Article(id=1241451296788631911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704988800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1713801600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-23, onlineDate=1773914654204, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914654204, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914654204, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914654204, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2768, endPage=2783, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451299280048617, articleId=1241451296788631911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=The antimicrobial peptide BCE3 isolated from fermented Penaeus vannamei: inhibition mechanism on Bacillus cereus and application in rice, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the inhibitory effect and mechanism of a novel antimicrobial peptide (BCE3) isolated from Penaeus vannamei processing waste fermented with Bacillus subtilis against Bacillus cereus. [Methods] The small peptide sequences in the fermentation broth were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and the potential antimicrobial peptides were screened by bioinformatics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-kill curve of BCE3 against B. cereus were determined by the microdilution method and plate colony counting method. Then, the alkaline phosphatase release assay, propidium iodide (PI) staining, nucleic acid and protein leakage assays, and flow cytometry were employed to examine the effects of BCE3 on the cell wall and cell membrane of B. cereus. The effect of BCE3 on bacterial DNA was explored by the gel retardation assay, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular docking. Finally, the antimicrobial effects of BCE3 in rice were evaluated by the colony counting method. [Results] The potential antimicrobial peptide BCE3 screened out showed the MIC of 62.5 μg/mL and MBC of 125.0 μg/mL against B. cereus. The time-kill curve revealed that BCE3 reduced the bacterial count by 86.0% within 3 h (62.5 μg/mL), outperforming nisin. BCE3 caused damage to the bacterial cell wall and membrane, leading to the leakage of cell contents. Moreover, it can bind with DNA to kill the bacteria. In addition, BCE3 (125.0 μg/mL) exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of B. cereus in rice. [Conclusion] BCE3 inhibits B. cereus by altering the permeability of the cell membrane and binding to DNA, thus leading to bacterial death. These findings provide a theoretical basis for application of BCE3 in the control of B. cereus.

, correspAuthors=Ritian JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*JIN Ritian, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weihong TAO, Rong LIN, Duo LIANG, Shen YANG, Ritian JIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451304099304236, articleId=1241451296788631911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=源自发酵凡纳滨对虾的抗菌肽BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的抑菌机制及其在米饭中的应用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】利用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)发酵凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)加工废弃物,并从发酵液中鉴定出一种新型抗菌肽(命名为BCE3),探究其对蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)的抑菌作用和机制。【方法】通过超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS)对发酵液中的小分子多肽序列进行鉴定,并进一步通过生物信息学筛选潜在抗菌肽;通过微量稀释法和平板涂布法分析BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)和时间-杀伤曲线(time-kill curve);通过碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)泄漏、碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)染色分析、核酸和蛋白质泄漏实验以及流式细胞术分析BCE3对细菌细胞壁和细胞膜的影响;通过DNA凝胶阻滞实验、与EB竞争性结合的荧光光谱实验以及分子对接模拟实验探究BCE3对细菌DNA的影响;通过菌落计数法探究BCE3在米饭中的抑菌作用。【结果】利用生物信息学筛选出潜在抗菌肽BCE3,其对蜡样芽孢杆菌的MIC和MBC分别为62.5 μg/mL和125.0 μg/mL,其可在3 h内使细菌数减少86.0% (62.5 μg/mL),与乳酸链球菌素(nisin)相比具有更好的杀菌效果。BCE3破坏细菌细胞壁和细胞膜,导致细胞胞内核酸和蛋白质泄漏,并与细菌DNA结合并导致细菌死亡。另外,BCE3 (125.0 μg/mL)对米饭中蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长具有明显的抑制作用。【结论】BCE3能够改变蜡样芽孢杆菌细胞膜的通透性,同时与细菌的DNA结合导致细菌死亡。这些发现为BCE3应用于蜡样芽孢杆菌的防治提供了理论基础。

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2 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
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2 集美大学 福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
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2 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
