Article(id=1241379093669794320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230760, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702137600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1710691200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-18, onlineDate=1773897439639, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1720022400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897439639, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897439639, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897439639, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241379085109219745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='7', pageStart='2151', pageEnd='2582', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897437598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897688675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2381, endPage=2393, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241379094789673536, articleId=1241379093669794320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=CATH-B1 inhibits extraintestinal pathogenicEscherichia coli-induced inflammatory response in microglia, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To explore the effect and mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide CATH-B1 on extraintestinal pathogenicEscherichia coli (RS218)-induced inflammatory response in microglia. [Methods] We used RS218-infected mouse microglial BV2 cells as the inflammation modelin vitro and set three groups: Mock, RS218 infection, and CATH-B1 pretreatment+RS218 infection. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to determine cell viability. The colony counting assay was used to examine the growth, adhesion, and invasion of bacterial cells. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to determine the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the supernatant of cell culture. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-6. Western blotting was employed to determine the protein levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) P65, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and their phosphorylated forms. [Results] CATH-B1 inhibited the RS218-induced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 and mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6. However, CATH-B1 did not affect bacterial adhesion or invasion. In addition, CATH-B1 inhibited the expression of phosphorylated P65 and ERK. [Conclusion] CATH-B1 plays a vital role in reducing inflammation by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The finding provides a basis for elucidating the mechanism of antimicrobial peptides against neuroinflammation.

, correspAuthors=Lianci PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*PENG Lianci, E-mail:
