Article(id=1241379090763141589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704211200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1710172800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-12, onlineDate=1773897438946, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1720022400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897438946, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897438946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897438946, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241379085109219745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='7', pageStart='2151', pageEnd='2582', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897437598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897688675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2554, endPage=2565, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241379091086103002, articleId=1241379090763141589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Aninvitro cultivation method for the predominant anaerobic eukaryotic microorganismEntodiniumcaudatum in the rumen of ruminants, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To develop a stable and controllable method for isolating and cultivating the eukaryotic microorganismEntodiniumcaudatum from the rumen of ruminants, which would lay a foundation for the germplasm banking and provide sufficient experimental materials for researching the physiological function of rumen ciliates. [Methods] First, a rumen cannula was used to collect rumen fluid from cows in Wuhan, andE.caudatum was gradually enriched and isolated from the rumen fluid by micro-strainer filtration through different sizes of nylon mesh. Subsequently, the enrichedE.caudatum was cultured in anaerobic culture bottles loaded with the modified SP medium. After purification, a single culture of the strain was established. The species was identified by morphological observation and the phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene. Finally, the generation time of theE.caudatum was calculated based on the half-transfer cultivation method. [Results] A single culture ofE.caudatum was isolated from the rumen fluid of Holstein cows. The modified SP medium used in this study was composed of SP salt solution, supernatant of the rumen fluid without protozoa, cysteine hydrochloride, antibiotics, starch, and grass powder. In the modified SP medium, the obtained culture grew and proliferated steadily, reaching the highest density of 37 000 cells/mL on day 16 from the initial inoculation density of 320 cells/mL. Morphological features and molecular data indicated that the culture obtained in this study wasE.caudatum, namedE.caudatum strain WH. The generation time ofE.caudatum strain WH was 19.0 h. [Conclusion] This study has successfully developed aninvitro cultivation method forE.caudatum strain WH, a prevalent eukaryotic microorganism from the rumen of ruminants. This work lays a technical and theoretical basis for the germplasm banking and in-depth research on the physiological functions of rumen ciliates.

, correspAuthors=Jinmei FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*FENG Jinmei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qinhui XU, Jinying HE, Yujia WANG, Cheng PENG, Xiaoyue LU, Zixian YANG, Fahu YUAN, Congjie HUA, Jie XIONG, Wei MIAO, Jinmei FENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241379094504460853, articleId=1241379090763141589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=反刍动物瘤胃中主要厌氧真核微生物尖尾内毛虫的体外培养方法, columnId=1194702986061517752, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=技术与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】开发一种稳定可控的从反刍动物瘤胃中分离、培养真核微生物尖尾内毛虫的技术方法,为原生动物瘤胃纤毛虫内毛虫的种质资源储备和生理功能研究提供足够的实验材料。【方法】首先采用瘤胃插管法从武汉地区奶牛瘤胃中采集瘤胃液,并通过微孔滤网过滤法逐级分离富集瘤胃纤毛虫尖尾内毛虫,然后用本研究改良的SP培养基在厌氧培养瓶中对所分离富集的尖尾内毛虫进行体外培养,经过纯化培养和单种培养获得瘤胃纤毛虫尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的单一种培养体系。其次,结合形态观察和18S rRNA基因测序进行物种鉴定及系统发育分析。最后,采用对半转移培养法计算单种培养的尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的世代时间。【结果】从奶牛的瘤胃液中分离、培养得到一个尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的体外单种培养体系。本研究所用改良SP培养基由改良SP盐溶液、无原虫瘤胃液上清、半胱氨酸盐酸盐、抗生素、淀粉和草粉等组合而成,虫体在此培养基中由起始接种密度320个/mL经16 d培养可实现最高培养密度37 000个/mL的单种培养,而且可进行稳定生长传代增殖。基于形态观察、18S rRNA基因的同源搜索和系统发育分析表明,本研究所培养的虫体为尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系,命名为Entodiniumcaudatum strain WH。尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的世代时间为19.0 h。【结论】本研究成功建立反刍动物瘤胃内主要真核微生物瘤胃纤毛虫的单种体外培养方法,实现尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的实验室稳定可控培养,为深入开展瘤胃纤毛虫种质资源的探索和尖尾内毛虫的功能研究提供足够的实验材料。

