Article(id=1241379092453454080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230734, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1710172800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-12, onlineDate=1773897439348, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1720022400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897439348, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897439348, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897439348, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241379085109219745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='7', pageStart='2151', pageEnd='2582', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897437598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897688675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2323, endPage=2336, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241379094189895965, articleId=1241379092453454080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of microbial agents on the active constituents and rhizosphere bacterial community ofGynostemmapentaphyllum, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To alleviate the soil microecological imbalance caused by continuous cropping and improve the quality and yield ofGynostemmapentaphyllum, we studied the effects ofStreptomycesrochei D74 and the newly developed compound microbial agent T3 on the yield, quality, and rhizosphere bacterial community composition ofG.pentaphyllum, aiming to determine the suitable microbial agent for this medicinal plant in continuous cropping and rotational cropping. [Methods] The five-point sampling method was used to determine the yield ofG.pentaphyllum per unit area in the field. The content of main active constituents including flavonoids, polysaccharides, and saponins was determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. The 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was employed to reveal the rhizosphere bacterial community structure ofG.pentaphyllum. [Results] In the Z-zone of rotational cropping, the dry weight, total flavonoids, and total polysaccharides of the T3 group increased by 63.44%, 12.50%, and 32.90%, respectively, compared with those in the control group, and T3 outperformed D74 in improving the yield and quality. In the P-zone of continuous cropping, the dry weight, total flavonoids, and total polysaccharides of the D74 group increased by 77.41%, 112.50%, and 23.10%, respectively, compared with those in the control group, and D74 outperformed T3. The differential microorganisms enriched in the T3 group compared with the control group were beneficial microorganisms such asNovosphingobium andRhodanbacter, and those enriched in the D74 group wereBradyrhizobium andNitrospira. [Conclusion] Both T3 and D74 could optimize the microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil and improve the micro-environment for plant growth by recruiting beneficial microorganisms in the soil, thus increasing the content and yield of the active constituents ofG.pentaphyllum. D74 and T3 demonstrate better performance in the fields of continuous cropping and rotational cropping, respectively.

