Article(id=1241379091589419491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230808, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703779200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1710691200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-18, onlineDate=1773897439143, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1720022400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897439143, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897439143, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897439143, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241379085109219745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='7', pageStart='2151', pageEnd='2582', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897437598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897688675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2502, endPage=2521, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241379091929158128, articleId=1241379091589419491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, screening, and metabolic characterization ofKroppenstedtia eburnea from the fermented grains of Jiang-flavor Baijiu, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] High-temperature stacking fermentation is a key process in the production of Jiang-flavor Baijiu.Kroppenstedtia is a predominant bacterial genus in the stacked fermented grains, and investigating its growth and metabolic characteristics contributes to comprehensively understanding the crucial role of stacking fermentation. [Methods] The tryptic soy broth was used to screenKroppenstedtia strains from the stacked fermented grains, and the taxonomic status of each strain was determined by morphological observation and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, the growth characteristics and volatile compound metabolism of each strain were investigated by solid-state fermentation experiments on sorghum at different temperatures (45 ℃ and 50 ℃) in combination with pure culture. [Results] Three strains ofKroppenstedtia were isolated from the fermented grains of Jiang-flavor Baijiu and identified asK.eburnea. The liquid culture of strainK.eburnea 1613 significantly enhanced the production of pyrazines, which was 2.66 folds of that in the control group. The volatile compounds of sorghum in solid-state fermentation predominantly consisted of alcohols and acids, the total content of which increased over the fermentation time. The fermentation at 50 ℃ promoted the accumulation of alcohols, acids, and pyrazines, and that at 45 ℃ facilitated the accumulation of esters. The primary metabolites produced by the three strains during solid-state fermentation with sorghum as the substrate were phenethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid. The fermentation withK.eburnea 1615 at 50 ℃ for 15 days produced the highest levels of phenethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid, which reached (31.17±0.14) µg/g and (16.75±0.76) µg/g, respectively. The fermentation withK.eburnea 6E22 andK.eburnea 1613 at 50 ℃ yielded the highest levels of 2, 5-dimethyl pyrazine [(1.67±0.14) µg/g] and hexanoic acid [(3.74±0.19) µg/g], respectively, after 15 days. The accumulation of aldehydes and ketones was significant in sorghum fermented at 50 ℃. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed significant influences of temperature and time on the volatile compound composition of sorghum fermented by the three strains. [Conclusion] K.eburnea contributes to the production of flavor compounds in fermented grains, particularly the characteristic flavor compounds such as alcohols, acids, and pyrazines of Jiang-flavor Baijiu.

, correspAuthors=Lijuan CHAI, Zhenghong XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CHAI Lijuan, E-mail:;
XU Zhenghong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuangquan WU, Lijuan CHAI, Tingcai HUANG, Wei SHI, Zhenming LU, Xiaojuan ZHANG, Songtao WANG, Caihong SHEN, Zhenghong XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241379095800500874, articleId=1241379091589419491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=酱香型白酒堆积酒醅中象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌的分离筛选及其代谢特性解析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】高温堆积发酵是酱香型白酒生产中的关键工艺环节,克罗彭斯特德菌属(Kroppenstedtia)是堆积酒醅中的优势细菌属,研究其生长和代谢特征对于理解堆积发酵的关键作用至关重要。【方法】采用胰酪大豆蛋白胨(tryptic soy broth, TSB)培养基从酒醅中筛选克罗彭斯特德菌,通过形态学和16S rRNA基因测序确定其分类学地位,结合菌株纯培养及不同温度(45 ℃和50 ℃)下的高粱固态发酵实验,研究其生长和挥发性化合物代谢特征。【结果】从酱香型白酒堆积酒醅中分离筛选到3株克罗彭斯特德菌,经鉴定为象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌(Kroppenstedtiaeburnea)。液态培养时菌株K.eburnea 1613促进吡嗪类物质的产生,为对照的2.66倍。在固态发酵高粱中检出的挥发性化合物主要为醇类和酸类,总含量随发酵时间的推移而逐渐增加。50 ℃发酵高粱有利于醇类、酸类和吡嗪类物质的积累,而45 ℃下酯类物质含量较高。3株菌以高粱为基质进行固态发酵时主要代谢产物是苯乙醇和异戊酸,其中K.eburnea 1615在50 ℃下发酵15 d时苯乙醇和异戊酸含量最高,为(31.17±0.14) µg/g和(16.75±0.76) µg/g。菌株K.eburnea 6E22在50 ℃下发酵15 d时2, 5-二甲基吡嗪含量最高,为(1.67±0.14) µg/g。菌株K.eburnea 1613在发酵15 d时己酸含量最高,为(3.74±0.19) µg/g。50 ℃下发酵高粱自身中醛酮类物质积累明显。偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis, PLS-DA)显示,温度和时间对3株菌发酵高粱中挥发性化合物的组成有显著影响。【结论】象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌有助于堆积发酵酒醅风味化合物的产生,特别是醇类、酸类和吡嗪类等酱香型白酒特征风味物质。