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A: Bright field image of control. B: Fluorescence image of control. C: Merged image of control. D: Bright field image treated with BCE3. E: Fluorescence image treated with BCE3. F: Merged image treated with BCE3. The concentration of BCE3 used was 2×MIC., figureFileSmall=PieOq/fBGWtQ1FpMzx05bQ==, figureFileBig=ycuYH5xCYEYxWHlRcn+oFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065193075561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451296788631911, language=CN, label=图4, caption=BCE3处理后蜡样芽孢杆菌的荧光显微镜分析

A:对照组的明场图. B:对照组的荧光图. C:对照组的叠加图. D:BCE3处理组的明场图. E:BCE3处理组的荧光图. F:BCE3处理组的叠加图. BCE3处理浓度为2×MIC

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米饭中蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌数的变化

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源自发酵凡纳滨对虾的抗菌肽BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的抑菌机制及其在米饭中的应用
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陶玮红 1 , 林蓉 1, 2, 3 , 梁铎 1, 3 , 杨燊 1, 2, 3 , 金日天 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(8): 2768-2783
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(8): 2768-2783
源自发酵凡纳滨对虾的抗菌肽BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的抑菌机制及其在米饭中的应用
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陶玮红1, 林蓉1, 2, 3, 梁铎1, 3, 杨燊1, 2, 3, 金日天1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院, 福建 厦门 361021
  • 2 集美大学 福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
  • 3 大连工业大学 海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心, 辽宁 大连 116034
The antimicrobial peptide BCE3 isolated from fermented Penaeus vannamei: inhibition mechanism on Bacillus cereus and application in rice
Weihong TAO1, Rong LIN1, 2, 3, Duo LIANG1, 3, Shen YANG1, 2, 3, Ritian JIN1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
  • 2 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
  • 3 Collaborative Innovation Center of Key Technologies of Deep Processing of Marine Food, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240036
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【目的】利用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)发酵凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)加工废弃物,并从发酵液中鉴定出一种新型抗菌肽(命名为BCE3),探究其对蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)的抑菌作用和机制。【方法】通过超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS)对发酵液中的小分子多肽序列进行鉴定,并进一步通过生物信息学筛选潜在抗菌肽;通过微量稀释法和平板涂布法分析BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)和时间-杀伤曲线(time-kill curve);通过碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)泄漏、碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)染色分析、核酸和蛋白质泄漏实验以及流式细胞术分析BCE3对细菌细胞壁和细胞膜的影响;通过DNA凝胶阻滞实验、与EB竞争性结合的荧光光谱实验以及分子对接模拟实验探究BCE3对细菌DNA的影响;通过菌落计数法探究BCE3在米饭中的抑菌作用。【结果】利用生物信息学筛选出潜在抗菌肽BCE3,其对蜡样芽孢杆菌的MIC和MBC分别为62.5 μg/mL和125.0 μg/mL,其可在3 h内使细菌数减少86.0% (62.5 μg/mL),与乳酸链球菌素(nisin)相比具有更好的杀菌效果。BCE3破坏细菌细胞壁和细胞膜,导致细胞胞内核酸和蛋白质泄漏,并与细菌DNA结合并导致细菌死亡。另外,BCE3 (125.0 μg/mL)对米饭中蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长具有明显的抑制作用。【结论】BCE3能够改变蜡样芽孢杆菌细胞膜的通透性,同时与细菌的DNA结合导致细菌死亡。这些发现为BCE3应用于蜡样芽孢杆菌的防治提供了理论基础。

凡纳滨对虾加工废弃物  /  抗菌肽BCE3  /  蜡样芽孢杆菌  /  抑菌机制

[Objective] To study the inhibitory effect and mechanism of a novel antimicrobial peptide (BCE3) isolated from Penaeus vannamei processing waste fermented with Bacillus subtilis against Bacillus cereus. [Methods] The small peptide sequences in the fermentation broth were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and the potential antimicrobial peptides were screened by bioinformatics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-kill curve of BCE3 against B. cereus were determined by the microdilution method and plate colony counting method. Then, the alkaline phosphatase release assay, propidium iodide (PI) staining, nucleic acid and protein leakage assays, and flow cytometry were employed to examine the effects of BCE3 on the cell wall and cell membrane of B. cereus. The effect of BCE3 on bacterial DNA was explored by the gel retardation assay, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular docking. Finally, the antimicrobial effects of BCE3 in rice were evaluated by the colony counting method. [Results] The potential antimicrobial peptide BCE3 screened out showed the MIC of 62.5 μg/mL and MBC of 125.0 μg/mL against B. cereus. The time-kill curve revealed that BCE3 reduced the bacterial count by 86.0% within 3 h (62.5 μg/mL), outperforming nisin. BCE3 caused damage to the bacterial cell wall and membrane, leading to the leakage of cell contents. Moreover, it can bind with DNA to kill the bacteria. In addition, BCE3 (125.0 μg/mL) exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of B. cereus in rice. [Conclusion] BCE3 inhibits B. cereus by altering the permeability of the cell membrane and binding to DNA, thus leading to bacterial death. These findings provide a theoretical basis for application of BCE3 in the control of B. cereus.