, correspAuthors=Yanbing LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LIN Yanbing, E-mail:
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【目的】为缓解中药绞股蓝种植区由于连作导致的土壤微生态失衡,提高绞股蓝品质及产量,使用本课题组的娄彻氏链霉菌(Streptomycesrochei) D74菌剂及新构建的复合菌剂T3,研究微生物菌剂的施加对绞股蓝产量、品质以及根际细菌群落组成的影响,明确绞股蓝在连作和正茬不同种植条件下的适用菌剂。【方法】采用五点取样法,测定大田种植试验中各处理组绞股蓝单位面积的产量。采用紫外-可见分光光度法及高效液相色谱法测定黄酮、多糖、皂苷等绞股蓝主要药效成分含量。利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析添加菌剂对绞股蓝根际细菌群落结构的影响。【结果】在正茬型Z区地块,T3菌剂处理组绞股蓝干重较对照组增加了63.44%,总黄酮含量提高12.50%,总多糖含量提高32.95%,增产提质效果均优于D74菌剂;而在连作型P区地块,D74菌剂处理组绞股蓝干重较对照组增加了77.41%,总黄酮含量提高112.50%,总多糖含量提高23.10%,效果优于T3菌剂。通过分析微生物群落组间差异发现,与对照组相比富集在T3菌剂组中的差异微生物为新鞘氨醇菌属(Novosphingobium)、罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter) 等有益微生物,富集在D74菌剂组中的差异微生物为慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)等有益微生物。【结论】研究表明T3复合菌剂及D74菌剂均能够通过招募土壤中有益微生物类群,优化根际土壤中微生物群落结构,改善绞股蓝根际微生态环境,显著提高绞股蓝药效成分含量及产量。D74菌剂在连作型地块施用效果更佳,T3菌剂对正茬型地块施用效果更佳。

, correspAuthors=林雁冰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=C/kEJFCJ54T52xgN/L847g==, magXml=jDPf00HbOLMqvpXmI3DLTg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=k5Bghsht819ANif19FD3Bw==, pdfFileSize=977003, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=YRXQpET3zJnL26kaA7PD+Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+6aEnsPZpx7ziFCdZkjdsg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=曹麟, 王宇龙, 卜俊文, 宋天骄, 刘玉涛, 韦小敏, 林雁冰)}, authors=[Author(id=1241445801868718439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379092453454080, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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A: differential microbes between PC and PT, B: differential microbes between PC and PD, C: differential microbes between ZC and ZT, D: differential microbes between ZC and ZD.*:P < 0.05;**:P < 0.01., figureFileSmall=77pN+q1dVlwBbTiQBfjbHA==, figureFileBig=4XRIse9chgVCknBSlk6K1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445816364233445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379092453454080, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理组间差异微生物分析

A:PC与PT处理间差异微生物;B:PC与PD处理间差异微生物;C:ZC与ZT处理间差异微生物;D:ZC与ZD处理间差异微生物

, figureFileSmall=77pN+q1dVlwBbTiQBfjbHA==, figureFileBig=4XRIse9chgVCknBSlk6K1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445816502645487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379092453454080, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Correlation analysis among the content of pharmacodynamic components content, yield, and rhizosphere microorganisms., figureFileSmall=SeSCwDZh3oHGaiPk3FJDbg==, figureFileBig=FL8P7wzEdPBcOuY7gSFHsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445816624280308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379092453454080, language=CN, label=图5, caption=药效成分含量、产量与根际微生物的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=SeSCwDZh3oHGaiPk3FJDbg==, figureFileBig=FL8P7wzEdPBcOuY7gSFHsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445816737526523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379092453454080, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design scheme of field test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentOrganic fertilizer (g)Biofertilizer (solid) (g)Base fertilizerBiofertilizer (liquid) (L)