, correspAuthors=柴丽娟, 许正宏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7Yw0Hc7R1wUG1r5IpWtRSQ==, magXml=/of0waa1SQykqzFhRdhk+A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pk2DbsEOWhriKkKo7DjBMA==, pdfFileSize=2230971, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=c7S0kB3pdG+qaJBYtRsMiw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jadkeYXHswjXWEOjgDS5eQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=吴双全, 柴丽娟, 黄廷财, 时伟, 陆震鸣, 张晓娟, 王松涛, 沈才洪, 许正宏)}, authors=[Author(id=1241445815084970677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241445815307268797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, authorId=1241445815084970677, language=EN, stringName=Shuangquan WU, firstName=Shuangquan, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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authorNames=null, journalName=食品与发酵工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=熊小月, 李利利, 马宇, 黄永光, 尤小龙, 程平言.酱香白酒酿造轮次醇甜典型体基酒风味解析[J].食品与发酵工业,2022,48(13):261-267., articleTitle=酱香白酒酿造轮次醇甜典型体基酒风味解析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241445837042151640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=48, issue=13, pageStart=261, pageEnd=267, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SPFX202213035.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=Food and Fermentation Industries, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIONG XY, LI LL, MA Y, HUANG YG, YOU XL, CHENG PY.Flavor analysis of alcohol-sweetness typical body base Baijiu in sauce-flavor Baijiu from fermentation rounds[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2022,48(13):261-267 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Flavor analysis of alcohol-sweetness typical body base Baijiu in sauce-flavor Baijiu from fermentation rounds, 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A:OD600. B:pH

, figureFileSmall=xXdqz7CnvfWPgUCGst++gg==, figureFileBig=pB2RSDF1SOWnrJMpqn1CQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445824509572061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Relative content (A) and proportion (B) of volatile compounds in fermentation broth from different strains. Error bars represent the standard deviations of the mean., figureFileSmall=V/mifdIgusyIswrysnpgXw==, figureFileBig=mE2v+ZbIzu4MRRR1jP458A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445824748647399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌液挥发性化合物相对浓度(A)及百分占比(B), figureFileSmall=V/mifdIgusyIswrysnpgXw==, figureFileBig=mE2v+ZbIzu4MRRR1jP458A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445824840922091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Cluster heatmap analysis of diverse volatile compounds in fermentation broth., figureFileSmall=b9Bnkcyid4wHoAkf4trvBg==, figureFileBig=m+tlfD17TbtTKDMU7MaYYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445824966751219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=CN, label=图5, caption=纯培养条件下菌株各类挥发性化合物聚类热图分析, figureFileSmall=b9Bnkcyid4wHoAkf4trvBg==, figureFileBig=m+tlfD17TbtTKDMU7MaYYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445825168077819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Relative content and proportion of volatile compounds in the solid-state fermented sorghum of strains under 45 ℃ (A) and 50 ℃ (B). Error bars represent the standard deviations of the mean., figureFileSmall=fIl1SxaSgaik3Ppm8TFqNQ==, figureFileBig=N9m3sQtcH4estagwqpeI2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445825436513277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=CN, label=图6, caption=45 ℃ (A)和50 ℃ (B)下菌株固态发酵高粱中挥发性化合物相对含量及其占比, figureFileSmall=fIl1SxaSgaik3Ppm8TFqNQ==, figureFileBig=N9m3sQtcH4estagwqpeI2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445825574925310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Analysis of volatile compounds across various categories in sorghum subjected to constant temperature fermentation. A: Alcohols. B: Acids. C: Esters. D: Aldehydes. E: Ketones. F: Others. G: Phenols. Error bars represent the standard deviations of the mean., figureFileSmall=/cYoPqsi8IiWTzLAe/laig==, figureFileBig=aA43FrqyU3853s7Rh9fbjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445825654616068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=CN, label=图7, caption=恒温发酵高粱中不同类别挥发性化合物分析

A:醇类. B:酸类. C:酯类. D:醛类. E:酮类. F:其他类. G:酚类

, figureFileSmall=/cYoPqsi8IiWTzLAe/laig==, figureFileBig=aA43FrqyU3853s7Rh9fbjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445825763667978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Analysis of variations in flavor compounds of sorghum fermented at different temperatures. A: PLS-DA model. B: 200 permutation test. C: Heat map of the representative differential volatile substances., figureFileSmall=8WyV6Lr3sqKDIj6XejG2hA==, figureFileBig=VLZT3gWnlc9sDbNK1YIzOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445825881108496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379091589419491, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同温度发酵高粱风味物质差异分析