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【目的】探究抗菌肽CATH-B1对肠外致病性大肠杆菌RS218感染诱导小胶质细胞(BV2细胞)炎症反应的影响及作用机制。【方法】使用RS218感染小胶质细胞作为炎症模型,试验分为Mock组、RS218感染组和CATH-B1预处理+RS218感染组。采用Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8)试剂盒检测细胞活力,通过菌落计数法检测CATH-B1对细菌生长的影响和细菌的黏附入侵,酶联免疫吸附测定法检测炎症因子白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-12和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)含量,实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, RT-PCR)检测IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达水平,蛋白质印迹分析(Western blotting)法检测细胞中转录因子蛋白家族核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) P65和P-P65、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) ERK和P-ERK的蛋白表达水平。【结果】CATH-B1显著降低了RS218诱导的促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6和IL-12的水平,同时显著抑制IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达,尽管CATH-B1对细菌的黏附入侵无显著影响,但CATH-B1能够显著抑制P65和ERK磷酸化蛋白的表达。【结论】CATH-B1通过抑制NF-κB和MAPK信号通路的活化来发挥抑制炎症作用,为阐明抗菌肽抗神经炎症机制提供了重要依据。

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A: Effects of CATH-B1 on the activity of BV2 cells. B: Effects of CATH-B1 on the growth of RS218., figureFileSmall=Fh62GMA9708KLqNy56z14w==, figureFileBig=hQlVsP6Vz+6i98BI4S79gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445819493175509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CATH-B1对BV2细胞活性及对RS218生长的影响, figureFileSmall=Fh62GMA9708KLqNy56z14w==, figureFileBig=hQlVsP6Vz+6i98BI4S79gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445819648364766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of CATH-B1 on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in BV2 cells induced by RS218. A: Effects of CATH-B1 on IL-1β secretion in BV2 cells lysate induced by RS218. B: Effects of CATH-B1 on IL-1β secretion in BV2 cells supernatant induced by RS218. C: Effects of CATH-B1 on IL-12 secretion in BV2 cells supernatant induced by RS218. 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B: Effects of CATH-B1 on the expression of IL-6 mRNA in BV2 cells induced by RS218.*: Significant difference (P < 0.05);**: Significant difference (P < 0.01)., figureFileSmall=Adg3zJlVoTceSUFUA81C1w==, figureFileBig=UNfb6kNrpHNdDj4HeWSu8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445820113932531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CATH-B1对RS218诱导BV2细胞IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达的影响, figureFileSmall=Adg3zJlVoTceSUFUA81C1w==, figureFileBig=UNfb6kNrpHNdDj4HeWSu8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445820277510392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of CATH-B1 on adhesion and invasion of RS218-infected BV2 cells. A: Effect of CATH-B1 on adhesion of RS218-infected BV2 cells. B: Effect of CATH-B1 on invasion of RS218-infected BV2 cells., figureFileSmall=gs9nPAFuAXT2IVNRf8LTRw==, figureFileBig=D6MriZ+8yWNULy2iOIZ9GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445820399145214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CATH-B1对RS218感染BV2细胞的黏附侵袭的影响, figureFileSmall=gs9nPAFuAXT2IVNRf8LTRw==, figureFileBig=D6MriZ+8yWNULy2iOIZ9GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445820696940808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of