The solid biofertilizer and organic fertilizer are evenly mixed and applied to each hole. The application amount in the table represents the amount of each hole. The amount of liquid biofertilizer applied in the table is the total amount of the four plots per time.
P (Pingli County)Control group (PC)40.00.0NPKS fertilizerWater 0.5
T3 treatment (PT)40.02.00.5
D74 treatment (PD)40.00.70.5
Z (Wuli Town)Control group (ZC)40.00.0Sheep manure fertilizer (1 000.0 kg/666.67 m2)Water 0.5
T3 treatment (ZT)40.02.00.5
D74 treatment (ZD)40.00.70.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241445818394276611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379092453454080, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大田试验设计方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentOrganic fertilizer (g)Biofertilizer (solid) (g)Base fertilizerBiofertilizer (liquid) (L)
The solid biofertilizer and organic fertilizer are evenly mixed and applied to each hole. The application amount in the table represents the amount of each hole. The amount of liquid biofertilizer applied in the table is the total amount of the four plots per time.
P (Pingli County)Control group (PC)40.00.0NPKS fertilizerWater 0.5
T3 treatment (PT)40.02.00.5
D74 treatment (PD)40.00.70.5
Z (Wuli Town)Control group (ZC)40.00.0Sheep manure fertilizer (1 000.0 kg/666.67 m2)Water 0.5
T3 treatment (ZT)40.02.00.5
D74 treatment (ZD)40.00.70.5
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微生物菌剂对绞股蓝药效成分及根际细菌群落的影响
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曹麟 1 , 王宇龙 1 , 卜俊文 1 , 宋天骄 1 , 刘玉涛 2 , 韦小敏 3 , 林雁冰 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(7): 2323-2336
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(7): 2323-2336
微生物菌剂对绞股蓝药效成分及根际细菌群落的影响
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曹麟1, 王宇龙1, 卜俊文1, 宋天骄1, 刘玉涛2, 韦小敏3, 林雁冰1, *
作者信息
  • 1 西北农林科技大学生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 2 陕西博秦生物工程有限公司, 陕西 咸阳 713800
  • 3 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
Effects of microbial agents on the active constituents and rhizosphere bacterial community ofGynostemmapentaphyllum
Lin CAO1, Yulong WANG1, Junwen BU1, Tianjiao SONG1, Yutao LIU2, Xiaomin WEI3, Yanbing LIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 Shaanxi Boqin Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Xianyang 713800, Shaanxi, China
  • 3 College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2024-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230734
