=Pn/8fXeWn1wBhgJeLiFI6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193069513207900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer nameSequence (5ʹ→3ʹ)
wekM-outFGCTATGCGCAATTGAGTCAT
wekM-outRCCGGTGCATCTTAATCCCAATG
wekM-inFCTGGAACGACACCACACTCT
wekM-inRGGTCAATAGTGCTCCCGA
wekM-UFGACTGCAATTGCTATGCGCA
wekM-URCAGCCGTTAATCAATACATTACTACAGAGGAAATG
wekM-CFAATGTATTGATTAACGGCTGACATGGGAAT
wekM-CRAATAGTTCCTGTGTAGGCTGGAGCTGCTTC
wekM-DFCAGCCTACACAGGAACTATTTGAGCGAACTAGATG
wekM-DRCCGGTGCATCTTAATCCCAATG
PO1-Kpn I-FNCGGGGTACCTCGTTGTTATTCTGATTGTT
PwekM-RNTTAATAACATTGAAAATCTGACCGGATGT
wekM-FN1CATCCGGTCAGATTTTCAATGTTATTAATTATTGCTG
wekM-BamH I-RCGCGGATCCTCAGCACAGTTGAGCAATAAG
), ArticleFig(id=1242193069660008546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer nameSequence (5ʹ→3ʹ)
wekM-outFGCTATGCGCAATTGAGTCAT
wekM-outRCCGGTGCATCTTAATCCCAATG
wekM-inFCTGGAACGACACCACACTCT
wekM-inRGGTCAATAGTGCTCCCGA
wekM-UFGACTGCAATTGCTATGCGCA
wekM-URCAGCCGTTAATCAATACATTACTACAGAGGAAATG
wekM-CFAATGTATTGATTAACGGCTGACATGGGAAT
wekM-CRAATAGTTCCTGTGTAGGCTGGAGCTGCTTC
wekM-DFCAGCCTACACAGGAACTATTTGAGCGAACTAGATG
wekM-DRCCGGTGCATCTTAATCCCAATG
PO1-Kpn I-FNCGGGGTACCTCGTTGTTATTCTGATTGTT
PwekM-RNTTAATAACATTGAAAATCTGACCGGATGT
wekM-FN1CATCCGGTCAGATTTTCAATGTTATTAATTATTGCTG
wekM-BamH I-RCGCGGATCCTCAGCACAGTTGAGCAATAAG
), ArticleFig(id=1242193069748088932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The primer sequences for qRT-PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer nameSequence (5ʹ→3ʹ)
flgB-RT-FAACAAGAGGTGCTCAATC
flgB-RT-RAGTTCTGCGGTAGGAGGC
flgC-RT-FCGTAAAGGTTGCCGATGT
flgC-RT-RGTATTGACCGAGCGTAAGG
flgD-RT-FACCACCGATCCGACAAATACCG
flgD-RT-RCGCCACCAACAAAGTCAGAAA
flgE-RT-FCTTTACCGATGGCACGAC
flgE-RT-RTATTCACCAGGTTACGATTT
fimA-RT-FTGCTGTCGGTTTTAACATTC
fimA-RT-RACCAACGTTTGTTGCGCTAC
fliC-RT-FCCTGAACAACACCACTACCA
fliC-RT-RTGCTGGATAATCTGCGCTTT
fliF-RT-FGGTGGATCAGGGCGGACA
fliF-RT-RCGTTACCAACAATAGGCGACAG
fliM-RT-FCCTGAACCTTATCCATCTAAAACCG
fliM-RT-RTCCATCGCCGCCAAACA
fliY-RT-FAGCACCAAACCATTTTTCGGA
fliY-RT-RGCTGCGTAAAGGAAATGAAGACC
flhC-RT-FGGCTGGTGAGCGTGGGTAATA