Penaeus vannamei processing waste  /  antimicrobial peptide BCE3  /  Bacillus cereus  /  antimicrobial mechanism
陶玮红, 林蓉, 梁铎, 杨燊, 金日天. 源自发酵凡纳滨对虾的抗菌肽BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的抑菌机制及其在米饭中的应用. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2768 -2783 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240036
Weihong TAO, Rong LIN, Duo LIANG, Shen YANG, Ritian JIN. The antimicrobial peptide BCE3 isolated from fermented Penaeus vannamei: inhibition mechanism on Bacillus cereus and application in rice[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2768 -2783 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240036
蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)是一种重要的革兰氏阳性食源性病原菌,可通过产生毒素而引起呕吐或腹泻性食物中毒[1]。此外,蜡样芽孢杆菌具有强大的生存能力能够在食品生产和加工过程中存活,甚至抵御食品加工中的大多数清洁步骤,因此其广泛分布于淀粉类、肉制品、乳制品等富含碳水化合物和蛋白质的食物中[2]。其中,由于煮熟的米饭富含碳水化合物并具有接近中性pH值的特性,为蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长和毒素的产生提供了最佳环境,因此蜡样芽孢杆菌易污染米饭及其制品,引起食物中毒[3-4]。目前针对蜡样芽孢杆菌污染食物常采用的措施是添加苯甲酸、山梨酸钾和脱氢乙酸钠等化学防腐剂,但是随着消费者对食品添加剂安全需求的增加,寻找新的食品防腐剂以确保米饭及其制品的安全是非常必要的[5-6]。抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptide, AMPs)主要是一类带正电荷、具有两亲结构的小分子多肽,具有杀菌速度快、不易产生耐药性和更高的安全性等优点,被认为是传统化学防腐剂潜在的替代品[7-8]
全球对海产品的消费需求增长迅速,尤其是对虾类的消费。据2023年中国渔业统计年鉴的统计数据显示,2022年我国海水养殖中凡纳滨对虾产量达134.028万t,占虾类养殖总产量的80%左右[9]。然而,在加工食用对虾时约有50% (主要是虾头和硬壳)被作为废弃物丢弃[10]。对虾加工废弃物中富含蛋白质、虾青素以及其他多种营养物质,可用于生产高价值产品[11]。例如,Zhou等[12]研究从酶解Kuruma虾头中发现具有显著抑菌性能的抗菌肽VTVP。枯草芽孢杆菌是一种广泛存在于自然界的革兰氏阳性菌,能分泌蛋白酶降解蛋白质,常用于动物饲料和发酵工业。研究表明枯草芽孢杆菌在发酵过程中可产生不同的蛋白酶,使富含蛋白质的食品降解产生一系列的生物活性肽,其中包括抗菌肽[13]。例如,Cheng等[14]从枯草芽孢杆菌E20发酵豆粕中鉴定出能有效抑制溶藻弧菌和副溶血性弧菌的抗菌肽。
本研究通过枯草芽孢杆菌发酵凡纳滨对虾加工废弃物,鉴定了一种新型抗菌肽BCE3,发现其对蜡样芽孢杆菌表现出很强的抑菌活性。因此,对抗菌肽BCE3的抑菌机理进行了深入研究,并进一步探索其在米饭防腐中的应用。
蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)由本实验室(集美大学福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室)前期从凡纳滨对虾中分离、鉴定后保藏;枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168由本实验室提供;实验前,所有细菌均在营养肉汤培养基或LB培养基中37 ℃培养至对数期;多肽BCE3由北京中科亚光生物科技有限公司合成。
