Article(id=1241451298592182707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240058, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705852800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1713369600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-18, onlineDate=1773914654634, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1713715200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914654634, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914654634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914654634, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2901, endPage=2917, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451299452015095, articleId=1241451298592182707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Deciphering the driving force of straw-decomposing microbiomes in two native forest soils under biogeographically contrasting conditions, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the acclimation mechanisms of straw-decomposing microbiomes in response to historically different climate conditions as characterized by extreme temperature distinction, we collected two native forest soil samples from the tropical (annual mean temperature: 25 ℃) and cold-temperate (annual mean temperature: −2 ℃) zones at a distance of 3 860 km. [Methods] Microcosm incubation was conducted at a low temperature (10 ℃), a high temperature (35 ℃), and alternated high and low temperatures (10 ℃/35 ℃). The two native forest soil samples were inoculated for targeted cultivation of straw-decomposing microbiomes. After 12 consecutive weeks of passage, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was carried out to analyze the microbial community composition. [Results] At 10 ℃, higher straw decomposition rate was observed in the forest soil from Changbai Mountain in the cold-temperate zone (15.5%) than that from the tropical zone. At 35 ℃, the decomposition rate in the soil from Sanya in the tropical zone (33.1%) was higher than that from Changbai Mountain The results of linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) showed that the dominant straw-decomposing genera included Duganella, Pedobacter, Janthinobacterium, and Serratia after 12 weeks of enrichment at 10 ℃ with the forest soil from Changbai Mountain. The dominant genera were Paenibacillus and Rhodanobacter after enrichment at 35 ℃, and Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia, and Achromobacter after enrichment at 10 ℃/35 ℃. As for the forest soil from the tropical zone, the enriched dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Flavobacterium at 10 ℃, Cupriavidus at 35 ℃, and Enterobacter and Cohnella at 10 ℃/35 ℃. [Conclusion] This study revealed the indicator microbial species for straw decomposition at different temperatures in native forest soils from geographically highly distinct regions with a 3 860 km distance. The results suggest that temperature could have likely played a pivotal role in shaping the microbiomes for straw decomposition. The findings provide a scientific basis for mining the straw-decomposing microbial resources in the cold zone in northeast China and the tropical zone in south China.

, correspAuthors=Zhongjun JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*JIA Zhongjun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan XING, Chang LUAN, Zhiming ZHANG, Bing HAN, Hong ZHANG, Lujun LI, Yunze RUAN, Jiabao ZHANG, Zhongjun JIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451303126225619, articleId=1241451298592182707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=原始森林土壤秸秆降解微生物组的历史地理气候驱动力, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】针对相距3 860 km的热带(年均温25 ℃)和寒温带(年均温−2 ℃)原始森林土壤,研究历史地理气候显著差异条件下秸秆降解微生物群落的适应规律。【方法】设置低温(10 ℃)、高温(35 ℃)和高低温交叉锻炼(10 ℃/35 ℃),连续12周传代并通过16S rRNA基因测序分析秸秆降解微生物组群落组成。【结果】10 ℃下寒温带长白山土壤富集菌群的秸秆降解率(15.5%)更高;35 ℃下则是海南土壤富集菌群的降解率(33.1%)更高。