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【目的】为缓解中药绞股蓝种植区由于连作导致的土壤微生态失衡,提高绞股蓝品质及产量,使用本课题组的娄彻氏链霉菌(Streptomycesrochei) D74菌剂及新构建的复合菌剂T3,研究微生物菌剂的施加对绞股蓝产量、品质以及根际细菌群落组成的影响,明确绞股蓝在连作和正茬不同种植条件下的适用菌剂。【方法】采用五点取样法,测定大田种植试验中各处理组绞股蓝单位面积的产量。采用紫外-可见分光光度法及高效液相色谱法测定黄酮、多糖、皂苷等绞股蓝主要药效成分含量。利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析添加菌剂对绞股蓝根际细菌群落结构的影响。【结果】在正茬型Z区地块,T3菌剂处理组绞股蓝干重较对照组增加了63.44%,总黄酮含量提高12.50%,总多糖含量提高32.95%,增产提质效果均优于D74菌剂;而在连作型P区地块,D74菌剂处理组绞股蓝干重较对照组增加了77.41%,总黄酮含量提高112.50%,总多糖含量提高23.10%,效果优于T3菌剂。通过分析微生物群落组间差异发现,与对照组相比富集在T3菌剂组中的差异微生物为新鞘氨醇菌属(Novosphingobium)、罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter) 等有益微生物,富集在D74菌剂组中的差异微生物为慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)等有益微生物。【结论】研究表明T3复合菌剂及D74菌剂均能够通过招募土壤中有益微生物类群,优化根际土壤中微生物群落结构,改善绞股蓝根际微生态环境,显著提高绞股蓝药效成分含量及产量。D74菌剂在连作型地块施用效果更佳,T3菌剂对正茬型地块施用效果更佳。

复合菌剂  /  根际促生细菌  /  根际微生物群落  /  绞股蓝

[Objective] To alleviate the soil microecological imbalance caused by continuous cropping and improve the quality and yield ofGynostemmapentaphyllum, we studied the effects ofStreptomycesrochei D74 and the newly developed compound microbial agent T3 on the yield, quality, and rhizosphere bacterial community composition ofG.pentaphyllum, aiming to determine the suitable microbial agent for this medicinal plant in continuous cropping and rotational cropping. [Methods] The five-point sampling method was used to determine the yield ofG.pentaphyllum per unit area in the field. The content of main active constituents including flavonoids, polysaccharides, and saponins was determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. The 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was employed to reveal the rhizosphere bacterial community structure ofG.pentaphyllum. [Results] In the Z-zone of rotational cropping, the dry weight, total flavonoids, and total polysaccharides of the T3 group increased by 63.44%, 12.50%, and 32.90%, respectively, compared with those in the control group, and T3 outperformed D74 in improving the yield and quality. In the P-zone of continuous cropping, the dry weight, total flavonoids, and total polysaccharides of the D74 group increased by 77.41%, 112.50%, and 23.10%, respectively, compared with those in the control group, and D74 outperformed T3. The differential microorganisms enriched in the T3 group compared with the control group were beneficial microorganisms such asNovosphingobium andRhodanbacter, and those enriched in the D74 group wereBradyrhizobium andNitrospira. [Conclusion] Both T3 and D74 could optimize the microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil and improve the micro-environment for plant growth by recruiting beneficial microorganisms in the soil, thus increasing the content and yield of the active constituents ofG.pentaphyllum. D74 and T3 demonstrate better performance in the fields of continuous cropping and rotational cropping, respectively.

compound microbial agent  /  plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizosphere  /  rhizosphere microbial community  /  Gynostemmapentaphyllum
曹麟, 王宇龙, 卜俊文, 宋天骄, 刘玉涛, 韦小敏, 林雁冰. 微生物菌剂对绞股蓝药效成分及根际细菌群落的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2323 -2336 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230734