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A: Enrichment liquid ofEntodiniumcaudatum. 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A, B, and C: SingleEntodiniumcaudatum strain WH. D and E: DividingEntodiniumcaudatum strain WH. a: Cilia; b: Food vacuole; c: Elongated spine; d: Short spine; e: Left upper triangular tail spine; f: Body surface groove; g: Ciliary anlage of dividingEntodiniumcaudatum., figureFileSmall=DF4JlzmEGltWYdPRncviQg==, figureFileBig=pLSoevf537FY8N9OM0QZQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445823473578924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090763141589, language=CN, label=图3, caption=体外培养的尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的形态学特征, figureFileSmall=DF4JlzmEGltWYdPRncviQg==, figureFileBig=pLSoevf537FY8N9OM0QZQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445823649739696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090763141589, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Phylogenetic analysis of rumen ciliates based on 18S rRNA gene sequences. BI/ML: Posterior probability/Support probability. If the node support probability is below 0.5 for ML trees or the posterior probability is below 50 for BI trees, the information is omitted. The maximum support rate for nodes is 1.0 for BI and 100 for ML. The red font represents the 18S rRNA gene sequences ofinvitro culturedEntodiniumcaudatum in this study., figureFileSmall=Hmx9eL5gDro7JVIFU1F+KA==, figureFileBig=4ENrsweDZwhGDsH2n9+g0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445823733625782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090763141589, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于18S rRNA基因序列的瘤胃纤毛虫的系统发育分析, figureFileSmall=Hmx9eL5gDro7JVIFU1F+KA==, figureFileBig=4ENrsweDZwhGDsH2n9+g0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445823809123258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090763141589, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The density changes ofEntodiniumcaudatum strain WH before and after each 12 h transfer., figureFileSmall=/oJq8RCIDbgUn5QgjSn3dQ==, figureFileBig=MbDzLXFi//AK68ohgpB0Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445823913980864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090763141589, language=CN, label=图5, caption=尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系每12 h对半转移前后密度的变化, figureFileSmall=/oJq8RCIDbgUn5QgjSn3dQ==, figureFileBig=MbDzLXFi//AK68ohgpB0Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445824027227080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090763141589, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The generation time ofEntodiniumcaudatum strain WH involves a 12 h split transfer of its culture medium within 120 h

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parallel groupSolution ASolution BSolution C
Generation time (h)22.816.824.3
18.815.815.2
21.121.319.4
15.12322.2
15.324.719.5
14.115.715.7
18.117.716.3
21.720.519.7
16.314.121.7
18.420.522.2
Mean±SD18.2±3.019.0±3.519.6±3.1
Median18.319.119.6
Overall mean19.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241445824224359376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090763141589, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

120 h培养周期内每12 h对半转移尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系培养基测定的世代时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parallel groupSolution ASolution BSolution C
Generation time (h)22.816.824.3
18.815.815.2
21.121.319.4
15.12322.2
15.324.719.5
14.115.715.7
18.117.716.3
21.720.519.7
16.314.121.7
18.420.522.2
Mean±SD18.2±3.019.0±3.519.6±3.1
Median18.319.119.6
