Article(id=1241379090184335428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230768, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702396800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1710691200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-18, onlineDate=1773897438808, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1720022400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897438808, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897438808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897438808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241379085109219745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='7', pageStart='2151', pageEnd='2582', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897437598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897688675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380138257010734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241379085109219745, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2394, endPage=2406, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241379090574405724, articleId=1241379090184335428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=RNA-seq reveals the effects ofbdhA knockout on co-production of nattokinase and menaquinone-7 byBacillus subtilis, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nattokinase has a variety of physiological functions and serves the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Menaquinone-7, one of indispensable fat-soluble vitamins in the human body, can prevent diseases such as osteoporosis and Parkinson's disease. [Objective] To enhance the co-production of nattokinase and menaquinone-7 byBacillus subtilis, reveal the co-production mechanism in the recombinant strain, and provide new metabolic engineering strategies for the production of nattokinase and menaquinone-7. [Methods] We constructedB.subtilis 168-ΔbdhA by knocking out the 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase genebdhA fromB.subtilis 168. RNA-seq was employed to measure the expression changes of key enzyme-coding genes in the nattokinase and menaquinone-7 synthesis pathways. [Results] Compared withB.subtilis 168, the content of 2,3-butanediol inB.subtilis 168-ΔbdhA was 2.76 g/L, which was reduced by 64.0%. The yields of nattokinase and menaquinone-7 were increased by 30.0% and 60.0%, respectively. The expression levels of genes related to central carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and the synthesis of nattokinase and menaquinone-7 changed by RNA-seq analysis. The expression level of nattokinase negative regulator genecodY was down-regulated by 2.19-fold in the mutant. The expression ofsecA,tatAD, andtatC involved in protein secretion showed the down-regulation of 0.37-fold, up-regulation of 2.81-fold, and up-regulation of 0.50-fold, respectively. [Conclusion] The knockout ofbdhA blocked the carbon flux of 2,3-butanediol and promoted glycerol uptake, causing more carbon fluxing to the synthesis pathways of nattokinase and menaquinone-7. The down-regulation of the negative regulatorcodY promoted the transcription of nattokinase. The up- and down-regulation of genes involved in protein scretion promoted extracellular secretion of menaquinone-7.

, correspAuthors=Yan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LIU Yan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xilin HUANG, Junbao HUANG, Xuli GAO, Yani LUO, Wei TAO, Mingyu GUO, Yongyuan LIU, Jing WU, Chao WU, Zhenglian XUE, Yu CHEN, Yan LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241379092570894599, articleId=1241379090184335428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=基于RNA-seq分析bdhA敲除对枯草芽孢杆菌产纳豆激酶和MK-7的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

纳豆激酶(nattokinase, NK)具有多种生理功能,是治疗心血管疾病的理想药物。甲萘醌-7 (menaquinone-7, MK-7)是人体不可缺少的脂溶性维生素之一,可预防骨质疏松和帕金森等疾病。【目的】提高枯草芽孢杆菌中NK和MK-7共同生产的产量,揭示重组菌中共同生产NK和MK-7的机理,为MK-7和NK的生成提供新的代谢工程策略。【方法】以枯草芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,敲除2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶基因(bdhA),构建一株能增加NK和MK-7共同生产的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168-ΔbdhA。利用RNA-seq分析NK和MK-7合成途径关键酶编码基因的变化,总结NK和MK-7共同生产的机制。【结果】与原始菌株相比,Bacillus subtilis 168-ΔbdhA中2,3-丁二醇含量降低64.0%,为2.76 g/L。NK和MK-7的产量较原始菌株提高30.0%和60.0%。RNA-seq分析表明,中心碳代谢、氧化磷酸化和NK及MK-7合成等过程相关的基因表达存在差异。NK负调控因子codY下调2.19倍。在蛋白质分泌途径中,secA下调0.37倍,tatADtatC分别上调2.81倍和0.50倍。【结论】bdhA的敲除阻断了2,3-丁二醇的碳通量,促进甘油的吸收,碳通量更多地流向NK和MK-7的合成途径。负调控因子codY的下调促进NK转录,蛋白转运相关途径基因的上下调促进MK-7的胞外分泌,从而实现其产量的增加。