线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)差异分析显示,针对寒温带长白山原始森林土壤,在微生物属水平上,10 ℃条件下12周传代富集得到的秸秆降解优势属包括杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)、土地杆菌属(Pedobacter)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia);35 ℃条件下秸秆降解富集物中优势属包括类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter);而10 ℃/35 ℃条件下寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)与无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)是秸秆降解优势类群。针对热带海南原始森林土壤,10 ℃条件下富集的秸秆降解优势属包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium);35 ℃条件下优势属为贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus);而10 ℃/35 ℃条件下肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)和科恩氏菌属(Cohnella)是优势属。【结论】热带和寒温带的巨大温度差异,可能是原始森林土壤中秸秆降解微生物群落构建的重要驱动力,这些特征微生物类群为定向发掘东北寒区和南方热带土壤中高效降解秸秆的微生物资源提供了科学依据。

, correspAuthors=贾仲君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8UmmST+m2jmKMKoWAi3tUA==, magXml=Jbr4ijM/ATXWBC0OHWyx4Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DUT7G0Ap95jRZ40ea3SuUQ==, pdfFileSize=1272824, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=CeFz8Iy/IoRYXjSYQrmetg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=E5jGl1Koy7Qvsf52ixLWdg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=邢妍, 栾畅, 张志明, 韩冰, 张洪, 李禄军, 阮云泽, 张佳宝, 贾仲君)}, authors=[Author(id=1242193062949126282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242193063079149724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, authorId=1242193062949126282, language=EN, stringName=Yan XING, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=XING, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
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language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242193062819102845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, companyId=1242193062701662321, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242193068020040202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Diagram showing the experimental procedures for temperature-dependent consecutive enrichment of straw-decomposing microbiome in two native forest soils under historically contrasting biogeographical conditions. The designations of NF and SF represent the native forest soils from the cold-temperate Changbai Mountain in the most northeastern China and the tropical regions in the most southern China, respectively., figureFileSmall=6nlJNyMyENJAMxyr95BDKw==, figureFileBig=tXKULzQCL7gO9HsTKDUEeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068124897808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同温度条件下寒温带长白山和热带海南原始森林土壤秸秆降解微生物富集传代培养流程示意图

NF:寒温带长白山原始森林土壤;SF:热带海南原始森林土壤

, figureFileSmall=6nlJNyMyENJAMxyr95BDKw==, figureFileBig=tXKULzQCL7gO9HsTKDUEeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068254921241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The degradation rate of corn straw by the enriched microbiomes from the two native forest soils under distinct temperatures. The NF and SF refer to the cold-temperate and tropical soils respectively, as the same as those in Figure 1. Univariate analysis of variance was used to detect the significant difference of the decomposition rates by the enrichment and passage process at the same temperature and marked with letters. The lowercase letters represent the statistical results from the cold-temperate native forest soil of Changbai Mountain, and the uppercase letters represent the statistical results from the tropical native forest soil in Hainan Province. ** represents P < 0.01., figureFileSmall=e8Hnzg/GEZeBNR0ij0JvSg==, figureFileBig=Fxn3ejW7+dNvA3bNhXbOKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068355584543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同温度富集条件下,寒温带长白山和热带海南原始森林土壤秸秆降解富集物传代过程中的玉米秸秆降解率

同一温度条件下,不同富集传代过程微生物菌群的降解率差异,采用单因素方差分析,显著差异使用不同字母表示. 小写字母代表寒温带长白山原始森林土壤;大写字母代表热带海南原始森林. **表示P < 0.01