Overall mean19.0
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反刍动物瘤胃中主要厌氧真核微生物尖尾内毛虫的体外培养方法
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徐勤辉 1 , 何金英 1 , 王宇嘉 1 , 彭成 1 , 鲁小悦 1 , 杨紫贤 1 , 袁发浒 1 , 滑聪杰 1 , 熊杰 2 , 缪炜 2 , 冯金梅 1, *
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024,64(7): 2554-2565
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微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024, 64(7): 2554-2565
反刍动物瘤胃中主要厌氧真核微生物尖尾内毛虫的体外培养方法
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徐勤辉1, 何金英1, 王宇嘉1, 彭成1, 鲁小悦1, 杨紫贤1, 袁发浒1, 滑聪杰1, 熊杰2, 缪炜2, 冯金梅1, *
作者信息
  • 1 江汉大学医学部 病原生物学教研室, 湖北 武汉 430056
  • 2 中国科学院水生生物研究所 淡水生态与生物技术国家重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430072
Aninvitro cultivation method for the predominant anaerobic eukaryotic microorganismEntodiniumcaudatum in the rumen of ruminants
Qinhui XU1, Jinying HE1, Yujia WANG1, Cheng PENG1, Xiaoyue LU1, Zixian YANG1, Fahu YUAN1, Congjie HUA1, Jie XIONG2, Wei MIAO2, Jinmei FENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, Hubei, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2024-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240004
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【目的】开发一种稳定可控的从反刍动物瘤胃中分离、培养真核微生物尖尾内毛虫的技术方法,为原生动物瘤胃纤毛虫内毛虫的种质资源储备和生理功能研究提供足够的实验材料。【方法】首先采用瘤胃插管法从武汉地区奶牛瘤胃中采集瘤胃液,并通过微孔滤网过滤法逐级分离富集瘤胃纤毛虫尖尾内毛虫,然后用本研究改良的SP培养基在厌氧培养瓶中对所分离富集的尖尾内毛虫进行体外培养,经过纯化培养和单种培养获得瘤胃纤毛虫尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的单一种培养体系。其次,结合形态观察和18S rRNA基因测序进行物种鉴定及系统发育分析。最后,采用对半转移培养法计算单种培养的尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的世代时间。【结果】从奶牛的瘤胃液中分离、培养得到一个尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的体外单种培养体系。本研究所用改良SP培养基由改良SP盐溶液、无原虫瘤胃液上清、半胱氨酸盐酸盐、抗生素、淀粉和草粉等组合而成,虫体在此培养基中由起始接种密度320个/mL经16 d培养可实现最高培养密度37 000个/mL的单种培养,而且可进行稳定生长传代增殖。基于形态观察、18S rRNA基因的同源搜索和系统发育分析表明,本研究所培养的虫体为尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系,命名为Entodiniumcaudatum strain WH。尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的世代时间为19.0 h。【结论】本研究成功建立反刍动物瘤胃内主要真核微生物瘤胃纤毛虫的单种体外培养方法,实现尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的实验室稳定可控培养,为深入开展瘤胃纤毛虫种质资源的探索和尖尾内毛虫的功能研究提供足够的实验材料。

真核微生物  /  瘤胃纤毛虫  /  内毛虫  /  改良SP培养基  /  体外培养  /  厌氧培养

[Objective] To develop a stable and controllable method for isolating and cultivating the eukaryotic microorganismEntodiniumcaudatum from the rumen of ruminants, which would lay a foundation for the germplasm banking and provide sufficient experimental materials for researching the physiological function of rumen ciliates. [Methods] First, a rumen cannula was used to collect rumen fluid from cows in Wuhan, andE.caudatum was gradually enriched and isolated from the rumen fluid by micro-strainer filtration through different sizes of nylon mesh. Subsequently, the enrichedE.caudatum was cultured in anaerobic culture bottles loaded with the modified SP medium. After purification, a single culture of the strain was established. The species was identified by morphological observation and the phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene. Finally, the generation time of theE.caudatum was calculated based on the half-transfer cultivation method. [Results] A single culture ofE.caudatum was isolated from the rumen fluid of Holstein cows. The modified SP medium used in this study was composed of SP salt solution, supernatant of the rumen fluid without protozoa, cysteine hydrochloride, antibiotics, starch, and grass powder. In the modified SP medium, the obtained culture grew and proliferated steadily, reaching the highest density of 37 000 cells/mL on day 16 from the initial inoculation density of 320 cells/mL. Morphological features and molecular data indicated that the culture obtained in this study wasE.caudatum, namedE.caudatum strain WH. The generation time ofE.caudatum strain WH was 19.0 h. [Conclusion] This study has successfully developed aninvitro cultivation method forE.caudatum strain WH, a prevalent eukaryotic microorganism from the rumen of ruminants. This work lays a technical and theoretical basis for the germplasm banking and in-depth research on the physiological functions of rumen ciliates.

