Article(id=1241451295681335632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706198400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1713369600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-18, onlineDate=1773914653940, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1713888000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914653940, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914653940, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914653940, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2967, endPage=2985, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451296063017312, articleId=1241451295681335632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Antibacterial activity and characterization of extracellular products of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the physicochemical properties and active components of extracellular antibacterial substances from Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii Bspi2104. [Methods] The Oxford cup method was employed to determine the antibacterial activities and physicochemical properties of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii Bspi2104 with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii BspiL6 without antibacterial activity. Metabolomics was employed to detect the antibacterial components of the extracellular products of the strain Bspi2104. [Results] The treatment with trypsin, papain, protease K, pepsin, and lipase had no significant effect on the antibacterial activity of extracellular products. Extracellular products lost the antibacterial activity after treatment at 80 ℃ and 100 ℃ and presented decreased antibacterial activity at pH 9.0 and pH 11.0, especially at higher pH values. There was no significant difference in the antibacterial activity between the extracellular products treated with and without UV (P>0.05). The ammonium sulfate precipitates at 60%, 70%, and 80% saturation exerted antibacterial activities, which was the strongest at the saturation of 70%. The extracellular products of the two strains were extracted by hydrochloric acid precipitation, combined with methanol extraction, ethyl acetate extraction, and chloroform extraction, and all the extracts showed antibacterial activities. The ethyl acetate extract had the strongest antibacterial activity. LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze the composition of extracellular products of Bspi2104 and BspiL6 extracted with different methods. There were 35 common differential metabolites in the extracellular products of the two strains extracted with different methods. The differential metabolites belonged to 37 categories of compounds, including carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty acids, organic oxygen-containing compounds, organic nitrogen-containing compounds, steroids and derivatives, pregnenolone lipids, phenols, alkaloids and derivatives, glycerol phosphates, isoflavonoids, and benzene and substituted derivatives. Some of these compounds, such as kurarinone, and surfactin B, had antibacterial activities. [Conclusion] The extracellular products of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii Bspi2104 had good physicochemical stability and maintained high antibacterial activity after treatment with various proteases and lipases, and at −20 ℃ to 60 ℃, pH 1.0–11.0, and UV irradiation for 3 h. The ammonium sulfate precipitates and the extracts from hydrochloric acid precipitation combined with methanol extraction, ethyl acetate extraction, and chloroform extraction of the extracellular products of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii Bspi2104 had antibacterial activities. Among them, the 70% ammonium sulfate precipitate and ethyl acetate extract had the best antibacterial effects. The extracellular products of the strain contained diverse categories of antibacterial compounds. The findings provide theoretical reference for the discovery and screening of antibacterial components of Bacillus, and the related metabolites have research prospects.

, correspAuthors=Yongxiang YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*YU Yongxiang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ni LIU, Yingeng WANG, Yongxiang YU, Zheng ZHANG, Chunyuan WANG, Xiaojun RONG, Meijie LIAO, Bin LI, Jianlong GE, Minghai PANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451300227961401, articleId=1241451295681335632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种胞外产物的抑菌活性及其特性分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】研究枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii) Bspi2104胞外抑菌物质的理化特性及抗菌活性组分。【方法】选取具有广谱抗菌活性的枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104菌株和无抗菌作用的枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种BspiL6菌株,结合牛津杯法和代谢组学检测技术对菌株胞外产物的抑菌活性和理化特性及其抗菌活性组分进行研究。【结果】胞外产物理化稳定性试验表明,胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶处理对胞外产物的抑菌活性无显著影响;胞外产物经80 ℃和100 ℃处理后丧失抑菌活性;pH 9.0和pH 11.0条件下胞外产物的抑菌活性下降,pH值越大抑菌活性越弱;经过紫外处理的胞外产物与未经紫外处理的胞外产物抑菌活性无明显差异(P>0.05)。60%、70%和80%饱和度下的硫酸铵沉淀产物具有抑菌活性,硫酸铵饱和度为70%时抑菌活性最强;菌株胞外产物进行盐酸沉淀后,分别通过甲醇抽提提取、乙酸乙酯萃取提取和氯仿萃取提取后的产物均有抑菌活性,其中菌株Bspi2104的乙酸乙酯萃取提取产物抑菌效果最好。通过LC-MS/MS检测技术对菌株Bspi2104和BspiL6不同提取方式下枯草芽孢杆菌胞外产物组分进行分析,差异代谢物筛选表明,两株菌的不同提取方式产物中共有的差异代谢物有35种;差异代谢产物主要分属于羧酸及其衍生物、脂肪酸类、有机含氧化合物、有机含氮化合物、甾体及其衍生物、孕烯醇酮脂类、酚类、生物碱及其衍生物、甘油磷脂类、异黄酮类、苯及其取代衍生物等37类物质,包括苦参素、表面活性素B等多种抑菌物质。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104胞外产物的理化稳定性较好,在多种蛋白酶和脂肪酶、pH 1.0−11.0、−20−60 ℃和紫外照射3 h处理下仍然具备较高的抑菌活性。枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104胞外产物的硫酸铵沉淀、盐酸沉淀甲醇抽提、乙酸乙酯萃取和氯仿萃取提取物均有抑菌活性,其中70%硫酸铵沉淀提取物和乙酸乙酯萃取提取物抑菌效果最好,菌株具有多种类型的抑菌活性物质。相关研究结果为芽孢杆菌抑菌活性组分的发现和筛选提供了理论参考,相关代谢产物具有一定的研究前景。