CATH-B1 on LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in BV2 cells. A: Effects of co-incubation of CATH-B1 with LPS on the secretion of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. B: Effects of co-incubation of CATH-B1 with LPS on the secretion of inflammatory cytokine IL-6. C: Effects of CATH-B1 preincubation on LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β in BV2 cells. D: Effects of CATH-B1 preincubation on LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 in BV2 cells.**: Significant difference (P < 0.01);***: Significant difference (P < 0.001)., figureFileSmall=/6w6Tt1FbZvNMWg9TVdGlA==, figureFileBig=Cd+bNjoOYIWX01hRakh4FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445820843741454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CATH-B1对LPS诱导BV2细胞炎性细胞因子IL-1β和IL-6分泌的影响, figureFileSmall=/6w6Tt1FbZvNMWg9TVdGlA==, figureFileBig=Cd+bNjoOYIWX01hRakh4FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445821024096538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of CATH-B1 on key proteins of NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway in RS218-induced BV2 cells. A: Effects of CATH-B1 on key proteins of NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway in RS218-induced BV2 cells. B: Ratio of P65 phosphorylated protein to total protein. C: Ratio of ERK phosphorylated protein to total protein.*: Significant difference (P < 0.05);**: Significant difference (P < 0.01)., figureFileSmall=UmvRFwp70pNKXlw06+uvog==, figureFileBig=QLukwz4VnpyxBqgWTf/wIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445821149925663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CATH-B1对RS218诱导BV2细胞的NF-κB/MAPK信号通路关键蛋白的影响, figureFileSmall=UmvRFwp70pNKXlw06+uvog==, figureFileBig=QLukwz4VnpyxBqgWTf/wIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445821330280743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379093669794320, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effects of CATH-B1 on inflammatory cytokine secretion and key proteins of NF-κB signaling pathway in BV2 cells. 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CATH-B1抑制肠外致病性大肠杆菌诱导小胶质细胞炎性反应的作用研究
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许雅婷 , 潘言迪 , 徐刘溢 , 方仁东 , 江莎 , 彭练慈 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(7): 2381-2393
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(7): 2381-2393
CATH-B1抑制肠外致病性大肠杆菌诱导小胶质细胞炎性反应的作用研究
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许雅婷, 潘言迪, 徐刘溢, 方仁东, 江莎, 彭练慈*
作者信息
  • 西南大学动物医学院, 重庆 400715
CATH-B1 inhibits extraintestinal pathogenicEscherichia coli-induced inflammatory response in microglia
Yating XU, Yandi PAN, Liuyi XU, Rendong FANG, Sha JIANG, Lianci PENG*
