Article(id=1241451294754394420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704988800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1715270400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-10, onlineDate=1773914653719, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1715702400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773914653719, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773914653719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773914653719, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241451293068284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='8', pageStart='2591', pageEnd='3085', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773914653317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773919071204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241469823079731775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241451293068284204, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2784, endPage=2798, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241451295102521663, articleId=1241451294754394420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Optimization of culture conditions for biofilm formation of the potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain Bacillus paralicheniformis HMPM220325, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bacillus paralicheniformis, a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, motile rod-shaped endospore-forming bacterium, can be used as a species of potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In this study, B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 was isolated from the fruit fermented milk. This strain can form biofilms at the gas-liquid interface during static cultivation. [Objective] To study the effects of different environmental factors on the biofilm biomass of B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 and provide data support for the later development and application of HMPM220325 as a PGPR strain. [Methods] Effects of different environmental factors and nutrients on the biofilm formation of B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 were quantitatively detected by crystal violet staining, and the optimal conditions for the biofilm formation of the strain were optimized by orthogonal experiments. [Results] The optimal environmental conditions for the biofilm formation of B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 were incubation at 50 ℃ and pH 9.0 for 36 h. The optimal medium was composed of maltose 15.0 g/L, urea 10.0 g/L, magnesium sulphate 20.0 mmol/L, disodium hydrogen phosphate 2.5 g/L, and bovine heart infusion 17.5 g/L. The optimized culture conditions increased the biofilm biomass by 58.28% compared with the original culture conditions. [Conclusion] This study explored the biofilm formation of B. paralicheniformis in a variety of environments and optimized the culture conditions for biofilm formation of this strain, providing an experimental basis for further development of PGPR.

, correspAuthors=Yongzhong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WANG Yongzhong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Nini DAI, Xiao LIANG, Zhihui YAN, Fan YANG, Xinting YANG, Hengqian LU, Yongzhong WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241451299091304917, articleId=1241451294754394420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=潜在植物根际促生菌副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325生物膜培养条件优化, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

副地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus paralicheniformis)是一种革兰氏阳性、兼性厌氧、运动杆状的内生孢子形成细菌,其可作为潜在植物根际促生菌使用。本研究团队从水果发酵乳中分离出一株副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325,该菌株在静置培养过程中可在气-液界面形成生物膜。【目的】探究不同环境因子对副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325生物膜生物量的影响,为后期将其作为植物根际促生菌剂的开发利用提供数据支撑。【方法】采用结晶紫染色法定量检测不同环境因素和营养物质对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成的影响,并结合正交试验优化副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成的最佳条件。【结果】副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成的最佳环境条件是温度50 ℃、pH值9.0、培养36 h;最适培养基组成为麦芽糖15.0 g/L、尿素10.0 g/L、硫酸镁20.0 mmol/L、磷酸氢二钠2.5 g/L、牛心浸粉17.5 g/L。优化后的培养条件使得生物膜产量相较原培养条件提高约58.28%。【结论】本研究对副地衣芽孢杆菌在多种环境中的生物膜形成能力进行了深入探讨,并优化出该菌株生物膜培养的最佳条件,为其进一步作为植物根际促生菌剂的开发提供实验基础。

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Optimization of Lactobacillus plantarum RS66CD biofilm formation conditions and comparative transcriptomic analysis[D]. 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A: 5 000×; B: 10 000×., figureFileSmall=Wdzte+kXxplHl5yiFX/WrQ==, figureFileBig=WfJB1UZgSWIdRYjEltoz7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064391966980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图1, caption=副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜扫描电镜图, figureFileSmall=Wdzte+kXxplHl5yiFX/WrQ==, figureFileBig=WfJB1UZgSWIdRYjEltoz7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064622653717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effect of oxygen on the biofilm formation capacity of Bacillus paralicheniformis. A: Biofilm morphology of Bacillus paralicheniformis formed in anaerobic environment. B: Biofilm morphology of Bacillus paralicheniformis formed in aerobic environment. C: Biofilm volume quantitative results of Bacillus paralicheniformis formed in aerobic and anaerobic