, figureFileSmall=e8Hnzg/GEZeBNR0ij0JvSg==, figureFileBig=Fxn3ejW7+dNvA3bNhXbOKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068473025061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Dynamic changes in community structure of the straw-decomposing microbiome enrichments with different passages from the two native forest soils under distinct temperatures. Shannon index for alpha diversity (A) and phylogenetic diversity for beta diversity (B) of straw-decomposing microbial enrichment were shown from the cold-temperate native forest soil of Changbai Mountain and the tropical native forest soil in Hainan Province. All other designations are the same as those in Figure 1. ** represents P < 0.01, *** represents P < 0.001, **** represents P < 0.000 1., figureFileSmall=+JAQls2fJPMlSLH04ctgfw==, figureFileBig=1LmDivyJ1yuGpCtdyaiTjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068594659881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同温度富集条件下,寒温带长白山和热带海南原始森林土壤秸秆降解富集物传代过程中的微生物群落物种多样性(A)和系统发育多样性分析(B)

**表示P < 0.01、***表示P < 0.001、****表示P < 0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=+JAQls2fJPMlSLH04ctgfw==, figureFileBig=1LmDivyJ1yuGpCtdyaiTjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068712100402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Species composition and relative abundance at phyla level (A) and genus level (B) of two primary forest soil enriched bacteria., figureFileSmall=u5UXTswtA8xO3eozBclEzA==, figureFileBig=AEN0lR5Lz0vKuDXogeajrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068837929527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, language=CN, label=图4, caption=两种原始森林土壤富集菌群在门水平(A)和属水平(B)上的物种组成与相对丰度

Low-temperature north forest soil,寒温带长白山原始森林;High-temperature south forest soil,热带海南原始森林土壤,下同

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Physical and chemical properties of soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SoilpHTOC (g/kg)TN (g/kg)TP (g/kg)TS (g/kg)TK (g/kg)AN (mg/kg)AP (mg/kg)AK (mg/kg)
NF5.39157.90±1.9810.70±0.531.28±0.022.48±0.1812.90±0.551 054.00±24.8014.80±0.32136.80±0.87
SF6.1012.10±0.210.93±0.020.26±0.011.10±0.1343.10±0.89107.00±5.813.10±0.18114.10±11.29
), ArticleFig(id=1242193069517406814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451298592182707, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土壤理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SoilpHTOC (g/kg)TN (g/kg)TP (g/kg)TS (g/kg)TK (g/kg)AN (mg/kg)AP (mg/kg)AK (mg/kg)
NF5.39157.90±1.9810.70±0.531.28±0.022.48±0.1812.90±0.551 054.00±24.8014.80±0.32136.80±0.87
SF6.1012.10±0.210.93±0.020.26±0.011.10±0.1343.10±0.89107.00±5.813.10±0.18114.10±11.29
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原始森林土壤秸秆降解微生物组的历史地理气候驱动力
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邢妍 1, 2 , 栾畅 2 , 张志明 2 , 韩冰 2 , 张洪 1 , 李禄军 2, 4 , 阮云泽 1 , 张佳宝 3, 4 , 贾仲君 2, 3, 4, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(8): 2901-2917
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(8): 2901-2917
原始森林土壤秸秆降解微生物组的历史地理气候驱动力
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邢妍1, 2, 栾畅2, 张志明2, 韩冰2, 张洪1, 李禄军2, 4, 阮云泽1, 张佳宝3, 4, 贾仲君2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 海南大学热带农林学院, 海南 海口 570228
  • 2 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室, 吉林 长春 130102
  • 3 中国科学院南京土壤研究所, 江苏 南京 210008
  • 4 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
Deciphering the driving force of straw-decomposing microbiomes in two native forest soils under biogeographically contrasting conditions
Yan XING1, 2, Chang LUAN2, Zhiming ZHANG2, Bing HAN2, Hong ZHANG1, Lujun LI2, 4, Yunze RUAN1, Jiabao ZHANG3, 4, Zhongjun JIA2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, Jilin, China
  • 3 Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
  • 4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2024-04-22 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240058