flhC-RT-RAGTGCCCGCAAGCAGAAGAAG
motA-RT-FGGCAATAATGGCAAAGCGAT
motA-RT-RCAGCGAAAACATCCCCATCT
16S rRNA-FTTTGAGTTCCCGGCC
16S rRNA-RCGGCCGCAAGGTTAA
), ArticleFig(id=1242193069861335145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

qRT-PCR所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer nameSequence (5ʹ→3ʹ)
flgB-RT-FAACAAGAGGTGCTCAATC
flgB-RT-RAGTTCTGCGGTAGGAGGC
flgC-RT-FCGTAAAGGTTGCCGATGT
flgC-RT-RGTATTGACCGAGCGTAAGG
flgD-RT-FACCACCGATCCGACAAATACCG
flgD-RT-RCGCCACCAACAAAGTCAGAAA
flgE-RT-FCTTTACCGATGGCACGAC
flgE-RT-RTATTCACCAGGTTACGATTT
fimA-RT-FTGCTGTCGGTTTTAACATTC
fimA-RT-RACCAACGTTTGTTGCGCTAC
fliC-RT-FCCTGAACAACACCACTACCA
fliC-RT-RTGCTGGATAATCTGCGCTTT
fliF-RT-FGGTGGATCAGGGCGGACA
fliF-RT-RCGTTACCAACAATAGGCGACAG
fliM-RT-FCCTGAACCTTATCCATCTAAAACCG
fliM-RT-RTCCATCGCCGCCAAACA
fliY-RT-FAGCACCAAACCATTTTTCGGA
fliY-RT-RGCTGCGTAAAGGAAATGAAGACC
flhC-RT-FGGCTGGTGAGCGTGGGTAATA
flhC-RT-RAGTGCCCGCAAGCAGAAGAAG
motA-RT-FGGCAATAATGGCAAAGCGAT
motA-RT-RCAGCGAAAACATCCCCATCT
16S rRNA-FTTTGAGTTCCCGGCC
16S rRNA-RCGGCCGCAAGGTTAA
), ArticleFig(id=1242193069974581358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of wekM gene on antibiotic resistance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AgentMIC (μg/mL)
APEC O1ΔwekMwekM
与AEPC O1比较,**表示P < 0.01
Comparison with AEPC O1, ** indicates P < 0.01.
Ciprofloxacin0.21±0.070.06±0.00**0.21±0.07
Clindamycin26.67±9.246.67±2.31**18.67±12.22
Polymyxin0.06±0.000.02±0.01**0.03±0.00
Fosfomycin16.00±0.004.00±0.00**16.00±0.00
Vancomycin16.00±0.004.00±0.00**16.00±0.00
Doxycycline10.67±4.625.33±2.31**8.00±6.93
Amoxicillin53.33±18.488.00±0.0032.00±0.00
Cefotaxime256.00±0.00256.00±0.00256.00±0.00
Cefoxitin256.00±0.00256.00±0.00256.00±0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1242193070096216179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451300752257482, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

wekM基因对抗生素耐药性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AgentMIC (μg/mL)
APEC O1ΔwekMwekM
与AEPC O1比较,**表示P < 0.01
Comparison with AEPC O1, ** indicates P < 0.01.