environment. Data with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups., figureFileSmall=OV2hCufaqP9e0uq0bdBt5Q==, figureFileBig=ZOz1UEnEafjZ1BxDMno+oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064765260062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图2, caption=氧气对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成膜能力的影响, figureFileSmall=OV2hCufaqP9e0uq0bdBt5Q==, figureFileBig=ZOz1UEnEafjZ1BxDMno+oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064844951846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of different incubation times on the biofilm formation capacity of Bacillus paralicheniformis. Data with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups., figureFileSmall=AChQnRN84GCiSd0ZccVqWQ==, figureFileBig=m0NctW5aP7tcIdTkLdo/+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193064958198060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同培养时间对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响, figureFileSmall=AChQnRN84GCiSd0ZccVqWQ==, figureFileBig=m0NctW5aP7tcIdTkLdo/+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065117581622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of different incubation temperatures on the biofilm formation capacity of Bacillus paralicheniformis. Data with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups., figureFileSmall=PEoKJjm0qt9bwItagQXv8A==, figureFileBig=di33wwW0/tUtSLuM6Bymwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065230827841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同培养温度对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响, figureFileSmall=PEoKJjm0qt9bwItagQXv8A==, figureFileBig=di33wwW0/tUtSLuM6Bymwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065335685449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of different initial pH on the biofilm formation capacity of Bacillus paralicheniformis. Data with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups., figureFileSmall=T3tRUyWm+jZYExEMAK0IdQ==, figureFileBig=2B2Ev4C+cKbVNhT4nAFnTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065495069013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同初始pH对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响, figureFileSmall=T3tRUyWm+jZYExEMAK0IdQ==, figureFileBig=2B2Ev4C+cKbVNhT4nAFnTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065629286748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effect of different media types on the biofilm formation capacity of Bacillus paralicheniformis. Data with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups., figureFileSmall=vKM4czKirQY+ATjI/q2f8Q==, figureFileBig=fKKXs7HUTSwqcfEh3Nlwbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065763504484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同培养基种类对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响, figureFileSmall=vKM4czKirQY+ATjI/q2f8Q==, figureFileBig=fKKXs7HUTSwqcfEh3Nlwbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065847390574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effect of carbon sources on the biofilm formation capacity of Bacillus paralicheniformis. A: Different types of carbon sources. B: Concentration of maltose. Data with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups., figureFileSmall=k0wgJHunZrbJrBsHG8jAgA==, figureFileBig=D+Ixx7jJZB1S6Q7ctpgWdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193065998385527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图7, caption=碳源对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响, figureFileSmall=k0wgJHunZrbJrBsHG8jAgA==, figureFileBig=D+Ixx7jJZB1S6Q7ctpgWdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066136797568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effect of nitrogen sources on the biofilm formation capacity of Bacillus paralicheniformis. A: Different types of nitrogen sources. B: Concentration of urea. Data with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups., figureFileSmall=yEJTNfhuQZAC+KFPlRKgfQ==, figureFileBig=cjgsve96cKbTlhERt9IiZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066254238092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图8, caption=氮源对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响, figureFileSmall=yEJTNfhuQZAC+KFPlRKgfQ==, figureFileBig=cjgsve96cKbTlhERt9IiZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066371678617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Effect of metal ions on the biofilm formation capacity of Bacillus paralicheniformis. A: Different types of metal ions. B: Concentration of Mg2+. Data with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups., figureFileSmall=DIsy81Wp7Xl8b7zjpQEc9Q==, figureFileBig=4ha+2p+F2Dw5xxNsC6iBrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066472341918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图9, caption=金属离子对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响, figureFileSmall=DIsy81Wp7Xl8b7zjpQEc9Q==, figureFileBig=4ha+2p+F2Dw5xxNsC6iBrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066589782441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Validation results of optimal culture conditions of Bacillus paralicheniformis. Data with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) among different groups., figureFileSmall=OrIXFAt3/vm9N/JF/XPl7w==, figureFileBig=7tgP4Bv9xi9ytV+AmxDrNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066698834355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=图10, caption=副地衣芽孢杆菌最佳培养条件验证结果, figureFileSmall=OrIXFAt3/vm9N/JF/XPl7w==, figureFileBig=7tgP4Bv9xi9ytV+AmxDrNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242193066816274878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Table of orthogonal factor levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LevelA Maltose (g/L)B Urea (g/L)C Mg2+ (mmol/L)