Affiliations
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
出版时间: 2024-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230760
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【目的】探究抗菌肽CATH-B1对肠外致病性大肠杆菌RS218感染诱导小胶质细胞(BV2细胞)炎症反应的影响及作用机制。【方法】使用RS218感染小胶质细胞作为炎症模型,试验分为Mock组、RS218感染组和CATH-B1预处理+RS218感染组。采用Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8)试剂盒检测细胞活力,通过菌落计数法检测CATH-B1对细菌生长的影响和细菌的黏附入侵,酶联免疫吸附测定法检测炎症因子白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-12和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)含量,实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, RT-PCR)检测IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达水平,蛋白质印迹分析(Western blotting)法检测细胞中转录因子蛋白家族核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) P65和P-P65、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) ERK和P-ERK的蛋白表达水平。【结果】CATH-B1显著降低了RS218诱导的促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6和IL-12的水平,同时显著抑制IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达,尽管CATH-B1对细菌的黏附入侵无显著影响,但CATH-B1能够显著抑制P65和ERK磷酸化蛋白的表达。【结论】CATH-B1通过抑制NF-κB和MAPK信号通路的活化来发挥抑制炎症作用,为阐明抗菌肽抗神经炎症机制提供了重要依据。

CATH-B1  /  肠外致病性大肠杆菌  /  小胶质细胞  /  炎症  /  NF-κB/MAPK信号通路

[Objective] To explore the effect and mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide CATH-B1 on extraintestinal pathogenicEscherichia coli (RS218)-induced inflammatory response in microglia. [Methods] We used RS218-infected mouse microglial BV2 cells as the inflammation modelin vitro and set three groups: Mock, RS218 infection, and CATH-B1 pretreatment+RS218 infection. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to determine cell viability. The colony counting assay was used to examine the growth, adhesion, and invasion of bacterial cells. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to determine the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the supernatant of cell culture. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-6. Western blotting was employed to determine the protein levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) P65, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and their phosphorylated forms. [Results] CATH-B1 inhibited the RS218-induced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 and mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6. However, CATH-B1 did not affect bacterial adhesion or invasion. In addition, CATH-B1 inhibited the expression of phosphorylated P65 and ERK. [Conclusion] CATH-B1 plays a vital role in reducing inflammation by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The finding provides a basis for elucidating the mechanism of antimicrobial peptides against neuroinflammation.

CATH-B1  /  extraintestinal pathogenicEscherichia coli  /  microglia  /  inflammation  /  NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway