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A: Upstream fragment (lane 1), middle fragment (lane 2), and downstream fragment (lane 3) ofbdhA. B: Fusion fragment of ΔbdhA (lane 1). C: Bacterial liquid PCR verification of ΔbdhA (lane 1). M: DL5000 DNA Marker., figureFileSmall=1w1ErAy+hObrlMA0n221Cw==, figureFileBig=BT0CD7Pt+mD78hUvOOespw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445823234494784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=CN, label=图1, caption=BS168-ΔbdhA菌株的构建, figureFileSmall=1w1ErAy+hObrlMA0n221Cw==, figureFileBig=BT0CD7Pt+mD78hUvOOespw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445823351935307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Comparison of the fermentation process between the original strain BS168 and the knockout strain BS168-ΔbdhA. A: Growth curves of BS168 and BS168-ΔbdhA. B: Nattokinase activity in BS168 and BS168-ΔbdhA. C: MK-7 yield of BS168 and BS168-ΔbdhA. D: 5 L fermenter fermentation results. Error bars indicate the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent replicates., figureFileSmall=EesanW0a1oUv+v8xxnBBuA==, figureFileBig=UU4335364CTmaYNWaZa9yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445823469375824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=CN, label=图2, caption=原菌株BS168与敲除菌株BS168-ΔbdhA发酵工艺对比, figureFileSmall=EesanW0a1oUv+v8xxnBBuA==, figureFileBig=UU4335364CTmaYNWaZa9yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445823653925206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect ofbdhA knockout on metabolic product accumulation. 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C: Visualization of differential genes (volcano-plots)., figureFileSmall=e57meCB5rVVsxdKy1gm4KQ==, figureFileBig=H76n3bQ9BtWvyqDjJO3dXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445824035606900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Illumina深度测序获得的样本草图序列概述, figureFileSmall=e57meCB5rVVsxdKy1gm4KQ==, figureFileBig=H76n3bQ9BtWvyqDjJO3dXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445824161436023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Transcriptomics analysis of differences between BS168 and BS168-ΔbdhA. A: Gene ontology (GO) functional analysis of differential genes. 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Error bars indicate the mean±standard deviation (SD) of three independent replicates., figureFileSmall=JGyLrmuYdKWzQqLTfkzSDw==, figureFileBig=HyZZfi7p8oA8ohgJAy71VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445825079988645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=CN, label=图8, caption=BS168和BS168-ΔbdhA菌株MK-7的胞内胞外产量, figureFileSmall=JGyLrmuYdKWzQqLTfkzSDw==, figureFileBig=HyZZfi7p8oA8ohgJAy71VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445825210012074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers nameSequences (5′→3′)
ΔbdhA-L-FCCTTGGAACAACAATGGGAGA
ΔbdhA-L-RGTTATCCGCTCTTATCCAATCACTTCAGCCCC
ΔbdhA-p7C6-FGGCTGAAGTGATTGGATAAGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACA
ΔbdhA-p7C6-RGGAGTGGTAATCCAACCGTATGTTCAATGGCTG
ΔbdhA-R-FGCCATTGAACATACGGTTGGATTACCACTCCTATAACTTTTGAT
ΔbdhA-R-RGCTTTAGGGCTAACATCCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1241445825436504494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers nameSequences (5′→3′)
ΔbdhA-L-FCCTTGGAACAACAATGGGAGA
ΔbdhA-L-RGTTATCCGCTCTTATCCAATCACTTCAGCCCC
ΔbdhA-p7C6-FGGCTGAAGTGATTGGATAAGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACA
ΔbdhA-p7C6-RGGAGTGGTAATCCAACCGTATGTTCAATGGCTG
ΔbdhA-R-FGCCATTGAACATACGGTTGGATTACCACTCCTATAACTTTTGAT
ΔbdhA-R-RGCTTTAGGGCTAACATCCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1241445825574916528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in transportation

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Gene nameGene descriptionFold change
secGPreprotein translocase subunit SecG1.25
yidCYidC family membrane integrase SpoIIIJ0.46
secAPreprotein translocase subunit SecA−0.37
tatADSec-independent protein translocase protein TatAD2.81
tatCTwin-arginine translocase subunit TatC0.50