营养肉汤(nutrient broth, NB)培养基、LB培养基和琼脂粉均购自厦门兰博利德生物技术有限公司;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;核酸染料、10×DNA上样缓冲液、碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)、溴化乙锭(ethidium bromide, EB)和Annexin V-异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC)/PI凋亡试剂盒均购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;碱性磷酸酶检测试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所有限公司;大米和凡纳滨对虾加工废弃物购自厦门市嘉农农贸市场。
超滤膜,密理博仪器(上海)有限公司;超高效液相色谱仪,沃特世科技(上海)有限公司;质谱仪、多功能酶标仪和超微量分光光度计,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;流式细胞仪,贝克曼库尔特商贸(中国)有限公司;凝胶成像系统,莫纳(苏州)生物科技有限公司;模态智能显微成像系统,上海徕卡仪器有限公司。
将凡纳滨对虾加工废弃物用无菌水冲洗3遍,并按料液比1:3 (质量比)加入无菌蒸馏水,于无菌条件下研磨成匀浆,置于250 mL锥形瓶中作为发酵培养基。然后,接入1×108 CFU/mL的枯草芽孢杆菌,接种量4%,37 ℃、160 r/min发酵3 d。发酵结束后,取发酵液于3 000 r/min离心5 min进行固液分离并收集上清液,并用截留分子量为3 000 Da的超滤管对发酵上清液进行超滤处理,收集分子量为3 000 Da以下的部分。利用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS)技术对发酵液中的多肽序列进行鉴定[15]。最后使用蛋白组学搜库软件(MaxQuant v1.6.5.0)搜UniProt Penaeus vannamei蛋白库,对比得到虾肽段序列。
利用在线软件APD3 (https://aps.unmc.edu/)计算多肽的电荷数和疏水性,并筛选出电荷数从+2−+9,疏水性从30%−55%的肽段[16]。多肽采用固相法合成,Agela C18柱纯化后,利用液相色谱-质谱联用仪(LC-MS)测定合成肽的纯度[17]
为了探究BCE3的抑菌活性,测定蜡样芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)[18]。将生长对数期的菌液(OD600至0.8)用无菌NB培养基稀释至1×105−1×106 CFU/mL,在96孔板中将100 μL稀释后的菌液与100 μL不同浓度的多肽混合均匀,每个梯度做3个平行,37 ℃混合孵育16 h。MIC定义为抑制细菌可见生长的最低多肽浓度。为了测定MBC,从每个孔中取出20 μL菌悬液涂布于平板上。MBC定义为平板在37 ℃孵育24 h后,无细菌菌落生长的最低多肽浓度。设置等量磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS) (0.01 mol/L,pH 7.2;下同)与菌液混合作为阴性对照组,等量乳酸链球菌素(nisin) (250 μg/mL)与菌液混合作为阳性对照组,实验重复3次取平均值。
将对数期的蜡样芽孢杆菌(OD600为0.8)用无菌PBS稀释至1×105−1×106 CFU/mL。将肽BCE3与菌液等体积混合至最终浓度为1×MIC、2×MIC、4×MIC,于37 ℃恒温生化培养箱孵育3 h。在不同的时间点(即0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0 h),分别取20 μL混合液,于平板上均匀涂布,并在37 ℃生化培养箱中培养24 h后进行菌落计数。设置等量PBS与菌液混合作为阴性对照组,等量nisin (250 μg/mL)与菌液混合作为阳性对照组,实验重复3次取平均值。
为了评价细胞壁的完整性,进行了细菌上清液中碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)活力的测定[19]。将培养至对数期的细菌菌液(OD600为0.8)经10 000 r/min离心1 min,用无菌PBS清洗3次,调节菌液浓度为1×108 CFU/mL,与BCE3等体积混合均匀至终浓度分别为1×MIC、2×MIC、4×MIC,置于37 ℃、160 r/min孵育3 h。以等量PBS作为阴性对照,同时设置了等量nisin (250 μg/mL)作为阳性对照。孵育结束后在3 500 r/min条件下离心10 min,获得上清液。根据碱性磷酸酶检测试剂盒说明书测定上清液中AKP活力。
采用PI染色分析BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌细胞膜通透性的影响[20]。将对数生长期的菌液经离心、重悬并调节浓度至1×105−1×106 CFU/mL,加入等体积BCE3至终浓度为1×MIC、2×MIC、4×MIC,于37 ℃孵育3 h,以PBS和nisin (250 μg/mL)分别作为阴性对照和阳性对照。孵育结束后取出100 μL混合液离心弃上清,加入等量PI (终浓度30 μmol/L)染料,混匀后避光孵育15 min。孵育结束后,用无菌PBS清洗并重悬至100 μL,使用多功能酶标仪测定样品在激发波长535 nm及发射波长570–750 nm处的荧光光谱。