eukaryotic microorganism  /  rumen ciliate  /  Entodinium  /  modified SP medium  /  invitro cultivation  /  anaerobic cultivation
徐勤辉, 何金英, 王宇嘉, 彭成, 鲁小悦, 杨紫贤, 袁发浒, 滑聪杰, 熊杰, 缪炜, 冯金梅. 反刍动物瘤胃中主要厌氧真核微生物尖尾内毛虫的体外培养方法. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2554 -2565 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240004
Qinhui XU, Jinying HE, Yujia WANG, Cheng PENG, Xiaoyue LU, Zixian YANG, Fahu YUAN, Congjie HUA, Jie XIONG, Wei MIAO, Jinmei FENG. Aninvitro cultivation method for the predominant anaerobic eukaryotic microorganismEntodiniumcaudatum in the rumen of ruminants[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2554 -2565 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240004
瘤胃微生物是共生在牛、羊等反刍动物瘤胃中的细菌、古细菌、原生动物等微生物的总称,是反刍动物消化系统不可分割的一部分,在蛋白质、碳水化合物、淀粉、糖和脂肪的消化中发挥着重要作用,与宿主营养物质的获取和生理健康的维持密切相关[1-3]
瘤胃纤毛虫是瘤胃微生物中最主要的一类单细胞真核微生物,属于纤毛门裂口纲毛口亚纲,主要分布于前庭目和内毛目。前庭目常见有等毛属(Isotricha)和厚毛属(Dasytricha),内毛目常见有内毛属(Entodinium)、双毛属(Diplodinium)、真双毛属(Eudiplodinium)、单甲属(Eremoplastron)、硬甲属(Ostracodinium)、双甲属(Diploplastron)、多甲属(Polyplastron)、鞘甲属(Elytroplastron)、后毛属(Metadinium)、前毛属(Epidinium)和头毛属(Ophryoscolex)等[4]。瘤胃纤毛虫在常见家养反刍动物牛、羊的瘤胃中丰度高达105−106个/mL瘤胃液,占整个瘤胃微生物生物量的50%左右[5]。尖尾内毛虫(Entodiniumcaudatum)是瘤胃中最具优势的纤毛虫种类之一[6],具有较强的细菌吞噬能力,因而成为瘤胃纤毛虫中被研究得最多的“模式物种”[7-10]。已有研究表明尖尾内毛虫在瘤胃生态系统中发挥着重要的作用,如参与反刍动物饲料消化和发酵、促进甲烷的产生[11-13],还可以通过吞噬细菌以降低宿主氮利用效率,并获得满足其生长繁殖所必需的氨基酸、核酸和维生素等营养物质[14]。长期以来,研究人员尝试建立尖尾内毛虫的单种体外培养体系,以便更深入了解尖尾内毛虫的代谢、生理、生态及其在瘤胃中的作用。
早在1930年研究人员就开始研究瘤胃纤毛虫的体外培养[15]。在早期的瘤胃纤毛虫体外培养的研究中,初始接种物均为多种瘤胃纤毛虫的混合物,不同研究采用不同的盐溶液和投喂不同的底物,最终获得的都是以其中的一种瘤胃纤毛虫为主,掺杂有少量其他种瘤胃纤毛虫的短期体外混合培养[16-17]。直到1998年,Dehority[18]挑取1−3个尖尾内毛虫(Entodiniumcaudatum)至SP培养基中,通过每天投喂草粉底物悬液,每3−4 d转移一次培养基,成功建立了尖尾内毛虫的单种体外培养体系。后来随着瘤胃纤毛虫冷冻保存技术的发展[19],Dehority[20]使用该技术冻存了尖尾内毛虫,目前国际上仅美国俄亥俄州立大学Zhongtang Yu研究团队至今延续维持尖尾内毛虫的单种培养[10],这也是目前国际上唯一一个长期稳定的瘤胃纤毛虫体外培养体系。
我国对于瘤胃纤毛虫的体外培养研究起步较晚,截至目前未见相关报道。本研究团队前期对瘤胃纤毛虫的体外培养进行了大量尝试,多次重复Dehority[18]的培养方法,通过显微操作,从新鲜采集的瘤胃液中挑取1−3个尖尾内毛虫(E.caudatum)至SP培养基中进行体外培养,但均未成功。在重复Dehority[18]的培养方法的过程中,我们发现按照该方法配制的SP培养基易产生白色沉淀,影响培养过程中虫体的观察。此外,Dehority[18]所用SP培养基均是分装在厌氧培养管中进行高压灭菌,每次换液都需要重新配制和高压灭菌培养基,操作复杂,不能满足大量培养的需求。通过长期的摸索,我们改进了接种虫体样品分离的方法,并在Dehority[18]所用SP培养基的基础上,通过添加抗生素和改变培养基的配制方法,获得改良SP培养基,实现了尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的体外培养。