), ArticleFig(id=1241445825650414002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241379090184335428, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

转运途径相关的差异表达基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene nameGene descriptionFold change
secGPreprotein translocase subunit SecG1.25
yidCYidC family membrane integrase SpoIIIJ0.46
secAPreprotein translocase subunit SecA−0.37
tatADSec-independent protein translocase protein TatAD2.81
tatCTwin-arginine translocase subunit TatC0.50
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基于RNA-seq分析bdhA敲除对枯草芽孢杆菌产纳豆激酶和MK-7的影响
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黄茜琳 1 , 黄俊宝 1 , 高旭丽 1 , 罗雅妮 1 , 陶伟 1 , 郭明雨 1 , 刘永圆 1 , 吴晶 1 , 吴超 1 , 薛正莲 1, 2 , 陈宇 1, 2 , 刘艳 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(7): 2394-2406
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(7): 2394-2406
基于RNA-seq分析bdhA敲除对枯草芽孢杆菌产纳豆激酶和MK-7的影响
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黄茜琳1, 黄俊宝1, 高旭丽1, 罗雅妮1, 陶伟1, 郭明雨1, 刘永圆1, 吴晶1, 吴超1, 薛正莲1, 2, 陈宇1, 2, 刘艳1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院, 安徽 芜湖 241000
  • 2 安徽省工业微生物分子育种工程实验室, 安徽 芜湖 241000
RNA-seq reveals the effects ofbdhA knockout on co-production of nattokinase and menaquinone-7 byBacillus subtilis
Xilin HUANG1, Junbao HUANG1, Xuli GAO1, Yani LUO1, Wei TAO1, Mingyu GUO1, Yongyuan LIU1, Jing WU1, Chao WU1, Zhenglian XUE1, 2, Yu CHEN1, 2, Yan LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
  • 2 Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2024-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230768
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纳豆激酶(nattokinase, NK)具有多种生理功能,是治疗心血管疾病的理想药物。甲萘醌-7 (menaquinone-7, MK-7)是人体不可缺少的脂溶性维生素之一,可预防骨质疏松和帕金森等疾病。【目的】提高枯草芽孢杆菌中NK和MK-7共同生产的产量,揭示重组菌中共同生产NK和MK-7的机理,为MK-7和NK的生成提供新的代谢工程策略。【方法】以枯草芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,敲除2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶基因(bdhA),构建一株能增加NK和MK-7共同生产的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168-ΔbdhA。利用RNA-seq分析NK和MK-7合成途径关键酶编码基因的变化,总结NK和MK-7共同生产的机制。【结果】与原始菌株相比,Bacillus subtilis 168-ΔbdhA中2,3-丁二醇含量降低64.0%,为2.76 g/L。NK和MK-7的产量较原始菌株提高30.0%和60.0%。RNA-seq分析表明,中心碳代谢、氧化磷酸化和NK及MK-7合成等过程相关的基因表达存在差异。NK负调控因子codY下调2.19倍。在蛋白质分泌途径中,secA下调0.37倍,tatADtatC分别上调2.81倍和0.50倍。【结论】bdhA的敲除阻断了2,3-丁二醇的碳通量,促进甘油的吸收,碳通量更多地流向NK和MK-7的合成途径。负调控因子codY的下调促进NK转录,蛋白转运相关途径基因的上下调促进MK-7的胞外分泌,从而实现其产量的增加。

枯草芽孢杆菌  /  纳豆激酶  /  甲萘醌-7  /  2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶  /  RNA-seq

Nattokinase has a variety of physiological functions and serves the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Menaquinone-7, one of indispensable fat-soluble vitamins in the human body, can prevent diseases such as osteoporosis and Parkinson's disease. [Objective] To enhance the co-production of nattokinase and menaquinone-7 byBacillus subtilis, reveal the co-production mechanism in the recombinant strain, and provide new metabolic engineering strategies for the production of nattokinase and menaquinone-7. [Methods] We constructedB.subtilis 168-ΔbdhA by knocking out the 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase genebdhA fromB.subtilis 168. RNA-seq was employed to measure the expression changes of key enzyme-coding genes in the nattokinase and menaquinone-7 synthesis pathways. [Results] Compared withB.subtilis 168, the content of 2,3-butanediol inB.subtilis 168-ΔbdhA was 2.76 g/L, which was reduced by 64.0%. The yields of nattokinase and menaquinone-7 were increased by 30.0% and 60.0%, respectively. The expression levels of genes related to central carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and the synthesis of nattokinase and menaquinone-7 changed by RNA-seq analysis. The expression level of nattokinase negative regulator genecodY was down-regulated by 2.19-fold in the mutant. The expression ofsecA,tatAD, andtatC involved in protein secretion showed the down-regulation of 0.37-fold, up-regulation of 2.81-fold, and up-regulation of 0.50-fold, respectively. [Conclusion] The knockout ofbdhA blocked the carbon flux of 2,3-butanediol and promoted glycerol uptake, causing more carbon fluxing to the synthesis pathways of nattokinase and menaquinone-7. The down-regulation of the negative regulatorcodY promoted the transcription of nattokinase. The up- and down-regulation of genes involved in protein scretion promoted extracellular secretion of menaquinone-7.