参考Li等[21]的方法并进行了修改。将培养至对数期的菌液(OD600为0.8)稀释到1×105−1×106 CFU/mL,加入等体积的BCE3至终浓度为2×MIC,于37 ℃孵育3 h,以等量PBS作为对照组。孵育结束后取100 μL混合液加入等量PI (终浓度30 μmol/L)染料,25 ℃涡旋混匀,避光孵育15 min。待染色完成后洗涤并重悬于无菌PBS中以除去过量的染料,制片后使用荧光显微镜,选择PI通道捕获图像。
通过测定细菌胞内核酸和蛋白质的泄漏情况判断细胞膜的完整性[22]。将浓度为1×108 CFU/mL的菌液与肽BCE3等体积混合至终浓度为1×MIC、2×MIC、4×MIC,等量PBS和nisin (250 μg/mL)分别作为阴性对照和阳性对照,于37 ℃恒温孵育,分别在0、1、2、3 h取样,10 000 r/min离心2 min,使用多功能酶标仪测定上清液的OD260OD280
按照Ravichandiran等[23]的方法稍作修改,使用Annexin V-FITC/PI细胞凋亡检测试剂盒探究BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的影响。将培养至对数期的细菌菌液(OD600为0.8)浓度调节至1×105−1×106 CFU/mL,加入等体积的BCE3至终浓度为1×MIC、2×MIC,于37 ℃孵育,分别处理1、2、3 h,用等量PBS和菌液混合作为对照组。接下来,按照细胞凋亡检测试剂盒说明书进行处理,并使用配备有CytExpert软件(version 2.4.0.28)的流式细胞仪分析。
菌体DNA的提取:将蜡样芽孢杆菌接种于50 mL NB培养基中,在37 ℃、160 r/min条件下培养12 h后,10 000 r/min离心1 min收集菌体。按照细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒说明书的步骤提取细菌基因组DNA。使用超微量分光光度计测定所提DNA的质量浓度和纯度(1.7≤OD260/OD280≤1.9)。
参考Yang等[24]的方法并稍作修改,采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术研究BCE3与菌体DNA在体外的相互作用。在微量离心管中分别加入BCE3与蜡样芽孢杆菌基因组DNA,等体积混合,使其质量比分别为0、10:1、10:2、10:4、10:6、10:8、10:10,混匀后置于37 ℃下孵育90 min。随后对各个处理组的DNA溶液进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,取8 μL DNA溶液与1 μL的10×DNA上样缓冲液吹打混匀后,在质量分数为1%的琼脂糖凝胶上进行电泳(电压110 V)分离。电泳结束后,将电泳胶置于凝胶成像仪中,在紫外灯下曝光20 s成像来检测DNA的迁移情况。
参考杨昆等[25]所述的方法略作修改,采用BCE3与EB竞争性结合DNA的荧光光谱实验进一步分析BCE3与菌体DNA的相互作用。菌体DNA的提取方法与1.9.1相同。在96孔板中加入5 μL稀释后的DNA溶液(50 μg/mL)和10 μL EB溶液(100 μg/mL),混匀后于37 ℃避光孵育10 min,使EB和DNA结合形成EB-DNA复合物。接着加入BCE3至终浓度分别为1×MIC、2×MIC、4×MIC,用等体积无菌去离子水替代BCE3作为对照组,混匀后于37 ℃避光孵育30 min。利用多功能酶标仪测定样品在激发波长535 nm及发射波长570–750 nm处的荧光光谱。
BCE3与DNA的分子对接通过AutoDock Vina进行。蜡样芽孢杆菌DNA从PDB (ID: 3U3W)下载,去除配体、水分子、加氢,并设为受体分子[26]。用ChemDraw 21.0.0软件预测肽段的二维(2D)结构,然后通过Chem3D 21.0.0能量最小化生成其三维(3D)结构,并添加极性氢原子,设置为配体分子。通过AutoDock Vina软件将配体分子对接到设置的受体分子中,对接结果使用PyMOL 2.5可视化。
将培养至对数期的蜡样芽孢杆菌(OD600为0.8)用PBS洗涤并重悬至浓度为1×104 CFU/mL,然后取1 mL稀释后的菌液接种在准备好的无菌米饭(30 g/每份)中,分别加入等体积的BCE3至终浓度为2×MIC、4×MIC,对照组用无菌PBS替换,样品于25 ℃放置8 h。每隔2 h称取5 g样品,加入45 mL无菌生理盐水进行均质处理并进行10倍梯度稀释,选取3个合适的稀释度,每个稀释度设3个平行,最后倾注平板计数琼脂培养基并混合均匀。待琼脂凝固后,培养皿倒置并于37 ℃恒温培养48 h,以便菌落生长及后续的计数分析。