本研究分离富集了武汉地区奶牛瘤胃液中的尖尾内毛虫,改良了SP培养基,并使用改良SP培养基对尖尾内毛虫进行了长期的体外纯化培养和单种培养,结合形态特征观察和基于18S rRNA基因的分子鉴定对体外培养物进行了物种鉴定,成功建立尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的体外培养方法。此外,基于已建立的体外单种培养体系,通过在固定时间对半转移培养基测定其世代时间。本研究为我国瘤胃纤毛虫种质资源奠定基础,同时也将为深入开展瘤胃纤毛虫尖尾内毛虫的功能研究提供足够的实验材料。
REDExtract-N-AmpTM Tissue PCR试剂盒,Sigma-Aldrich公司;DNA Marker,武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司;青霉素G钠、硫酸链霉素,BBI生命科学有限公司;半胱氨酸盐酸盐,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;蔗糖,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
摇摆式粉碎机,东莞市房太电器有限公司;电热恒温培养箱,上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司;PCR仪,MJ Research公司;电泳仪,北京市六一仪器厂;凝胶成像系统,上海培清科技有限公司;体式显微镜,卡尔蔡司(上海)管理有限公司;正置显微镜,尼康精机(上海)有限公司。
本研究所进行的瘤胃液采集实验经江汉大学学术伦理审查委员会审查(编号:JHDXLL2020-002),符合相关法律法规以及相关伦理原则。2023年4月于武汉江夏区某牧场,选用一头健康三胎泌乳中期的中国荷斯坦奶牛进行瘤胃液样品采集,该牛的饲养条件和瘤胃液样品采集方法与前期研究一致[21]。将经双层纱布过滤后收集的瘤胃液密封,39 ℃保温迅速送至实验室。将瘤胃液快速转移至已39 ℃预热的分液漏斗中并向顶空充入二氧化碳5 min,于39 ℃培养箱静置60 min后,收集沉降至漏斗底部的纤毛虫至装有已39 ℃预热的厌氧SP盐溶液的小烧杯中,得到瘤胃纤毛虫富集液。先后使用50、25和10 μm孔径大小的尼龙微孔滤网快速逐级过滤瘤胃纤毛虫富集液,将截留在10 μm孔径尼龙网上的纤毛虫收集到SP盐溶液中,得到尖尾内毛虫富集液,其中约70%为尖尾内毛虫。
在参照Dehority的方法[18]的基础上,我们对SP盐溶液的配制进行了改良。改良配制方法为分别配制溶液A、B和C,以避免白色沉淀的产生。溶液A (g/L):K2HPO4·3H2O 6.88,KH2PO4 5.00,MgSO4·7H2O 0.09,NaCl 0.63;溶液B (g/L):CaCl2 0.40;溶液C (g/L):NaHCO3 60.00。分别配制溶液A、B、C,并于121 ℃灭菌20 min,冷却后以体积比8:1:1的比例混合,向混合溶液中充入二氧化碳10 min,充分排尽氧气并使其pH值在6.5−7.0范围内,室温密封保存。
使用蒸馏水配制3.0%青霉素G钠和2.5%硫酸链霉素的双抗混合液[22],置于−20 ℃保存。
使用蒸馏水配制1%的半胱氨酸盐酸盐溶液,置于−20 ℃保存[17]
将采集得到的瘤胃液121 ℃灭菌20 min,待其冷却后1 000×g离心10 min,收集离心后得到的上清液制得无原虫瘤胃液上清[23],置于4 ℃保存。
使用摇摆式粉碎机分别将小麦粒和干燥苜蓿草粉碎5 min,然后使用50目尼龙网对两种干粉进行过筛,收集筛下的细粉至密封袋中室温保存。取1.5 g小麦粉和1.0 g苜蓿粉[18],加蒸馏水至100 mL,充分混匀后分装至15 mL试管中,置于−20 ℃保存。
改良SP培养基的组分及含量为(体积比):无原虫瘤胃液上清10%,50×双抗溶液2%,50×半胱氨酸盐酸盐溶液2%,底物悬液1%和SP盐溶液85%。向86 mL SP盐溶液中加入10 mL无原虫瘤胃液上清,2 mL 50×双抗溶液和2 mL 50×半胱氨酸盐酸盐溶液,混匀后分装10 mL至已灭菌的16 mm×150 mm试管中,并添加100 μL底物悬液,向试管顶空通入二氧化碳5−10 s排尽空气后,使用橡胶塞密封备用。
尖尾内毛虫的培养过程分为纯化培养和单种培养。纯化培养步骤为:取2 mL尖尾内毛虫富集液接种至装有8 mL改良SP培养基的试管中,向试管顶空中通入二氧化碳5−10 s后快速使用橡胶塞密封,放入39 ℃培养箱中以10°角倾斜静置培养。每天投喂100 μL底物悬液,每3−4 d转移2 mL培养基至8 mL新鲜培养基中重新扩大培养,如此往复循环,当培养体系中虫体经形态观察和18S rRNA基因测序验证为单一种尖尾内毛虫后开始尖尾内毛虫的单种培养。单种培养步骤为:取5 mL纯化后的尖尾内毛虫接种至装有5 mL改良SP培养基的试管中,每天投喂100 μL底物悬液,每3−4 d换液一次。换液前先投喂底物,然后将试管垂直静置30−60 min,使大部分原虫沉降至试管底部,然后使用新鲜培养基更换50%原培养基后放回39 ℃培养箱中以10°角倾斜培养。其中投喂和换液等需要开盖操作的步骤,在结束时均需充二氧化碳5−10 s后再盖上盖子继续培养。