Lin CAO, Yulong WANG, Junwen BU, Tianjiao SONG, Yutao LIU, Xiaomin WEI, Yanbing LIN. Effects of microbial agents on the active constituents and rhizosphere bacterial community ofGynostemmapentaphyllum[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2323 -2336 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230734
绞股蓝[Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.)Makino]为葫芦科绞股蓝属的多年生攀援草质藤本植物,主要分布在陕西、四川、湖北、福建、安徽、海南、云南等地,其中陕西秦巴山区的野生蕴藏量最为丰富[1]。绞股蓝含有皂苷、多糖、黄酮等多种次生代谢产物,具有神经保护、抗缺血再灌注损伤、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、降血糖等药理活性[2]。我国绞股蓝野生资源原本非常丰富,但由于过度采收,现已经逐步变得稀少,目前市面上的绞股蓝多为人工栽培。然而,随着栽培规模的扩大,种植条件及道地性等因素的限制,连作障碍、根结线虫等问题逐渐显现[3],这不仅严重影响了药材产量,还会使药材品质降低,大大制约了绞股蓝产业的持续健康发展。此外,在绞股蓝主要栽培地区,部分药农为了追求更高的产量而过量使用化肥,这种做法不仅造成土壤的功能退化、微生物生态失衡,还可能使药材存在安全隐患,违背了绿色农业的可持续发展理念。
随着国家对中药产业生态化发展的高度重视,减少化肥和农药的施用量、提高种植土壤质量并增强中药材的抗病性和抗逆性,对于提高中药材产量和品质具有重要的现实意义。生物肥料是含有一种或多种促生菌并与其他营养元素组成的微生物制剂,可改变土壤理化性状、改善根际微生态、促进植物营养物质的吸收、抑制病原菌生长、增强作物抗病抗逆性,促进作物健康生长[4]。合理有效地使用生物肥料能够显著减少化肥和农药的施用量,有效克服中药材的连作障碍,从而大幅提高中药材的产量和品质。因此,针对不同中药材的生长特点和种植过程中的障碍因子,研发稳定、高效的微生物菌剂已成为当前中药材生态种植领域的研究热点。
研究发现,应用于中药材种植的微生物菌剂可分为单一制剂和复合制剂,如单一施用放线菌Act12菌剂可有效提高丹参的产量和品质,增加丹参根区土壤中放线菌的数量,能显著提高丹参根际罗氏菌、球形节杆菌等有益微生物的丰度,并抑制黄曲霉等有害微生物的繁殖[5]。使用含哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉和枯草芽孢杆菌的复合菌肥处理生姜连作,能够使土壤中根瘤菌属、假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属等有益微生物的丰度显著提升,病原菌种类及丰富度下降[6]。单一菌剂与复合菌剂各具特点,一般情况下单一菌剂使用的菌株具有针对性强、生产及贮藏过程中稳定性高的特点[7],而复合菌剂大多由功能不同且具有协同作用的菌株复配而来,促生防病效果更强,在根际生态位竞争中更具优势[8]。已有的研究表明,无论是单一菌剂还是复合菌剂的使用效果均受到土壤理化性质、种植年限、农艺措施等诸多因素的影响,这将导致菌剂功能的不确定性[9]。因此在绞股蓝的种植过程中,单一菌剂和复合菌剂中哪一类型更适宜于绞股蓝产量和品质的提升,种植环境的改变是否对菌剂功能的稳定发挥造成影响,是绞股蓝生态种植的重要环节,需要深入地研究。
本研究以绞股蓝为研究对象,以课题组现有的对多种作物具有促生作用的D74菌剂和以绞股蓝根际多种促生菌复配的T3复合菌剂为供试菌剂,解析2种菌剂对绞股蓝生长、药效成分含量以及根际细菌群落结构的影响,评估其对绞股蓝生长与土壤微生态环境的改良作用,以期为绞股蓝的绿色生态种植及D74菌剂与T3复合菌剂的大面积应用提供科学依据。
T3复合菌剂由10株细菌构成,分别为解蛋白芽孢杆菌(Bacillusproteolyticus) GS15、特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillustequilensis) GS18、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillusvelezensis) GS19、辣椒芽孢杆菌(Bacilluszanthoxyli) GS20、德伦特省新颖芽孢杆菌(Neobacillusdrentensis) GS75、阿氏普里斯特氏菌(Priestiaaryabhattai) GS88、植物内生普里斯特氏菌(Priestiaendophytica) GS89、Pseudomonasnicosulfuronedens GS94、Pseudarthrobacterdefluvi GR156、无花果沙雷氏菌(Serratiaficaria) GR166。这些菌株从陕西省安康市平利县神草园茶业有限公司种植基地的绞股蓝根际土和根内生菌中分离并筛选得到。其分离筛选方法:首先使用LB、R2A培养基分离纯化得到174株细菌,然后通过测定菌株的固氮、溶磷、解钾、产生长素(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)、产铁载体、产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, ACC)脱氨酶能力,筛选得到14株兼具多种能力或单项能力突出的功能菌株,再通过平板对峙试验检测各菌株之间的协同兼容性,最后获得上述10株细菌进行复合菌剂的制备。T3液体菌剂是由10株细菌的发酵液等比例混合而成,活菌数为1.0×107 CFU/mL;T3固体菌剂是以灭菌玉米粉为载体,将10种细菌的发酵液等比例均匀地喷洒在载体上,自然风干后制得,活菌数为1.2×108 CFU/g。
娄彻氏链霉菌(Streptomycesrochei) D74由西北农林科技大学资源环境学院微生物资源研究室提供,经前期研究表明,该菌株具有促生作用和生防特性[10-12]。D74固体及液体菌剂由陕西博秦生物工程有限公司提供,其中固体菌剂活菌数为1.5×108 CFU/g,液体菌剂活菌数为1.2×107 CFU/mL。绞股蓝幼苗由平利县神草园茶业有限公司提供。
