Article(id=1241377732148392856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230669, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698768000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1705593600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-19, onlineDate=1773897115027, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1717430400000, pubDateStr=2024-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897115027, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897115027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897115027, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241377719049572379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='6', pageStart='1691', pageEnd='2143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897111904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897665313, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1691, endPage=1703, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241377732542657477, articleId=1241377732148392856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis ofPseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9 isolated from the surface seawater of the Pacific Ocean, columnId=1241377728197358296, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Marine Microbiome Involved in Element Cycling, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To detail the molecular evolution and ecological adaptation ofPseudoalteromonas arabiensis. [Methods] Illumina HiSeq X Ten and Oxford Nanopore PromethION were used for the whole genome sequencing ofPseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9 isolated from the surface seawater of the Pacific Ocean. Bioinformatics tools were used to assemble and annotate the original sequencing data, and the type strainPseudoalteromonas arabiensis JCM 17292 was used for comparative genomic analysis. [Results] The genome of strain N1230-9 consisted of two chromosomes, with a size of 4 627 470 bp and the G+C content of 40.85%, encoding a total of 4 202 proteins. Genome annotation showed that strain N1230-9 carried functional genes contributing to the adaption to the marine environment. These genes were mainly involved in heavy metal resistance, iron-uptake systems, anti-phage defense systems, hydrolytic enzymes, carbohydrate metabolism, and two-component signaling systems. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that strain N1230-9 and strain JCM 17292 possessed unique genes conferring adaption to different ecological niches. These genes were primarily involved in heme uptake, heavy metal resistance, anti-phage defense, two-component signaling, and horizontal gene transfer. [Conclusion] P. arabiensis N1230-9 isolated from surface seawater has evolved unique genes for adaption to its ecological niche.

, correspAuthors=Jigang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CHEN Jigang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying XU, Xiaomin LAN, Minjie ZHOU, Xiunuan CHEN, Jiafan JIN, Sidong ZHU, Jifang YANG, Jigang CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241377733872250951, articleId=1241377732148392856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一株太平洋表层海水来源阿拉伯海假交替单胞菌N1230-9的全基因组测序及比较基因组学分析, columnId=1241377728490959590, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=海洋微生物与元素循环, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】阐述阿拉伯海假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis)的分子进化与生态适应策略。【方法】借助Illumina HiSeq X Ten和Oxford Nanopore PromethION测序平台对一株分离自太平洋表层海水的菌株Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9进行全基因组测序,利用相关生物信息学分析软件对原始数据进行组装和基因组注释,并与一株分离自深海沉积物环境的模式菌株Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis JCM 17292进行比较基因组分析。【结果】菌株N1230-9基因组由2条染色体组成,基因组大小为4 627 470 bp,G+C含量为40.85%,共编码4 202个蛋白。功能基因注释结果显示,菌株N1230-9具有适应海洋环境的多种类型功能基因,包括重金属抗性基因、多种铁离子摄取系统编码基因、多种噬菌体防御系统编码基因、种类丰富的水解酶编码基因、多种碳水化合物代谢相关基因,以及数量众多的二元信号传导系统编码基因。通过比较基因组分析发现,菌株N1230-9和菌株JCM 17292拥有适应不同生态位的特有基因,这些基因主要涉及血红素摄取、重金属抗性、噬菌体防御、二元信号系统传导和横向基因水平转移。【结论】来自表层海水的菌株P.arabiensis N1230-9已演化出了适应其生态位的特有基因。