许雅婷, 潘言迪, 徐刘溢, 方仁东, 江莎, 彭练慈. CATH-B1抑制肠外致病性大肠杆菌诱导小胶质细胞炎性反应的作用研究. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2381 -2393 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230760
Yating XU, Yandi PAN, Liuyi XU, Rendong FANG, Sha JIANG, Lianci PENG. CATH-B1 inhibits extraintestinal pathogenicEscherichia coli-induced inflammatory response in microglia[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2381 -2393 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230760
肠外致病性大肠杆菌(extraintestinal pathogenicEscherichia coli, ExPEC)能在宿主肠外正常组织器官中定殖并诱发感染,导致脑膜炎、肺炎、腹膜炎、败血症等疾病[1],严重威胁着畜禽养殖、人类健康和公共卫生安全。入侵中枢神经系统是ExPEC感染最为严重的致病表型,可引起脑部的剧烈炎症反应,造成不可逆的中枢神经系统损伤,导致死亡和致残[2]。该病早期诊断困难,防治效果不佳,随着养殖业逐渐向无抗生素生产转变,寻找防治ExPEC的新方案势在必行。
小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中驻留的先天免疫调节细胞,是免疫防御的巨噬细胞,能够清除大脑中损伤死亡的神经和感染性异物性物质,从而监控脑环境稳态[3]。小胶质细胞的激活,已被广泛评估为神经炎症的一个指标[4]。随着小胶质细胞Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLR)激活,转录因子蛋白家族核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)信号通路被激活,驱动下游炎症基因的表达,包括白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1α、IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)[5]。此外,活化的小胶质细胞会激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)信号通路,产生活性氧、活性氮和神经毒性物质,从而诱导突触功能障碍、细胞外基质损伤和神经元死亡[6]。因此,抑制小胶质细胞的激活可以成为神经炎症的治疗靶点。
抗菌肽是由生物有机体产生的前体,然后经蛋白酶降解生成的具有生物学活性的小分子多肽,是先天性免疫系统抗感染的重要组成部分[7]。抗菌肽具有抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒和抗癌等作用。鸡源抗菌肽CATH-B1是cathelicidin家族抗菌肽。研究表明,CATH-B1可以结合细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS),减少禽致病性大肠杆菌诱导的TLR4激活,从而下调鸡巨噬细胞中促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的表达[8]。CATH-B1通过直接与病毒颗粒结合从而阻止病毒进入细胞,具有良好的抗病毒活性[9]。此外,CATH-B1可以抑制TLR4和c-Jun N端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, JNK)信号传导的激活,减少干扰素调节因子1 (interferon regulatory factor 1, IRF1)和干扰素β (interferon-β, IFN-β)激活,从而对抗伪狂犬病毒的感染[10]。目前CATH-B1对于细菌性神经炎症的作用及作用机制尚未明确。
因此,本研究首先使用CATH-B1进行预处理,再以肠外致病性大肠杆菌RS218感染小胶质细胞(BV2细胞)作为体外细胞炎症模型,观察CATH-B1对细胞炎症因子表达分泌量和IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA水平的影响,探究CATH-B1对BV2细胞炎症的保护作用;测定CATH-B1对细菌黏附侵袭细胞的影响,探讨CATH-B1对细菌黏附入侵的直接作用;最后研究CATH-B1对炎症通路NF-κB和MAPK信号通路相关蛋白的调控,来揭示CATH-B1对RS218诱导BV2细胞炎症的机制,为抗菌肽抗细菌性神经炎症提供理论支持。
BV2小胶质细胞(CL-0493)购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;DMEM培养基、青霉素、链霉素、胰酶、TRIzol、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和IL-12酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)试剂盒均购自赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)购自苏州双洳生物科技有限公司;LB培养基购自青岛海博生物技术有限公司;Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8)购自北京博迈德基因技术有限公司;Evo M-MLV反转录预混型试剂盒购自湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司;Universal SYBR Green Fast qPCR Mix购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司;琼脂粉和甲醇购自成都市科隆化学品有限公司;Acryl/Bis 30% Solution购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;BSA购自北京酷来搏科技有限公司;脱脂封闭奶粉购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司;PBS粉末和1×SDS-PAGE电泳缓冲液购自上海泰坦科技股份有限公司;P65抗体和ERK抗体购自北京博奥森生物技术有限公司;P-P65、P-ERK抗体购自Cell Signaling Technology公司;LPS、RIPI裂解液、曲拉通(TritonX-100)、SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液、HRP标记山羊抗鼠IgG、WB显影液、HRP标记山羊抗兔IgG均购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司。