110.010.010.0
215.015.015.0
320.020.020.0
), ArticleFig(id=1242193066929521094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交因素水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LevelA Maltose (g/L)B Urea (g/L)C Mg2+ (mmol/L)
110.010.010.0
215.015.015.0
320.020.020.0
), ArticleFig(id=1242193067042767309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of orthogonal experiment results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Experimental groupABCBiofilm (OD570)
11111.536
21221.505
31331.574
42121.713
52231.570
62311.565
73131.603
83211.480
93321.482
K14.6164.8534.581
K24.8494.5564.701
K34.5674.6214.748
k11.5381.6181.005
k21.6161.5181.567
k31.5221.5401.582
r0.0940.0990.056
Order of influencing factors: B > A > C
The optimal combination: A2B1C3
), ArticleFig(id=1242193067147624916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241451294754394420, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验结果分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Experimental groupABCBiofilm (OD570)
11111.536
21221.505
31331.574
42121.713
52231.570
62311.565
73131.603
83211.480
93321.482
K14.6164.8534.581
K24.8494.5564.701
K34.5674.6214.748
k11.5381.6181.005
k21.6161.5181.567
k31.5221.5401.582
r0.0940.0990.056
Order of influencing factors: B > A > C
The optimal combination: A2B1C3
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潜在植物根际促生菌副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325生物膜培养条件优化
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代妮妮 1, 2 , 梁笑 1, 2 , 闫致会 1, 2 , 仰凡 1, 2 , 杨欣婷 1, 2 , 卢恒谦 1, 2 , 王永中 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(8): 2784-2798
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(8): 2784-2798
潜在植物根际促生菌副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325生物膜培养条件优化
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代妮妮1, 2, 梁笑1, 2, 闫致会1, 2, 仰凡1, 2, 杨欣婷1, 2, 卢恒谦1, 2, 王永中1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 安徽大学生命科学学院, 安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2 安徽大学 安徽省人体微生态与精准医药重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230601
Optimization of culture conditions for biofilm formation of the potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain Bacillus paralicheniformis HMPM220325
Nini DAI1, 2, Xiao LIANG1, 2, Zhihui YAN1, 2, Fan YANG1, 2, Xinting YANG1, 2, Hengqian LU1, 2, Yongzhong WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2024-05-15 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240038
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副地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus paralicheniformis)是一种革兰氏阳性、兼性厌氧、运动杆状的内生孢子形成细菌,其可作为潜在植物根际促生菌使用。本研究团队从水果发酵乳中分离出一株副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325,该菌株在静置培养过程中可在气-液界面形成生物膜。【目的】探究不同环境因子对副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325生物膜生物量的影响,为后期将其作为植物根际促生菌剂的开发利用提供数据支撑。【方法】采用结晶紫染色法定量检测不同环境因素和营养物质对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成的影响,并结合正交试验优化副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成的最佳条件。【结果】副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成的最佳环境条件是温度50 ℃、pH值9.0、培养36 h;最适培养基组成为麦芽糖15.0 g/L、尿素10.0 g/L、硫酸镁20.0 mmol/L、磷酸氢二钠2.5 g/L、牛心浸粉17.5 g/L。优化后的培养条件使得生物膜产量相较原培养条件提高约58.28%。【结论】本研究对副地衣芽孢杆菌在多种环境中的生物膜形成能力进行了深入探讨,并优化出该菌株生物膜培养的最佳条件,为其进一步作为植物根际促生菌剂的开发提供实验基础。

植物根际促生细菌  /  副地衣芽孢杆菌  /  生物膜  /  正交优化

Bacillus paralicheniformis, a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, motile rod-shaped endospore-forming bacterium, can be used as a species of potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In this study, B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 was isolated from the fruit fermented milk. This strain can form biofilms at the gas-liquid interface during static cultivation. [Objective] To study the effects of different environmental factors on the biofilm biomass of B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 and provide data support for the later development and application of HMPM220325 as a PGPR strain. [Methods] Effects of different environmental factors and nutrients on the biofilm formation of B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 were quantitatively detected by crystal violet staining, and the optimal conditions for the biofilm formation of the strain were optimized by orthogonal experiments. [Results] The optimal environmental conditions for the biofilm formation of B. paralicheniformis HMPM220325 were incubation at 50 ℃ and pH 9.0 for 36 h. The optimal medium was composed of maltose 15.0 g/L, urea 10.0 g/L, magnesium sulphate 20.0 mmol/L, disodium hydrogen phosphate 2.5 g/L, and bovine heart infusion 17.5 g/L. The optimized culture conditions increased the biofilm biomass by 58.28% compared with the original culture conditions. [Conclusion] This study explored the biofilm formation of B. paralicheniformis in a variety of environments and optimized the culture conditions for biofilm formation of this strain, providing an experimental basis for further development of PGPR.

plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria  /  Bacillus paralicheniformis  /  biofilm  /  orthogonal optimization
代妮妮, 梁笑, 闫致会, 仰凡, 杨欣婷, 卢恒谦, 王永中. 潜在植物根际促生菌副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325生物膜培养条件优化. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2784 -2798 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240038
Nini DAI, Xiao LIANG, Zhihui YAN, Fan YANG, Xinting YANG, Hengqian LU, Yongzhong WANG. Optimization of culture conditions for biofilm formation of the potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain Bacillus paralicheniformis HMPM220325[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (8) : 2784 -2798 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240038
植物根际促生细菌(plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR)是一类重要的生防菌,其可吸附在植物的根部,保护植物不受病原菌的侵害,提高对营养物质的吸收和利用、促进植物生长并增加植物的产出[1-3]。研究表明,PGPR可通过多重作用影响植物的生长,其可以直接产生植物激素,如生长素、赤霉素和细胞分裂素等,从而促进植物生长[4],也可通过固氮、溶磷以及解钾等方式改善植物对营养物质的利用[5]。此外,部分PGPR还能通过产生抗生素、细菌素和几丁质酶等方式与病原菌竞争植物根际生态位,进而增强植物的防御能力[6]。同时,PGPR具备螯合重金属离子的能力[7],这不仅能够能提高植物对各种胁迫的抗性,还可以提高土壤和环境的自我修复能力[6]。例如,Shahzad等研究发现解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) RWL-1可以通过合成脱落酸增加水稻对盐胁迫的抗性[8];Dimkpa等研究表明链霉菌属(Streptomyces) F4可以显著提高向日葵对重金属Cd的吸收[9];Silambarasan等研究发现香茅醇假单胞菌(Pseudomonas citronellolis) SLP6具有很强大的定殖潜力,可用于生物修复Cu污染的土壤[10]
PGPR在农业应用中发挥着不可或缺的作用,值得注意的是,PGPR给予植物有益作用的前提是其必须具有较强的根际定殖和生态位竞争能力,即在病原微生物存在时,其能够长时间定居于植物根际,并保持一定存活数量[11]。若PGPR不能在植物根际稳定存活,其生防活性就会逐渐降低,也就不能发挥生防效果[12]。土壤中的环境变量极为复杂,为应对这一复杂生境,通过让PGPR形成结构致密的生物膜(biofilm)[13],使其能稳定附着在植物根部来保护自身的定殖位点,减少病原菌对根系周围营养物质的利用,是提高PGPR生物防治能力的有效策略[14]。生物膜是细菌在生物或非生物表面形成的一种由胞外聚合物包裹而成的微生物群落,当细菌受到外界环境的各种胁迫,如营养不足、营养过剩、高渗透压和抗生素胁迫等,胞外聚合物可帮助细菌抵御这些不良因素的侵袭[15]。目前已有多项利用PGPR生物膜发挥生防作用的报道。例如:Bais等利用枯草芽孢杆菌在拟南芥的根际周围形成生物膜可有效抑制丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)的侵染[16];Haggag等发现多黏类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)可通过在花生根部形成生物膜来阻止黑曲霉的侵害,从而防治花生褐腐病[17]