在进行单种培养时,每天对尖尾内毛虫进行计数,计数前将培养物充分混匀,快速抽取10 μL培养物并计数其中所有虫体[24],重复抽取5次,取平均值并乘以100,以此结果为尖尾内毛虫当日的密度值(个/mL)。单种培养共设置3个平行组,使用3个平行组的密度平均值绘制生长曲线。
体外培养的尖尾内毛虫的形态采用Nikon-90i正置显微镜的微分干涉显微镜(differential interference contrast microscope, DIC)观察和拍照,光学显微镜下鉴定瘤胃纤毛虫参考文献[25-26]。将纯化培养体系中的虫体混匀,随机抽取3个样品,每个样品包含50个虫体。使用无菌PBS清洗每个样品3−5次后,转移至无菌PCR管中,吸弃多余液体,使用REDExtract-N-AmpTM Tissue PCR试剂盒提取虫体DNA用于18S rRNA基因PCR扩增测序[27]
18S rRNA基因PCR扩增和测序采用真核生物18S rRNA基因通用引物Euk-F (5′-AACC TGGTTGATCCTGCCATG-3′)和Euk-R (5′-TGA TCCTTCTGCAGGTTCACCTAC-3′)[28],扩增体系(20 μL):Euk-F和Euk-R引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板3 μL,2×ReadyMix 10 μL,ddH2O 5 μL。扩增程序[29]:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性40 s,50 ℃退火40 s,72 ℃延伸2 min,35个循环;72 ℃延伸10 min。PCR扩增产物采用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,目的条带1 500 bp左右,使用QIAquick® PCR Purification Kit对PCR扩增产物进行纯化,将纯化后的PCR扩增产物送至生工生物工程(武汉)有限公司进行双向测序,测序结果使用SeqMan v7.1.0进行序列拼接,所得18S rRNA基因序列用于同源搜索NCBI GenBank中已有的核酸序列进行物种鉴定和系统发育分析。
系统发育分析使用PhyloSuite v1.2.3及软件中的插件[30]进行,具体步骤为:使用PhyloSuite从NCBI中下载32条18S rRNA基因序列,其中包括29条瘤胃纤毛虫18S rRNA基因序列和3条外群序列,再导入本研究测序获得的纯化培养物的18S rRNA基因序列,先后使用MAFFT v7.505比对[31]、Gblocks v0.91b修剪序列[32],使用ModelFinder选择核苷酸序列模型(GTR+F+I+G4)用于贝叶斯法(bayesian inference, BI)构建系统发育树[33],使用MrBayes v3.2.7a运行1 500 000代,每1 000代为一个抽样频率[34]。使用IQ-tree v2.2.0构建最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)系统发育树,设置1 000次自举次数[35]。使用ITOL查看及编辑系统树,使用Adobe Illustrator CC 2023和Adobe Photoshop CC 2023进一步美化。
取单种培养的尖尾内毛虫,接种至10 mL改良SP培养基中并调整初始密度至5 000个/mL左右,共设置3个平行组,每12 h转移5 mL培养基至新鲜培养基中,并分别在转移前后对尖尾内毛虫进行计数,利用指数增长方程计算每两次转移期间的对数增长,见公式(1)[36]
式中:P0为尖尾内毛虫初始密度,Pt为选定时间段结束时尖尾内毛虫的密度,n为传代次数。
通过对公式(1)两端取对数来解n,见公式(2)。
对公式(2)进行形式变换求传代次数(n),见公式(3)。
将公式(3)结果代入公式(4),计算世代时间(G):
对每个组不同时间测得的世代时间计算均值和标准差,并使用威尔科克森符号秩检验(Wilcoxon signed rank test)确定各组120 h培养周期内世代时间的中位数。
本研究对尖尾内毛虫的体外培养进行了两点优化。第一,改进起始接种物的分离接种方法。在多次重复前人研究用显微操作分离1−3个尖尾内毛虫作为起始接种物都未能成功体外培养尖尾内毛虫的情形下,我们采用50、25和10 μm孔径大小的尼龙微孔滤网快速逐级过滤分离获得尖尾内毛虫富集液,其中尖尾内毛虫约占70% (图1A),以此尖尾内毛虫的富集液作为起始接种物。第二,针对前人SP培养基易产生白色沉淀,配制过程复杂,且不能满足大量培养需求等问题,我们改良了SP培养基的配制方法,通过分别配制和高压灭菌溶液A、B和C,避免了培养基白色沉淀的产生,同时按需取用已灭菌的溶液A、B和C,简化了培养基的制备过程,也满足了大量培养的需求。