A:PLS-DA模型. B:200次置换检验. C:特征差异物质聚类热图

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A:PLS-DA模型. B:200次置换检验. C:特征差异物质聚类热图

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酱香型白酒堆积酒醅中象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌的分离筛选及其代谢特性解析
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吴双全 1, 2 , 柴丽娟 1, 2, * , 黄廷财 1, 2 , 时伟 1, 2 , 陆震鸣 1, 2 , 张晓娟 1, 2 , 王松涛 3 , 沈才洪 3 , 许正宏 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(7): 2502-2521
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(7): 2502-2521
酱香型白酒堆积酒醅中象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌的分离筛选及其代谢特性解析
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吴双全1, 2, 柴丽娟1, 2, * , 黄廷财1, 2, 时伟1, 2, 陆震鸣1, 2, 张晓娟1, 2, 王松涛3, 沈才洪3, 许正宏1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 江南大学生物工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 2 江南大学 粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 3 国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心, 四川 泸州 646000
Isolation, screening, and metabolic characterization ofKroppenstedtia eburnea from the fermented grains of Jiang-flavor Baijiu
Shuangquan WU1, 2, Lijuan CHAI1, 2, * , Tingcai HUANG1, 2, Wei SHI1, 2, Zhenming LU1, 2, Xiaojuan ZHANG1, 2, Songtao WANG3, Caihong SHEN3, Zhenghong XU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 2 National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 3 National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2024-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230808
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【目的】高温堆积发酵是酱香型白酒生产中的关键工艺环节,克罗彭斯特德菌属(Kroppenstedtia)是堆积酒醅中的优势细菌属,研究其生长和代谢特征对于理解堆积发酵的关键作用至关重要。【方法】采用胰酪大豆蛋白胨(tryptic soy broth, TSB)培养基从酒醅中筛选克罗彭斯特德菌,通过形态学和16S rRNA基因测序确定其分类学地位,结合菌株纯培养及不同温度(45 ℃和50 ℃)下的高粱固态发酵实验,研究其生长和挥发性化合物代谢特征。【结果】从酱香型白酒堆积酒醅中分离筛选到3株克罗彭斯特德菌,经鉴定为象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌(Kroppenstedtiaeburnea)。液态培养时菌株K.eburnea 1613促进吡嗪类物质的产生,为对照的2.66倍。在固态发酵高粱中检出的挥发性化合物主要为醇类和酸类,总含量随发酵时间的推移而逐渐增加。50 ℃发酵高粱有利于醇类、酸类和吡嗪类物质的积累,而45 ℃下酯类物质含量较高。3株菌以高粱为基质进行固态发酵时主要代谢产物是苯乙醇和异戊酸,其中K.eburnea 1615在50 ℃下发酵15 d时苯乙醇和异戊酸含量最高,为(31.17±0.14) µg/g和(16.75±0.76) µg/g。菌株K.eburnea 6E22在50 ℃下发酵15 d时2, 5-二甲基吡嗪含量最高,为(1.67±0.14) µg/g。菌株K.eburnea 1613在发酵15 d时己酸含量最高,为(3.74±0.19) µg/g。50 ℃下发酵高粱自身中醛酮类物质积累明显。偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis, PLS-DA)显示,温度和时间对3株菌发酵高粱中挥发性化合物的组成有显著影响。【结论】象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌有助于堆积发酵酒醅风味化合物的产生,特别是醇类、酸类和吡嗪类等酱香型白酒特征风味物质。

堆积发酵  /  象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌  /  固态发酵  /  挥发性化合物

[Objective] High-temperature stacking fermentation is a key process in the production of Jiang-flavor Baijiu.Kroppenstedtia is a predominant bacterial genus in the stacked fermented grains, and investigating its growth and metabolic characteristics contributes to comprehensively understanding the crucial role of stacking fermentation. [Methods] The tryptic soy broth was used to screenKroppenstedtia strains from the stacked fermented grains, and the taxonomic status of each strain was determined by morphological observation and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, the growth characteristics and volatile compound metabolism of each strain were investigated by solid-state fermentation experiments on sorghum at different temperatures (45 ℃ and 50 ℃) in combination with pure culture. [Results] Three strains ofKroppenstedtia were isolated from the fermented grains of Jiang-flavor Baijiu and identified asK.eburnea. The liquid culture of strainK.eburnea 1613 significantly enhanced the production of pyrazines, which was 2.66 folds of that in the control group. The volatile compounds of sorghum in solid-state fermentation predominantly consisted of alcohols and acids, the total content of which increased over the fermentation time. The fermentation at 50 ℃ promoted the accumulation of alcohols, acids, and pyrazines, and that at 45 ℃ facilitated the accumulation of esters. The primary metabolites produced by the three strains during solid-state fermentation with sorghum as the substrate were phenethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid. The fermentation withK.eburnea 1615 at 50 ℃ for 15 days produced the highest levels of phenethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid, which reached (31.17±0.14) µg/g and (16.75±0.76) µg/g, respectively. The fermentation withK.eburnea 6E22 andK.eburnea 1613 at 50 ℃ yielded the highest levels of 2, 5-dimethyl pyrazine [(1.67±0.14) µg/g] and hexanoic acid [(3.74±0.19) µg/g], respectively, after 15 days. The accumulation of aldehydes and ketones was significant in sorghum fermented at 50 ℃. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed significant influences of temperature and time on the volatile compound composition of sorghum fermented by the three strains. [Conclusion] K.eburnea contributes to the production of flavor compounds in fermented grains, particularly the characteristic flavor compounds such as alcohols, acids, and pyrazines of Jiang-flavor Baijiu.