采用GraphPad Prism软件(8.0.2)对数据进行分析并绘图,以P < 0.05为差异显著。
通过对凡纳滨对虾加工废弃物的发酵液进行质谱鉴定,共得到393个多肽。所鉴定的多肽分子量范围在772–2 881 Da,电荷数为−6−+2.5,疏水性分布于10%–73%。其中一条多肽序列GSFRYAWVLDKLK (命名为BCE3)的分子量为1 582.87 Da,其净电荷为+2,疏水性为45%,符合抗菌肽的典型特征,因此对其抑菌活性进行进一步研究。
MIC和MBC是用来评估抗菌肽对细菌的抑制和杀死效果的常见指标。肽BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的MIC和MBC分别为62.5 μg/mL和125.0 μg/mL,而nisin对蜡样芽孢杆菌的MIC和MBC分别为250 μg/mL和500 μg/mL。结果表明BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌具有较好的抑菌效果,其抑制效果强于nisin。
通过时间-杀伤曲线进一步确证BCE3的抑菌效果,结果如图1所示。与阴性对照组相比,经BCE3处理后的蜡样芽孢杆菌的数量迅速减少。经1×MIC的BCE3处理蜡样芽孢杆菌1 h后,细菌数量减少了约43.5%;3 h后,细菌数量减少了86.0%;经2×MIC的BCE3处理3 h后,细菌全部被杀死。然而,当浓度为250 μg/mL(1×MIC)的nisin处理细菌3 h后,其杀菌率为68.0%。结果表明BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的抑制作用呈浓度和时间依赖性,其杀菌速度和杀菌效果强于nisin。
AKP是一种位于细胞壁和细胞膜之间的胞内酶,在细胞正常状态下被严格地限制在细胞内;当细胞壁受损时,AKP则会泄漏到细胞外的环境中[27]。因此,可通过检测AKP的活力判断肽BCE3对细胞壁的破坏情况。如图2所示,与阴性对照组相比,1×MIC、2×MIC和4×MIC处理组的AKP活力分别约为阴性对照组的1.6、2.5和3.6倍。这一结果表明BCE3可能作用于细胞壁,诱导细胞壁损伤并导致胞内的AKP泄漏。
研究表明,PI是一种仅能通过受损细胞膜与核酸结合而发出强烈荧光的核酸染料,因此PI荧光信号强弱能够反应细胞膜的破坏程度[28]。如图3所示,与对照组相比,不同浓度的BCE3作用于细菌3 h后,其荧光强度随BCE3浓度的增加而增加;而阳性对照组的荧光强度高于BCE3 (1×MIC和2×MIC)处理组,表明nisin (250 μg/mL)对细菌细胞膜有更强的破坏作用。利用PI作为荧光探针,在荧光显微镜下进一步观察细胞膜的损坏情况。由图4可知,对照组在显微镜下仅有少量微弱的红色荧光,推测其为细菌细胞的正常死亡所导致的;经2×MIC的BCE3处理后的大部分细菌细胞发出强烈红色荧光。结果表明肽BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌细胞膜的完整性具有破坏作用,是对PI荧光强度的数值结果的证明。
通过检测细菌上清液在260 nm和280 nm处吸光度的变化,进一步探究BCE3对细胞膜完整性的影响。如图5所示,阴性对照组的OD260值和OD280值随着时间的增加无明显变化;BCE3处理组(1×MIC、2×MIC和4×MIC)的核酸、蛋白质泄漏量比空白组增加,呈时间依赖性。研究表明BCE3能破坏细胞膜的完整性,导致胞内的核酸和蛋白质泄漏,同时也进一步地证实了上述实验的结论。
当细菌细胞受到损伤时,位于细胞膜内侧的磷脂酰丝氨酸(phosphatidylserine, PS)会从膜内翻转到膜外,PS外翻可以通过Annexin V进行检测[29]。因此使用带有FITC标记的Annexin V和PI进行双重染色,对不同浓度BCE3处理的蜡样芽孢杆菌进行流式细胞仪分析(图6)。当浓度为1×MIC和2×MIC的肽BCE3作用于蜡样芽孢杆菌1 h后,细菌活细胞比例分别降至81.66%、75.92%;孵育3 h后,1×MIC和2×MIC的活细胞率降至38.62%、16.94%。因此,根据以上实验结果表明肽BCE3损坏蜡样芽孢杆菌细胞膜,并导致细菌死亡,其抑菌效果具有时间-浓度依赖性。
通过DNA凝胶阻滞实验探究肽BCE3与蜡样芽孢杆菌基因组DNA在体外的相互作用。如图7A所示,经过不同质量比的肽(0、10:1、10:2、10:4、10:6、10:8、10:10) BCE3处理后的条带随着肽BCE3浓度的增加,部分被阻滞在孔洞中,部分仍能迁移到凝胶中;当BCE3与DNA质量比为10:4时,电泳条带完全被阻滞在孔洞中;当BCE3与DNA质量比为10:1时,孔洞中的亮度变暗。然而,从图7B可以看出,随着nisin浓度增加(条带8−条带2),蜡样芽孢杆菌基因组DNA仍能迁移到凝胶中,且条带亮度无明显变化。