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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, companyId=1242193060453516181, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266071)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242193066069688703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Antibacterial effect of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 ECP under different enzymes. Each test was repeated three times in parallel, and the data was expressed as "mean±SD"., figureFileSmall=KRJUJ016XjJ1FVbC4V8qmg==, figureFileBig=mRN/DY09GHPHE2tDXBy1cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066187129220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同酶处理下Bspi2104菌株ECP的抑菌效果, figureFileSmall=KRJUJ016XjJ1FVbC4V8qmg==, figureFileBig=mRN/DY09GHPHE2tDXBy1cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066350707093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Antibacterial effect of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 ECP under different temperatures. Each test was repeated three times in parallel, and the data was expressed as "mean±SD"., figureFileSmall=BEGgLzV50facnsaIGTSTCw==, figureFileBig=K0VSBg2keeZdVuDwSctioQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066484924833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同温度处理后Bspi2104菌株ECP的抑菌效果, figureFileSmall=BEGgLzV50facnsaIGTSTCw==, figureFileBig=K0VSBg2keeZdVuDwSctioQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066627531181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Antibacterial effect of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 ECP under different pH treatments. Each test was repeated three times in parallel, and the data was expressed as "mean±SD"., figureFileSmall=ac61UwutygKGBiHfAcQZ9g==, figureFileBig=70Fax9pj4ial6sGChPAykw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066744971703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同pH处理下Bspi2104菌株ECP的抑菌效果, figureFileSmall=ac61UwutygKGBiHfAcQZ9g==, figureFileBig=70Fax9pj4ial6sGChPAykw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066858217919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Antibacterial effect of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 ECP under different UV times. Each test was repeated three times in parallel, and the data was expressed as "mean±SD"., figureFileSmall=6GMoWjEuLeygEIj0QhHF/A==, figureFileBig=HHWPPQyIcpMLM73Aj9p4tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066975658442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同紫外时间下Bspi2104菌株ECP的抑菌效果, figureFileSmall=6GMoWjEuLeygEIj0QhHF/A==, figureFileBig=HHWPPQyIcpMLM73Aj9p4tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067101487572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Antibacterial effect of ammonium sulfate gradient precipitation of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 ECP. Each test was repeated three times in parallel, and the data was expressed as "mean±SD"., figureFileSmall=lMrrr6atMLHI53Sxb9RgrQ==, figureFileBig=4A+H6UL53nuaHW0WIFrAig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067214733785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=图5, caption=硫酸铵梯度沉淀Bspi2104菌株ECP的抑菌效果, figureFileSmall=lMrrr6atMLHI53Sxb9RgrQ==, figureFileBig=4A+H6UL53nuaHW0WIFrAig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067323785697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Principal component analysis score of different extracts from Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 and BspiL6., figureFileSmall=q4dkXBgeUbbsvvGx7RAyGw==, figureFileBig=0zBoPsMW6QlIuPjyD94Vzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067403477477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Bspi2104和BspiL6菌株不同提取产物的主成分分析图, figureFileSmall=q4dkXBgeUbbsvvGx7RAyGw==, figureFileBig=0zBoPsMW6QlIuPjyD94Vzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067533500908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Volcano plot of differential metabolites of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 and BspiL6. A: Differential metabolites of 70% ammonium sulfate precipitated extracts. B: Differential metabolites of acid precipitation extracts. C: Differential metabolites of ethyl acetate extracted extracts. D: Differential metabolites of chloroform extracted extracts., figureFileSmall=upEFKPNPKhm5FWRbmmBUvQ==, figureFileBig=jVpGQbQoX3rM5VqD0mtz+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067659330035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=图7, caption=BspiL6菌株和Bspi2104菌株差异代谢物火山图, figureFileSmall=upEFKPNPKhm5FWRbmmBUvQ==, figureFileBig=jVpGQbQoX3rM5VqD0mtz+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193067755799032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=KEGG classification of differential metabolites of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 and BspiL6. 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B: Differential metabolites of acid precipitation extracts. C: Differential metabolites of ethyl acetate extracted extracts. D: Differential metabolites of chloroform extracted extracts., figureFileSmall=zz8EEIzWqq6aZSzy1YcQnA==, figureFileBig=XYJfFOcMGMcKOCAryLuLZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068108120588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=图9, caption=HMDB化合物分类统计图, figureFileSmall=zz8EEIzWqq6aZSzy1YcQnA==, figureFileBig=XYJfFOcMGMcKOCAryLuLZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068192006675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=KEGG topology analysis bubble plot of differential metabolites of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 and BspiL6. A: Differential metabolites of 70% ammonium sulfate precipitated extracts. B: Differential metabolites of acid precipitation extracts. C: Differential metabolites of ethyl acetate extracted extracts. D: Differential metabolites of chloroform extracted extracts., figureFileSmall=xeHfLkz/SchP0FUWnI715Q==, figureFileBig=mFHoeimDg6kX880ctL31dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068288475674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=图10, caption=KEGG拓扑学分析气泡图, figureFileSmall=xeHfLkz/SchP0FUWnI715Q==, figureFileBig=mFHoeimDg6kX880ctL31dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193068372361760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Antibacterial activity of ECP from Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain Bspi2104 and BspiL6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathogenic bacteriaAntibacterial circle diameter (mm)