Ciprofloxacin0.21±0.070.06±0.00**0.21±0.07
Clindamycin26.67±9.246.67±2.31**18.67±12.22
Polymyxin0.06±0.000.02±0.01**0.03±0.00
Fosfomycin16.00±0.004.00±0.00**16.00±0.00
Vancomycin16.00±0.004.00±0.00**16.00±0.00
Doxycycline10.67±4.625.33±2.31**8.00±6.93
Amoxicillin53.33±18.488.00±0.0032.00±0.00
Cefotaxime256.00±0.00256.00±0.00256.00±0.00
Cefoxitin256.00±0.00256.00±0.00256.00±0.00
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糖基转移酶WekM参与禽致病性大肠杆菌脂多糖合成和环境适应
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曹启予 1 , 高宇杰 1 , 张晓荟 1 , 陈歆丹 1 , 罗平 1 , 翟瑞东 1 , 韩先干 2 , 宋厚辉 1 , 程昌勇 1 , 于纪棉 3, * , 韩月 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(8): 2702-2712
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(8): 2702-2712
糖基转移酶WekM参与禽致病性大肠杆菌脂多糖合成和环境适应
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曹启予1, 高宇杰1, 张晓荟1, 陈歆丹1, 罗平1, 翟瑞东1, 韩先干2, 宋厚辉1, 程昌勇1, 于纪棉3, * , 韩月1, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江农林大学动物科技学院·动物医学院 浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室 动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程研究中心 浙江省动物医学与健康管理国际科技合作基地 中澳动物健康大数据分析联合实验室, 浙江 杭州 311300
  • 2 中国农业科学院上海兽医研究所, 上海 201199
  • 3 宁波卫生职业技术学院, 浙江 宁波 315100
The glycosyltransferase WekM is involved in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and environmental adaptation of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli
Qiyu CAO1, Yujie GAO1, Xiaohui ZHANG1, Xindan CHEN1, Ping LUO1, Ruidong ZHAI1, Xiangan HAN2, Houhui SONG1, Changyong CHENG1, Jimian YU3, * , Yue HAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201199, China
  • 3 Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-04-15 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240017
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【目的】研究O1血清型禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, APEC)的O-抗原糖基转移酶WekM在脂多糖合成和环境适应中的作用。【方法】采用Red同源重组方法,构建APEC O1菌株的wekM基因缺失株,并构建wekM回补株。随后分析wekM基因对APEC O1菌株生长和运动能力的影响,通过银染和Western blotting鉴定细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)图谱以及与兔抗O1血清的反应能力,通过实时荧光定量PCR测定细菌鞭毛相关基因转录水平,使用溴化乙锭测定细菌细胞膜通透性。最后,通过药敏试验检测细菌对环丙沙星等抗生素敏感性。【结果】PCR验证及DNA测序结果表明ΔwekM缺失株和回补株构建成功。银染鉴定ΔwekM缺失株较野生株LPS图谱不完整,部分O-抗原条带缺失;同时,Western blotting检测未见到ΔwekM与O因子血清的反应条带,这说明O-抗原糖基转移酶wekM基因缺失后影响LPS合成。生长运动能力分析显示,ΔwekM缺失株的运动能力较野生株显著减弱,生长速率与野生株一致。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,ΔwekM缺失株的flgC等鞭毛相关基因转录水平降低,表明wekM基因影响细菌鞭毛的合成。此外,ΔwekM的细胞膜通透性较野生株显著增加(P < 0.01),药敏结果也显示,ΔwekM缺失株较野生株对多黏菌素等7种抗生素敏感性增加,这说明wekM缺失后细菌细胞膜理化性质改变,适应环境的能力降低。【结论】本研究揭示了禽致病性大肠杆菌糖基转移酶wekM基因缺失导致细菌LPS完整性受损,运动能力降低,鞭毛合成受阻,鞭毛形成基因转录水平下降,细胞膜通透性增强,对抗生素敏感性增加。这些结果为解析wekM基因的功能奠定了研究基础,有助于深入了解禽致病性大肠杆菌O1的环境适应机制。

禽致病性大肠杆菌O1  /  脂多糖  /  O-抗原  /  糖基转移酶  /  环境适应

[Objective] To investigate the role of WekM, the O-antigen glycosyltransferase of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O1, in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and environmental adaptation. [Methods] The wekM-deleted strain ΔwekM of APEC O1 was constructed by Red homologous recombination, and then the complementary strain CΔwekM was constructed. The impacts of wekM on bacterial growth and motility were examined. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile and reactivity with rabbit anti-O1 serum of each strain were identified by silver staining and Western blotting. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was conducted to determine the transcriptional levels of flagellum-related genes, and ethidium bromide was used to measure the bacterial cell membrane permeability. Finally, the drug sensitivity test was carried out to identify the bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin. [Results] The constructed ΔwekM and CΔwekM were verified by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. Compared with the wild type, ΔwekM showed incomplete LPS profile and absence of some O-antigen bands. Western blotting results showed that ΔwekM did not react with the anti-O1 serum, suggesting that the loss of WekM impaired the LPS production. The deletion of wekM reduced the swimming motility and did not impact the bacterial growth rate compared with the wild type. The transcription levels of flagellum-related genes such as flgC were down-regulated in ΔwekM. The results implied that the reduced motility of ΔwekM was caused by the decrease in flagellar production. In addition, ΔwekM demonstrated increased cell membrane permeability compared with the wild type (P < 0.01), and ΔwekM improved bacterial sensitivity to 7 antibiotics including polymyxin. This result suggested that the adaptability of ΔwekM to the environment was inhibited due to the increased cell membrane permeability. [Conclusion] The deletion of wekM in APEC results in diminished swimming motility, increased antibiotic resistance, improved cell membrane permeability, and damaged LPS integrity. The findings lay a foundation for mining the role of wekM and enrich our understanding of the stress resistance mechanism of APEC.

avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O1  /  lipopolysaccharide  /  O-antigen  /  glycosyltransferase  /  environmental adaptation
曹启予, 高宇杰, 张晓荟, 陈歆丹, 罗平, 翟瑞东, 韩先干, 宋厚辉, 程昌勇, 于纪棉, 韩月. 糖基转移酶WekM参与禽致病性大肠杆菌脂多糖合成和环境适应. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2702 -2712 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240017
Qiyu CAO, Yujie GAO, Xiaohui ZHANG, Xindan CHEN, Ping LUO, Ruidong ZHAI, Xiangan HAN, Houhui SONG, Changyong CHENG, Jimian YU, Yue HAN. The glycosyltransferase WekM is involved in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and environmental adaptation of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2702 -2712 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240017
禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, APEC)是导致家禽局部或全身性大肠杆菌感染的主要病因。大肠杆菌病是危害家禽健康最常见的细菌性疾病,严重威胁着家禽养殖业发展和公共卫生安全。O-抗原是APEC血清分型的主要依据,在细菌环境适应及致病过程中具有重要作用,APEC O1是禽致病性大肠杆菌的优势血清型之一[1-2]。因此,研究APEC O1 O-抗原在细菌环境适应过程中的作用,对于禽致病性大肠杆菌防控具有重要意义。
革兰阴性菌细胞外膜由不对称的脂质双分子层组成,其表面结构在细菌响应外界环境抵抗应激的过程中起重要作用,脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)是外膜的重要组成成分,可以在细菌表面形成强大的保护屏障,抵御包括抗生素在内的许多有害物质[3-5]。同时,脂多糖位于细菌表面,是细菌主要的免疫原,脂多糖可以被宿主免疫系统识别并启动宿主免疫防御系统。细菌可以通过化学修饰脂多糖逃避宿主的免疫反应,其中脂多糖缺失或不完整还会改变细菌外膜的通透性、对抗生素的耐药性、对家禽的致病力以及逃逸宿主免疫识别的方式[6-9]
脂多糖主要由类脂A、核心多糖和O-抗原三部分组成[10],O-抗原位于LPS的最外侧,与细菌的黏附力、生物被膜的形成以及致病力相关[11-14]。大肠杆菌O-抗原多糖链结构由主干链和侧链组成,其合成基因通常成簇存在于基因组中[7],本研究通过生物信息学分析发现,糖基转移酶wekM负责转移O-抗原多糖主干链中的鼠李糖(β-l-Rha)至乙酰氨基葡萄糖(β-d-GlcNAc),O-抗原基因簇和多糖结构见图1。然而,wekM基因在APEC O1中的生物学功能尚未见报道[15]。因此,本研究以APEC O1作为野生菌株构建了wekM基因缺失株及回补株,对WekM介导的部分生物学特性进行探究,为进一步研究APEC O1 O-抗原糖基转移酶WekM的生物学功能奠定了基础。
APEC O1野生株由本实验室鉴定分离并保存;pKD46、pKD3、pCP20和pSTV28均由韩先干研究员惠赠;LB培养基,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;2×Phanta Flash Master Mix、Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix、HiScript III All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR和蛋白酶K,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;Ligation high ver.2,TOYOBO公司;大肠杆菌O1血清型O因子诊断血清,天津生物芯片技术有限责任公司;羊抗兔IgG-HRP,武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司;TRIzol Reagent试剂,ThermoFisher Scientific公司。