副地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus paralicheniformis)是一种革兰氏阳性、兼性厌氧、运动杆状的内生孢子形成细菌,于2015年首次被报道[18]。目前,已有多个研究团队证明副地衣芽孢杆菌具有作为PGPR的潜力。Wang等发现副地衣芽孢杆菌MDJK30可以产生凤霉素(一种环状脂肽),对丝状真菌具有很强的抗菌活性[19];Valenzuela-Ruiz等对副地衣芽孢杆菌TRQ65基因组进行解析,并通过验证发现其不仅能够通过合成脂肽和抗生素来抑制植物病原体,还能够通过合成生长素来促进植物生长[20];Annapurna等研究发现副地衣芽孢杆菌KMS80具有促进水稻生长的能力[21]。然而,目前国内外对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜的报道几乎空白,本团队在前期研究中分离获得了一株副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325,通过对其基因组解析和实验验证发现其在静置培养过程中能够在气-液界面形成稳定的生物膜[22],因此本研究选取副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325作为实验对象,探究了氧气、温度、pH以及培养时间对其生物膜形成的影响,并通过调整金属离子、改变碳源和氮源等因素对其生物膜培养策略进行优化,以期为后续将其深入开发为PGPR菌剂提供数据支撑。
副地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus paralicheniformis) HMPM220325,保藏于广东省微生物菌种保藏中心(保藏编号为GDMCC No: 63458)。
LB液体培养基(g/L):氯化钠10.0,胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母粉5.0,调整pH值至7.2;LB固体培养基(g/L):在LB液体培养基中另加琼脂粉15.0。脑心浸液(brain heart infusion, BHI)液体培养基(g/L):葡萄糖2.0,磷酸氢二钠2.5,胰蛋白胨10.0,牛心浸粉17.5,氯化钠5.0。MRS液体培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物4.0,磷酸氢二钾2.0,牛肉浸膏8.0、葡萄糖20.0,无水乙酸钠5.0,柠檬酸三氨2.0,吐温-80 1.0,硫酸镁0.2,硫酸锰0.05。以上培养基121 ℃灭菌30 min备用。
甲醇、无水乙醇,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;冰醋酸,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;结晶紫染液,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;PBS磷酸盐缓冲液,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
酶标仪,BioTek公司;智能生化培养箱,上海三发科学仪器有限公司;厌氧培养箱,上海龙跃仪器设备有限公司;扫描电镜,卡尔蔡司光学(中国)有限公司。
将保藏于−80 ℃的副地衣芽孢杆菌菌株按1%接种量接种到LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养24 h,然后取少许菌液于LB平板上进行平板划线,培养24 h后挑取单菌落于LB液体培养基中进行培养,重复上述操作一次,取活化后的菌液用于后续研究。
参照Peeters等[23]的方法,通过结晶紫染色法对生物膜产量进行测定。具体操作如下:待生物膜生成后,去除培养基,加入无菌PBS缓冲液清洗3次,加入2 mL甲醇固定15 min,除去甲醇,培养板自然干燥,加入1 mL 0.1%结晶紫染液充分浸泡染色1 h后吸出多余的染液,用无菌PBS缓冲液漂洗生物膜至流出的液体为无色。待培养板干燥后,加入2 mL体积分数为33%的冰醋酸溶液,待生物膜中结晶紫完全溶解后,精密吸取200 μL溶液于波长570 nm处测定吸光度[24],以33%的冰醋酸溶液作为空白对照,每个处理重复3次。
参照《食品微生物学实验原理与技术》[25]中方法,将过夜培养的副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜平铺于玻璃片上,置于2%戊二醛磷酸缓冲液中固定冷藏过夜。PBS缓冲液漂洗3次(每次15 min),依次利用30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、95%和100%的乙醇溶液梯度脱水,每次15 min[26],CO2临界干燥后喷金处理,置于扫描电镜下观察并拍照。
氧气对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成膜能力的影响:按1%接种量将副地衣芽孢杆菌接种到LB培养基中,将接种后的菌液分别置于37 ℃恒温培养箱和厌氧培养箱中静置培养24 h后进行生物膜量测定。
培养时间对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成膜能力的影响:按1%接种量将副地衣芽孢杆菌接种到LB培养基中,将接种后的菌液分别置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养12、24、36、48和72 h,于不同时间点取出后进行生物膜量测定。
培养温度对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成膜能力的影响:按1%接种量将副地衣芽孢杆菌接种到LB培养基中,将接种后的菌液分别置于20、30、40、45、50、55和60 ℃的恒温培养箱中静置培养36 h,随后进行生物膜量测定。