stacking fermentation  /  Kroppenstedtia eburnea  /  solid-state fermentation  /  volatile compounds
吴双全, 柴丽娟, 黄廷财, 时伟, 陆震鸣, 张晓娟, 王松涛, 沈才洪, 许正宏. 酱香型白酒堆积酒醅中象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌的分离筛选及其代谢特性解析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2502 -2521 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230808
Shuangquan WU, Lijuan CHAI, Tingcai HUANG, Wei SHI, Zhenming LU, Xiaojuan ZHANG, Songtao WANG, Caihong SHEN, Zhenghong XU. Isolation, screening, and metabolic characterization ofKroppenstedtia eburnea from the fermented grains of Jiang-flavor Baijiu[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2502 -2521 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230808
酱香型白酒以其香气幽雅细腻、酒体醇厚丰满著称,其生产工艺特点是“四高两长,一大一多”,即高温堆积,高温馏酒,高温发酵,高温制曲;生产周期长,储酒时间长;用曲量大,多轮次取酒[1]。高温堆积发酵是酱香型白酒生产的关键工序,被称为是“二次制曲”过程,主要起到网罗环境中的微生物、生成重要酱香风味化合物或前体物质以及糖化发酵作用[2-3]
克罗彭斯特德菌属(Kroppenstedtia)是酱香型白酒大曲生产和酒醅堆积发酵过程中的优势细菌,相对丰度约为3.49%−41.73%[4-6]。克罗彭斯特德菌属属于芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)的高温放线菌科(Thermoactinomycetaceae),基于EzBioCloud数据库(https://www.ezbiocloud.net/identify),目前该属有4个分类学地位明确的种,包括象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌(K.eburnea)、广州克罗彭斯特德菌(K.guangzhouensis)、肺克罗彭斯特德菌(K.pulmonis)和血克罗彭斯特德菌(K.sanguinis),主要是从塑料表面、血液、土壤和脑脊液分离出来的[7-9],均为好氧耐热微生物,其中K.guangzhouensis最适生长温度为50 ℃,其余均为45 ℃。温度是影响酱香型白酒堆积发酵质量的重要因素,能反映堆积发酵过程是否正常[10-11],在堆积过程酒醅温度最高能达到50 ℃左右[12]
目前基于宏转录组学和宏基因组学研究发现,克罗彭斯特德菌属是酱香型白酒酿造过程脂肪酸生物合成的功能微生物[13]。对6个轮次大曲酶编码基因进行功能注释发现,象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌编码α-淀粉酶,能参与大曲发酵过程的碳水化合物代谢[14]。此外,斯皮尔曼相关性分析显示,在大曲发酵过程中克罗彭斯特德菌属与氨基酸、乙酸等风味物质呈显著正相关[15-17]。然而,克罗彭斯特德菌属在菌株水平的代谢特性及其在酱香型白酒堆积过程中对风味的贡献尚不清楚。
因此,本研究采用传统分离培养手段从酱香型白酒堆积酒醅中分离、筛选克罗彭斯特德菌,结合冷场扫描电镜及测序手段鉴定其形态特征和分类学地位;在纯培养条件下研究菌株的生长和挥发性化合物代谢情况;最后,以酱香型白酒酿造原料红缨子高粱为基质进行15 d恒温固态发酵实验,探究克罗彭斯特德菌在不同温度(45 ℃和50 ℃)条件下挥发性化合物的产生情况。
本研究中所用的酒醅样品取自某酱香型白酒酒厂,分别取自酱香型白酒第三次堆积发酵的第1、4、9天的酒醅。每一个酒醅样品取自距离地面50 cm的堆积酒醅,取样深度为20 cm,三点取样,每个点取约50 g酒醅,混匀后放入无菌自封袋。放冰袋4 ℃保存,送回实验室进行后续微生物分离。
叔戊醇(色谱级纯度),Sigma-Aldrich公司;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;胰酪大豆蛋白胨(tryptic soy broth, TSB)培养基,青岛海博生物技术有限公司;气相色谱-质谱联用仪,安捷伦科技有限公司;定量PCR仪,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;Spark多模微孔板阅读器,Tecan公司;冷场扫描电镜,HITACHI公司。
调研克罗彭斯特德菌属相关文献发现,常用TSB培养基作为筛选培养基[7-9]
TSB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨17.0,氯化钠5.0,大豆蛋白胨3.0,磷酸氢二钾2.5,葡萄糖2.5。固体培养基需添加质量分数2.0%的琼脂粉。灭菌条件为115 ℃、20 min。
固态发酵高粱培养基:向250 mL锥形瓶中加入100 g红缨子高粱和80 mL去离子水,121 ℃灭菌30 min后,冷却至50 ℃备用。
称取10 g堆积醅样品,添加到装有100 mL无菌生理盐水和适量玻璃珠的250 mL三角瓶内,45 ℃、180 r/min振荡30 min,静置10 min,待酒醅沉到瓶底后,获得菌悬液。取上清液进行梯度稀释(10−1−10−7),取100 µL菌悬液涂布在TSB固体培养基上,放置在45 ℃培养箱,恒温培养2−3 d。待菌落长出后,每隔一段时间挑选不同菌落形态的单菌落,分离纯化3次后接种到TSB液体培养基中,在恒温摇床上45 ℃、180 r/min培养2 d。取2 mL菌液,根据细菌DNA快速提取试剂盒的说明书,提取菌株DNA用于物种鉴定,同时取0.9 mL菌液转移到有0.9 mL 50%甘油的保种管里,置于−80 ℃冰箱保藏备用。