鸡源抗菌肽CATH-B1购自上海强耀生物科技有限公司,采用Fmoc-固相肽合成法,通过反向高效液相色谱分离得到纯度 > 95%的CATH-B1。用无菌水稀释CATH-B1至1 600 µmol/L的储存浓度,于−80 ℃冰箱冷冻保存。
致新生儿脑膜炎大肠杆菌菌株RS218由华中农业大学王湘如教授惠赠。取实验室−80 ℃保存的菌液,在LB平板上用接种环平板分区划线,置于37 ℃培养箱(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)培养过夜复苏。挑取单菌落于LB液体培养基中,在37 ℃恒温摇床(常州易晨仪器制造有限公司) 180 r/min培养6 h,取处于对数生长期的菌液,调整感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)为5进行细胞感染。
BV2细胞接种于含10% FBS、1%青霉素以及1%链霉素的DMEM培养基,置于37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)中培养。待细胞密度长至80%时,用胰酶消化传代细胞。试验时,更换培养基为含2% FBS、不含双抗的DMEM培养基,试验过程中细胞培养、抗菌肽稀释和细菌重悬等均使用该培养基。
根据细胞增殖及毒性检测试剂盒即CCK-8试剂盒的说明书,在CATH-B1预处理2 h后,向每孔加入10 µL CCK-8溶液,在培养箱中孵育3 h,用酶标仪(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定在450 nm处的吸光度。
将CATH-B1与RS218于37 ℃培养箱共培养1、2、4、8 h,1 000倍稀释菌液,涂板过夜培养后计数。
处理组使用CATH-B1预处理细胞2 h,PBS洗3遍,RS218感染2 h后,加入250 µg/mL的庆大霉素,在培养箱中继续培养22 h。Mock组对应地加入新鲜培养基孵育2 h,PBS洗3遍,再加入新鲜培养基孵育2 h后,加入250 µg/mL的庆大霉素,在培养箱中继续培养22 h。Mock组与处理组对细胞的孵育和洗涤步骤同步进行,收集各组细胞裂解液和上清,严格按照ELISA试剂盒说明书的步骤,检测IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α的蛋白水平。在探究CATH-B1处理直接对BV2细胞的炎症因子分泌影响时,CATH-B1预处理细胞2 h,PBS洗3遍,加入新鲜培养基继续孵育24 h。Mock组对应地加入新鲜培养基孵育2 h,PBS洗3遍,再次加入新鲜培养基继续孵育24 h。收集各组细胞裂解液和上清,检测IL-1β和IL-6的分泌水平。
CATH-B1预处理细胞2 h,PBS洗3遍,RS218感染2 h后,加入250 µg/mL的庆大霉素,在培养箱中继续培养1 h和4 h后,弃去培养上清,PBS洗3遍。Mock组使用对应的新鲜培养基孵育,Mock组与处理组对细胞的孵育和洗涤步骤同步进行。利用TRIzol法提取细胞总RNA,Evo M-MLV反转录预混型试剂盒反转为cDNA,应用RT-PCR法扩增检测IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA水平。引物为β-actin (F: 5′-TGG AATCCTGTG GCATCCATGAAAC-3′; R: 5′-TAAAACGCAGC TCAGTAACAGTCCG-3′)、IL-1β (F: 5′-GAAATG CCACCTTTTGACAGTG-3′; R: 5′-TGGATGCTC TCATCAGGACAG)、IL-6 (F: 5′-TCAATGAGGA GACTTGCCTG-3′; R: 5′-GATGAGTTGTCATGT CCTGC-3′)。
CATH-B1预处理细胞2 h,PBS洗3遍,RS218感染2 h后,PBS洗3遍,0.1% TritonX-100室温裂解细胞10 min,收集裂解液涂板计数即为黏附与侵袭细菌总数;CATH-B1预处理2 h,PBS洗3遍,RS218感染2 h后,PBS洗3遍,250 µg/mL的庆大霉素孵育30 min杀死胞外菌,PBS洗3遍,0.1% TritonX-100室温裂解细胞10 min,收集裂解液涂板计数即为侵袭菌数,黏附菌数=黏附与侵袭细菌总数−侵袭菌数。
处理组有2种方式,第一种是用2.5 µmol/L和5.0 µmol/L的CATH-B1分别与LPS共同处理24 h后,收集各组细胞裂解液和上清。Mock组只使用新鲜培养基孵育,其余步骤与处理组一致。第二种是用浓度为2.5 µmol/L和5.0 µmol/L CATH-B1分别预处理细胞2 h,PBS洗3遍,LPS孵育24 h后,收集各组细胞裂解液和上清。Mock组只使用新鲜培养基孵育,其余步骤与处理组一致。检测以上2种处理方式的细胞裂解液中的IL-1β和细胞上清中的IL-6。
CATH-B1预处理2 h后,PBS洗3遍,RS218感染到指定时间,即15、30、60 min,弃去上清,PBS洗2遍,1×SDS裂解细胞,水浴煮沸5 min使蛋白质变性。Mock组只使用新鲜培养基孵育,其余步骤与处理组一致。使用12%的SDS-PAGE,湿转蛋白于PVDF膜上,5%的BSA封闭磷酸化蛋白,5%的脱脂奶粉封闭非磷酸化蛋白,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,二抗室温孵育1 h,ECL显色液显影,软件ImageJ进行定量分析。在探究CATH-B1处理直接对BV2细胞炎症信号通路的影响时,处理组CATH-B1孵育细胞2 h,Mock组使用新鲜培养基孵育2 h后收集样品,试验步骤和上述一致。
使用SPSS软件进行数据分析,GraphPad prism软件进行绘图,* (P < 0.05)为有统计学差异,** (P < 0.01)为有显著的统计学差异,*** (P < 0.001)为有极显著的统计学差异。