将公司提供的绞股蓝幼苗移栽至2处试验地,P区为陕西省安康市平利县神草园茶业有限公司(109°46′21″E,32°36′17″N)一处连作3年且存在连作障碍的绞股蓝种植地,其土壤有机质含量为(20.81±0.32) g/kg,全氮含量为(1.33±0.01) g/kg,全磷含量为(0.77±0.02) g/kg,全钾含量为(20.18±0.07) g/kg;Z区为陕西省安康市汉滨区五里镇(108°53′13″E,32°43′48″N)一处从未种植过绞股蓝的农田,其土壤有机质含量为(17.12±0.35) g/kg,全氮含量为(0.95±0.03) g/kg,全磷含量为(1.37±0.01) g/kg,全钾含量为(19.51±0.31) g/kg。两地土壤类型均为黄棕壤,设置2个区域目的是为探究菌剂对不同种植背景下绞股蓝的促生效果。试验设计如表1所示,每个处理重复4个小区,每个小区1.5 m×20 m。
Z区处理组于绞股蓝幼苗定植时穴施菌剂与有机肥的混合物,并分别于第10、20、40天在ZT地块浇灌稀释100倍的T3液体菌剂,在ZD地块浇灌稀释100倍的D74液体菌剂。P区处理组于绞股蓝幼苗定植时穴施菌剂与有机肥的混合物,并分别于第10、20、40天在PT地块浇灌稀释100倍的T3液体菌剂,在PD地块浇灌稀释100倍的D74液体菌剂。
在绞股蓝幼苗定植第12周收样,此时绞股蓝处于旺盛生长期,采用五点取样法,每处采集绞股蓝地上部分1 m2样方,测定绞股蓝单位面积的鲜重,80 ℃烘干至恒重后称其干重。另采集5 kg叶片,将其自然晾干后粉碎,测定绞股蓝中总皂苷、总黄酮、总多糖含量。
采用紫外-可见分光光度法,参照文献[13]的方法,以人参皂苷Re为对照品,于550 nm波长处测定绞股蓝总皂苷含量。采用高效液相色谱法,以芦丁为对照品,按照文献[14]的方法制备供试品溶液,色谱柱为月旭AQ-C18 (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5.0 μm),流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液,检测波长为360 nm,流速1 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,以芦丁为对照计算总黄酮含量。采用紫外-可见分光光度法,以葡萄糖为对照品,根据文献[15]的方法得到总多糖标准曲线,样品稀释4倍后各取1 mL置于10 mL样品管中,同标曲方法处理完毕后在625 nm处测定绞股蓝总多糖含量。
在各小区按五点取样法随机选取绞股蓝植株,挖出其根部,收集根际土用于土壤总DNA提取。
选用FastDNA® SPIN Kit for Soil试剂盒(MP Biomedicals公司)提取土壤微生物总DNA,每个样本称量0.5 g,按照操作手册进行提取。使用引物对341F (5′-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT-3′)对细菌16S rRNA基因的V3−V4区进行扩增,并在北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司完成扩增子测序。使用QIIME 2 (version QIIME 2-202202)软件中的DADA2模块进行降噪,从而获得最终的扩增子序列变异(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)以及特征表。每个ASV都使用QIIME feature-classifier插件基于Silva 138.1数据库(https://www.arb-silva.de/)进行物种注释。采用Chao1指数和Shannon指数表征细菌群落α多样性,微生物群落组成差异采用基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA)评估,STAMP分析用来鉴定2组处理中在属水平上存在特异性显著富集的细菌(检验方法为t-test,P值小于0.05),微生物群落和药效成分之间的相关性通过曼特尔检验(Mantel test)进行评估。
绞股蓝中主要药效成分测定结果如图1所示,P区施加D74菌剂后使绞股蓝总黄酮含量提高了112.50% (图1A),总多糖含量提高了23.10% (图1B),药效成分提升效果较T3菌剂更明显;Z区施加T3菌剂后使总多糖含量增加了32.95% (图1B),总黄酮含量提高了12.50% (图1A)。皂苷类物质药用价值很高,但对药用植物自身是一种自毒物质,对人参、西洋参和三七均可以表现出化感抑制作用[16]。研究人员发现,中药材“顺境出产量,逆境出品质”[17],适度的环境胁迫,会刺激皂苷类次生代谢产物的积累,抑制药用植物生长。在施用2种菌剂后,P区及Z区的绞股蓝总皂苷含量呈现不同程度的下降(图1C),因此我们推测施加菌剂可能会缓解与皂苷合成相关的环境胁迫,进而使绞股蓝中的总皂苷含量降低。
绞股蓝地上部分单位面积的干重、鲜重测定结果如图2所示,与PC对照组相比,PT处理组干重增加了63.44%,PD处理组干重增加了77.41% (图2A);与ZC对照组相比,ZT处理组干重增加了53.52%,ZD处理组干重增加了35.91% (图2A),鲜重与干重呈现相同的增长趋势(图2B)。2种菌剂处理结果表明,D74菌剂在P区连作土壤增产效果优于T3复合菌剂,而Z区使用T3复合菌剂的增产效果优于D74菌剂。结合药效成分测定结果可以看出,D74菌剂对连作土壤绞股蓝产量和品质的改善作用更好,而T3菌剂对正茬土壤绞股蓝产量和品质的改善作用更好,因而D74菌剂更适合应用于连作绞股蓝种植中,T3菌剂更适合应用于正茬绞股蓝种植中。
采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析土壤细菌群落结构,每个样本有效序列均大于8万条,使用QIIME 2中的DADA2模块进行降噪,共获得33 211个细菌ASV,分属于49门139纲331目504科940属。利用Chao1指数和Shannon指数表征细菌群落α多样性(图3A3B)。结果发现,处理组的丰富度指数相较于对照组有所下降,但并无显著性差异,说明施用T3和D74菌剂对P区和Z区绞股蓝根际微生物种群α多样性并未产生显著性影响。
为解析2种菌剂对P区及Z区绞股蓝根际细菌群落物种组成的差异,对上述各处理的根际土壤细菌群落β多样性进行分析(图3C)。基于Bray-Curtis距离的细菌群落PCoA分析结果显示,主坐标轴PCoA1和PCoA2分别解释了30.27%和9.94%的变异度。在连作土壤P区,PC、PD与PT组存在较大部分重叠,说明施加T3复合菌剂和D74菌剂均可调整连作土壤微生物群落结构,但影响较小;PD组与PT组微生物群落结构也存在差异,说明T3复合菌剂和D74菌剂对土壤微生物群落结构的调控作用存在差异。在正茬Z区,ZC、ZD与ZT组分离效果明显,说明施用T3复合菌剂和D74菌剂均能对正茬土壤微生物群落结构产生较大的影响;与ZC组相比,ZD组与ZT组结构更为相似,说明2种菌剂对土壤微生物群落结构的调控存在趋同作用;但ZD组与ZT组也存在明显的差异,说明2种菌剂对土壤微生物群落结构的调控作用并不完全相同,存在不同的调控机制。