Bspi2104BspiL6
V. campbellii24.3±0.20
V. harveyi22.8±0.10
P. damselae27.5±0.20
V. parahaemolyticus18.5±0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1242193068481413670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Bspi2104和BspiL6菌株ECP的抑菌活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathogenic bacteriaAntibacterial circle diameter (mm)
Bspi2104BspiL6
V. campbellii24.3±0.20
V. harveyi22.8±0.10
P. damselae27.5±0.20
V. parahaemolyticus18.5±0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1242193068598854188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The diameter of antibacterial circles of extracts from different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainExtractV. campbelliiV. harveyiP. damselaeV. parahaemolyticus
Bspi2104 (mm)ECP24.3±0.222.8±0.127.5±0.218.5±0.2
70% ammonium sulfate precipitation14.6±0.216.7±0.216.7±0.116.1±0.1
Acid precipitation16.1±0.113.5±0.113.5±0.212.6±0.2
Ethyl acetate extraction17.2±0.115.6±0.217.0±0.215.2±0.2
Chloroform extraction16.7±0.216.6±0.215.6±0.214.6±0.2
BspiL6 (mm)ECP0000
70% ammonium sulfate precipitation0000
Acid precipitation0000
Ethyl acetate extraction0000
Chloroform extraction0000
), ArticleFig(id=1242193068707906095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同方式提取物的抑菌圈直径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainExtractV. campbelliiV. harveyiP. damselaeV. parahaemolyticus
Bspi2104 (mm)ECP24.3±0.222.8±0.127.5±0.218.5±0.2
70% ammonium sulfate precipitation14.6±0.216.7±0.216.7±0.116.1±0.1
Acid precipitation16.1±0.113.5±0.113.5±0.212.6±0.2
Ethyl acetate extraction17.2±0.115.6±0.217.0±0.215.2±0.2
Chloroform extraction16.7±0.216.6±0.215.6±0.214.6±0.2
BspiL6 (mm)ECP0000
70% ammonium sulfate precipitation0000
Acid precipitation0000
Ethyl acetate extraction0000
Chloroform extraction0000
), ArticleFig(id=1242193068829540918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Common differential metabolites

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MetaboliteRetention time (min)VIPFCP-value
Fenpyroximate5.911.900.69<0.01
1-hydroxytrimazosin5.911.870.75<0.01
Cyclolinopeptide A6.441.630.77<0.01
PS (DiMe(13,5)/DiMe (13,5))6.442.320.55<0.01
Taraxacoside5.341.490.71<0.01
Acetophenone, 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxy-2-(2-piperidyl)-5.531.770.76<0.01
Mascaroside5.712.170.47<0.05
(S)-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-(S)-piperidin-2-yl-acetic acid methyl ester hydrochloride5.872.620.46<0.01
Fursultiamine5.532.410.50<0.01
N-palmitoyl serine6.531.630.74<0.01
Kurarinone5.932.000.74<0.01
Ketotrexate6.051.050.89<0.01
L-alanine, 3-(((3-(4-(aminoiminomethyl) phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazolyl)acetyl)amino)-N-(butoxycarbonyl)-, (R)-5.902.280.63<0.01
Histidylglycine5.742.890.54<0.01
Ximoprofen5.871.500.81<0.01
Cyclohexaneundecanoic acid6.201.880.68<0.01
Dehydromonocrotaline6.072.720.47<0.01
Glabric acid6.382.110.66<0.01
Na-hexanoyl-Nb-inosityltryptophan5.871.830.76<0.01
4-hydroxytoremifene5.551.890.75<0.01
Normetanephrine5.632.070.64<0.01
Glutamine-betaxanthin5.722.650.37<0.01
(2E)-tetradec-2-enedioylcarnitine5.603.100.22<0.05
Ligusticide5.712.430.52<0.01
β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-L-arabinose5.532.310.59<0.01
Nimodipine5.712.690.48<0.01
Dukunolide D5.922.210.53<0.01
7-aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine5.882.850.22<0.05
N-myristoyl glutamine6.421.510.76<0.01
Xi-2,2,6-trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexanedione4.351.790.63<0.01
5-(4-methyl-5-Oxo-2H-Furan-3-Yl) pentanoic acid4.351.100.82<0.01
Benazepril5.912.520.56<0.01
Surfactin B6.782.240.69<0.01
Petasitenine6.242.280.34<0.01
(2S,3R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-{[(2S)-2-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy}phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiin-6-OL5.541.850.67<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1242193068951175745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451295681335632, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

共有差异代谢物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetaboliteRetention time (min)VIPFCP-value
Fenpyroximate5.911.900.69<0.01
1-hydroxytrimazosin5.911.870.75<0.01
Cyclolinopeptide A6.441.630.77<0.01
PS (DiMe(13,5)/DiMe (13,5))6.442.320.55<0.01
Taraxacoside5.341.490.71<0.01
Acetophenone, 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxy-2-(2-piperidyl)-5.531.770.76<0.01
Mascaroside5.712.170.47<0.05
(S)-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-(S)-piperidin-2-yl-acetic acid methyl ester hydrochloride5.872.620.46<0.01
Fursultiamine5.532.410.50<0.01
N-palmitoyl serine6.531.630.74<0.01
Kurarinone5.932.000.74<0.01
Ketotrexate6.051.050.89<0.01
L-alanine, 3-(((3-(4-(aminoiminomethyl) phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazolyl)acetyl)amino)-N-(butoxycarbonyl)-, (R)-5.902.280.63<0.01
Histidylglycine5.742.890.54<0.01
Ximoprofen5.871.500.81<0.01
Cyclohexaneundecanoic acid6.201.880.68<0.01
Dehydromonocrotaline6.072.720.47<0.01
Glabric acid6.382.110.66<0.01
Na-hexanoyl-Nb-inosityltryptophan5.871.830.76<0.01
4-hydroxytoremifene5.551.890.75<0.01
Normetanephrine5.632.070.64<0.01
Glutamine-betaxanthin5.722.650.37<0.01
(2E)-tetradec-2-enedioylcarnitine5.603.100.22<0.05
Ligusticide5.712.430.52<0.01
β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-L-arabinose5.532.310.59<0.01
Nimodipine5.712.690.48<0.01
Dukunolide D5.922.210.53<0.01
7-aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine5.882.850.22<0.05
N-myristoyl glutamine6.421.510.76<0.01