EB作为一种高灵敏、高选择性的DNA荧光探针,与具有类似效应的其他分子同时存在时,会与DNA形成竞争性结合,从而改变EB-DNA复合体系的荧光强度[30]。因此,利用肽BCE3与EB竞争性结合DNA的荧光光谱进一步探究BCE3与蜡样芽孢杆菌基因组DNA的相互作用。如图8所示,对照组中的相对荧光强度最高,随着EB-DNA复合体系中BCE3浓度升高,相对荧光强度明显降低。
通过分子对接法模拟肽BCE3与蜡样芽孢杆菌DNA的相互作用,对接结果如图9所示。对接结合自由能为−5.3 kcal/mol,表明这个对接结构是稳定的。从对接模型可以看出,肽BCE3嵌插到DNA双螺旋链上的碱基对中,在结合过程中通过氢键分别与A6、A17、T16、G5相互作用。根据以上实验结果,推测肽BCE3可能以嵌插碱基对的方式作用于菌体DNA,从而影响细菌正常的生理功能,导致菌体死亡。
通过测定米饭中的菌落总数评估BCE3在被蜡状芽孢杆菌污染的米饭中的抑菌效果。如图10所示,对照组中蜡样芽孢杆菌的菌落总数在8 h内升至4.8 lg (CFU/g)。经2×MIC的BCE3处理后,菌落总数减少了约1.3 lg (CFU/g);相同时间内经4×MIC的BCE3处理后则减少了约1.5 lg (CFU/g)。上述结果表明,BCE3处理可有效抑制米饭中蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长,降低食品安全风险。
抗菌肽具有各种物理化学特征,包括净电荷和疏水性等,这些特征在其发挥抑菌活性方面起着关键作用[31]。一般来说,抗菌肽的净正电荷为+2–+9,可以与细胞膜上带负电荷的脂多糖和少部分阴离子脂质或细胞壁中带负电荷的磷壁酸通过静电作用相结合,干扰细胞膜或细胞壁,这可能是其抑菌活性的主要机制[32]。此外,抗菌肽的疏水性氨基酸残基的占比一般为30%–55%,这同样利于抗菌肽干扰细胞膜,改变细胞膜通透性,使细胞内容物泄漏或允许抗菌肽进入细胞内与DNA结合,从而导致细菌死亡[33]。因此,通过生物信息学分析,筛选得到一条具有潜在抑菌活性的多肽BCE3 (GSFRYAWVLDKLK)。
BCE3是一条源自延伸因子1α (elongation factor 1 alpha, EF1α)蛋白的肽段。EF1α是一种重要的多功能蛋白,在不同的物种中它的基因及表达调控具有高度保守性[34]。EF1α除了参与多肽链的延伸外,还参与细胞凋亡、免疫防御、应激保护等过程[35]。研究表明EF1α在虾头的肝胰腺组织和鳃组织中高度表达,当虾受到胁迫时,EF1α蛋白水平上调以保护或修复细胞[36]。此外,BCE3的组成氨基酸中含有带正电荷的精氨酸(R)残基和赖氨酸(K)残基,它们的存在可以提高肽的抑菌活性:精氨酸和赖氨酸因带正电荷可与细胞膜上带负电荷的分子产生静电相互作用,精氨酸的胍基能与细胞膜表面的磷脂分子形成双氢键,增强肽段BCE3与细胞膜的结合能力[37]。疏水性氨基酸残基(即苯丙氨酸F、丙氨酸A、缬氨酸V、亮氨酸L)有助于肽BCE3插入细胞膜的磷脂双分子层,甚至穿过细胞膜,从而发挥抑菌活性[8]
Nisin是一种从乳酸链球菌发酵产物中提取的由34个氨基酸组成的带正电荷的多肽类物质,分子量约3.5 kDa,对革兰氏阳性菌具有较强的抑菌效果,已广泛应用于食品防腐保鲜[38]。在本研究中,抑菌实验结果发现源自发酵凡纳滨对虾加工废弃物的肽BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌的MIC为62.5 μg/mL,抑菌效果强于nisin (MIC=250 μg/mL)。这可能是因为革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁含40–80 nm厚的多孔网眼,推测分子量小的抗菌肽相对容易通过,BCE3的分子量仅为1 582.87 Da,远小于nisin的分子量,因此BCE3更容易穿过细胞壁,进而与细胞膜发挥作用[39]。细胞壁对于革兰氏阳性菌在自然环境中的生存起着关键作用,因此细胞壁完整性是细胞存活的必要条件[40]。本研究利用上清液中AKP活力作为探究细胞壁完整性的指标,结果显示经BCE3处理后胞外的AKP活力呈明显上升趋势。这一结果表明BCE3可能先作用于细胞壁,诱导细胞壁损伤导致AKP泄漏。
细胞膜对维持细胞渗透压、控制物质交换、信号传导和能量生成等生化过程有重要作用,其受损后会导致胞内物质外泄或胞外物质进入胞内,对细胞正常生理功能产生严重影响并诱导细胞死亡[41]。当细菌细胞壁被破坏时,细胞膜会进一步受损。因此,通过PI染色分析,核酸蛋白质泄漏以及流式细胞术等实验分析发现,随着BCE3作用时间和浓度的增加,蜡样芽孢杆菌的细胞膜受到损伤,细胞膜通透性增大,导致胞内大分子物质泄漏,造成细菌死亡。类似地,Zhao等[42]研究发现甘氨酸碱性肽严重破坏大肠杆菌细胞壁和细胞膜的完整性,导致细胞内容物外流,释放出AKP、还原糖等,从而对大肠杆菌表现出较强的抑菌效果。在比较nisin和BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌细胞壁和细胞膜的作用效果时,浓度为1×MIC的nisin对细胞壁和细胞膜的破坏作用更强。然而,BCE3的抑菌浓度更低,推测是与BCE3不止一个作用靶点有关。