参照《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》[18]和《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[19]的方法对克罗彭斯特德菌进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定。分子生物学鉴定以细菌的16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)对提取的菌株DNA进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(25 µL):DNA模板1 µL,2×Taq Master Mix (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司) 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,加无菌ddH2O至25 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性7 min;95 ℃变性25 s,56 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸20 s,35个循环;72 ℃延伸7 min。将PCR产物送至天霖生物科技无锡有限公司测序,将测序结果与EzBioCloud数据库中的模式菌株进行同源比对。利用MEGA 7软件基于邻近法(neighbor-joining)构建系统进化树,以暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis) KCTC 13613T的16S rRNA基因作为外源菌序列。
将菌株在固体TSB培养基上进行划线培养,挑选单菌落在液体TSB培养基中培养获得生长活力良好的种子液。以1%接种量转接到加有适量玻璃珠的装有100 mL TSB液体培养基的250 mL三角瓶中,每隔4 h采集发酵液用于分析生长和代谢特征,以未接种的培养基为对照,每组设置3个平行。
吸取200 μL发酵液至96孔板中,使用酶标仪测量600 nm处OD值。采用微量pH计(METTLER TOLEDO公司)测定pH值。将传代3次的生长至对数生长期(OD600约为2.0)的菌液涂布在平板上,让菌长满整个平板。挑取菌体,用PBS缓冲液清洗3次,再用2.5%的戊二醛溶液固定2次,用冷场扫描电子显微镜观察菌体的微观形态。
采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法(headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography- mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)测定菌液中挥发性化合物组成。取30 mL培养至平稳期的菌液于50 mL离心管中,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min。取5 mL上清液于20 mL顶空瓶中,加入2.3 g氯化钠以及10 μL 8.05 g/L的色谱级叔戊醇内标液。
检测条件:色谱柱为DB-Wax毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm),载气为He,流速为1 mL/min,进样口温度为250 ℃,解吸5 min,不分流进样;气相升温程序:初始温度40 ℃,保持3 min,以5 ℃/min升至60 ℃,再以10 ℃/min升至230 ℃,保持8 min。质谱条件:离子源温度260 ℃,界面温度200 ℃,电子能量70 eV,扫描质量范围25–350 amu。采用NIST17谱库进行定性分析,采用内标法计算各种物质的相对含量。
菌株按1%的接种量接种于TSB液体培养基,培养至平稳期,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min收集菌体,利用PBS缓冲液洗涤菌体2次并重悬。向固态发酵高粱培养基中分别加入20 mL菌株重悬液,混匀后分别放入45 ℃和50 ℃的恒温培养箱中培养,以加入20 mL无菌水为空白对照,每个处理设置3个平行。在发酵第0、4、7和15 d时分别取样,置于−80 ℃冰箱备用。
采用HS-SPME-GC-MS检测菌株在不同温度条件下发酵高粱的挥发性化合物组成。取5 g样品于50 mL离心管中,加入20 mL超纯水,充分涡旋振荡混匀,4 ℃超声处理30 min,8 000 r/min离心10 min。取5 mL上清液至20 mL顶空瓶中,加入2.3 g氯化钠以及10 µL 8.05 g/L的色谱级叔戊醇内标液。HS-SPME- GC-MS运行程序与分析方法见1.3.2。
利用Microsoft Excel 2016、Origin 2021等软件对获得的原始数据进行处理,使用SIMCA 14.1软件对挥发性化合物进行多元统计分析,利用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2软件作图并对数据进行方差分析,使用派森诺云平台(https://www.genescloud.cn/login)进行挥发性物质聚类热图绘制,对每个挥发性化合物分别采用Z-score方法标准化。