Xi-2,2,6-trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexanedione4.351.790.63<0.01
5-(4-methyl-5-Oxo-2H-Furan-3-Yl) pentanoic acid4.351.100.82<0.01
Benazepril5.912.520.56<0.01
Surfactin B6.782.240.69<0.01
Petasitenine6.242.280.34<0.01
(2S,3R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-{[(2S)-2-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy}phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiin-6-OL5.541.850.67<0.01
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枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种胞外产物的抑菌活性及其特性分析
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刘妮 1, 2 , 王印庚 2 , 于永翔 2, * , 张正 2 , 王春元 2 , 荣小军 2 , 廖梅杰 2 , 李彬 2 , 葛建龙 2 , 庞明海 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(8): 2967-2985
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(8): 2967-2985
枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种胞外产物的抑菌活性及其特性分析
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刘妮1, 2, 王印庚2, 于永翔2, * , 张正2, 王春元2, 荣小军2, 廖梅杰2, 李彬2, 葛建龙2, 庞明海2
作者信息
  • 1 上海海洋大学水产与生命学院, 上海 201306
  • 2 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266071
Antibacterial activity and characterization of extracellular products of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii
Ni LIU1, 2, Yingeng WANG2, Yongxiang YU2, * , Zheng ZHANG2, Chunyuan WANG2, Xiaojun RONG2, Meijie LIAO2, Bin LI2, Jianlong GE2, Minghai PANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2024-04-24 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240070
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【目的】研究枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii) Bspi2104胞外抑菌物质的理化特性及抗菌活性组分。【方法】选取具有广谱抗菌活性的枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104菌株和无抗菌作用的枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种BspiL6菌株,结合牛津杯法和代谢组学检测技术对菌株胞外产物的抑菌活性和理化特性及其抗菌活性组分进行研究。【结果】胞外产物理化稳定性试验表明,胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶处理对胞外产物的抑菌活性无显著影响;胞外产物经80 ℃和100 ℃处理后丧失抑菌活性;pH 9.0和pH 11.0条件下胞外产物的抑菌活性下降,pH值越大抑菌活性越弱;经过紫外处理的胞外产物与未经紫外处理的胞外产物抑菌活性无明显差异(P>0.05)。60%、70%和80%饱和度下的硫酸铵沉淀产物具有抑菌活性,硫酸铵饱和度为70%时抑菌活性最强;菌株胞外产物进行盐酸沉淀后,分别通过甲醇抽提提取、乙酸乙酯萃取提取和氯仿萃取提取后的产物均有抑菌活性,其中菌株Bspi2104的乙酸乙酯萃取提取产物抑菌效果最好。通过LC-MS/MS检测技术对菌株Bspi2104和BspiL6不同提取方式下枯草芽孢杆菌胞外产物组分进行分析,差异代谢物筛选表明,两株菌的不同提取方式产物中共有的差异代谢物有35种;差异代谢产物主要分属于羧酸及其衍生物、脂肪酸类、有机含氧化合物、有机含氮化合物、甾体及其衍生物、孕烯醇酮脂类、酚类、生物碱及其衍生物、甘油磷脂类、异黄酮类、苯及其取代衍生物等37类物质,包括苦参素、表面活性素B等多种抑菌物质。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104胞外产物的理化稳定性较好,在多种蛋白酶和脂肪酶、pH 1.0−11.0、−20−60 ℃和紫外照射3 h处理下仍然具备较高的抑菌活性。枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104胞外产物的硫酸铵沉淀、盐酸沉淀甲醇抽提、乙酸乙酯萃取和氯仿萃取提取物均有抑菌活性,其中70%硫酸铵沉淀提取物和乙酸乙酯萃取提取物抑菌效果最好,菌株具有多种类型的抑菌活性物质。相关研究结果为芽孢杆菌抑菌活性组分的发现和筛选提供了理论参考,相关代谢产物具有一定的研究前景。

枯草芽孢杆菌  /  胞外产物  /  理化稳定性  /  抑菌活性成分

[Objective] To study the physicochemical properties and active components of extracellular antibacterial substances from Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii Bspi2104. [Methods] The Oxford cup method was employed to determine the antibacterial activities and physicochemical properties of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii Bspi2104 with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii BspiL6 without antibacterial activity. Metabolomics was employed to detect the antibacterial components of the extracellular products of the strain Bspi2104. [Results] The treatment with trypsin, papain, protease K, pepsin, and lipase had no significant effect on the antibacterial activity of extracellular products. Extracellular products lost the antibacterial activity after treatment at 80 ℃ and 100 ℃ and presented decreased antibacterial activity at pH 9.0 and pH 11.0, especially at higher pH values. There was no significant difference in the antibacterial activity between the extracellular products treated with and without UV (P>0.05). The ammonium sulfate precipitates at 60%, 70%, and 80% saturation exerted antibacterial activities, which was the strongest at the saturation of 70%. The extracellular products of the two strains were extracted by hydrochloric acid precipitation, combined with methanol extraction, ethyl acetate extraction, and chloroform extraction, and all the extracts showed antibacterial activities. The ethyl acetate extract had the strongest antibacterial activity. LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze the composition of extracellular products of Bspi2104 and BspiL6 extracted with different methods. There were 35 common differential metabolites in the extracellular products of the two strains extracted with different methods. The differential metabolites belonged to 37 categories of compounds, including carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty acids, organic oxygen-containing compounds, organic nitrogen-containing compounds, steroids and derivatives, pregnenolone lipids, phenols, alkaloids and derivatives, glycerol phosphates, isoflavonoids, and benzene and substituted derivatives. Some of these compounds, such as kurarinone, and surfactin B, had antibacterial activities. [Conclusion] The extracellular products of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii Bspi2104 had good physicochemical stability and maintained high antibacterial activity after treatment with various proteases and lipases, and at −20 ℃ to 60 ℃, pH 1.0–11.0, and UV irradiation for 3 h. The ammonium sulfate precipitates and the extracts from hydrochloric acid precipitation combined with methanol extraction, ethyl acetate extraction, and chloroform extraction of the extracellular products of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii Bspi2104 had antibacterial activities. Among them, the 70% ammonium sulfate precipitate and ethyl acetate extract had the best antibacterial effects. The extracellular products of the strain contained diverse categories of antibacterial compounds. The findings provide theoretical reference for the discovery and screening of antibacterial components of Bacillus, and the related metabolites have research prospects.