研究表明,一些抗菌肽除了破坏细菌细胞膜,还可以穿过细胞膜结合基因组DNA导致细菌快速死亡[43]。DNA是最重要的遗传物质之一,抗菌肽能够通过与DNA结合,造成DNA损伤,进而影响基因的表达,阻碍酶及受体蛋白的合成,引起细菌死亡[44]。通过DNA凝胶阻滞实验、与EB竞争性结合DNA实验以及分子对接模拟实验探究肽BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌DNA的作用。在DNA凝胶阻滞实验中,随着BCE3浓度增加,滞留在孔洞中的DNA条带亮度逐渐变暗。说明肽BCE3在低浓度时能与DNA部分结合,影响菌体DNA的正常迁移率,因此条带部分未迁移到凝胶中;同时由于肽BCE3在高浓度时完全竞争了核酸染料与DNA的结合位点,造成孔洞中DNA条带变暗[45]。然而,随着nisin浓度增加,蜡样芽孢杆菌基因组DNA仍能迁移到凝胶中,并且条带亮度无明显变化,这可能是nisin的抑菌活性弱于BCE3的原因。通过BCE3与EB竞争性结合DNA的荧光光谱实验,进一步探究BCE3与细菌DNA的相互作用。结果表明,与对照组相比,BCE3处理组的相对荧光强度明显降低,随着BCE3的浓度增加,EB-DNA的相对荧光强度下降趋势越明显,这可能与EB被BCE3竞争性取代有关。BCE3与EB相比有更强的结合力,能够通过嵌入碱基对的形式取代EB,并使得EB-DNA复合物的荧光强度降低[46]。此外,结合分子对接模拟结果可知,BCE3可嵌入DNA的碱基对中并形成6个氢键,氢键能增加分子间的接触面积,提高分子间的相互作用能,从而使分子结合更紧密;同时带正电荷的抗菌肽BCE3与带负电荷的DNA磷酸骨架可以通过静电引力相结合,因此BCE3对蜡样芽孢杆菌DNA具有较强的结合作用力。类似地,抗菌肽TroHepc2-22改变细菌细胞膜通透性,穿透细胞膜进入细胞后与基因组DNA相互作用,导致细菌死亡[47]。由此可知,BCE3的作用机制涉及多个靶点共同作用[48]。BCE3除了膜损伤机制,还能通过嵌入DNA碱基对的方式与DNA结合,影响DNA正常复制,进而起到抑菌效果,其抑菌效果优于nisin。
本研究从枯草芽孢杆菌发酵对虾加工废弃物的发酵液中鉴定出一种名为BCE3的肽,序列为GSFRYAWVLDKLK,研究显示其对蜡样芽孢杆菌表现出较强的抑菌效果,MIC为62.5 μg/mL,在3 h内可杀死86.0%细菌,抑菌效果优于nisin (MIC=250 μg/mL)。BCE3首先以细胞壁和细胞膜为目标靶点,改变细胞膜的通透性,使细胞内容物外泄,对细胞正常生理功能产生严重影响;其可穿过细胞膜,通过氢键与DNA碱基对结合,从而干扰细菌的基因功能,使细菌死亡。另外,BCE3对米饭中蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长具有较好的抑制作用。这些结果表明BCE3在食品防腐、生物防治领域显示出良好的应用潜力。
  • 福建省自然科学基金(2023J01771)
  • 福建省高校产学合作项目(2023N5008)
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2024年第64卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240036
  • 接收时间:2024-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-12
  • 录用日期:2024-04-23
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J01771)
福建省自然科学基金(2023J01771)
Industry-University Cooperation Project of Fujian Province(2023N5008)
福建省高校产学合作项目(2023N5008)
作者信息
    1 集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院, 福建 厦门 361021
    2 集美大学 福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
    3 大连工业大学 海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心, 辽宁 大连 116034

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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