本研究以NCBI公布的APEC O1基因组(编号为GCF_902880315.1)、pKD3质粒和pSTV28质粒为模板设计引物。引物对wekM-UF/wekM-UR及wekM-DF/wekM-DR用于扩增wekM上、下游同源臂,引物对wekM-CF/wekM-CR用于扩增pKD3的氯霉素抗性基因,引物对wekM-outF/ wekM-outR用于wekM基因缺失株的鉴定。引物对PO1-Kpn I-FN/PwekM-RN用于扩增wekM启动子区域,引物对wekM-FN1/wekM-BamH I-R用于扩增wekM基因的编码序列(coding sequence, CDS),引物对PO1-Kpn I-FN/wekM-BamH I-R用于wekM启动子片段和CDS序列的融合扩增,引物对wekM-inF/wekM-inR用于鉴定回补株,引物对wekM-outF/wekM-outR用于鉴定缺失株。以上引物由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成(表1)。
采用Red同源重组的方法构建wekM基因缺失株[16]。将wekM基因上、下游同源臂和氯霉素抗性基因通过Overlap PCR融合扩增,电转化至APEC O1 (pKD46)感受态细胞中,使用含有氯霉素的LB平板筛选阳性克隆。电转化pCP20至阳性克隆,经PCR鉴定和DNA测序鉴定正确后,将缺失株命名为ΔwekM。采用质粒回补法构建wekM基因回补株,使用Overlap PCR融合扩增wekM启动子和CDS序列,将融合片段与回补质粒pSTV28进行酶切连接得到wekM-pSTV28,提取wekM-pSTV28质粒电转化至ΔwekM缺失株感受态细胞中,利用含有氨苄青霉素的LB平板筛选阳性克隆,经PCR鉴定和DNA测序正确后,将回补株命名为CΔwekM
参照文献[10]方法制备细菌LPS样品,使用硝酸银染色法鉴定各菌株的LPS图谱。采用Western blotting技术检测各菌株与大肠杆菌O1血清型O因子诊断血清的特异性反应。
分别将APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM在LB中培养至对数生长期(OD600为0.8),转接后继续培养,每间隔1 h测量菌液OD600值,统计数据后使用GraphPad Prism 8.0绘制生长曲线。使用微量移液枪分别吸取2 μL OD600为0.8的APEC O1、ΔwekM、CΔwekM菌液加至半固体培养基中心,在培养5 h和10 h时,采用扫描仪记录细菌运动情况,同时测量运动圈直径。此外使用醋酸双氧铀对细菌进行染色,使用透射电镜观察细菌鞭毛形成情况。
参照文献[17]的方法检测各菌株的细胞膜通透性。将细菌接种至LB中,于37℃静置培养过夜,取1 mL菌液转接至19 mL LB中,37 ℃、200 r/min振荡培养至对数生长期(OD600为0.8),从中取10 mL菌液收集菌体沉淀后将细菌浓度调整至OD600为0.4,取2 mL OD600为0.4的菌液,放入37 ℃培养箱静置培养1 h,随后加入终浓度为6 μmol/L的溴化乙锭,同时设置一组细菌PBS混合液作为空白对照。使用荧光光谱仪测量激发波长和发射波长分别为545 nm和600 nm的荧光值,每70 s读取一次值,持续30 min。
分别将APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM在LB培养基中培养至对数生长期,使用TRIzol法提取细菌RNA。使用焦碳酸二乙酯(diethyl pyrocarbonate, DEPC)处理的水溶解RNA后检测RNA浓度和纯度,将所得RNA反转录为cDNA后置于−80 ℃备用。
使用荧光定量PCR仪(Agilent公司)检测鞭毛相关基因转录水平。所有引物均由杭州有康生物科技有限公司合成(表2)。
分别将APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM在LB培养基中培养至对数生长期,使用细菌比浊仪将各菌液浓度调至0.5个麦氏单位。将抗生素加入96孔板中并依次进行倍比稀释,在稀释好的抗生素中加入菌液,设置抗生素与培养基为阴性对照孔,设置菌液与培养基为阳性对照孔,放置于37 ℃培养箱培养16 h,用酶标仪测量混合物的OD600值,将测量孔与阴性孔内液体的OD600值大小进行比较,数值小于或等于阴性对照孔则表明所加药物浓度可抑制微孔内细菌生长,抑制细菌生长所使用的最低药物浓度为最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)。