Bacillus subtilis  /  extracellular products  /  physical and chemical stability  /  antibacterial components
刘妮, 王印庚, 于永翔, 张正, 王春元, 荣小军, 廖梅杰, 李彬, 葛建龙, 庞明海. 枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种胞外产物的抑菌活性及其特性分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2967 -2985 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240070
Ni LIU, Yingeng WANG, Yongxiang YU, Zheng ZHANG, Chunyuan WANG, Xiaojun RONG, Meijie LIAO, Bin LI, Jianlong GE, Minghai PANG. Antibacterial activity and characterization of extracellular products of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2967 -2985 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240070
近年来,随着水产养殖规模化和集约化程度的日益加深导致了各种病害问题日益严重,抗生素等传统病害防控药物的滥用增加了病原生物抗药性增强和药物残留的风险,同时对环境生态和生物安全产生重要隐患,因此,寻找绿色、安全、无公害的抗生素替代品对水产养殖业的发展至关重要[1]。枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)因具有稳定性强、抗逆性强和抗菌性能好等特性,同时具有调节水产动物肠道微生态平衡、提高动物机体免疫力、促进动物生长、抑制病原菌的生长和改善养殖水质等多种作用,被用作抗生素替代品在水产养殖中广泛应用,在水产养殖病害防控领域发挥了重要作用[2-4]
枯草芽孢杆菌主要包括枯草亚种(B. subtilis subsp. subtilis)、斯氏亚种(B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii)、沙漠亚种(B. subtilis subsp. inaquosorum)和粪便亚种(B. subtilis subsp. stercoris)等,这些亚种在抑菌方面均有相关报道[5-9]。枯草芽孢杆菌能产生多种抑菌成分,通过改变病原菌细胞膜的通透性,造成胞体的原生质泄漏、内部离子释放、菌丝畸形,并抑制孢子萌发等,从而达到抑制病原菌生长的目的[10-12]。枯草芽孢杆菌能产生的抑菌活性物质主要有抗菌蛋白[13]、脂肽类[14]、聚酮类[15]、酶类[16]和挥发性物质[17]等。由于不同类型抗菌活性物质需要采取不同的提取方法,对于枯草芽孢杆菌,其抗菌活性物质通常从其胞外产物中提取,常用的提取方法包括硫酸铵沉淀法、盐酸沉淀甲醇抽提法、有机溶剂萃取提取法等[18-20]
前期研究发现一株具有广谱抗菌特性的枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii) Bspi2104,其对副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、坎氏弧菌(Vibrio campbellii)和美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae)等多种病原菌均具有拮抗作用,但对其拮抗功效组分缺乏了解[21]。本研究着重对枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104胞外代谢产物的理化性质进行了研究,并通过不同方式对菌株的胞外代谢物进行提纯,将其与无抑菌活性的枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii) BspiL6的胞外产物进行比较分析,研究了枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104的抑菌活性物质。相关研究结果为芽孢杆菌抑菌活性物质的筛选与新型抗菌制剂的研发提供了理论参考和数据支撑。
本研究所用芽孢杆菌和病原菌均保存于中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所海水养殖病原库,包括:枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104、枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种BspiL6、副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、坎氏弧菌和美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种。
在TSB固体培养基[21]上活化并纯化枯草芽孢杆菌Bspi2104和BspiL6菌株,分别挑取单菌落,接种于100 mL的TSB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养8 h制备种子液,取5 mL种子液接种于500 mL的TSB液体培养基中28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养24 h,获得菌悬液,经4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min去除菌体,收集上清液,0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤除菌,即获得菌株的胞外产物(extracellular product, ECP)[22]。吸取100 μL的ECP接种在TSB固体培养基上,28 ℃培养24 h后无菌落长出,以验证其无菌性,确定无菌后装入灭菌离心管中,保存于−80 ℃冰箱中备用。
采用牛津杯法测定菌株Bspi2104和BspiL6的ECP对副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、美人鱼发光杆菌和坎氏弧菌共4种病原菌的抑菌活性。挑取纯化后的副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、美人鱼发光杆菌和坎氏弧菌菌落,使用无菌1.5% NaCl溶液制备成浓度为106 CFU/mL菌悬液(OD600为0.5)。吸取100 μL病原菌菌悬液涂布于TSB培养基表面,随后在牛津杯孔内加入200 μL的待测ECP溶液,以孔中加入等体积空白TSB液体培养基为对照,每个处理重复3次。静置10 min后置于28 ℃条件下培养12 h,观察枯草芽孢杆菌Bspi2104和BspiL6的ECP对4种病原菌的抑制作用,并测量抑菌圈直径。