采用CCK8试剂盒评估CATH-B1对BV2细胞活力的影响和菌落计数法评估CATH-B1对细菌RS218生长的影响,设置3个试验组,分别是对照组、2.5 µmol/L CATH-B1组和5.0 µmol/L CATH-B1组。结果显示,与对照组相比,浓度为2.5 µmol/L CATH-B1和5.0 µmol/L CATH-B1对BV2细胞不具有毒性作用(图1A),浓度为2.5 µmol/L和5.0 µmol/L CATH-B1对RS218的生长无明显影响(图1B),因此选取2.5 µmol/L和5.0 µmol/L这2个浓度进行后续试验。
利用浓度为2.5 µmol/L和5.0 µmol/L的CATH-B1预处理BV2细胞2 h,然后用RS218感染2 h,通过ELISA法检测细胞裂解物中炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6,以及培养基上清液中炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α的分泌水平。结果表明,CATH-B1能显著剂量依赖性地抑制BV2细胞中IL-1β (P < 0.01)、IL-6 (P < 0.05)和IL-12 (P < 0.01)的炎性细胞因子的产生,但对TNF-α的分泌无明显影响(图2),说明CATH-B1抑制了RS218诱导BV2细胞的炎性细胞因子分泌。
为了进一步明确CATH-B1对RS218诱导的炎症的抑制作用,利用浓度为5.0 µmol/L的CATH-B1预处理2 h,然后RS218感染3 h和6 h,通过RT-PCR检测IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA水平。结果显示,5.0 µmol/L的CATH-B1显著降低RS218感染3 h (P < 0.01)和6 h (P < 0.05)的IL-1β的转录水平,CATH-B1处理组在感染6 h后,IL-6的mRNA水平相较于RS218感染组显著下调(P < 0.01) (图3)。结果表明,CATH-B1能显著抑制RS218诱导的BV2细胞中炎症因子IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA的表达。
通过菌落计数法探究CATH-B1对RS218感染BV2细胞的黏附侵袭的影响。结果显示,5.0 µmol/L CATH-B1并未明显影响RS218对BV2细胞的黏附菌数和侵袭菌数。结果表明,CATH-B1没有明显影响细菌黏附入侵细胞的能力(图4),说明CATH-B1降低炎症的作用是通过其他的免疫调节途径完成。
为了进一步明确CATH-B1是否通过直接作用于细菌的LPS来发挥降低炎症细胞因子的作用,对BV2细胞进行了LPS刺激。结果显示,当CATH-B1与LPS共同处理时,CATH-B1能显著降低LPS诱导的IL-1β和IL-6炎性因子水平(P < 0.01) (图5A5B)。当CATH-B1预孵育后,LPS再处理时,CATH-B1对LPS诱导的炎性细胞因子IL-1β和IL-6无明显的影响(图5C5D)。结果再次说明,CATH-B1可能是通过启动细胞的相关免疫调节作用来发挥抗炎作用。
通过Western blotting检测NF-κB和MAPK信号通路关键蛋白P65和ERK及其磷酸化水平的表达,结果显示,与Mock组相比,随着RS218的感染,NF-κB P65磷酸化蛋白P-P65与NF-κB P65蛋白的蛋白表达量比值和MAPK ERK磷酸化蛋白P-ERK与MAPK ERK蛋白的蛋白表达量比值显著增加,CATH-B1的预处理显著减少P-P65/P65蛋白表达量的比值(P < 0.01)和P-ERK/ERK蛋白表达量的比值(P < 0.05) (图6)。结果表明,CATH-B1通过降低RS218诱导BV2细胞中NF-κB/MAPK信号通路磷酸化蛋白的表达,从而发挥抑制炎症作用。
为了进一步明确单独的CATH-B1处理对BV2细胞炎症的影响,不同浓度的CATH-B1处理细胞后,通过ELISA和Western blotting检测BV2细胞的炎症状态。结果显示,与Mock组相比,CATH-B1对BV2细胞炎性细胞因子IL-1β和IL-6分泌没有明显影响(图7A7B),并且NF-κB P65磷酸化蛋白P-P65与NF-κB P65蛋白的蛋白表达量比值也没有明显变化(图7C7D)。结果表明,CATH-B1预处理BV2细胞后,不会对细胞产生炎症反应方面的影响。
抗菌肽是机体自身产生来对抗病原的防御性小分子肽,其来源广泛,动物、植物、微生物均可产生,在宿主固有免疫中发挥极其重要功能,是宿主维持自身健康的重要依靠。除了对入侵的病原微生物具有直接杀灭作用外,抗菌肽还参与调节宿主的免疫应答,例如增强巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,促进补体系统[11],招募或趋化中性粒细胞[12],通过Toll样受体、NF-κB、MAPK等信号通路调节免疫反应[13]。中枢神经系统很少被细菌感染,主要得益于大脑具有血脑屏障的天然保护,然而血脑屏障的存在也使得抗感染抗炎药物难以进入脑部治疗。研究表明,阳离子型富含脯氨酸和精氨酸的抗菌肽不仅显示出调节细胞因子分泌和血管生成的免疫能力,还具有穿透细胞膜和穿过血脑屏障的特性,抗菌肽可以进入脑内皮细胞和脑实质,而且在大脑中活性稳定[14-16],昆虫抗菌肽蜂毒素可以在短时间内安全、可逆地打开并进入血脑屏障[17]。鼠源抗菌肽CRAMP在脑膜炎球菌感染期间小鼠大脑中表达,随着感染时间增加,抗菌肽CRAMP表达量越多,来自感染小鼠的脑提取物比来自未感染小鼠的脑提取物显示出明显更高的抗脑膜炎球菌活性[18-19],因此,抗菌肽在中枢神经系统的先天防御中也发挥了重要作用。然而,目前对于抗菌肽调控细菌性脑膜炎的作用机制尚不清楚。
肠外致病性大肠杆菌已证实可在人类和多种动物中存在,该类细菌易产生耐药性,严重威胁人类健康和畜牧业发展。肠外致病性大肠杆菌诱发的细菌性脑膜炎是该类病原菌感染人和动物主要的病症之一,其导致中枢神经系统的炎症反应,目前缺乏对其有效的防控和治疗方案。作为脑部的巨噬细胞,小胶质细胞以激活状态响应病原体入侵,从而促进炎症反应,产生促炎因子,如IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α,这些促炎因子会促进细胞毒性、急性炎症反应和血脑屏障渗透的发生[20-21]