不同初始pH对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成膜能力的影响:按1%接种量将副地衣芽孢杆菌接种至pH值分别为4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0的LB培养基中,将接种后的菌液置于50 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养36 h,随后进行生物膜量测定。
培养基种类对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成膜能力的影响:按1%接种量将副地衣芽孢杆菌分别接种于LB、MRS和BHI培养基中,将接种后的菌液置于50 ℃恒温培养箱静置培养36 h后进行生物膜量测定。
碳源对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成膜能力的影响:以BHI为基础培养基,分别以蔗糖、麦芽糖和可溶性淀粉替换其中的葡萄糖,添加量均为2.0 g/L。按1%接种量将副地衣芽孢杆菌分别接种于含有蔗糖、麦芽糖和可溶性淀粉的BHI培养基中,将接种后的菌液置于50 ℃恒温培养箱静置培养36 h后进行生物膜量测定。最后选取对生物膜形成影响较大的麦芽糖进行试验,考察麦芽糖添加量为0、5.0、10.0、15.0、20.0 g/L的培养基对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响。
氮源对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成膜能力的影响:以BHI为基础培养基,分别以蛋白胨、尿素和硫酸铵替换其中的胰蛋白胨,添加量均为10.0 g/L。按1%接种量将副地衣芽孢杆菌分别接种于含有蛋白胨、尿素和硫酸铵的BHI培养基中,将接种后的菌液置于50 ℃恒温培养箱静置培养36 h后进行生物膜量测定。最后选取对生物膜形成影响较大的尿素进行试验,考察尿素添加量为0、5.0、10.0、15.0、20.0 g/L的培养基对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响。
金属离子对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成膜能力的影响:以BHI为基础培养基,分别向培养基中加入Cu2+、Mg2+以及K+,添加量均为5.0 mmol/L。按1%接种量将副地衣芽孢杆菌分别接种于含有Cu2+、Mg2+和K+的BHI培养基中,将接种后的菌液置于50 ℃恒温培养箱静置培养36 h后进行生物膜量测定。最后选取对生物膜形成影响较大的Mg2+进行试验,考察Mg2+添加量为0、5.0、10.0、15.0、20.0 mmol/L的培养基对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成能力的影响。
根据单因素试验结果,选择麦芽糖(A)、尿素(B)和Mg2+ (C)浓度进行正交试验(表1),以副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成量作为考察指标,确定最佳培养基组分。
试验数据采用SPSS 16.0和GraphPad Prism 8进行统计分析和图标制作,采用t检验检测显著性差异,P < 0.05为有统计学意义。
图1所示,副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜呈多孔结构,菌体表面被致密的胞外聚合物所包被,菌体长度大约在2.0−4.0 μm,宽度大约在0.4 μm;菌体间由丝状胞外聚合物紧密相连,具有典型的生物膜结构。
副地衣芽孢杆菌在有氧和无氧环境中均能在气-液界面形成致密的生物膜(图2A2B)。对生物膜量进行测定,结果表明有氧环境下产生的生物膜量显著高于厌氧环境(图2C),因此有氧环境更利于副地衣芽孢杆菌形成生物膜。
图3所示,副地衣芽孢杆菌在36 h生物膜产量最高,其形成量显著高于其他培养时间(P < 0.05),表明36 h为副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜成熟期。培养超过36 h后,副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜由成熟阶段向脱落/扩散阶段发展,生物膜中细菌逐渐脱离,进而导致生物膜量逐渐降低。
对副地衣芽孢杆菌进行20−60 ℃的培养温度测试,结果如图4所示,随着温度的升高,生物膜形成量逐渐增加,在50 ℃时,生物膜产量达到峰值,继续升高温度,生物膜量则显著降低。
对副地衣芽孢杆菌在不同pH环境的生物膜形成情况进行评估发现,pH值过低或过高,生物膜产量都会受到抑制,在pH值为9.0时副地衣芽孢杆菌成膜量最大(图5)。
副地衣芽孢杆菌在3种培养基中均可形成生物膜(图6),其中在BHI培养基中形成的生物膜量显著高于其他2种培养基,结果表明BHI培养基更适合副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜的生长。