Bacillus subtilis  /  nattokinase  /  menaquinone-7  /  2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase  /  RNA-seq
黄茜琳, 黄俊宝, 高旭丽, 罗雅妮, 陶伟, 郭明雨, 刘永圆, 吴晶, 吴超, 薛正莲, 陈宇, 刘艳. 基于RNA-seq分析bdhA敲除对枯草芽孢杆菌产纳豆激酶和MK-7的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2394 -2406 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230768
Xilin HUANG, Junbao HUANG, Xuli GAO, Yani LUO, Wei TAO, Mingyu GUO, Yongyuan LIU, Jing WU, Chao WU, Zhenglian XUE, Yu CHEN, Yan LIU. RNA-seq reveals the effects ofbdhA knockout on co-production of nattokinase and menaquinone-7 byBacillus subtilis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (7) : 2394 -2406 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230768
枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)是公认的相对安全的益生菌,可用于固态发酵大豆制得富含纳豆激酶(nattokinase, NK)和甲萘醌-7 (menaquinone-7, MK-7)的纳豆产品[1-2]。纳豆中的纳豆激酶是一种碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶,具有优秀的纤溶活性,其纤溶活性是纤溶酶的4倍,可被肠道吸收直接消化血管内的纤维蛋白[3]。芽孢杆菌发酵生产的脂溶性维生素K2主要为MK-7,由甲基萘醌母环和7个异戊二烯侧链组成[4]。MK-7作为膜结合电子载体之一,同辅酶Q相似,在氧化磷酸化和电子转移中发挥重要作用[5]。据报道,MK-7具有多种生理活性功能,可预防骨质疏松和帕金森病等[5]。纳豆作为一种预防治疗心血管疾病的功能性食品,由于纳豆中NK和MK-7的含量相对较低,其防治效果并不理想。因此,近年来,研究者主要集中通过传统诱变育种技术和发酵条件的优化,以期提高纳豆中NK的活性[6]。此外,基因工程技术和低成本原料的应用也被用于MK-7的增产[7]
尽管在枯草芽孢杆菌中对NK和MK-7的发酵研究较多,但关于在枯草芽孢杆菌中同时发酵NK和MK-7研究却较少。在枯草芽孢杆菌中,NK由aprN基因编码,而MK-7是由menA基因编码的1,4-二羟基-2-萘甲酸(1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate, DHNA)七烯转移酶合成[8]。由于NK和MK-7没有竞争的代谢途径,因此在枯草芽孢杆菌中可同时生产NK和MK-7,将二者共同生产时的各自产量提高到与只针对单一产品发酵时的产量相当,将取得巨大的经济效益。通过代谢工程手段消除发酵过程中的副产物是提高目标产品产量的有效策略,并已成功应用于协同生产过程中,实现了单一工艺生产高附加值产品的目标[9]。例如利用代谢工程方法在枯草芽孢杆菌中同时生产尿苷和乙偶姻[10]。另一种成功的共同生产策略是利用代谢工程手段在大肠杆菌中共同生产3-羟基丙酸和1, 3-丙二醇[11]
在本研究中,以B.subtilis 168为原始菌株,敲除bdhA基因以实现NK和MK-7的共同生产。在NK和MK-7合成途径减少共享前体物质的副产品,如2,3-丁二醇,以增加它们的产量。利用RNA-seq技术研究B.subtilis 168-ΔbdhA菌株中NK和MK-7共同生产的机制,比较发酵过程的差异表达基因,分析上、下调基因,结合碳水化合物和产物合成代谢途径分析,发现提高NK活性和MK-7产量的潜在关键基因。本研究利用代谢工程手段在枯草芽孢杆菌中实现NK和MK-7的协同生产,有助于更好地了解纳豆激酶和MK-7的生产机理,为代谢工程提高NK和MK-7产量提供新的策略,并为构建能高效生产NK和MK-7的菌株奠定基础。
Bacillus subtilis 168、p7C6质粒、P43启动子均为本实验室保存。
PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;振荡培养箱、恒温培养箱,上海知楚仪器有限公司;酶标仪,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;紫外可见分光光度计,上海元析仪器有限公司;高效液相色谱仪,岛津企业管理(中国)有限公司。