使用Adobe Illustrator 2020进行图片处理,使用GraphPad Prism 8.0进行数据分析,所有结果均重复3次以上,使用t-test检验分析各组差异,结果采用平均值±SD。其中*表示0.01 < P < 0.05,**表示P < 0.01,***表示P < 0.001,ns表示P > 0.05。
使用引物对wekM-outF/wekM-outR鉴定wekM基因缺失株。PCR扩增结果显示,以野生株为模板可扩增出大小为1 887 bp的条带,以缺失株为模板可扩增出大小为1 125 bp的条带,缺失株较野生株长度减少762 bp,缺失株ΔwekM构建成功(图2A)。使用引物对wekM-inF/wekM-inR鉴定wekM基因回补株,PCR扩增结果显示,wekM基因以APEC O1wekM基因回补株为模板均可扩增出大小为399 bp的wekM基因片段,以ΔwekM为模板未扩增出条带,回补株CΔwekM构建成功(图2B)。
对APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM菌株的LPS样品进行银染鉴定,结果显示wekM缺失后APEC O1未能形成完整的O-抗原梯状条带(图3A),O-抗原链消失。这表明wekM缺失导致APEC O1 O-抗原合成受阻,使APEC O1 LPS不完整。Western blotting结果显示,APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM菌株的LPS与O1型大肠杆菌O因子血清的反应能力不同,APEC O1的LPS样品与O1血清孵育产生梯状条带,而ΔwekM与O1血清孵育未产生条带(图3B)。上述结果表明wekM参与O-抗原合成,在APEC O1与O1血清的反应中发挥重要作用。
生长曲线结果显示:APEC O1、ΔwekM和CΔwekM之间生长能力均无显著差异(P > 0.05) (图4A),这表明wekM不影响APEC O1的生长能力。测量细菌在半固体培养基中运动圈直径大小,结果显示APEC O1与ΔwekM运动圈直径大小差异极显著(P < 0.001) (图4B4C),这表明wekM缺失后细菌运动能力丧失。
实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,ΔwekM较野生株鞭毛相关基因(flgBflgCflgDflgEfimAfliCfliFfliMfliYflhCmotA)转录水平下调32倍以上(图5A),结果表明wekM缺失会抑制组装合成鞭毛的相关基因转录。透射电镜结果显示,野生株和回补株菌体周围均有鞭毛,而ΔwekM的菌体周围未见鞭毛(图5B),表明ΔwekM较野生株的鞭毛形成受阻。
通过添加溴化乙锭进一步检测乙锭-核酸复合物的荧光值,从而测定细菌细胞膜通透性,结果显示ΔwekM细胞膜通透性显著高于野生株(P < 0.01),表明wekM缺失后细菌细胞膜通透性增加(图6)。
MIC结果显示,ΔwekM对孢噻肟和头孢西丁的MIC值为256.00 μg/mL,与野生株相同(表3);但是ΔwekM对环丙沙星、克林霉素、多黏菌素、磷霉素、万古霉素、多西环素和阿莫西林的MIC值分别为0.06、(6.67±2.31)、(0.02±0.01)、4.00、4.00、(5.33±2.31)和8.00 μg/mL,较野生株的MIC值显著降低(P < 0.01) (表3),表明wekM缺失后APEC O1对环丙沙星、克林霉素、多黏菌素、磷霉素、万古霉素、多西环素和阿莫西林药物的敏感性显著增加,提示wekM缺失后改变了细菌对抗生素的敏感性。
近年来,对禽致病性大肠杆菌LPS结构、组成和编码基因簇方面的研究,为进一步探索该菌的环境适应、耐药传递机制、药物作用靶点以及防控技术开发提供了研究基础[7]。LPS作为外膜小叶中的主要糖脂,能够形成二价阳离子层,为细菌提供渗透性屏障,维持细菌胞膜稳定性,并抵抗抗生素等有害物质[18]。研究表明LPS结构的微小变化会显著影响细胞膜的理化性质,包括细胞膜通透性和表面电荷发生改变,从而影响细菌抵抗宿主体内外胁迫环境[6, 19-21]。O-抗原合成相关基因缺失会影响LPS的正常表达,从而影响胞膜结构完整性和细菌毒力[22-27]。糖基转移酶负责单糖之间的连接,在O-抗原合成中发挥重要作用,目前关于糖基转移酶基因对LPS和O-抗原完整性和结构的影响鲜有报道。本研究通过敲除O-抗原糖基转移酶wekM,并分析其对于APEC O1的生长运动、细胞膜通透性、抗生素敏感性以及鞭毛形成的影响,以揭示wekM在细菌结构和环境适应中的功能。