从酱香型白酒堆积酒醅中共筛选到179株菌株,结合《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》和德国微生物与细胞培养物保藏中心(Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, DSMZ,https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/details/culture/DSM-45196),平板菌落形态初步确定有3株潜在克罗彭斯特德菌,编号为K.eburnea 1613、K.eburnea 1615、K.eburnea 6E22,其菌落形态基本一致,以菌株K.eburnea 1613为例,在TSB固体培养基上45 ℃培养48 h后,菌落呈象牙色,扁平状,形态不规则,边缘呈波浪状,表面无光泽,生长到后期菌落呈放射状,褶皱状,有土腥味(图1A)。通过冷场扫描电镜观察,菌株K.eburnea 1613的菌丝呈长的弯曲状,在不分枝的菌丝顶端上发育单个内生孢子,菌丝体大小约(0.3−0.5) µm⊆(4.0−6.0) µm (图1B)。
将菌株的16S rRNA基因序列提交到EzBioCloud数据库比对,结果显示K.eburnea 1613、K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22均与模式菌株Kroppenstedtia eburnea DSM 45196T相似度最高,分别为99.16%、98.76%和98.95%,与模式菌株Kroppenstedtia guangzhouensis GD02T的相似度分别为95.88%、95.82%和95.61%。已有研究定义潜在新物种的16S rRNA基因序列相似度阈值为98.65%[20-21]。系统发育分析显示3株菌与Kroppenstedtia eburnea DSM 45196T聚为一支(图2)。因此,综合菌株形态特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株K.eburnea 1613、K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22鉴定为Kroppenstedtia eburnea
生长曲线测定结果表明,3个菌株在0−16 h生长速度缓慢,处于延滞期;培养至18 h生长迅速,进入对数生长期;在32 h左右进入平稳期,OD600为2.8−3.2。菌株K.eburnea 1613 pH在整个生长过程中呈上升趋势,从初始7.46变化为8.46 (图3B)。菌株K.eburnea 1615、K.eburnea 6E22终点pH值为7.70,与初始pH值相比变化不显著(P > 0.05)。
采用HS-SPME-GC-MS方法在菌液中共检出97种挥发性化合物,包括17种醇类、16种吡嗪类、13种醛类、12种酮类、10种酯类、6种酚类、5种酸类以及18种其他类化合物。菌液挥发性化合物总相对浓度为(10.05±0.38)–(22.17±1.37) mg/L (图4A)。与空白对照组相比,菌株K.eburnea 1613的菌液中挥发性化合物含量是其1.88倍(P < 0.01),而菌株K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22与对照差异不显著(P > 0.05)。吡嗪类物质在各菌株发酵液中占比最大,为49.68%–70.35%,其中菌株K.eburnea 1613占比最高,达到70.35% (图4B)。空白对照组中吡嗪类物质含量为(5.45±0.17) mg/L,菌株K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22菌液中吡嗪类物质浓度分别为(5.95±0.07) mg/L和(6.26±1.19) mg/L,与对照组差异不显著(P > 0.05),而K.eburnea 1613中吡嗪类浓度为(14.53±0.99) mg/L,显著高于对照组(P < 0.01),是对照组的2.66倍,说明菌株K.eburnea 1613能促进吡嗪类物质的产生。
为了比较菌株K.eburnea 1613、K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22在纯培养条件下的挥发性化合物含量差异,对每个物质进行Z-score标准化并绘制成热图(图5),其中对照(control)为未接种的空白培养基。3株菌的发酵液中所含挥发性化合物的成分有明显差异,菌株K.eburnea 1613发酵液中吡嗪类、酮类、酸类、醇类和酚类物质普遍明显高于菌株K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22。
吡嗪类物质是胺和羰基化合物发生美拉德反应产物之一[22],空白培养基中吡嗪类物质占比为49.68%,推测是由于培养基中物质之间发生美拉德反应的产物。相较于对照,菌株K.eburnea 1613中检测出的2, 5-二甲基吡嗪、2, 3, 5-三甲基吡嗪和2-乙基-3, 6-二甲基吡嗪的含量都显著上升,分别是其1.5、5.5和16.0倍,再次表明菌株K.eburnea 1613能促进吡嗪类物质的生成。此外,菌株K.eburnea 1613发酵液中检出2-壬酮、2-庚酮和2-十一酮等7种酮类化合物,而在K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22中未检出,其中2-壬酮和2-庚酮具有花果香和清甜气味;酸类物质仅在K.eburnea 1613发酵液中检出,含量为(0.16±0.09) mg/L;醇类含量也明显高于对照和另外2株菌。菌株K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22中检出的3, 5-二叔丁基苯酚含量高于其他组,分别为(2.01±0.04) mg/L和(2.03±1.18) mg/L。另外,各菌株发酵液中均检测到了不同种类的酯类物质,例如,K.eburnea 1613中检测到癸酸甲酯、十三酸甲酯和12-甲基十三烷酸甲酯,这些酯类呈花果香的气味。综上所述,菌株K.eburnea 1613能显著提高各类挥发性风味化合物的产生,包括吡嗪类、酮类等,这些物质有利于酱香型白酒典型风味的形成。
不同发酵方式对于微生物的生长和代谢具有重要影响[23],因此,为更好地探究微生物在堆积酒醅中的生长和代谢特点,进一步进行了恒温固态发酵高粱实验。