参考周梦洁等[12]的方法配制Spizizen感受态培养基。
平板活化培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,NaCl 10.0,琼脂20.0,pH 7.0,0.1 MPa灭菌20 min。
半平板培养基:在平板活化培养基的基础上,琼脂的添加量为5.0 g/L。
种子培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,NaCl 10.0,pH 7.0,0.1 MPa灭菌20 min。
发酵培养基(g/L):大豆蛋白胨50.0,酵母提取物20.0,甘油5.0,KH2PO4 1.62,K2HPO4 3.86,微量元素(Na2EDTA·2H2O 0.07 g/L, ZnSO4·5H2O 0.01g/L, CaCl2 0.378 g/L, FeSO4 0.05 g/L, NaMoO4·2H2O 0.04 g/L, CuSO4 0.01 g/L, CoCl2 0.02 g/L, MnSO4 0.52 g/L) 2.0 mL (过滤除菌后加入灭菌后的培养基中),0.1 MPa灭菌20 min。
取甘油管中的B.subtilis 168菌株在LB固体培养基上划线,37 ℃培养12 h。挑单菌落至50 mL的种子培养基中,在37 ℃、220 r/min下孵育14−16 h。将种子溶液以体积分数2%接种至50 mL的发酵培养基,37 ℃静置发酵5 d。
基因敲除采用同源重组的方法。从Bacillus subtilis 168中扩增bdhA上游和下游各约1 000 bp,从p7C6质粒中扩增带氯霉素抗性的中间片段,按照上游、中间及下游顺序,采用融合PCR连接。纯化PCR产物导入枯草芽孢杆菌感受态细胞,并在添加5 µg/mL氯霉素的LB琼脂平板上涂布,长出后用菌液PCR验证转化菌株B.subtilis 168-ΔbdhA。引物见表1
B.subtilis 168菌株和重组菌株活化后,挑取单菌落至种子培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min振荡培养,发酵液进行适当的稀释使OD600为0.2–0.8。定时取样测量,实验重复3次,绘制2个菌株的生长曲线。
取发酵液4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心5 min后得粗酶液,采用紫外分光光度法测定纳豆激酶酶活,具体方法:向试管中加入1.4 mL Tris-HCl (50 mmol/L, pH 7.8)缓冲液和0.4 mL纤维蛋白原溶液(7.2 mg/L),37 ℃水浴5 min;加入0.1 mL凝血酶(20 U/mL),37 ℃水浴10 min形成人工血栓;加入100 µL待测样品,37 ℃温育60 min;加入2 mL三氯乙酸(0.2 mol/L)静置20 min,终止反应。10 000 r/min离心10 min后,取上清于275 nm波长处测定吸光度。酶活定义:每分钟在275 nm处吸光度增加0.01所需要的酶量定义为1个单位的纤维蛋白降解酶活力。
利用HPLC检测发酵液中MK-7产量[13],取2 mL发酵液置于5 mL棕色离心管中,10 000 r/min离心5 min,加入4倍体积的正己烷: 异丙醇(2:1,体积比),涡旋混匀。避光静置30 min,再次离心后取上层液体于5 mL离心管中,使用0.22 µm有机膜过滤,得到样品,置于棕色进样瓶,色谱柱为安捷伦C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×50 mm, 5 µm)。
使用Aminex HPX-87H (300 mm×7.8 mm, 5 µm)色谱柱,流动相为5 mmol/L硫酸水溶液,流速为0.6 mL/min,色谱柱温度为65 ℃,检测器温度为35 ℃,进样体积为20 µL,测定乙偶姻、2,3-丁二醇和乙酸浓度[14]
在第4天收集菌株Bacillus subtilis 168和B.subtilis 168-ΔbdhA发酵液。样品在4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心10 min,使用TRIzol试剂(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, 美国)提取细菌总RNA。经Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer、Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit (Agilent公司)等仪器检测RNA样品质量(深圳华大基因科技有限公司)。从合格的总RNA中去除核糖体RNA,将剩余的RNA片段反转录成相应的cDNA,用于制备文库。最后使用Illumina X10 (Illumina公司)进行测序。通过去除衔接子读数和低质量短片段,从原始数据中获得clean数据。以FDR<0.05且|fold change|≥2为条件筛选样品间的差异表达基因(differentially expressed gene, DEG)[15]。将筛选得到的差异基因进一步进行基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)功能分析和京都基因与基因组百科bibr" r全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)通路分析[15]