本研究首先通过银染法鉴定了wekM参与APEC O1 LPS的合成,wekM缺失后APEC O1的LPS多糖链合成受损。Western blotting进一步分析发现,wekM缺失后APEC O1丧失了与O1型血清的反应能力,这表明wekM缺失后会影响O-抗原完整性和血清反应性,可能在细菌血清分型和进化的过程中发挥重要作用,这也提示该基因有可能是细菌血清分型的重要分子靶点。
本研究结果显示wekM对细菌运动能力起关键性作用,这与黄色粘球菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌的相关报道一致,即O-抗原多糖侧链及LPS突变会使细菌出现运动缺陷[28-29]。本研究进一步通过透射电镜观察细菌鞭毛形成情况,结果表明wekM基因缺失会使APEC O1无法形成鞭毛。实时荧光定量PCR结果进一步显示wekM基因缺失后鞭毛相关基因转录水平下降。因此,认为糖基转移酶wekM缺失导致鞭毛合成基因转录水平下调,从而阻碍鞭毛合成和组装的过程,最终使细菌鞭毛无法正常形成。O-抗原合成受阻为什么会引起鞭毛变化,其具体机制还有待研究。
此外,wekM基因缺失后APEC O1的细胞膜通透性增加,提示O-抗原结构的改变会导致细菌内环境稳态和细胞膜磷脂双分子层发生改变[30]。细胞膜磷脂双分子层是阻止抗生素进入胞内的物理屏障,也是多种抗生素识别细菌、发挥杀伤作用的生化结构,其中LPS就是多黏菌素等抗生素的作用靶点[31]。那么,wekM缺失导致细胞膜通透性增强后是否会影响细菌的抗生素敏感性呢?本研究中MIC检测结果表明,wekM缺失提高了细菌对环丙沙星、多黏菌素等7种抗生素的敏感性,推测是由于wekM缺失导致LPS结构缺损引起细胞膜通透性等理化性质发生改变进而使抗生素更易进入细菌,最终导致细菌抗生素的敏感性增高。
综上所述,本研究首次探究了O-抗原多糖主干链糖基转移酶wekM基因在脂多糖合成和维持细菌细胞膜通透性的作用,为进一步研究O-抗原在鞭毛蛋白的正常表达以及对抗生素等胁迫环境中的具体作用奠定了研究基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1801000)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31902280)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32102671)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LQ24C010005)
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2024年第64卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240017
  • 接收时间:2024-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-06
  • 录用日期:2024-04-03
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1801000)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1801000)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902280)
国家自然科学基金(31902280)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102671)
国家自然科学基金(32102671)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ24C010005)
浙江省自然科学基金(LQ24C010005)
作者信息
    1 浙江农林大学动物科技学院·动物医学院 浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室 动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程研究中心 浙江省动物医学与健康管理国际科技合作基地 中澳动物健康大数据分析联合实验室, 浙江 杭州 311300
    2 中国农业科学院上海兽医研究所, 上海 201199
    3 宁波卫生职业技术学院, 浙江 宁波 315100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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