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【目的】针对相距3 860 km的热带(年均温25 ℃)和寒温带(年均温−2 ℃)原始森林土壤,研究历史地理气候显著差异条件下秸秆降解微生物群落的适应规律。【方法】设置低温(10 ℃)、高温(35 ℃)和高低温交叉锻炼(10 ℃/35 ℃),连续12周传代并通过16S rRNA基因测序分析秸秆降解微生物组群落组成。【结果】10 ℃下寒温带长白山土壤富集菌群的秸秆降解率(15.5%)更高;35 ℃下则是海南土壤富集菌群的降解率(33.1%)更高。线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)差异分析显示,针对寒温带长白山原始森林土壤,在微生物属水平上,10 ℃条件下12周传代富集得到的秸秆降解优势属包括杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)、土地杆菌属(Pedobacter)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia);35 ℃条件下秸秆降解富集物中优势属包括类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter);而10 ℃/35 ℃条件下寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)与无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)是秸秆降解优势类群。针对热带海南原始森林土壤,10 ℃条件下富集的秸秆降解优势属包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium);35 ℃条件下优势属为贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus);而10 ℃/35 ℃条件下肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)和科恩氏菌属(Cohnella)是优势属。【结论】热带和寒温带的巨大温度差异,可能是原始森林土壤中秸秆降解微生物群落构建的重要驱动力,这些特征微生物类群为定向发掘东北寒区和南方热带土壤中高效降解秸秆的微生物资源提供了科学依据。

温度差异  /  原始森林土壤  /  微生物  /  交叉锻炼  /  秸秆降解

[Objective] To investigate the acclimation mechanisms of straw-decomposing microbiomes in response to historically different climate conditions as characterized by extreme temperature distinction, we collected two native forest soil samples from the tropical (annual mean temperature: 25 ℃) and cold-temperate (annual mean temperature: −2 ℃) zones at a distance of 3 860 km. [Methods] Microcosm incubation was conducted at a low temperature (10 ℃), a high temperature (35 ℃), and alternated high and low temperatures (10 ℃/35 ℃). The two native forest soil samples were inoculated for targeted cultivation of straw-decomposing microbiomes. After 12 consecutive weeks of passage, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was carried out to analyze the microbial community composition. [Results] At 10 ℃, higher straw decomposition rate was observed in the forest soil from Changbai Mountain in the cold-temperate zone (15.5%) than that from the tropical zone. At 35 ℃, the decomposition rate in the soil from Sanya in the tropical zone (33.1%) was higher than that from Changbai Mountain The results of linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) showed that the dominant straw-decomposing genera included Duganella, Pedobacter, Janthinobacterium, and Serratia after 12 weeks of enrichment at 10 ℃ with the forest soil from Changbai Mountain. The dominant genera were Paenibacillus and Rhodanobacter after enrichment at 35 ℃, and Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia, and Achromobacter after enrichment at 10 ℃/35 ℃. As for the forest soil from the tropical zone, the enriched dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Flavobacterium at 10 ℃, Cupriavidus at 35 ℃, and Enterobacter and Cohnella at 10 ℃/35 ℃. [Conclusion] This study revealed the indicator microbial species for straw decomposition at different temperatures in native forest soils from geographically highly distinct regions with a 3 860 km distance. The results suggest that temperature could have likely played a pivotal role in shaping the microbiomes for straw decomposition. The findings provide a scientific basis for mining the straw-decomposing microbial resources in the cold zone in northeast China and the tropical zone in south China.

temperature difference  /  native forest soil  /  microorganism  /  Cross-adaption to temperature stress  /  straw decomposition
邢妍, 栾畅, 张志明, 韩冰, 张洪, 李禄军, 阮云泽, 张佳宝, 贾仲君. 原始森林土壤秸秆降解微生物组的历史地理气候驱动力. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2901 -2917 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240058
Yan XING, Chang LUAN, Zhiming ZHANG, Bing HAN, Hong ZHANG, Lujun LI, Yunze RUAN, Jiabao ZHANG, Zhongjun JIA. Deciphering the driving force of straw-decomposing microbiomes in two native forest soils under biogeographically contrasting conditions[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2901 -2917 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240058
微生物作为地球上最重要的分解者,在分解复杂有机物(如植物凋落物和根系残渣)、促进动物和植物养分吸收等方面发挥着关键作用,它们不仅是维系土壤肥力的关键,也被认为是驱动元素生物地球化学循环的引擎[1]。据2023年中国统计年鉴估算,我国农作物秸秆产生量为9.6亿t[2],而秸秆肥料化、饲料化、基料化、原料化、燃料化是秸秆资源化利用的重要方式。农业农村部数据显示[3],我国秸秆综合利用率高达88.1%,其中以秸秆还田为主的肥料化利用占比为60.0%,是秸秆利用的主要途径[4]。值得注意的是,我国典型农区秸秆直接还田率存在较大差异,变幅为37.8%−70.1%,由高到低依次为华北区、东北区、长江中下游区、西南区、西北区、华南区[3]。东北平原秸秆还田是农业生产实践中的核心问题,主要难点可能是低温条件下微生物活性弱,秸秆难以降解。因此,亟须研究不同区域秸秆降解的微生物气候适应机制。