图1所示,构建B.subtilis 168-ΔbdhA菌株时,以B.subtilis 168菌株全基因组为模板,经PCR扩增得到1 000 bp左右的左同源臂和右同源臂;以p7C6质粒为模板PCR扩增获得大小为1 300 bp左右的氯霉素抗性片段。采用三段融合的方法将3个目的片段连接起来,再次将PCR产物扩增获得大小为2 974 bp左右的融合片段。采用Spizizen转化法将融合PCR得到的目的基因转化到枯草芽孢杆菌中。将得到的阳性克隆用抗性平板验证,将得到的菌株经过测序,并且用软件DNAMAN比对,显示重组菌株构建成功。
本研究分别绘制了在发酵培养基静置培养条件下BS168和BS168-ΔbdhA菌株的生物量、纳豆激酶酶活和MK-7产量的曲线。如图2所示,两菌株在生长、NK及MK-7合成量上存在差异。在培养36 h之前,原始菌株BS168的OD600高于重组菌株BS168-ΔbdhA,而在36 h后,BS168菌株的OD600始终低于BS168-ΔbdhA菌株(图2A)。NK和MK-7的产量随着生物量的增加而增加,说明它们都是生长相关的代谢产物。两株菌株在108 h时NK和MK-7产量均达到最大值。两菌株在36 h和108 h的NK酶活分别出现下降,前者可能是发酵时间较短,产物未完全分泌,后者可能是发酵后期营养物质缺乏,导致NK作为营养物质被利用。菌株BS168-ΔbdhA的NK酶活性为6.0 FU/mL,较原菌BS168提高了30.0%,BS168-ΔbdhA和BS168菌株比酶活的比值始终大于1 (图2B)。MK-7在菌株BS168-ΔbdhA中的最大产率为24.78 mg/L,比原菌的产率提高了60.0% (图2C)。在摇瓶发酵的基础上加以调整,使用5 L发酵罐发酵培养,发现BS168-ΔbdhA菌株的纳豆激酶酶活为8.1 FU/mL,MK-7的产量为43.97 mg/mL,较原菌BS168分别提高了39.7%和90.0% (图2D)。
bdhA基因编码的乙偶姻还原酶/2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶,可将乙偶姻可逆地转化为2,3-丁二醇。为提高NK和MK-7的产量,消除不必要的副产物2,3-丁二醇,敲除bdhA基因。如图3所示,两菌株在乙偶姻、2,3-丁二醇和乙酸的合成量上存在差异。BS168-ΔbdhA菌株乙偶姻的产量从17.15 g/L升至22.54 g/L。虽然已成功敲除bdhA,但是2,3-丁二醇的产量未完全消失,比原菌降低了64.0%,达到2.76 g/L,枯草芽孢杆菌中可能还另外存在2,3-丁二醇合成途径。乙偶姻可转化为乙酸,BS168-ΔbdhA菌株中乙酸含量为0.97 g/L,较原菌降低33.0%。
利用RNA-seq技术对样本进行转录组测序,研究NK和MK-7合成发酵过程中相关基因的表达。根据维恩图(图4A),鉴定出对照组菌株有4 006个有注释的基因,实验组有3 719个有注释的基因,其中共同调控的基因有3 712个,同时另有294和7个基因分别在对照组和实验组中单独表达。通过DEG seq软件分析得到显著表达的基因共有792个,其中显著上调和下调基因个数均为396 (图4B4C)。筛选的差异表达基因可注释到GO本体中,GO功能富集分析(图5A)表明,DEGs主要集中在细胞生物合成、膜和生物合成过程。根据KEGG显著性富集分析(图5B),存在显著差异的代谢途径主要集中在核糖体、丙酮酸代谢、三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA)循环和氧化磷酸化,结果与GO功能富集结果一致。
中心碳代谢是生物所需能量的主要来源,通常包括糖酵解途径(embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway, EMP)、三羧酸循环(TCA)和磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)[16]。与中心碳代谢相关的关键基因和代谢途径调控如图6所示。甘油是NK和MK-7生物合成的最佳碳源[19-20],甘油异化途径是两者生物合成的第一步。