选取门水平上相对丰度前10的物种作相对丰度堆叠柱状图,可以看出2处试验田中土壤细菌群落中相对丰度大于10.00%的优势菌门主要包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)。如图3D所示,与PC相比,PT处理的变形菌门、拟杆菌门丰度平均分别增加了14.27%、33.75%,而酸杆菌门、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)丰度平均分别降低了18.74%、30.06%和10.45%;PD土壤中变形菌门、酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)丰度平均增加3.93%、23.58%和27.17%,而拟杆菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门丰度平均分别降低了27.45%、49.67%和7.76%。与ZC相比,ZT处理变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门丰度平均增加5.84%、6.83%、29.74%和19.60%,而拟杆菌门和芽单胞菌门丰度平均分别降低了10.34%和10.59%;ZD处理中变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门丰度平均增加9.16%、39.06%和103.65%,而拟杆菌门、疣微菌门和芽单胞菌门丰度平均分别降低了18.91%、24.15%和32.30%。
为得到各处理组与对照组之间存在的差异微生物,使用STAMP差异分析得到属水平组间具有显著差异性的物种(P < 0.05)。结果显示PT处理组根际土壤显著富集了全噬菌属(Holophaga)、鞘氨醇单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)的新鞘氨醇菌属(Novosphingobium)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的Inquilinus属,而绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)的KD4-96属和迷踪菌门(Elusimicrobiota)的Lineage_IIb属显著减少(图4A)。鞘氨醇单胞菌科曾被报道在抑病根际土壤中显著富集[18],由此推测T3菌剂的加入可能使根际土壤环境向抑病土壤类型发展。PD处理组根际土壤显著富集了硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)、酸杆菌门的Candidatus_Koribacter属、微消化菌科(Micropepsaceae)、亚硝化单胞菌科(Nitrosomonadaceae)的IS-44属以及Patescibacteria门的Candidatus_Kaiserbacteria属,而类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)显著减少(图4B)。T3菌剂显著影响了5个种属的丰度,D74菌剂显著影响了6个种属的丰度,并且未出现重叠种属,研究表明2个菌剂在调控连作绞股蓝根际微生物生物群落方面存在差异,通过不同的作用方式影响其他种属的丰富度。
ZT处理组根际土壤显著富集了罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter),而亚硝化单胞菌科的Ellin6067属、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)的YC-ZSS-LKJ147属和S0134_terrestrial_group属、酸杆菌门的Subgroup_10属以及拟杆菌门的Parasegetibacter属的丰度显著降低(图4C)。ZD处理组根际土壤显著富集了罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)、黄杆菌科(Xanthobacteraceae)的慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)的中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、噬几丁质菌科(Chitinophagaceae)的沉积物杆状菌属(Sediminibacterium)以及黄单胞菌科(Xanthomonadaceae)的藤黄单胞菌属(Luteimonas),而蛭弧菌属(Bdellovibrio)、拟杆菌门的黏结杆菌属(Adhaeribacter)及红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)丰度显著下降(图4D)。T3菌剂显著影响了6个种属的丰度,D74菌剂显著影响了8个种属的丰度,仅共同显著影响了罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)的丰度,但影响程度不同,研究表明2个菌剂在调控正茬绞股蓝根际微生物生物群落方面也存在差异,通过不同的作用方式影响其他种属的丰富度。
通过曼特尔检验(Mantel test)将前文中使用STAMP差异分析筛选得到的差异物种,与绞股蓝叶片中主要药效成分含量进行相关性分析(图5)。黄酮含量与InquilinusMicropepsaceae和全噬菌属(Holophaga)存在极显著相关性,同时与罗河杆菌属(Rhodanbacter)、新鞘氨醇菌属(Novosphingobium)、Candidatus_Kaiserbacteria、IS-44Sediminibacterium存在显著相关性;皂苷含量与MicropepsaceaeCandidatus_Kaiserbacteria和硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)存在极显著相关性,与慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、罗河杆菌属(Rhodanbacter)、全噬菌属(Holophaga)存在显著相关性。多糖含量与MicropepsaceaeIS-44存在极显著相关性,与SediminibacteriumCandidatus_Kaiserbacteria存在显著相关性。此外,绞股蓝产量与IS-44存在极显著相关性,与Sediminibacterium及藤黄单胞菌属(Luteimonas)存在显著相关性。
本研究发现在绞股蓝大田种植试验中施用T3复合菌剂及D74菌剂均能显著提高绞股蓝产量,并提高绞股蓝总黄酮及总多糖含量,表明D74菌剂不仅能够应用于经济作物,也可在中药材的种植中起到提质增产作用。新构建的T3复合菌剂也可应用于绞股蓝生态种植中,而且T3复合菌剂对正茬绞股蓝的增产提质效果更好,D74菌剂对连作绞股蓝的促生作用更好。构建T3复合菌剂所用的10株细菌都具有良好的促生能力,其多是文献报道过的植物根际促生菌。例如,无花果沙雷氏菌(Serratiaficaria)能够对多种难溶磷表现出较强的溶磷能力[19];溶蛋白芽孢杆菌(Bacillusproteolyticus)对常见的病原菌(黄瓜枯萎菌、西瓜尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌)具有拮抗作用[20],并且对于早期防控根结线虫具有良好的效果,有助于实现蔬菜的绿色安全生产[21];阿氏普里斯特氏菌(Priestiaaryabhattai)溶磷能力及产IAA能力均较强[22-23],具有促进植物生长的作用[24-25],因此新构建的T3复合菌剂能够安全地应用于绞股蓝种植,并取得了良好的提质增产效果。