本研究通过RS218感染小鼠小胶质细胞(BV2细胞),探讨抗菌肽CATH-B1对肠外致病性大肠杆菌诱导细胞炎症的保护作用。结果显示,与Mock组相比,RS218感染后IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α分泌水平显著增加,CATH-B1预处理组剂量依赖性地降低IL-1β、IL-6和IL-12的表达,但不影响TNF-α的表达水平。从基因水平来看,与Mock组相比,RS218感染后IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达显著升高,CATH-B1预处理组显著降低RS218感染3 h和6 h的IL-1β的转录水平,显著降低感染6 h的IL-6的转录水平。此外,据报道,CATH-B1的细胞毒性很小,单独低剂量的CATH-B1不会对细胞产生刺激反应,更不会引起炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6等的分泌[8],这也与本研究结果一致。
虽然我们的研究结果显示,在RS218感染的2 h内,CATH-B1的预处理不会影响细菌对细胞的黏附侵袭,但有研究显示鸡源cathelicidin家族抗菌肽预孵育细胞后,可以在细菌感染的48 h内显著抑制肠炎沙门氏菌和白色念珠菌的生长,低浓度的鸡源cathelicidin家族抗菌肽预处理后的24 h内还能显著增加巨噬细胞的吞噬和增殖能力,同时减少细菌的载菌量[22-23]。这表明鸡源抗菌肽具有增强先天免疫系统的能力以及对宿主预防性保护的潜力,这也可能是CATH-B1抑制肠外致病性大肠杆菌引起的小胶质细胞神经炎症反应的原因。此外,研究结果显示CATH-B1预处理对细菌LPS诱导的炎性细胞因子IL-1β和IL-6无明显影响。结合目前的研究,抗菌肽抑制LPS刺激诱导的炎症反应,大多数是通过与LPS直接结合,减少了Toll样受体的依赖性激活,从而中和促炎细胞因子的产生。
NF-κB的经典炎症信号通路控制小胶质细胞的炎症反应[24]。在小胶质细胞表面,Toll样受体4识别病原相关分子模式[25],招募关键的衔接蛋白髓样分化因子(myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)。MyD88驱动转化生长因子激酶1 (TGF beta-activated kinase 1, TAK1)复合物的活化,进一步磷酸化NF-κB,抑制核因子κB抑制蛋白α (NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha, IκBα),导致蛋白酶体降解,并将NF-κB迁移到细胞核中以诱导促炎基因表达。研究证明抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB途径,可以有效调节阿尔茨海默病小鼠小胶质细胞炎症反应[26]。据报道,MAPK途径参与小胶质细胞的激活并介导疾病的发生。MAPK属于丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族,包括细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)、p38和JNK。在继发性脊髓损伤后,小胶质细胞通过MAPK和NF-κB信号通路诱导焦亡和神经炎症[27]。此外,新生儿败血症大鼠模型大脑通过MAPK和ERK信号通路诱导焦亡[28]。本研究通过蛋白免疫印迹法检测NF-κB P65蛋白和MAPK ERK蛋白及磷酸化P-P65和P-ERK蛋白的表达水平。结果显示,与Mock组相比,RS218感染后P-P65/P65蛋白和P-ERK/ERK蛋白比例显著升高,CATH-B1预处理组显著逆转该比例的上调。结果表明CATH-B1可能是通过抑制NF-κB和MAPK信号通路的活化来调控小鼠小胶质细胞的炎症。
另外,相关报道指出,抗菌肽的预处理会改变细胞的代谢水平,增加糖酵解通量、新生嘧啶合成和细胞内中链、长链酰基肉碱水平,抑制线粒体中的氧化磷酸化,进而促进先天免疫记忆,预防性增强对细菌感染的免疫力[23]。鸡源cathelicidin家族抗菌肽及其衍生物可以促进巨噬细胞极化倾斜,使促炎M1型向抗炎M2型转化,从而影响单核细胞和巨噬细胞的激活状态[10,29-30],导致先天免疫反应的优化和适应性免疫反应的增强。还有研究显示,CATH-B1预处理细胞后不仅减少了炎性细胞因子的分泌,还可以增强抗炎细胞因子IFN-β和IL-10基因表达[8-9]。以上表明鸡源抗菌肽CATH-B1具有整体地预防性抵抗感染炎症的作用。以上可能是CATH-B1预处理的小胶质细胞能特异地减少RS218诱导的P65和ERK蛋白磷酸化比例水平及炎症因子分泌的原因。
综上所述,CATH-B1对肠外致病性大肠杆菌诱导的小胶质细胞炎症具有保护作用,其机制可能是通过调节细胞自身的免疫状态来抑制NF-κB和MAPK信号通路的活化,进而抑制促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6和IL-12的表达,从而起到抑制炎症作用。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1800800)
  • 国家生猪技术创新中心项目(NCTIP-XD/C17)
  • 重庆市生猪产业技术体系项目(CQMAITS202312)
  • 西南大学研究生科研创新项目(SWUS23134)
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2024年第64卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230760
  • 接收时间:2023-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-10
  • 录用日期:2024-03-18
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1800800)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1800800)
National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs(NCTIP-XD/C17)
国家生猪技术创新中心项目(NCTIP-XD/C17)
Chongqing Pig Industry Technology System(CQMAITS202312)
重庆市生猪产业技术体系项目(CQMAITS202312)
Southwest University Graduate Research Innovation Project(SWUS23134)
西南大学研究生科研创新项目(SWUS23134)
作者信息
    西南大学动物医学院, 重庆 400715

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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