丙酮酸(pyruvic acid, PYR)可用于乳酸、乙偶姻的合成和进入TCA参与代谢过程。PYR在乙酰乳酸合酶(AlsS)和乙酰乳酸脱羧酶(AlsD)作用下生成乙偶姻,乙偶姻在菌体进入稳定期后,可维持细胞内部酸碱度[10]alsSalsD分别上调2.05倍和2.45倍,乙偶姻生成量增加。乙偶姻可进一步生成乙酸、乙酰辅酶A和NADH。负责乙酸合成的乙酸激酶基因ack下调0.34倍。乙偶姻脱氢酶复合物(acetoindehydrogenaseenzymesystem, AoDHES)相关基因上调,乙酰-CoA生成量增加,可进入TCA循环,生成α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate, AKG)和草酰乙酸(oxaloaceticacid, OAA)等。
原核生物的电子传递链存在于质膜上,NADH可进入电子传递链再氧化生成ATP。在枯草芽孢杆菌中,cydABCD操纵子编码呼吸链中完整的细胞色素bd[21],有研究表明,cyd缺失菌株可提高能量产生的效率[22]cydABCD分别下调3.08、2.19、1.67和2.63倍。参与电子传递链的NADH脱氢酶基因ndH和琥珀酸脱氢酶基因sdH上调,其中sdhABC分别上调1.01、2.30和1.52倍,增加电子传递效率,促进ATP的合成,为细胞生长代谢提供能量。
图6所示,MK-7生物合成途径可分为4个模块:甘油异化途径、莽草酸途径(shikimate, SA)途径、甲基赤藓醇磷酸(methylerythritol-4-phosphate, MEP)途径和MK-7途径[13]。E4P和PEP经SA途径生成分支酸(chorismate, CHA),为MK-7的合成提供醌类骨架。G3P和PYR经MEP途径生成七烯焦磷酸(heptaprenyl diphosphate, HepPP),为MK-7的合成提供异戊二烯侧链[22]。CHA和HepPP经MK-7途径最终合成MK-7[22]
研究表明,MEP途径的1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸(1-deoxyxylbulose-5-phosphate, DXP)合成酶基因(dxs)、MEP胞苷酰转移酶基因(yacM)作为MK-7合成的关键基因[23],分别上调1.21倍和1.75倍。其中DXP还原异构酶基因(dxr)和4-焦磷酸胞苷酰-2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇(CDP-ME)激酶的基因(ispE)分别下调1.83倍和0.93倍,这可能是dxrispE的下调减少了某些中间代谢物的积累,以促进MK-7合成。2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-2, 4-环焦磷酸(2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, MECPP)合成酶(yacN)作为MK-7合成的关键基因,其上调不明显。HepPP合成酶(HepS/HepT)催化HepPP合成,hepT上调1.85倍。SA途径变化不明显。MK-7合成途径中,MenA催化MEP途径产生的HepPP和1,4-羟基萘鲲(DHNA)反应生成去甲基甲萘醌(2-demethylmenaquinone, DMK),最终在DMK甲基转移酶(MenG)作用下合成MK-7。此过程中,menA显著上调1.13倍,与此前研究发现menA过表达,MK-7产量增加1.60倍相一致[22]
枯草芽孢杆菌中编码碱性蛋白酶的是aprE,受多种正负调控因子直接调控[17]aprE上调1.82倍(图7)。
反映细胞能量的GTP水平的CodY直接抑制aprE的转录,codY下调2.19倍,对纳豆激酶转录的抑制作用明显减弱。ScoC间接抑制AprE的合成,ScoC表达变化不明显。因为CodY介导的抑制作用强于ScoC,后者抑制作用很弱且可被其他积极作用抵消[17]。SinR是aprE的阻遏因子,表达基本不变。
Spo0A调节活性受多种磷酸化机制调控,其中组氨酸蛋白激酶KinA和KinB以及2种磷酸转移酶Spo0F和Spo0B的上调,加剧了Spo0A磷酸化水平,进而增强了其对abrB的抑制作用[26]abrB下调0.33倍,对NK的抑制作用减弱。
DegSU双组分系统通过调控蛋白DegU与aprE的启动子区域的结合,有效促进纳豆激酶的合成。在能力信号肽(CPS)系统中,ComQ可促进ComA磷酸化,进而激活DegQ。DegQ的存在可促进DegS的磷酸基团向DegU的传递过程,comA表达上调促进了该过程。在RapG-PhrG系统中,rapG可减弱DegU与AprE的结合,间接影响酶的合成,rapG下调但不明显。因此NK转录的增强主要由codY的下调实现的。