新构建的T3复合菌剂使绞股蓝的根际土壤细菌α多样性有所降低,但与对照组相比无显著差异(P > 0.05),推测这可能与T3菌剂中的菌株均来源于绞股蓝根际有关,高浓度原著微生物的施入可能在抢占生态位上更具优势,从而导致根际土壤细菌群落的物种趋于均一化。同样地,D74菌剂也使绞股蓝α多样性略有降低,但这种变化并不显著。这与李凤等[26]报道的接种促生菌JP2-3会使土壤中细菌群落丰富度非显著性降低的结果一致,结合绞股蓝产量及药效成分含量分析,说明部分根际促生菌对根际微生物群落的调控作用表现为α多样性的降低,这一结果不会影响菌剂的促生效果。
PCoA分析结果显示,P区与Z区本底微生物群落结构受土壤理化性质、种植年限、施肥措施等的影响存在显著性差异,而施加T3复合菌剂和D74菌剂均可调整连作P区和正茬Z区土壤微生物群落结构,而且对连作土壤微生物群落结构扰动较小,对正茬土壤微生物群落结构影响较大,说明P区微生物群落结构较Z区不易被扰动。这可能是由于P区为连作土壤,微生物群落结构已经失衡,导致促生菌对土壤微生物群落结构的改变较为困难,这也是连作障碍难以治理的一个重要因素。土壤微生物组高度依赖土壤有机质提供的养分,细菌群落可根据其生态类型分为富营养型细菌(r策略型细菌)和寡营养型细菌(K策略型细菌)[27]。研究发现在草地退化后的恢复过程中,土壤微生物群落是由寡营养型向富营养型转变,变形菌门、拟杆菌门等快速生长的富营养菌丰度增加[28]。在本研究中,T3菌剂使土壤中的变形菌门、拟杆菌门相对丰度增加,PT处理组有机质含量显著升高,由此推测T3菌剂能够在一定程度上促进连作地块的细菌群落向富营养型转变,缓解连作障碍。
虽然施加T3复合菌剂和D74菌剂均可调整连作P区和正茬Z区土壤微生物群落结构,但2种菌剂对P区和Z区微生物结构产生了不同的影响。STAMP差异分析表明,2种菌剂在同区域显著影响的微生物种属不同,同一菌剂在不同区域之间显著影响的微生物种属也不同,表明2种菌剂通过不同的方式调控群落结构,调控方式也随着环境的变化而变化。PT处理组中显著富集鞘氨醇单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)的新鞘氨醇菌属(Novosphingobium),PD处理组中显著富集硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira),ZT处理组中显著富集罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter),ZD处理组中显著富集慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)及黄单胞菌科的藤黄单胞菌属(Luteimonas)。研究表明慢生根瘤菌属在降低根际土壤酚酸毒性方面发挥重要作用[29],富含次级代谢产物合成基因的鞘氨醇单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)和黄单胞菌科(Xanthomonadaceae)在抑病根际土壤中显著富集[18]。本研究结果表明,T3复合菌剂和D74菌剂通过招募不同的有益菌群构建“特异性”的根际微生物群落结构,从而表现出不同的促生效果。
曼特尔检验(Mantel test)分析发现,新鞘氨醇菌属与总黄酮含量显著相关,慢生根瘤菌属与总皂苷含量显著相关,藤黄单胞菌属与产量显著相关,Micropepsaceae属与绞股蓝中总黄酮、总多糖、总皂苷均存在显著相关性。许多研究均证实微生物能够影响药用植物次生代谢产物的产生,例如施用含荧光假单胞菌和固氮螺菌的生物菌肥能通过分泌IAA诱导蒲公英等双子叶药用植物产生侧根,增强其对矿物质和水分的吸收能力[30];丹参的种传微生物能够促进丹参酮的合成且能提高丹参的生物量[31];印度梨形孢菌能通过上调黄酮类物质的合成途径以促进其积累[32];施用短小芽孢杆菌菌肥能上调甘草HMGR、β-AS、SQS1关键酶的表达,进而促进总黄酮、总多糖、甘草酸等次级代谢产物在根部的积累[33];本研究后续也将深入探究与药效成分显著相关的微生物调节次级代谢产物合成途径。由于大田试验所受的影响条件非常复杂,无法确定菌剂中每株菌在大田环境下的定殖效果,所以微生物菌剂施加后在大田中的有效活菌数也需要进一步地研究。
D74菌剂及T3复合菌剂在绞股蓝种植中有着良好的促生效果,使绞股蓝生物量(干重)提高了35.91%−77.41%,总黄酮含量提高了12.50%−112.50%,总多糖含量提高了23.10%−32.95%,两者能够通过富集附近土壤中的新鞘氨醇菌属(Novosphingobium)、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、罗河杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)、藤黄单胞菌属(Luteimonas)等有益微生物,优化根际土壤中微生物群落结构,改善绞股蓝根际微生态环境。D74菌剂对连作型绞股蓝效果更佳,T3菌剂对正茬型绞股蓝效果更佳。研究结果可为绞股蓝专用微生物肥开发提供新思路,同时为进一步阐明植物-微生物-根际分泌物互作机理提供参考。
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230734
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
  • 录用日期:2024-03-12
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Ankang Chinese Herbal Medicine Experimental Demonstration Station Construction Project
安康市中药材试验示范站建设项目
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    1 西北农林科技大学生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
    2 陕西博秦生物工程有限公司, 陕西 咸阳 713800
    3 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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