, correspAuthors=陈吉刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qSzBPIGWwh6W/v8oPhK1VQ==, magXml=OQ/BCJrAIn1qlEKmK+y+6w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Sj0sgPAghnUJvAaeFfgPHg==, pdfFileSize=946166, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ntv2VkAv+xZ95pG6I86+ig==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YNO0Bwc0WEh4qwhx05rW5Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=徐莹, 兰肖敏, 周敏婕, 陈秀暖, 金佳凡, 朱四东, 杨季芳, 陈吉刚)}, authors=[Author(id=1241445019685548960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377732148392856, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377732148392856, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Growth phenotypes of strain N1230-9 on various carbon sources. Maximal difference between initial and final optical density (OD600) values are shown as bar height with the growth time in hours indicated at the top of each bar., figureFileSmall=WhO3zY6/tt2+kdAwLdpZNw==, figureFileBig=IN7gHq+BhzwfwV49RZAECA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445024911650960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377732148392856, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株N1230-9在不同碳源中的生长表型, figureFileSmall=WhO3zY6/tt2+kdAwLdpZNw==, figureFileBig=IN7gHq+BhzwfwV49RZAECA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445025045868698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377732148392856, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Genome mapping ofPseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9. Circular representation ofPseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9. Based on tRNA and rRNA, GO, KEGG, and COG results, circular diagrams of chromosomes are drawn. The concentric circles show (reading outwards) G+C skew, G+C content, tRNA and rRNA, GO, KEGG, COG, genes, and DNA coordinates., figureFileSmall=U+0pYDS9jH8PmEKlJW9Cnw==, figureFileBig=3Ex9oXrbQ6Lpgvi5/ebb7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445025142337698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377732148392856, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9基因组图谱, figureFileSmall=U+0pYDS9jH8PmEKlJW9Cnw==, figureFileBig=3Ex9oXrbQ6Lpgvi5/ebb7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445025289138344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377732148392856, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Pathways of eight carbon sources utilization inPseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9. Abbreviations for carbohydrates and enzymy-coding genes are followed: Glc, Glucose; Nag, N-acetylglucosamine; Bgl,β-glucosides (cellobiose); Ara, arabinose (arabinosides); Aga, N-acetylgalactosamine; Tre, trehalose; Scr, sucrose; Mal, maltodextrins;agaK, N-acetylgalactosamine kinase;agaA, N-acetylgalactosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase;agaZ, tagatose-6-phosphate kinase;agaS, galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase;chiC, chitinase C;lmpo, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase;chiA, chitinase A;hex, hexosaminidase;nagK, N-acetylglucosamine kinase;nagA, N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase;nagB, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase;glmS, glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase;scrP, sucrose phosphorylase;scrK, fructokinase;pgm, phosphoglucomutase;treF, trehalase;cga, glycogen phosphorylase;treX, isoamylase;amy,α-amylase;susA, neopullulanase;susB,α-glucosidase;malZ, maltodextrin glucosidase;glcA (lamA), glucan endo-1, 3-β-glucosidase;blgA,β-glucosidase;abnA, arabinan endo-1, 5-α-l-arabinosidase;abfA,α-l-arabinofuranosidase;araA, l-arabinose isomerase;araB, ribulokinase;araD, l-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase., figureFileSmall=Ulftd5dBUWkewiV830zULg==, figureFileBig=yicXCVduYX+O46oNbSjNkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445025410773169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377732148392856, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9对8种碳源的利用通路, figureFileSmall=Ulftd5dBUWkewiV830zULg==, figureFileBig=yicXCVduYX+O46oNbSjNkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445025549185208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377732148392856, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9 growth in various iron source medium. Growth on Fe3+-free medium (filled triangles), FeCl3 medium (filled squares), and chlorohemin medium (open circles). All treatments were performed in duplicate, and error bars are standard deviations of the means. 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一株太平洋表层海水来源阿拉伯海假交替单胞菌N1230-9的全基因组测序及比较基因组学分析
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徐莹 , 兰肖敏 , 周敏婕 , 陈秀暖 , 金佳凡 , 朱四东 , 杨季芳 , 陈吉刚 *
微生物学报 | 海洋微生物与元素循环 2024,64(6): 1691-1703
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微生物学报 | 海洋微生物与元素循环 2024, 64(6): 1691-1703
一株太平洋表层海水来源阿拉伯海假交替单胞菌N1230-9的全基因组测序及比较基因组学分析
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徐莹, 兰肖敏, 周敏婕, 陈秀暖, 金佳凡, 朱四东, 杨季芳, 陈吉刚*
作者信息
  • 浙江万里学院生物与环境学院, 浙江 宁波 315100
Genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis ofPseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9 isolated from the surface seawater of the Pacific Ocean
Ying XU, Xiaomin LAN, Minjie ZHOU, Xiunuan CHEN, Jiafan JIN, Sidong ZHU, Jifang YANG, Jigang CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230669
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【目的】阐述阿拉伯海假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis)的分子进化与生态适应策略。【方法】借助Illumina HiSeq X Ten和Oxford Nanopore PromethION测序平台对一株分离自太平洋表层海水的菌株Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9进行全基因组测序,利用相关生物信息学分析软件对原始数据进行组装和基因组注释,并与一株分离自深海沉积物环境的模式菌株Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis JCM 17292进行比较基因组分析。【结果】菌株N1230-9基因组由2条染色体组成,基因组大小为4 627 470 bp,G+C含量为40.85%,共编码4 202个蛋白。功能基因注释结果显示,菌株N1230-9具有适应海洋环境的多种类型功能基因,包括重金属抗性基因、多种铁离子摄取系统编码基因、多种噬菌体防御系统编码基因、种类丰富的水解酶编码基因、多种碳水化合物代谢相关基因,以及数量众多的二元信号传导系统编码基因。通过比较基因组分析发现,菌株N1230-9和菌株JCM 17292拥有适应不同生态位的特有基因,这些基因主要涉及血红素摄取、重金属抗性、噬菌体防御、二元信号系统传导和横向基因水平转移。【结论】来自表层海水的菌株P.arabiensis N1230-9已演化出了适应其生态位的特有基因。