参考试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)操作说明,将Bspi2104胞外产物溶液分别用终浓度为1 mg/mL的胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶进行酶解消化,37 ℃中水浴1 h,以未经酶处理的胞外产物为对照,测定抑菌活性,每个处理重复3次。
将Bspi2104胞外产物分别置于−20、4、30、60、80、100 ℃条件下处理30 min,待缓解至室温后,再次过滤除菌防止操作过程污染,以未经温度处理的胞外产物作为对照,测定抑菌活性,每个处理重复3次。
将Bspi2104胞外产物分别用1 mol/L HCl和1 mol/L NaOH调节pH至1.0、3.0、5.0、7.0、9.0、11.0,室温静置2 h后再将pH调至中性,再次过滤除菌防止操作过程污染,以未经处理的胞外产物作为对照,测定抑菌活性,每个处理重复3次。
将Bspi2104胞外产物置于无菌培养皿中,在紫外灯下分别照射15 min、30 min、45 min、1 h、2 h、3 h,再次过滤除菌防止操作过程污染,以未经处理的胞外产物作为对照,测定抑菌活性,每个处理重复3次。
取制备好的枯草芽孢杆菌胞外产物200 mL,分别缓慢加入硫酸铵粉末至饱和度为30%、40%、50%、60%、70%和80%,4 ℃沉淀过夜。8 000 r/min离心10 min收集沉淀,并用PBS (pH 7.0)溶解定容至10 mL,测定其抑菌活性,以硫酸铵饱和度为80%的空白培养液做同样的处理后所得的沉淀溶解液为对照,每个处理重复3次,活性最强组分的硫酸铵饱和度即为制备抗菌粗提物所需的硫酸铵最佳浓度。
按照1.2中的方法制备Bspi2104和BspiL6菌株的胞外产物,取制备好的胞外产物各200 mL,分别缓慢加入硫酸铵粉末至饱和度为最佳浓度,4 ℃沉淀过夜。4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min收集沉淀,沉淀用PBS (pH 7.0)溶解并定容至10 mL,测定其抑菌活性,以最佳硫酸铵饱和度的空白培养液做同样的处理后所得的沉淀溶解液为对照,每个处理重复3次。
取200 mL胞外产物用6 mol/L HCl调节pH至2.0,4 ℃下沉淀过夜后,置于4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,收集沉淀,用甲醇反复抽提沉淀3次,振荡10 min后,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min收集上清,将上清在40 ℃、60 r/min条件下旋转蒸发浓缩至10 mL,冷冻干燥后溶于10 mL的甲醇溶液中,用1 mol/L NaOH调节至pH 7.0,0.22 µm有机滤膜过滤后即为制备的脂肽类活性物质溶液,−20 ℃冰箱中存放备用[23]
取200 mL胞外产物,加入等体积乙酸乙酯,振荡3−5 min后静置,待水相有机相分离后,收集上层有机相,用旋转蒸发仪在40 ℃、60 r/min条件下旋转蒸发浓缩至10 mL,冷冻干燥后用10 mL甲醇复溶,测定其抑菌活性,每组3个重复,以甲醇为对照。
取200 mL胞外产物,加入等体积氯仿,振荡3−5 min后静置,待水相有机相分离后,收集下层有机相,用旋转蒸发仪在40 ℃、60 r/min条件下旋转蒸发浓缩至10 mL,冷冻干燥后用10 mL甲醇复溶,测定其抑菌活性,每组3个重复,以甲醇为对照。
通过硫酸铵沉淀、盐酸沉淀甲醇抽提、乙酸乙酯萃取和氯仿萃取4种提取方式对Bspi2104和BspiL6的胞外产物进行提取,利用高效液相色谱串联质谱联用(high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)技术进行检测,随后进行差异代谢物比较分析,筛选可能介导芽孢杆菌Bspi2104抑菌的活性物质,并对其化学属性进行注释分析。
试验数据采用平均值±标准差表示;用Excel 2016进行柱状图的制作;采用t检验(Student’s t test)结合多元分析的方法,筛选出组间差异代谢物[同时满足variable importance in the projection (VIP)>1,P-value<0.05],之后与人类代谢组数据库(Human Metabolome Database, HMDB)、京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG) compound数据库和脂质地图(Lipid Maps)数据库进行比对,确定差异代谢物的种类。
枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104和BspiL6菌株ECP抑菌活性检测结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌Bspi2104菌株ECP对坎氏弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、美人鱼发光杆菌和副溶血弧菌均具有良好的抑菌活性,其中对美人鱼发光杆菌的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径达(27.5±0.2) mm,而BspiL6菌株ECP对4种病原菌均无抑制效果(表1)。
菌株Bspi2104的胞外产物在经过4种蛋白酶和1种脂肪酶处理1 h前后对4种病原菌的抑菌效果相差较小,对哈维氏弧菌和坎氏弧菌的抑菌活性未发生明显改变,对美人鱼发光杆菌和副溶血弧菌的抑制活性有所下降,但仍能保持90.80%以上的抑菌活性,无显著差异(图1)。说明菌株Bspi2104的胞外产物中的抗菌活性物质对测定的5种酶类不敏感,胞外产物中的抑菌活性物质不是相应蛋白。
温度耐受性试验表明,芽孢杆菌Bspi2104胞外产物在−20、4 ℃、室温下处理后的抑菌活性相差不大,高于30 ℃处理后,ECP抑菌活性呈下降趋势,80 ℃和100 ℃处理后的ECP完全丧失了抑菌活性(图2)。因此,Bspi2104菌株ECP中的抑菌活性物质具有温度敏感性。
酸碱耐受试验表明,当pH值在1.0−5.0范围内时,芽孢杆菌Bspi2104胞外产物的抑菌活性随着pH值升高而增大;pH 7.0时,抑菌活性略有下降,其中对坎氏弧菌的抑菌活性下降显著(P<0.05);随着pH增大到9.0−11.0时,抑菌活性明显下降,pH 11.0时抑菌活性最弱,但最低仍有68.26%的抑菌率;未经pH处理的ECP的抑菌活性与pH 7.0处理后的ECP的抑菌活性无明显差异(P>0.05) (图3)。表明枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104菌株ECP抑菌活性组分中含有对酸碱有较强的耐受性的抑菌活性物质和酸碱敏感类物质。
紫外照射处理Bspi2104菌株的胞外产物15 min、30 min、45 min、1 h、2 h、3 h后,其抑菌活性无明显差异(P>0.05) (图4)。这一结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104菌株ECP中的抗菌活性物质对紫外线不敏感,菌株Bspi2104抑菌活性物质具有良好的紫外稳定性。
枯草芽孢杆菌Bspi2104菌株在硫酸铵饱和度为30%−50%下的沉淀产物均无抑菌活性,在硫酸铵饱和度为60%下的沉淀产物开始具有抑菌活性,饱和度为70%时沉淀产物的抑菌活性最强,饱和度为80%时抑菌活性略有下降(图5)。因此,实验中选取饱和度为70%的硫酸铵溶液对枯草芽孢杆菌Bspi2104菌株的胞外产物进行沉淀。