采用改良SP培养基,经过2个月的筛选纯化培养,培养体系中尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系占比达到100%,实现其体外单种培养(图1B)。取平均初始接种密度为320个/mL的单种培养的尖尾内毛虫使用改良SP培养基进行单种持续培养,虫体持续生长繁殖,培养第16天时虫体密度增长至最大值,此时最高的平均虫体密度为37 000个/mL,其后虫体生长趋于稳定,尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系体外培养的生长曲线如图2所示。
尖尾内毛虫富集液在改良SP培养基中筛选纯化培养2个月后,DIC显微镜下观察培养体系中的虫体均为单一虫种。培养体系中的虫体大小为长40−70 μm,宽30−40 μm。体型似矩形,无骨板,虫体前段呈截断状,一簇纤毛仅存在于前端口区,虫体摄食和运动时可见纤毛在口区内外伸缩,虫体胞质内可见多个折光性的食物泡(图3A3C)。虫体尾端有3根尾棘,右侧1根尾棘较长且尖锐,从基底部开始向后逐渐变细、弯曲、尾部尖锐,左侧2根尾棘较短,呈上下排列,左上尾棘形似三角形。虫体后端自两侧尾棘之间的体表处,有一短而宽的凹陷浅沟,自胞肛延伸至近虫体前端(图3A3E)。以上形态特征与Dehority[26]所描述的E.caudatum形态一致,因此根据形态特征鉴定体外培养物的单种虫体为尖尾内毛虫。此外,在体外培养物中,我们观察到大量正在进行二分裂的尖尾内毛虫,分裂前在虫体中部形成新的纤毛器原基,然后虫体自此慢慢分裂为2个虫体,纤毛器原基处逐渐发育为子代虫体的口区纤毛(图3D3E)。以上结果表明尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系在改良SP培养基中能够稳定生长和繁殖。
体外培养体系中虫体的18S rRNA基因PCR扩增测序后拼接获得长度为1 543 bp的序列,记为E.caudatum strain WH的18S rRNA基因序列。将该序列与NCBI GenBank中已有的核酸序列进行同源比对,其最高相似性序列为尖尾内毛虫1 638 bp的18S rRNA基因序列(基因编号:AM158446.1),同源比对E-value值为0,序列一致性为99.61%,表明该培养体系中的虫体为尖尾内毛虫。进一步地,基于18S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析结果(图4)显示,贝叶斯树和最大似然树的拓扑结构一致,均为高支持率(BI/ML: 0.99/94)支持E.caudatum strain WH的18S rRNA基因序列与已报道的尖尾内毛虫的18S rRNA基因序列聚在一起,分子数据进一步验证本研究体外培养物为尖尾内毛虫,命名为尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系。
用于世代时间计算的单种培养尖尾内毛虫平行组A、B、C的初始接种密度分别为5 100、4 450、4 900个/mL,每12 h转移一半培养基至新鲜培养基中,并在转移前后对尖尾内毛虫进行计数。120 h培养周期内对半转移10次前后尖尾内毛虫的密度变化如图5所示,根据每次转移期间尖尾内毛虫密度的变化计算世代时间。表1显示了每个平行组世代时间的平均值和中位数,其中每个组的均值和中位数较接近,而且标准差较小,3个平行组世代时间的总体均值为19.0 h,略长于Dehority[18]报道的16.3 h。
体外培养方法的成功建立是深入开展瘤胃纤毛虫功能研究的重要基础。瘤胃纤毛虫生活在复杂的瘤胃微环境中,与多种瘤胃微生物相互作用,而且对氧气较为敏感,难以建立其体外培养体系。尖尾内毛虫是瘤胃中最占优势的纤毛虫[6],建立其体外培养有助于对瘤胃纤毛虫进行更深入的研究。本研究在借鉴Dehority[18]培养方法的基础上,通过改良SP培养基的配方和配制方法,以及虫体样品的分离接种方法,成功实现了尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的体外培养。
为了满足大量培养的需求和简化培养基的配制方法,本研究对Dehority[18]所描述的培养基配制方法进行了改进,我们分别配制了改良SP盐溶液、双抗溶液、半胱氨酸盐酸盐溶液、底物悬液和无原虫瘤胃液上清,使用时按需求取用,避免了每次换液时都需重新配制培养基。其中,针对前人SP培养基存在白色沉淀的问题,我们改良为分别配制盐溶液A、B、C,使用时再混合得以解决。同时,与Dehority的培养方法相比,我们在体外培养的过程中还添加了少量的抗生素来抑制细菌的过度生长。Park等[9]通过向尖尾内毛虫的体外培养体系中添加多种抗生素以杀灭全部细菌,结果发现尖尾内毛虫在这种条件下不能存活;Bonhomme[14]发现瘤胃纤毛虫有摄食细菌的能力,这两种现象提示细菌可能是瘤胃纤毛虫生长所必需的。本研究最初借鉴Dehority[18]的方法在使用未添加抗生素的培养基培养尖尾内毛虫,约1周后在日常计数时发现培养基中含有大量细菌,随后几天培养基开始浑浊,虫体活力减退,密度降低,可能是由于投喂的淀粉同时被细菌发酵分解,细菌的过度增长会导致培养基快速酸化,代谢废物累积过快,从而抑制纤毛虫的生长[37],随后我们通过在培养体系中添加适量青霉素和链霉素,限制了细菌的生长,但并未杀灭全部细菌,保证了培养基的pH值始终维持在6.5−7.0之间,同时使尖尾内毛虫保持着旺盛的生长和繁殖。Coleman[37]认为,对于瘤胃纤毛虫的体外培养,控制细菌比杀灭细菌更有效。