采用HS-SPME-GC-MS方法在发酵高粱中共检出89种挥发性化合物,包括23种酯类、14种酮类、11种醛类、12种醇类、11种酸类、2种酚类以及16种其他类化合物。挥发性化合物的含量随着发酵时间的延长呈现上升趋势(图6)。菌株K.eburnea 1613、K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22在50 ℃发酵15 d时发酵高粱中检出的挥发性化合物总含量均高于45 ℃,其中主要为醇类和酸类,它们的总含量呈现明显的上升趋势。菌株K.eburnea 1615在发酵第15天时挥发性化合物含量最高,45 ℃和50 ℃时分别为(67.79±18.72) µg/g和(72.79±0.58) µg/g (图6A6B)。
为比较菌株K.eburnea 1613、K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22在不同温度下的固态发酵高粱各类挥发性化合物含量差异,将各类挥发性物质进行Z-score标准化并绘制成热图(图7)。结果表明,菌株K.eburnea 1615在50 ℃发酵15 d时醇类物质含量最高,为(33.69±0.34) µg/g,是对照组的3.08倍,其中含量最高是苯乙醇,含量为(31.17±0.14) µg/g。与对照相比,3株菌均促进了苯乙醇的产生,尤其是K.eburnea 1615 (图7A)。苯乙醇具有玫瑰花香的气味和抗真菌活性[24],可能在酱香型白酒堆积过程中抑制真菌的生长。高级醇是指3个及以上碳原子的一元醇,是白酒中重要的呈味化合物,如苯乙醇、异戊醇等,含量太低会导致白酒酒体单薄,过量会让酒体苦涩,容易上头[25-26]。在白酒酿造中高级醇的合成主要是氨基酸分解代谢途径(Ehrlich途径)[27]和氨基酸合成代谢途径(Harris途径)[28]
与对照相比,菌株K.eburnea 1613、K.eburnea 1615在酸类物质积累上具有明显优势,主要为异戊酸,其次是己酸。K.eburnea 1615在第15天时总含量最高,为(27.50±1.04) µg/g,异戊酸含量为(16.75±0.76) µg/g。酸类物质具有协调香气的作用,适量的酸可使白酒酒体丰满、回味悠长[29]。同时,酸类是合成酯类不可或缺的前体[30],酯类物质通常具有花香、果香、甜香等愉悦的风味特征[31],对白酒风味有着积极的作用,例如,异戊酸酯化形成的异戊酸乙酯具有似苹果等的水果香[32]。此外,相较于45 ℃,菌株在50 ℃积累更多酸类物质。例如,K.eburnea 1615在50 ℃发酵15 d时5-甲基己酸和丁酸的含量分别为(4.41±0.03) µg/g和(0.88±0.01) µg/g,是45 ℃的1.57倍和1.72倍;菌株K.eburnea 1613在50 ℃发酵15 d时己酸含量为(3.74±0.19) µg/g,是45 ℃的2.73倍(图7B)。然而,高温可能不利于酯类物质的积累,从总体上看,菌株在50 ℃发酵条件下的酯类物质含量普遍低于45 ℃ (图7C)。例如,K.eburnea 1615在45 ℃发酵7 d时,酯类物质含量最高,为(8.01±4.01) µg/g,是50 ℃的4.97倍。另外,45 ℃对照组中部分酯类物质积累明显,如棕榈酸甲酯、癸酸乙酯,可能是高粱原料本身中物质转化形成的。
醛酮类物质种类丰富,主要是发酵过程微生物代谢及醇类物质氧化、酮酸脱酸等产生[33]。醛酮类共检出25种,主要有苯甲醛、壬醛、异佛尔酮和仲辛酮等(图7D7E)。苯甲醛和异佛尔酮分别是含量最高的醛类和酮类,前者具有苦杏仁气味,后者具有薄荷气味。固态发酵过程中醛类物质总含量无明显变化,对照组中主要的醛类物质含量高于其他3组,说明一定温度下高粱自身可能会释放醛类物质。然而,3个菌株组中苯乙醛在发酵过程逐渐增加,至15 d时含量为(0.92−1.32) µg/g,高于对照组,苯乙醛具有苦杏仁的气味。酮类物质在发酵至15 d时明显积累,其中在50 ℃条件下对照组中酮类含量为(4.92±1.00) µg/g,是45 ℃的2.03倍,表明50 ℃可能促进高粱原料产生酮类物质。菌株K.eburnea 1615在45 ℃发酵15 d时酮类总量最高,为(5.38±1.30) µg/g,是对照的2.09倍,其中,异佛尔酮的积累量最高,为(4.82±1.19) µg/g,是对照的22.95倍。结果表明,堆积发酵过程中高温有助于醛酮类物质的积累,菌株K.eburnea 1615在45 ℃也能提高酮类物质的含量,推测醛酮类的产生是温度和微生物共同作用的结果。
吡嗪类物质具有典型的烤香味、坚果味,被认为是酱香型白酒的重要风味物质[34]。共检出4种吡嗪类物质,含量最高的为2, 5-二甲基吡嗪(图7F)。3个菌株的2, 5-二甲基吡嗪含量均高于对照组,在50 ℃下的积累量高于45 ℃,其中50 ℃第7天时菌株K.eburnea 6E22中检出的2, 5-二甲基吡嗪含量最高,为(1.67±0.14) µg/g,是45 ℃下的1.05倍。高温有利于美拉德反应,进而产生更多的吡嗪类物质[35]。酚类物质在对照组中含量较高,3, 5-二叔丁基苯酚在45 ℃发酵15 d时含量最高,为(4.88±0.94) µg/g,可能源于高粱自身物质的分解(图7G)。此外,菌液和发酵高粱中检出的挥发性化合物的含量和种类不同,可能是由于底物组成不同造成的,纯培养条件中TSB培养基主要以胰蛋白胨和葡萄糖为氮源和碳源,红缨子高粱中主要是质量分数为69.88%的支链淀粉和7.43%蛋白质[36],其次发酵方式的不同也可能对微生物的生长代谢产生影响[23]。综上所述,象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌有助于堆积发酵酒醅风味化合物的产生,特别是醇类、酸类和吡嗪类等酱香型白酒特征风味物质。