在BHI培养基的基础上对碳源进行考察,结果如图7A所示,相较于其他3种碳源,麦芽糖对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜的形成有显著促进作用。进一步对麦芽糖浓度进行测试,结果如图7B所示,麦芽糖在一定浓度内能促进副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成,随着浓度的增加,其生物膜形成量呈现先增加后减少的趋势。在添加量为15.0 g/L时,生物膜形成量达到峰值,继续增加麦芽糖浓度,反而对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜的形成产生一定抑制作用。
不同氮源物质对生物膜形成的影响如图8A所示,尿素的添加对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜的形成有显著的促进作用。进一步对尿素添加量进行测试,结果如图8B所示,尿素添加量为15.0 g/L时对生物膜形成的促进作用最强。
图9A所示,相较Cu2+和K+,Mg2+对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成的促进作用更为显著。如图9B所示,低浓度的Mg2+对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜产量的影响无显著性差异,随着Mg2+浓度的增加,生物膜的形成量逐渐增加,在15.0 mmol/L时生物膜形成量达到最大。
在单因素基础上选取麦芽糖(A)、尿素(B)、Mg2+ (C)进行3因素3水平正交试验,以生物膜量为评定指标,利用极差分析法对结果进行极差分析。由表2可以看出,3个因素中对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成影响的主次顺序为B > A > C,即尿素 > 麦芽糖 > Mg2+,得出最佳组合水平为A2B1C3,即麦芽糖添加量为15.0 g/L,尿素添加量为10.0 g/L以及Mg2+添加量为20.0 mmol/L。
副地衣芽孢杆菌在优化后的培养基中形成的生物膜量显著高于原培养基,生物膜产量相较原培养基提高约58.28% (图10)。
近年来,国内外关于PGPR的研究已取得不少成果[27-29],但是由于土壤环境是一个动态且复杂的生态位,PGPR需要不断适应新的环境条件和营养条件,这导致PGPR在实际应用中的效果并不理想[30]。例如:曹景勤研究表明土壤中的水分含量是影响根瘤菌在豆科植物体内稳定存活及定殖的关键因素[31];姚槐应等研究发现,温度会影响PGPR的活性,从而影响其在植物根际的定殖[32]。因此,促进PGPR形成生物膜是提高其应对多变环境的能力,有效改善菌株在植物根际的定殖能力,增强植物病原菌拮抗能力,发挥优异生防作用的有效策略[33]
温度变化可影响细菌的生理状态进而影响生物膜的形成[34],在不同温度环境中,细菌的成膜量呈现较大波动,研究结果发现在低温(20 ℃)培养下,副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成量受到显著抑制,其原因可能是由于温度过低,导致酶活力受到影响,而细菌营养代谢则需要依靠酶的活性,低温环境会使细菌代谢速度减慢,进而延长生物膜形成的时间[35]。彭晓云等发现温度与金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜生长存在正比例关系,生物膜表面积会随着温度的增加而增加[36]。本研究中也发现类似变化,副地衣芽孢杆菌成膜量随着温度的升高而增加。不过当温度达到60 ℃时,生物膜形成量显著减少,这可能是因为温度过高会使细菌细胞中一些组分产生不可逆转的失活,从而抑制菌体的生长,导致菌体积累量不足,难以形成紧密的生物膜[37]。总体来说虽然副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325在不同环境中形成的生物膜量不同,但其在20−55 ℃的培养温度中均能形成生物膜,展现出优异的温度适应性,有助于菌株在不同区域和季节中应用。此外研究显示副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325在50 ℃时,生物膜形成量最大,表明其具有耐受高温的能力,其无疑是热带PGPR的优异候选者。