本研究最初多次尝试重复Dehority[18]的培养方法体外培养尖尾内毛虫均未成功,后来通过不断地摸索,将尖尾内毛虫分离株系的培养过程分为两步,即先对混有少量其他种瘤胃纤毛虫的尖尾内毛虫富集液进行纯化培养,然后对纯化培养的虫体进行形态学观察和基于18S rRNA基因的分子鉴定,确定为单种后再进行单种培养。通过两步培养法,我们成功建立了尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的单种培养方法,虫体在改良SP培养基中可以稳定生长和增殖。在建立稳定的尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系单种体外培养体系的基础上,我们多次尝试挑取单个或若干个尖尾内毛虫至改良SP培养基中,以建立其体外单克隆培养体系,但均未成功,尖尾内毛虫的单克隆体外培养有待进一步研究。
对瘤胃纤毛虫世代时间的测定方法有多种,但由于瘤胃纤毛虫对培养基要求较高,不确定的迟缓期、最终产物的积累、底物限制和营养缺乏等多种因素均可导致瘤胃纤毛虫在指数期增长速度降低,当以接近瘤胃纤毛虫世代时间的间隔转移生长活跃的瘤胃纤毛虫到新鲜培养基时,可以促进其以指数增长速率快速生长[36]。在本研究中,尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系经过长时间的培养驯化,在改良SP培养基中生长稳定,每次转移所测得的世代时间差异不明显,3个平行组世代时间的标准差在3.0−3.5 h之间,并未出现Dehority[36]所报道的在前期转移世代时间远大于平均世代时间的现象,表明我们建立的尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的体外培养体系比较稳定。我们所测得的尖尾内毛虫的体外培养平均世代时间为19.0 h,比Dehority[36]所测得的16.3 h略长,可能是由于本研究的培养基中添加了抗生素,限制了为纤毛虫提供主要氮源的细菌的生长,从而降低了纤毛虫的增长速度。在测试世代时间的这种高频率换液培养体系中,使用12 h的换液间隔进行培养,即使在不添加抗生素的情况下,细菌也会被及时地清除而不会过度增长,原虫的世代时间可能会相应缩短,但常规培养的换液频率较低,添加抗生素以限制细菌的增殖或许更利于尖尾内毛虫的长期生长。
本研究优化改良了尖尾内毛虫培养基的配制方法,并使用改良的培养基经过纯化培养和单种培养实现了单种尖尾内毛虫在体外长期稳定生长与繁殖,但该种方法仍未实现尖尾内毛虫的单克隆培养,可能需要进一步改良与开发新的培养基和改进虫种的分离接种方法获得单克隆培养体系。本研究改良了SP培养基,简化了尖尾内毛虫的培养方法,为国内首次成功建立瘤胃纤毛虫的单种的体外培养方法,实现了尖尾内毛虫武汉分离株系的实验室稳定可控培养,为深入开展瘤胃纤毛虫种质资源的探索和尖尾内毛虫的功能研究提供足够的实验材料。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32070420)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1001100)
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2024年第64卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240004
  • 接收时间:2024-01-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-03
  • 录用日期:2024-03-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070420)
国家自然科学基金(32070420)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1001100)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1001100)
作者信息
    1 江汉大学医学部 病原生物学教研室, 湖北 武汉 430056
    2 中国科学院水生生物研究所 淡水生态与生物技术国家重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430072

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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