一般认为,低温微生物包括严格嗜冷或耐冷微生物。嗜冷微生物特指必须生活在低温条件下且最高生长温度≤20 ℃,最适生长温度≤15 ℃,在0 ℃可生长繁殖的微生物[5];耐冷微生物特指生长温度 > 20 ℃、最适温度 > 15 ℃,在0−5 ℃可生长繁殖的微生物[6]。我们推测,由于微生物具有极强的适应性,即使在温度气候完全不同的土壤中也可能存在严格嗜冷和耐冷微生物。低温寒带土壤中,可能存在更多的严格嗜冷菌/耐冷秸秆降解菌,而在热带高温土壤中,也可能存在严格嗜冷菌/耐冷秸秆降解菌,但其数量和多样性较低。然而,目前尚未有低温秸秆降解微生物的历史地理驱动机制研究。已有的报道大多集中于单一温度条件下秸秆降解微生物的分离和富集。例如,有研究针对中国北方寒区31个不同样点(年平均气温范围为−1.3 ℃–7.5 ℃),在低温10 ℃条件下,富集玉米秸秆降解微生物15 d后,获得了富集物GF-20,秸秆降解效率为32.0%,但高温条件下的秸秆降解微生物过程未有报道[7]。类似地,有研究发现在15 ℃下连续富集培养,可从寒地森林土壤(年平均气温为5.2 ℃)中获得嗜冷木质纤维素降解菌LTF-27,该菌能有效降解稻草中的纤维素,效率高达71.7%,其最适降解温度为15 ℃[8]。此外,也有报道发现,呼伦贝尔森林(年平均气温−2.5 ℃)土壤中存在低温秸秆降解菌,在4 ℃条件下可利用腐烂落叶表层土壤获得低温降解富集物,滤纸降解率为18.8%[9]。然而,尽管在寒冷区域已有大量低温秸秆降解报道,但这些微生物是否特异存在于寒区尚未可知。同时,在热带土壤环境中,是否也存在类似的嗜冷/耐冷秸秆降解微生物,似乎尚未见相关报道。土壤是独立的历史自然体,是生物、气候、母质、地形和时间等自然因素和人为活动综合作用下的产物。在成土过程中,微生物可能长期适应自然地理气候差异,类似于动植物的地理分布格局,最终形成了特异的适应区域气候环境的土著微生物群落。
据此,本研究选择相距3 860 km的吉林长白山和海南三亚2处原始森林土壤作为研究对象,其历史地理气候背景差异巨大且未受人类活动影响。我们推测,寒温带长白山原始森林表层土壤中可能驯化了特异的低温秸秆降解微生物,并且与热带海南原始森林土壤中秸秆降解物具有显著差异。这些土壤微生物在长期适应地理气候过程中,形成了温度依赖性的植物凋落物降解能力,最终塑造了特异的秸秆降解微生物群落。本研究设置了低温(10 ℃)、高温(35 ℃)和高低温交叉锻炼(10 ℃/35 ℃)条件,研究具有高效秸秆降解能力的微生物富集规律及其秸秆降解速率,推测气候背景完全不同条件下,土壤秸秆降解微生物群落对温度的响应,为筛选低温高效秸秆降解菌提供科学依据。
本研究采用了2种土壤,分别来自我国东北寒温带和海南热带原始森林,具体信息分别为吉林省延边朝鲜自治州长白山原始森林(42°11′N, 128°11′E)、海南省三亚市崖州区原始森林(18°24′N, 109°18′)。吉林长白山采样点年平均气温为−2 ℃,属温带大陆性山地气候,主要植被类型是红松阔叶林,土壤类型为暗棕壤;海南三亚采样点年平均气温为25 ℃,属热带海洋性季风气候,主要植被类型是红树林,土壤类型为砖红壤。本研究于2023年4月在2个地区进行采样,首先选择3个5 m×5 m的平整地块,使用无菌铲将地表枯枝落叶层去除并露出矿质土壤,之后使用五点法采集0−20 cm的表层土壤[10],将土壤装入无菌封口袋内。所有土壤样品使用−20 ℃保温冰盒运输至实验室。在实验室内首先将同一地区所有土壤样品过2 mm筛,去除植物残体和石块后充分混合,随后将每个新鲜土壤样品分为3个部分,一部分用于秸秆降解微生物富集试验;一部分过20目和100目网筛后用于分析土壤理化性质;一部分置于−80 ℃保存备用。
土壤pH值采用土水比=1:2.5 (质量体积比)混合后,使用酸度计(Sartorius公司)测定。土壤有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)采用重铬酸钾氧化-加热法测定;全硫(total sulfur, TS)采用燃烧碘量法和EDTA间接滴定法测定[11]。土壤全氮(total nitrogen, TN)和速效氮(available nitrogen, AN)采用凯氏定氮法测定[12];土壤全钾(total potassium, TK)和速效钾(available potassium, AK)采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定[13]。土壤全磷(total phosphorus, TP)和速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)采用钼锑抗比色法测定[14]
赫奇逊(Hutchinson)富集培养基(g/L):KH2PO4 1.0,NaNO3 2.5,CaCl2·6H2O 0.1,NaCl 0.1,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3,FeCl3·6H2O 0.01[15],加入10.0 g经粉碎机处理并过100目筛孔的玉米秸秆粉作为唯一碳源。
无机盐培养基(g/L):KH2PO4 3.0,NaNO3 3.0,CaCl2 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5,FeSO4·7H2O 0.007 5,MnSO4·H2O 0.002 5,ZnSO4 0.002,CoCl2 0.003。
实验流程如图1所示。分别称取10.0 g寒温带长白山原始森林(low-temperature north forest soil, NF)和热带海南原始森林(high-temperature south forest soil, SF)新鲜土壤,加入90.0 mL生理盐水后,100 r/min充分振荡2 h制备土壤接种悬液。在无菌操作台内,吸取土壤-生理盐水混合液10.0 mL转移至90.0 mL富集培养基,接种量的体积分数为10.0%。分别置于10 ℃和35 ℃恒温箱培养100 r/min振荡培养,此为富集培养物1周。以7 d为一个周期,将富集培养物1周中菌液转接到新鲜富集培养基中,此为富集培养物2周。连续转接12代为12周。同时,设置温度交叉锻炼试验,即10 ℃/35 ℃交替温度处理(10 ℃条件下富集7 d后,转接至新鲜培养基并转移至35 ℃恒温箱培养7 d,然后再转至10 ℃培养7 d并循环往复)。培养试验开展前的原位森林土壤标注为0 W,同时,收集3、6、9、12周微生物富集液用于玉米秸秆降解试验。此外,收集不同代际微生物富集物后,部分样品用于DNA的提取,部分样品保存于‒80 ℃冰箱。
收集不同代际的土壤微生物富集液培养阶段(3、6、9、12周),将其以体积分数10.0%的接种量接种至150.0 mL无机盐培养基,同时添加2.0 g玉米秸秆段(1−2 cm),设置不添加菌液的无机盐培养基作为空白对照,置于不同温度培养箱100 r/min振荡培养。30 d后取出培养基,倒出上清液,蒸馏水反复冲洗秸秆3次后,50 ℃烘干至恒重,采用失重法计算秸秆降解率[16]
采用TaKaRa MiniBEST Bacteria Genomic DNA Extraction Kit ver.3.0试剂盒提取土壤微生物DNA,根据说明书步骤完成并获得0、3、6、9、12周秸秆降解富集液总DNA。采用超微量样品分光光度计N50 (Implen公司)检测DNA的纯度和浓度后,通过Illumina平台对微生物DNA片段进行双端(paired-end)测序。利用PCR扩增微生物DNA的16S rRNA基因序列,引物为细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物对338F (5′-ACTCCT ACGGGAGGCAGCA-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTAC HVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)。PCR反应体系:Buffer (5×) 5 μL,Fast Pfu DNA Polymerase (5 U/μL) 0.25 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板1 μL,ddH2O 14.75 μL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性5 min;98 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,30个循环;最后在72 ℃终延伸5 min。将PCR扩增产物回收后进行荧光定量,制备测序文库。