枯草芽孢杆菌分泌的蛋白质由信号肽依赖分泌途径主导,包括Sec途径、Tat途径和ABC转运子途径。在Sec分泌途径中,跨膜蛋白复合体SecYEG、副转运蛋白SecDF-YajC和跨膜蛋白YidC蛋白构成膜上完整的蛋白转运子结构[27]secG和跨膜蛋白yidC上调。SecA是一种ATP酶,可为跨膜蛋白供能,secA下调0.37倍。Tat分泌途径负责将折叠蛋白分泌至胞外,tatADtatC分别上调2.81倍和0.50倍(表2)。两菌株MK-7的胞内胞外含量如图8所示,在培养96 h时,BS168-ΔbdhA菌株的MK-7胞外分泌量达到3.61 mg/L,是对照组的1.47倍。此时MK-7的总合成为17.07 mg/L,是对照组总合成的1.38倍。
枯草芽孢杆菌除合成NK和MK-7外,还产生相当数量的乙醇、乙酸、乳酸、乙偶姻和2,3-丁二醇[19]。这些代谢副产物的生成,导致碳溢流,最终影响NK和MK-7的产量。如何在不影响细胞生存状态的前提下,有效减少代谢副产物的形成,是促进NK和MK-7合成的关键。Fan等[10]发现alsD敲除后,代谢副产物乙偶姻含量显著降低,菌体细胞仍维持较好的生长状态。因此,乙偶姻的合成是共同生产NK和MK-7的一个重要调控节点,通过构建的bdhA缺失菌株可以实现两者的共同生产。
转录组数据显示,alsSalsD分别上调2.05、2.45倍,乙偶姻含量提高约30.0%。乙酸激酶ack下调,副产物乙酸合成量减少33.0%,这表明bdhA的敲除阻断了乙偶姻向2,3-丁二醇的主要通量,调控AoDH ES的相关基因上调,乙偶姻流向乙酰-CoA的碳通量增加。MK-7合成的4个途径中,虽然bdhA的敲除促进了对甘油的摄取,但主要由MEP途径增加前体物质HepPP,为MK-7的合成提供更多异戊二烯侧链,以实现其产量增长。碳通量的重新分配为NK和MK-7的合成提供了更多中间代谢物,如磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸、丙酮酸和乙酰辅酶A等。研究显示[28],黄杆菌在MK-4的压力胁迫因子作用下,跨膜转运蛋白(TonB)和TonB周质蛋白在MK-4耐受菌中的表达显著上调,这2种蛋白与维生素B12等多种重要物质的跨膜运输和维持黄杆菌细胞被膜结构功能的稳定性相关。tatADtatC分别上调2.81倍和0.50倍,可能促进了MK-7的胞外分泌。由于ABC转运系统可负责氨基酸、蛋白质和维生素等的运输,KEGG富集显示ABC转运系统存在差异,我们推测NK和MK-7的胞外分泌与ABC转运子可能存在关联。
综上所述,我们初步确定了bdhA敲除对枯草芽孢杆菌中共产NK和MK-7合成的影响机制。我们通过分析中心碳代谢通路、MK-7合成、转运和NK的合成途径来实现MK-7和NK的共同生产。bdhA的下调,促使碳通量的再分配,为NK和MK-7的合成提供更多的中间代谢产物,产生更多的能量,促进细胞生长、代谢和产物积累。转运系统相关基因的上下调促进MK-7的胞外运输,减少MK-7积累对细胞的毒性作用。本研究利用代谢工程在枯草芽孢杆菌中实现NK和MK-7的协同生产,有助于理解NK和MK-7的共同生产机制,为采用代谢工程手段提高NK和MK-7产量提供新的策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32372295)
  • 安徽省高校杰出青年科研项目(2023AH020013)
  • 安徽省大学生创新创业计划(202310363254)
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2024年第64卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230768
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
  • 录用日期:2024-03-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372295)
国家自然科学基金(32372295)
Outstanding Youth Research Project in Anhui Province Universities(2023AH020013)
安徽省高校杰出青年科研项目(2023AH020013)
Anhui Provincial Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program(202310363254)
安徽省大学生创新创业计划(202310363254)
作者信息
    1 安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院, 安徽 芜湖 241000
    2 安徽省工业微生物分子育种工程实验室, 安徽 芜湖 241000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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