枯草芽孢杆菌Bspi2104的70%硫酸铵沉淀提取物、盐酸沉淀甲醇抽提提取物、乙酸乙酯萃取提取物和氯仿萃取提取物均具有较强的抑菌效果,而菌株BspiL6的4种提取物均未检测出抑菌活性。其中枯草芽孢杆菌Bspi2104胞外产物的70%硫酸铵沉淀提取物和乙酸乙酯萃取提取物的抑菌效果最好,对坎氏弧菌的抑菌圈直径最高为(17.2±0.1) mm (表2)。初步判断枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104中可能包含蛋白类、脂肽类和极性有机物质等多种类型的抑菌活性物质。
主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)结果表明,菌株Bspi2104和BspiL6的70%硫酸铵沉淀、酸沉淀、乙酸乙酯萃取提取和氯仿萃取提取4种提取方式间存在显著差异,但组内无显著差异,说明本次实验的稳定性较好。第一主成分的贡献率是48.5%,第二主成分的贡献率是15.0%,PC1和PC2的贡献和为63.5% (图6),该分析结果能较好地说明菌株Bspi2104和BspiL6 4种提取物中的代谢物组成差异。
以VIP>1和P<0.05为筛选条件对菌株BspiL6和Bspi2104的4种提取产物中的差异代谢物进行筛选,菌株BspiL6和Bspi2104的70%硫酸铵沉淀溶解产物中显著差异代谢物为952种(上调:611种;下调:341种),酸沉淀提取产物中显著差异代谢物为1 303种(上调:1 021种;下调:282种),乙酸乙酯萃取提取物中显著差异代谢物为1 280种(上调:1 050种;下调:230种),氯仿萃取提取物的显著差异代谢物为1 394种(上调:1 274种;下调:120种) (图7)。
将菌株Bspi2104和BspiL6的4种提取产物中的显著差异代谢物进行KEGG分类,这些代谢物主要归属于以下类别:维生素和辅因子、甾体、有机酸、核酸、脂类、激素和递质、糖类、抗生素类差异代谢物分类。具体而言,这些显著差异代谢物主要包含花生四烯酸、硫酸新霉素、亚胺培南、四氢叶酸、维生素K1、白三烯C4和多种氨基酸类物质等(图8)。
将菌株BspiL6和Bspi2104的4种提取产物中的显著下调差异代谢物在HMDB数据库中注释获得相关差异代谢物的分类信息,将差异代谢物数量最多的前20种类别作图如下,区域面积的大小表示各分类中代谢物的相对比例(图9)。结果表明,4种提取产物中显著下调差异代谢物主要分属于羧酸及其衍生物、脂肪酸类、有机含氧化合物、有机含氮化合物、甾体及其衍生物、孕烯醇酮脂类、酚类、生物碱及其衍生物、甘油磷脂类、异黄酮类、苯及其取代衍生物等37类。菌株Bspi2104与菌株BspiL6中同种提取方式下提取产物的差异代谢物数量最多的前3种物质类别依次为:70%硫酸铵沉淀提取物,包括羧酸及其衍生物类(29.35%)、脂肪酸类(7.61%)、有机含氧化合物(7.61%);酸沉淀提取物,包括羧酸及其衍生物(34.48%)、脂肪酸类(15.09%)、有机含氮化合物(8.62%);乙酸乙酯萃取提取物,包括羧酸及其衍生物(23.20%)、脂肪酸类(11.05%)、孕烯醇酮脂类(9.94%);氯仿萃取提取物,包括羧酸及其衍生物(21.21%)、有机含氮化合物(13.13%)、脂肪酸类(7.07%)。其中羧酸及其衍生物、脂肪酸类、有机含氧化合物、孕烯醇酮脂类和甾体及其衍生物这5类物质最多,占比为59.62%,包括科罗索酸、莪术酮、柠檬苦素、胆绿素和惕格酸等多种物质。通过对4种提取方式下的共有差异代谢物进行比较分析,其共有的差异代谢物有35种,包括苦参素、表面活性素B等抑菌物质(表3)。
差异代谢物MetPA分析结果表明,Bspi2104和BspiL6菌株70%硫酸铵沉淀产物中的差异代谢物主要分布在84条代谢通路中,影响最大的通路为叶酸一碳库(one carbon pool by folate)、亚油酸代谢(linoleic acid metabolism)、色氨酸代谢(tryptophan metabolism)、花生四烯酸代谢(arachidonic acid metabolism)、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢(alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism)通路。BspiL6和Bspi2104菌株酸沉淀产物中的差异代谢物主要分布在110条代谢通路中,影响最大的通路为叶酸一碳库、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、色氨酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢、咖啡因代谢(caffeine metabolism)通路。BspiL6和Bspi2104菌株乙酸乙酯萃取产物中的差异代谢物主要分布在106条代谢通路中,影响最大的通路为叶酸一碳库、亚油酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢、黄酮和黄酮醇的生物合成(flavone and flavonol biosynthesis)、烟酸和烟酰胺代谢(nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism)通路。BspiL6和Bspi2104菌株氯仿萃取中的差异代谢物主要分布在87条代谢通路中,影响最大的通路为叶酸一碳库、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、色氨酸代谢、嘧啶代谢(pyrimidine metabolism)和咖啡因代谢通路中(图10)。综上,Bspi2104菌株抑菌活性物质的产生可能与多种氨基酸的代谢和脂肪酸代谢、叶酸一碳库、烟酸和烟酰胺代谢、嘧啶代谢、黄酮和黄酮醇的生物合成密切相关。
枯草芽孢杆菌具有稳定性强、抗逆性强和抗菌性能好等特性,主要通过分泌抗菌蛋白、脂肽类等抑菌活性物质对病原菌进行拮抗,其抗菌活性物质具有一定的稳定性和环境适应能力[2, 13, 24]。Wu等[25]研究发现,枯草芽孢杆菌UV254-B的抗菌物质对蛋白酶K和脂肪酶敏感,但对酯酶具有抗性,在pH值为3.0−11.0时均显示出抑菌活性,而且在pH值为9.0时活性最大,即使在温度为80 ℃下时仍有抗菌活性。Lee等[26]从枯草芽孢杆菌SC-8中分离出一种对蜡样芽孢杆菌有良好拮抗作用的活性物质,经纯化其抑菌活性物质的pH稳定性范围较宽,为pH 4.0−10.0,在pH 10.0时仍有抑菌活性,该物质在60 ℃以下具有热稳定性,蛋白酶K、蛋白酶和脂肪酶处理后抑菌活性下降。Lee等[27]纯化并鉴定了源自枯草芽孢杆菌SN7的细菌素,这一抑菌活性物质在pH值为3.0−9.0、加热和有机溶剂(甲醇、乙醇、乙腈和丙酮溶液)处理下均展现出卓越的稳定性,经蛋白酶和肽酶处理后丧失抑菌活性,而经α-淀粉酶或脂肪酶处理后仍有抑菌活性。本研究对枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104胞外代谢产物的抑菌稳定性进行研究发现,经胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶处理后的胞外产物的抑菌活性无显著变化,60 ℃下仍有抑菌活性,pH值在1.0−11.0范围内处理后的胞外产物仍有较强的抑菌活性,紫外照射处理3 h与未处理的胞外产物相比无明显差异,表明广谱拮抗芽孢杆菌Bspi2104的抗菌活性物质类别丰富且理化稳定性较强。