采用USEARCH v11.0.667软件分析[17]。对Barcode标签序列和引物序列进行裁剪,然后将16S rRNA基因序列的正向和反向序列进行合并,所有合并的序列开展质控和去重复处理,进一步过滤嵌合体后,获得高质量序列4 123 398条。使用Unoise3以99%相似度筛选操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)及其相应的代表性序列[18],共得到4 917个OTU。分别使用-usearch_global和-cluster_agg命令生成OTU-Table以及所有OTU之间的系统发育树。将获得的序列以每个样品最小序列数进行重新取样,进行下游分析。使用Sliva 138.1数据库(https://www.arb-silva.de/)对代表序列进行比对注释,获取分类信息,共鉴定出33门78纲181目316科598属1 387种。
微生物群落的β多样性分析采用距离非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS),在OTU水平通过Bray-Curtis距离矩阵分析。微生物群落差异采用R v4.3.2的microeco和ggplot2软件包分析,主要通过线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)进行生物标志物判定。所有数据采用平均值±标准差表示,通过SPSS 26.0计算单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和单样品t检验(one-sample t-test)。
相距3 860 km的地理气候具有巨大差异,进而可能显著影响2个原始森林土壤的理化性质。寒温带长白山土壤养分含量显著高于热带海南土壤。如表1所示,除总钾含量(TK)外,长白山土壤所有测定指标均显著高于海南土壤。长白山土壤有机碳(TOC)含量是海南土壤的13倍,分别为157.90 g/kg和12.10 g/kg;土壤总氮(TN)分别为10.70 g/kg和0.93 g/kg,相差高达10倍;土壤速效氮(AN)含量分别为1 054.00 mg/kg和107.00 mg/kg,相差高达10倍。
长期的寒温带或热带地理气候可能塑造了不同的土壤秸秆降解菌。如图2所示,低温10 ℃条件下,连续传代12周过程中,寒温带长白山土壤秸秆降解率(均值为15.5%)显著高于热带海南土壤(均值为12.4%)。相反,高温35 ℃条件下,热带海南土壤秸秆降解率(均值为33.1%)则显著高于寒温带长白山土壤(均值为28.2%)。然而,10 ℃/35 ℃交叉锻炼条件下,2种土壤的玉米秸秆降解率无明显的历史温度依赖特征。值得注意的是,无论10 ℃还是35 ℃条件下,2种土壤富集菌群对玉米秸秆的降解率均随富集代数的增加呈显著增加趋势(图2)。低温10 ℃下,长白山土壤秸秆降解速率从13.0% (3周富集液)增至16.0% (12周富集液),增幅23.1%;而海南土壤从10.0% (3周富集液)增至15.0% (12周富集液),增幅50.0%。在35 ℃高温富集条件下,长白山土壤秸秆降解速率从24.0% (3周富集液)增至30.0% (12周富集液),增幅25.0%;而海南土壤从30.0% (3周富集液)增至35.0% (12周富集液),增幅16.7%。此外,无论寒温带或热带土壤,微生物是秸秆降解的唯一驱动力,如图2所示,经过长达12周的富集培养,没有微生物接种条件下,空白对照组秸秆降解率仅为1.0%−2.0%,统计无显著差异,秸秆无降解,表明本研究中秸秆降解均来源于微生物作用。
高通量测序表明,寒温带长白山原始森林土壤微生物多样性高于热带海南原始森林土壤。如图3所示,寒温带长白山和热带海南森林土壤Shannon指数分别为9.82和8.59。在10 ℃培养条件下,2种土壤秸秆降解富集物的微生物多样性均随代数增加而增加;在35 ℃培养条件下,寒温带长白山森林土壤富集物的微生物多样性随代数的增加而小幅度增加并趋于稳定。然而,热带海南森林土壤富集物则无稳定规律,呈先增加后减少再增加的趋势;在10 ℃/35 ℃交叉温度锻炼条件下,土壤富集物的微生物多样性似乎先减少后增加。值得注意的是,在10 ℃培养条件下,长白山原始森林土壤富集物的微生物多样性始终高于海南森林土壤,其均值分别为7.03和5.02,但在35 ℃或10 ℃/35 ℃交叉锻炼条件下,长白山土壤秸秆降解富集物微生物多样性总体低于海南森林土壤。此外,与原位土壤微生物多样性相比,无论寒温带或热带样品,连续接种传代富集培养过程中,微生物多样性均呈下降趋势。
微生物群落结构分析进一步表明,连续传代富集培养显著改变了微生物组成。如图3B所示,长白山和海南原位森林土壤的微生物群落单独成簇。然而,随着传代富集,富集培养温度成为微生物群落结构差异的最重要因素(R2=0.295)。例如,无论寒温带和热带土壤,土壤秸秆降解富集物在10 ℃、35 ℃和10 ℃/35 ℃这3种培养条件下分别独立成簇。值得注意的是,在同一富集温度内2种土壤间差异依然显著(R2=0.120),富集代数对微生物群落结构的影响最弱(R2=0.077)。
图4A所示,与寒温带长白山和热带海南原位森林微生物群落组成相比,土壤秸秆降解微生物组富集过程中,在微生物门水平上,均未发现低温特异或高温特异门。然而,在微生物属水平上,2种土壤均富集到与温度相关的特异微生物。寒温带长白山原位森林土壤中,优势微生物门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),相对丰度分别为31.0%和35.9%;热带海南原位森林土壤中的优势微生物门则包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 26.6%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 29.1%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi, 15.7%)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria, 13.7%)。然而,秸秆降解微生物富集传代过程中,4种微生物门成为绝对优势类群,占比高达99.5%,主要包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。
在微生物属水平上(图4B),寒温带长白山原位森林土壤(0 W)中,土著优势属共计21个,其相对丰度均大于1.0%,相对丰度总和为56.6%;热带海南原位森林土壤(0 W)中,土著优势属共计25个,其相对丰度均大于1.0%,相对丰度总和为71.5%。2种土壤在富集传代培养过程中,原位土著优势属(> 1.0%)相对丰度显著下降,均小于1.0% (仅热带海南原位土壤Rhodanobacter除外);而土壤秸秆降解富集物中的优势属在培养前均为稀有物种,其相对丰度均低于 < 1.0%。针对寒温带长白山森林土壤,如图4B所示,在10 ℃条件下富集传代培养过程产生了6个优势属,相对丰度总和45.1%,分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas, 14.5%)、杜擀氏菌属(Duganella, 9.4%)、土地杆菌属(Pedobacter, 7.6%)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium, 7.1%)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia, 6.5%);在35 ℃富集传代培养过程中产生了3个优势属,相对丰度总和67.2%,分别为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus, 33.1%)、罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter, 18.4%)和无色杆菌属(Achromobacter, 15.7%)。在10 ℃/35 ℃交叉锻炼培养过程中产生了4个优势属,相对丰度总和54.2%,分别为寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas, 18.7%)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia, 17.5%)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter, 12.3%)和类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus, 5.7%)。相应的,针对热带海南森林土壤,在10 ℃条件下富集到3个优势属,相对丰度总和79.5%,分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas, 40.8%)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter, 25.4%)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium, 13.3%);在35 ℃条件下富集到4个优势属,相对丰度总和54.7%,分别是贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus, 27.0%)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter, 9.4%)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia, 9.1%)和纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas, 9.2%);在10 ℃/35 ℃交叉锻炼培养过程中产生了4个优势属,相对丰度总和58.4%,分别为肠杆菌属(Enterobacter, 24.8%)、科恩氏菌属(Cohnella, 20.5%)、噬几丁质菌属(Chitinophaga, 8.1%)和寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas, 5.0%)。