为找出不同发酵温度条件下发酵高粱的特征差异化合物,运用偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis, PLS-DA)对比了45 ℃和50 ℃条件下发酵高粱的挥发性化合物结构。结果显示,2种温度条件下挥发性化合物结构差异显著(P < 0.01) (图8A)。经过200次置换验证,R2大于Q2Q2的起点为负数,该参数证明PLS-DA模型是可靠的(图8B)。根据变异权重参数值(variable importance in projection,VIP)大于1筛选特征差异化合物,共筛选到27种,使用Z-score标准化每种挥发性化合物并绘制聚类热图(图8C)。45 ℃条件下癸酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯和棕榈酸乙酯等酯类物质含量更高,在45 ℃条件下含量随着发酵天数的增加而升高,而50 ℃则呈现相反趋势,推测45 ℃条件下利于酯类物质的合成。50 ℃条件下酮类和酸类物质含量更高,如5-甲基-2-己酮、4, 6-二甲基-2庚酮、环己酮、异丁酸、己酸等,推测50 ℃条件下更利于象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌代谢产生酮类和酸类物质。
为找出不同发酵天数存在的特征差异化合物,分别对菌株K.eburnea 1613、K.eburnea 1615、K.eburnea 6E22发酵高粱挥发性物质进行不同发酵天数的差异分析,PLS-DA显示挥发性化合物组成特点差异显著(P < 0.05) (图9A)。经过200次置换验证,R2大于Q2Q2的起点为负数,该参数证明PLS-DA模型是可靠的(图9B)。使用VIP值大于1筛选出26种特征差异物质,使用Z-score标准化每种挥发性化合物并绘制聚类热图(图9C)。1-烯-3-辛醇、2, 3-二氢苯并呋喃和糠醛等在发酵第0天含量最高,糠醛被认为与酱香型白酒基酒焦糊味正相关[37]。苯甲醛、α-松油醇和2-甲基吡嗪类物质在发酵第4天或第7天含量最高。α-松油醇是萜烯类化合物,具有松木香,是酱香型白酒中重要的香气成分,可以让酒体更加优雅细腻[23]。萜烯类、吡嗪类化合物可能在发酵过程中作为前体物质被转化为其他物质,有研究通过全基因组数据挖掘发现放线菌糖莱斯氏菌(Laceyella sacchari)具有四甲基吡嗪生物合成的完整途径[38]。苯乙醇、异戊酸、异丁酸、乙酸苯乙酯和棕榈酸甲酯等在发酵第15天时含量最高。乙酸苯乙酯和棕榈酸甲酯贡献了酒体中的花香、果香风味,属于高沸点物质,能够延长酒体后味[39]。结果表明,象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌在堆积发酵的不同时间阶段能积累不同的风味化合物,可为生产中通过控制堆积发酵时间调控象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌的生长代谢提供理论参考。
高温堆积发酵是酱香型白酒生产中必不可少的关键工艺环节,直接影响酱香型白酒的质量和产量。本研究针对堆积发酵过程酒醅中的优势细菌属克罗彭斯特德菌属(Kroppenstedtia)进行分离筛选和代谢特征分析。经过形态特征及16S rRNA基因测序分析,共分离获得3株象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌(K.eburnea)。在TSB液体培养基45 ℃纯培养条件下,3株菌在18 h进入对数生长期,32 h进入平稳期,36 h时从菌液中检出的挥发性化合物主要是吡嗪类,其中菌株K.eburnea 1613的2, 5-二甲基吡嗪含量最高,为5.26 mg/L,K.eburnea 1613的挥发性化合物含量普遍高于其余2株菌。参考酱香型白酒堆积发酵条件,进行了恒温(45 ℃和50 ℃)固态发酵高粱实验,以研究它们在堆积酒醅中的生长和代谢特点。3株菌发酵高粱中检出的挥发性化合物总量随发酵时间呈明显的上升趋势,主要为醇类和酸类,占比之和为30.72%−84.01%,50 ℃发酵高粱中检出的醇类、酸类和吡嗪类物质含量均高于45 ℃的,而酯类物质低于45 ℃的。与对照相比,3株菌均促进了含量最高的醇类物质苯乙醇和吡嗪类物质的2, 5-二甲基吡嗪产生,产量优势菌株分别是K.eburnea 1615和K.eburnea 6E22;K.eburnea 1613和K.eburnea 1615在酸类物质积累上表现出明显优势,主要为异戊酸,其次是己酸。对照组中主要的醛类物质含量高于3个实验组,固态发酵过程中醛类总量较稳定,酮类在15 d时最高,值得注意的是,高温有助于对照组中醛类和酮类物质的积累。菌株K.eburnea 1615在45 ℃发酵15 d时酮类总量最高,是对照的2.09倍。PLS-DA分析进一步显示不同发酵温度和时间下菌株固态发酵高粱中挥发性化合物结构差异显著。本研究从菌株水平上探讨了象牙色克罗彭斯特德菌的风味物质代谢特征,并分析了温度对发酵高粱中挥发性化合物积累的影响,为认识高温堆积过程耐高温微生物在酱香型白酒风味形成中的作用提供理论基础。
  • 国家科技基础资源调查专项(2021FY100900)
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2024年第64卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230808
  • 接收时间:2023-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-29
  • 录用日期:2024-03-18
基金
National Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(2021FY100900)
国家科技基础资源调查专项(2021FY100900)
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    1 江南大学生物工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
    2 江南大学 粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心, 江苏 无锡 214122
    3 国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心, 四川 泸州 646000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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