枯草芽孢杆菌在生长代谢过程中会产生很多种类的抑菌活性物质,这些抑菌物质的产生是枯草芽孢杆菌表现较高抑菌活性和较广抑菌谱的主要原因之一[15, 28-29]。Karagiota等[30]通过硫酸铵沉淀、有机溶剂沉淀、硫酸铵沉淀上清液有机溶剂萃取这3种方式对枯草芽孢杆菌NCIB 3610菌株进行纯化后发现,3种方式下的提取产物对粪肠球菌均有抑制效果,其中70%硫酸铵沉淀产物的抑菌率最高,约为74.5 %,进一步研究发现其抑菌活性物质主要为抗菌肽。Jiang等[20]对从养殖水体中分离出的对副溶血弧菌具有抑制作用的枯草芽孢杆菌B.HLJ1发酵上清液进行了乙酸乙酯萃取,通过进一步纯化和LC/MS检测分析表明,此抑菌物质为异香豆素类化合物。Chakraborty等[31]对嗜水气单胞菌、创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌均具有抑制作用的广谱拮抗枯草芽孢杆菌MTCC 10407进行了研究,从该菌株的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离了两种新的属于聚酮来源的抑菌化合物。Li等[32]对枯草芽孢杆菌N-2固态发酵得到的发酵产物进行了水提、酸沉淀、甲醇萃取后,通过LC-MS/MS鉴定得到了一种对恶臭假单胞菌具有抑制作用的脂肽类物质。本研究通过硫酸铵沉淀、酸沉淀、乙酸乙酯萃取和氯仿萃取4种方式对枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104的胞外抑菌代谢产物进行了提取,结果显示4种提取产物对坎氏弧菌、美人鱼发光杆菌、副溶血弧菌和哈维氏弧菌均表现出抑菌活性,说明菌株的胞外产物中可能包含蛋白类、脂肽类和极性有机物质等多种类型的抑菌活性物质。
代谢物的鉴定通常采用核磁共振波谱法、质谱法和色谱质谱联用法,其中色谱质谱联用技术由于其具有分析范围广、分辨率高、定性和定量效果好和重复性好等优势被广泛应用于物质的鉴定[33-34]。Qin等[35]通过有机溶剂萃取和反相高效液相色谱相结合的方法从枯草芽孢杆菌TD7中分离到了一株新的微生物脂肽表面活性素家族成员,并通过LC-MS/MS、GC-MS等多种分析检测技术确定了其化学结构,最终鉴定为表面活性素C17,其对革兰氏阳性微球菌具有良好的抑菌效果,最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)值为60 mg/L。Lv等[36]从南美白对虾池塘中分离到了一株对副溶血弧菌VP02r具有抑制活性的枯草芽孢杆菌JK08菌株,其对副溶血弧菌VP02r的抑菌圈直径大于多种常用抗生素,LC-MS分析结果表明,该抗菌物质中存在表面活性素(C12−C17)、伊枯菌素A (C14−C17)、丰原素A (C14−C17)和B (C17) 3种脂肽类化合物,这可能是导致枯草芽孢杆菌JK08菌株具有拮抗活性的关键成分。Knight等[8]研究发现一株对多种真菌具有明显抑制作用的枯草芽孢杆菌沙漠亚种HU Biol-Ⅱ,通过基因组学技术挖掘出了8个生物活性代谢产物簇,对菌株发酵上清液进行HPLC-MS/MS检测,确定了其中产生了7种抑菌代谢物。本研究对枯草芽孢杆菌Bspi2104菌株的胞外代谢产物粗提后进行LC-MS/MS检测,结果显示显著差异代谢物中羧酸及其衍生物、脂肪酸类、有机含氧化合物、孕烯醇酮脂类和甾体及其衍生物这5类物质占比约60%,为菌株的可能抑菌物质类型。结合抑菌产物特性,共有差异代谢物中kurarinone、surfactin B等已有抑菌相关报道[37-38],这些物质可能为枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104的抑菌活性物质,值得我们进一步关注。
综上所述,本研究对具有广谱拮抗作用的枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104胞外代谢产物的理化特性及其抗菌活性组分进行了研究,结果表明枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104的胞外产物的理化稳定性较好,在多种蛋白酶和脂肪酶、−20−60 ℃、pH 1.0−11.0和紫外照射3 h处理下仍然具备较高的抑菌活性。对枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104的胞外代谢产物通过硫酸铵沉淀、盐酸沉淀甲醇抽提、乙酸乙酯萃取和氯仿萃取后的产物均有抑菌活性,其中70%硫酸铵沉淀产物和乙酸乙酯萃取产物抑菌效果最好。LC-MS/MS检测结果表明菌株可能具有羧酸及其衍生物、脂肪酸类、有机含氧化合物、孕烯醇酮脂类和甾体及其衍生物等37类物质,包括kurarinone、surfactin B等多种已有报道的抑菌物质。研究初步揭示了枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种Bspi2104胞外抑菌活性物质及其理化稳定性,相关研究结果为芽孢杆菌抑菌活性组分的发现和筛选提供了理论基础,相关代谢产物具有一定的研究前景。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2400701)
  • 山东省重点研发计划(科技示范工程)(2021SFGC0701)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(2023TD29)
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2024年第64卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240070
  • 接收时间:2024-01-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-26
  • 录用日期:2024-04-18
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2400701)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2400701)
Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (Science and Technology Demonstration Project)(2021SFGC0701)
山东省重点研发计划(科技示范工程)(2021SFGC0701)
Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(2023TD29)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(2023TD29)
作者信息
    1 上海海洋大学水产与生命学院, 上海 201306
    2 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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