利用LEfSe对各处理间的差异微生物类群进行分析,如图5所示,共有64个指示物种。针对寒温带长白山森林土壤,选择相对丰度 > 5.0%的优势物种分析发现,在10 ℃条件下富集到4个特异类群,分别为杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)、土地杆菌属(Pedobacter)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia);在35 ℃条件下富集到2个特异类群,分别为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter);在10 ℃/35 ℃交叉锻炼培养条件下富集到3个特异类群,分别为寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)和无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)。针对热带海南森林土壤,在10 ℃条件下富集到3个特异类群,分别为不假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium);在35 ℃条件下富集到1个特异类群,为贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus);在10 ℃/35 ℃交叉锻炼培养条件下富集到2个特异类群,分别为肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)和科恩氏菌属(Cohnella)。
进一步选择富集物中相对丰度 > 1.0%的微生物类群,并与秸秆降解率开展统计分析。如图6所示,针对寒温带长白山森林土壤,共计有15个属与秸秆降解率显著正相关,3个不同温度下(10 ℃、35 ℃和10 ℃/35 ℃)的优势属分别为7、4和4个。针对热带海南森林土壤,共计有11个属与秸秆降解率显著正相关,3个不同温度下(10 ℃、35 ℃和10 ℃/35 ℃)的优势属分别为4、6和1个。在10 ℃培养条件下,仅在寒温带长白山森林土壤中发现的显著正相关的微生物属包括7个,丰度最高的3个分别为紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium, 7.1%)、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia, 6.5%)和红育菌属(Rhodoferax, 1.1%)。值得注意的是,Janthinobacterium在寒温带长白山土壤中与秸秆降解率呈正相关,但在热带海南土壤中呈负相关,表明其可能是嗜冷/耐冷特有物种。在35 ℃培养条件下,仅在热带海南森林土壤中发现的显著正相关的微生物属包括6个,丰度最高的3个分别为纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas, 9.2%)、金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium, 4.1%)、噬几丁质菌属(Chitinophaga, 1.1%)。在10 ℃/35 ℃交叉锻炼培养条件下,2种土壤中未发现共有的秸秆降解微生物类群。
本研究发现气候温度是原始森林土壤秸秆降解微生物群落形成的重要驱动力,这些结果与已有研究基本一致。例如,有研究分析了德国北部、中部和南部不同农业土壤凋落物分解过程中的细菌多样性,发现年平均气温和年降雨量是农田土壤秸秆降解微生物分异的主要环境驱动因子[19],并与农田土壤氨氧化微生物的研究结果类似[20]。然而,温度可能并不是土壤微生物地域分异规律的唯一因素,气候条件、植被类型、土壤理化性质等都可能发挥了重要作用。例如,Chu等研究表明植被类型是北极苔原土壤中优势细菌群落构建的重要驱动因子[21];土壤碳氮比(C/N)和总有机碳是细菌群落构建的重要因子[22];更加普适性的研究则认为土壤性质和地上植被类型是影响土壤微生物生物量和多样性的主要因素[23-24]。我们推测低温条件下秸秆降解微生物活性远低于高温,可能是寒区土壤养分含量高于热带土壤的主要原因(表1),而寒温带长白山原始森林丰富的土壤养分也可能是微生物多样性较高的重要原因(图3)。然而,本研究仅研究了2个土壤,未来仍需在更大气候梯度下采取更多土壤,研究温度对土壤微生物地域分异的影响。
温度是决定土壤微生物功能的重要环境因子[25-26]。土壤秸秆降解微生物富集过程不仅是目标微生物快速增殖过程,也是物种淘汰过程,换言之,无秸秆降解功能或不适应秸秆培养基环境的微生物会逐渐消亡。事实上,玉米秸秆降解率随富集代数增加而增加。在10 ℃、35 ℃和10 ℃/35 ℃交叉锻炼条件下,富集传代微生物菌群的玉米秸秆降解率随着培养温度增加而提高(图2)。然而,在10 ℃低温条件下,与热带海南原始森林土壤相比,寒温带长白山原始森林土壤秸秆降解率和富集菌群多样性显著较高;而在35 ℃高温条件下,海南森林土壤秸秆降解率和富集菌群多样性显著高于长白山森林土壤。这些结果表明,尽管土壤秸秆降解菌的富集条件与原位条件完全不同,但是相距3 860 km、气候差异巨大的长白山和三亚原始森林极可能驯化出了各自特异的微生物类群,其降解秸秆的温度与当地环境高度相关。值得注意的是,已有研究大多采用同一个温度研究多个不同样品,或者针对同一个样品比较不同温度响应。例如,研究表明苏格兰松针叶降解率具有较强的温度敏感性[27]。在不同温度15、25和35 ℃条件下培养农田土壤,则发现小麦秸秆降解率与温度呈正相关[28],可能的原因是温度通过改变微生物生理特性影响秸秆的分解,当温度升高时酶活性增强,加快秸秆降解[29-30]。这些结果虽然与本研究可比性不强,但也表明,温度升高显著提升了寒温带长白山原始森林土壤的秸秆降解能力,但却显著降低了微生物多样性;与此同时,热带海南原始森林土壤在低温条件下微生物多样性未有显著降低,但其秸秆降解速率却显著降低了62.5%,这表明土壤微生物多样性-温度依赖型-秸秆降解率的相互关系极为复杂,仍需深入研究。
长白山与海南原始森林土壤经过富集培养后,变形菌门和放线菌门依然是主要类群,同时,低丰度的厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门也成为主要类群(图4A)。研究表明从土壤中分离的秸秆降解菌,大多隶于厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门[31-32]。原位土壤中相对丰度低于1.0%的类群,在富集培养后迅速成为优势属,这可能与培养条件紧密相关。例如,原始森林土壤中并不存在玉米秸秆,当其作为唯一碳源,可能限制了土壤中原有的优势微生物属,而一些数量占弱势的微生物类群可能具有较强的生理可塑性,进而快速繁殖成为优势属。在微生物属水平上,原位森林土壤与秸秆降解富集物中的微生物优势类群差异较大(图4B)。温度被认为是影响微生物生理活性的重要因素[33]。在自然环境中,环境温度随季节变化非常显著,极可能在不同地理气候条件下形成了特异的微生物分布格局[34]。本研究则提供了新的实验证据,表明不同温度培养条件下,秸秆降解富集物的微生物群落结构显著不同,即使是同一个土壤在不同温度下,也可能产生显著不同的功能微生物群落(图4)。例如,针对寒温带长白山原始森林土壤,在10 ℃条件下富集到的微生物菌属分别是假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas, 14.5%)、杜擀氏菌属(Duganella, 9.4%)、土地杆菌属(Pedobacter, 7.6%)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium, 7.1%)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia, 6.5%);然而,在35 ℃条件下则富集得到完全不同的微生物,分别为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus, 33.1%)、罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter, 18.4%)和无色杆菌属(Achromobacter, 15.7%)。