微生物的生长及其生物膜形成行为与环境pH息息相关[38-40]。当pH值过低时,菌体的生长受到抑制;随着pH值的增加,胞外聚合物的电离程度逐渐升高,絮凝作用不断增强;而当pH值超过一定范围后,胞外聚合物的絮凝作用开始下降,生物膜的形成能力也会随之降低[41]。在本研究中,副地衣芽孢杆菌在低pH环境下,生物膜生长受到抑制,这与前人研究结果相似。刘文竹等在研究pH对溶藻弧菌的试验中发现,在低pH环境下溶藻弧菌几乎不形成生物膜,生物膜形成能力受到显著抑制[42];姜颖等研究也发现,低pH环境会减弱变形链球菌的黏附力,从而影响其生物膜的形成能力[43]。当pH达到9.0时,生物膜形成量达到最大,这表明副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325可耐受强碱性环境。碱胁迫是影响植物生长的重要因素,高pH环境会强烈抑制植物根系对合成代谢所需离子的吸收,进而造成营养不足[44-45],同时还会严重破坏植物细胞膜的完整性,降低根系活力和光合性能[46]。因此,具有耐强碱效应的副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325可改善植物在过碱环境中的生长和抗胁迫能力,其可作为生物肥料促进盐碱地区作物的生长。
本研究在确定副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成的最佳培养环境的基础上,进一步探究了不同碳源、氮源以及金属离子等营养物质等对菌株生物膜形成量的影响,结果显示麦芽糖、尿素和Mg2+对副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜的形成有显著促进作用。其原因是碳源和氮源均会影响细菌的生长速率以及黏附蛋白基因的表达[47],碳氮比的改变会影响生物膜胞外聚合物中蛋白质以及多糖等含量,从而影响生物膜的形成[48]。本研究发现副地衣芽孢杆菌HMPM220325生物膜生长对碳氮源为麦芽糖和尿素表现更为偏好,而其他研究中,例如张国丽等发现植物乳杆菌SCP53的最适碳氮源为葡萄糖和乳粉[37],徐文生等发现长双歧杆菌CICC6069的最适碳氮源为葡萄糖和牛肉膏[49]。因此,不同细菌生物膜的生长与其对碳氮源的喜好以及利用率密切相关[50],选择合适的碳氮源将有助于PGPR更好形成生物膜。同时,金属二价阳离子也能够提高细菌的黏附能力以及胞外聚合物的产量,从而促进细菌生物膜的形成[51]。本研究结果发现添加Mg2+可显著提高副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜形成量,该结果与前人研究结果类似。尹清干等的研究表明Mg2+对鳗弧菌的生物膜成膜量有促进作用[52],其原因可能是由于带正电荷的Mg2+可以中和细菌细胞表面的负电荷,使细胞更容易聚合[53],并且Mg2+还可以结合EPS中带负电的官能团,形成微生物之间连接的桥梁,从而保持生物膜结构的完整性[54]。然而当Mg2+浓度超过15.0 mmol/L时生物膜的形成能力减弱,这可能是由于在高浓度下,带正电的Mg2+使微生物表面的聚合能力增强,影响了细菌对营养物质的吸收利用,从而抑制生物膜的形成[55]。因此,金属离子对于生物膜的形成来说存在一个临界点,通过调节金属离子浓度可以精准调控细菌生物膜生物量。最后,为进一步优化出副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜生长的最适培养条件,结合单因素考察结果,以麦芽糖、尿素和Mg2+为变量进行3因素3水平正交试验,以生物膜量为评定指标,确定最佳培养基组分。
本研究通过正交试验确定副地衣芽孢杆菌生物膜生长的最适培养基为麦芽糖15.0 g/L、尿素10.0 g/L、硫酸镁20.0 mmol/L、磷酸氢二钠2.5 g/L以及牛心浸粉17.5 g/L。对正交优化结果进行验证,结果显示副地衣芽孢杆菌在优化后的培养基中形成的生物膜量显著高于原培养基,生物膜产量相较原培养基提高近58.28%。综上所述,本研究对副地衣芽孢杆菌在气-液界面形成生物膜的最适培养策略进行了优化,为将其作为PGPR的开发利用提供实验基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31770066)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32200042)
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2024年第64卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240038
  • 接收时间:2024-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-12
  • 录用日期:2024-05-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770066)
国家自然科学基金(31770066)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32200042)
国家自然科学基金(32200042)
作者信息
    1 安徽大学生命科学学院, 安徽 合肥 230601
    2 安徽大学 安徽省人体微生态与精准医药重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230601

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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