热带海南原始森林土壤富集培养也得到了类似结果,在10 ℃条件下富集到的微生物菌属分别是假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas, 40.8%)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter, 25.4%)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium, 13.3%);然而,在35 ℃条件下富集得到了完全不同的微生物,分别为贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus, 27.0%)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter, 9.4%)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia, 9.1%)和纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas, 9.2%)。值得注意的是,Mishra等研究表明假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)是报道最多且最有效降解木质素能力的细菌,具有高漆酶和木质素过氧化物酶活性[35]。研究表明类芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)和纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)等能分解纤维素[36];土地杆菌(Pedobacter)和黏液杆菌(Mucilaginibacter)表现出复杂的酶系统,其中含有多种降解纤维素和半纤维素的糖活性酶[31];无色杆菌可氧化木糖,分泌氧化酶和木聚糖酶,有效降解纤维素和半纤维素[37];假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)及不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)等可将木质素代谢达50%[38];不动杆菌属表现出纤维素酶的活性,被发现可以有效分泌半纤维素酶[39];黄杆菌能分解纤维素酶和蛋白酶,并能与假单胞菌协同降解纤维素和半纤维素[40];肠杆菌属虽然已知是昆虫相关细菌,但其能够产生生物活性化合物和消化酶,达到降解木质纤维素效果[41]。此外,一些研究发现微生物配伍也可能促进秸秆降解,例如,将贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)细菌和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)细菌联合培养15 d后,漆酶活性显著增强,木质素降解率可提高5%左右[42]。这一结果表明,土壤中多种微生物种间相互作用,也可以间接影响菌株生长和群落结构动态变化[43]。不同环境中的微生物之间也可能存在功能互补现象。例如,从海水和海泥样品中筛选目标纤维素菌的同时,获得了大量的优势菌属为假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas),其生长温度为4−35 ℃,最适生长温度为25 ℃[44]。通过限制性富集培养法(30 ℃)从腐烂芦苇秸秆的根际土壤中获得木质素降解复合菌,其优势菌属是假单胞杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属和不动杆菌属等[45]。也有研究分离到一种具有良好的耐低温能力的菌,属于不动杆菌属,其最适温度为20 ℃,在10 ℃下生长良好,存活温度为4 ℃[46]。在10 ℃条件下,本研究长白山土壤中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)占优势,而海南森林土壤中不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)是优势菌;在35 ℃条件下,类芽孢杆菌属在长白山原始森林土壤中占优势。此外,我们发现在10 ℃/35 ℃交叉锻炼培养条件下,寒温带长白山原始森林土壤的特异微生物分别是寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas, 18.7%)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia, 17.5%)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter, 12.3%)和类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus, 5.7%);而热带海南原始森林土壤的特异微生物分别是肠杆菌属(Enterobacter, 24.8%)、科恩氏菌属(Cohnella, 20.5%)、噬几丁质菌属(Chitinophaga, 8.1%)和寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas, 5.0%)。这些结果表明,相距近3 860 km的原始森林土壤中,由于其年均温度差异较大,分别为25 ℃和−2 ℃,可能长期驯化形成了本地特异的秸秆降解微生物类群。然而,未来仍需开展更多研究,从分子遗传和生态进化的角度,全面解析复杂土壤中数以亿计的微生物形成和演化机制。
原始森林土壤含有丰富的微生物资源,利用富集培养结合高通量测序技术,针对背景温度差异极大的寒温带长白山原始森林和热带海南原始森林土壤,研究了低温10 ℃和高温35 ℃条件下土壤微生物群落对玉米秸秆的降解规律及相关类群组成。研究发现,长期适应寒冷气候的长白山土壤微生物在10 ℃低温条件下具有更高的秸秆降解速率和多样性,而海南土壤微生物群落在35 ℃高温条件下表现出更高的秸秆降解速率和多样性,表明土壤微生物群落组成及降解能力对环境温度的长期适应。在不同的温度条件下均可富集获得秸秆降解的温度敏感性指示微生物属,长白山原始森林土壤的特有属包括杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)、土地杆菌属(Pedobacter)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)等,而热带海南原始森林土壤则包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)等。这些结果表明土壤微生物群落尽管适应能力强,但其对长期环境适应仍可能塑造特定的微生物类群。本研究为挖掘新型高效秸秆降解菌,开展农业废弃物秸秆的资源化利用提供了一定的参考。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA28020203)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32160750)
  • 国家自然科学基金(92251305)
  • 三亚崖州湾科技城项目(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-94)
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2024年第64卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240058
  • 接收时间:2024-01-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-22
  • 录用日期:2024-04-18
基金
Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Category A)(XDA28020203)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA28020203)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160750)
国家自然科学基金(32160750)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(92251305)
国家自然科学基金(92251305)
Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-94)
三亚崖州湾科技城项目(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-94)
作者信息
    1 海南大学热带农林学院, 海南 海口 570228
    2 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室, 吉林 长春 130102
    3 中国科学院南京土壤研究所, 江苏 南京 210008
    4 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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