太平洋  /  假交替单胞菌  /  全基因组测序  /  比较基因组分析

[Objective] To detail the molecular evolution and ecological adaptation ofPseudoalteromonas arabiensis. [Methods] Illumina HiSeq X Ten and Oxford Nanopore PromethION were used for the whole genome sequencing ofPseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9 isolated from the surface seawater of the Pacific Ocean. Bioinformatics tools were used to assemble and annotate the original sequencing data, and the type strainPseudoalteromonas arabiensis JCM 17292 was used for comparative genomic analysis. [Results] The genome of strain N1230-9 consisted of two chromosomes, with a size of 4 627 470 bp and the G+C content of 40.85%, encoding a total of 4 202 proteins. Genome annotation showed that strain N1230-9 carried functional genes contributing to the adaption to the marine environment. These genes were mainly involved in heavy metal resistance, iron-uptake systems, anti-phage defense systems, hydrolytic enzymes, carbohydrate metabolism, and two-component signaling systems. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that strain N1230-9 and strain JCM 17292 possessed unique genes conferring adaption to different ecological niches. These genes were primarily involved in heme uptake, heavy metal resistance, anti-phage defense, two-component signaling, and horizontal gene transfer. [Conclusion] P. arabiensis N1230-9 isolated from surface seawater has evolved unique genes for adaption to its ecological niche.

Pacific Ocean  /  Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis  /  whole genome sequencing  /  comparative genome analysis
徐莹, 兰肖敏, 周敏婕, 陈秀暖, 金佳凡, 朱四东, 杨季芳, 陈吉刚. 一株太平洋表层海水来源阿拉伯海假交替单胞菌N1230-9的全基因组测序及比较基因组学分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (6) : 1691 -1703 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230669
Ying XU, Xiaomin LAN, Minjie ZHOU, Xiunuan CHEN, Jiafan JIN, Sidong ZHU, Jifang YANG, Jigang CHEN. Genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis ofPseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9 isolated from the surface seawater of the Pacific Ocean[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (6) : 1691 -1703 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230669
假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)成员广泛分布于全球海洋多种生境,存在寄生、共生、颗粒附着和营浮游生活等多种生活方式[1]。它们是海洋细菌群落的重要组成部分,约占海洋表层和深海细菌群落总数的2%和14%[2],以及约占颗粒附着细菌群落的20%[3]。假交替单胞菌属中不但存在能适应深海和南北极等极端环境的种群[4-6],也含有能产生具有生物活性天然产物的种群[7-9]。假交替单胞菌普遍拥有2套染色体,采用特殊的基因组复制策略,并展现出多样的营养物代谢能力[10-11]
通过基因组测序和比较基因组学分析,加深了我们对假交替单胞菌的分子进化、代谢潜力和生态适应的理解。如对南极细菌游海假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis) TAC125的基因组测序分析,探究了该菌株的低温适应策略[5];对分离自海藻表面的Pseudoalteromonas tunicata的基因组分析,阐述了该种群的藻类附着生活策略[12];对深海沉积细菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913的基因组分析,探讨了该菌株深海沉积物表面附着的生存策略[13]
对同种内不同生态型菌株进行比较基因组学分析,可更精确地理解假交替单胞菌的分子进化和生态适应[14]。阿拉伯海假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis)在近海及远海表层海水和沉积物环境中均有分布(https://mccc.org.cn/BacteriaService/Service1)[15],并可能存在共生、颗粒附着和浮游生活等多种生活方式[3],因此该种群是研究假交替单胞菌分子进化和生态适应的理想模式菌株。为此,本研究以分离自太平洋表层海水的P.arabiensis N1230-9为目标菌株,通过基因组测序和比较基因组学分析,探讨了同种内2个不同生态型的菌株适应不同微环境的遗传学差异。
实验菌株N1230-9为本实验室成员在参加大洋54航次科考期间,利用以几丁质为唯一碳源的培养基,从太平洋某站位(178.71°W, 12.51°N)表层海水中筛选获得的一株具有几丁质降解功能的菌株。该菌株以甘油菌的形式保存于实验室的−80 ℃超低温冰箱。
无机盐溶液(g/L):NH4Cl 0.500,NaCl 30.000,MgCl2·6H2O 3.000,K2SO4 2.000,K2HPO4 0.200,CaCl2 0.010,FeCl3·6H2O 0.006,Na2MoO4·2H2O 0.005,CuCl2·2H2O 0.004,Tris 6.000。
MM培养基:无机盐溶液中添加以某种碳源为唯一碳源的培养基,该碳源包括胶体几丁质、淀粉、糊精、麦芽糊精、棉子糖、纤维二糖、海藻糖、麦芽糖、蜜二糖、乳糖、蔗糖、D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、N-乙酰氨基半乳糖、D-核糖、D-木糖、D-果糖、L-鼠李糖、L-岩藻糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-山梨醇、木糖醇、D-葡萄糖酸盐、乳酸盐、柠檬酸钠、琥珀酸钠、丙酮酸钠、L-苹果酸、N-乙酰胞壁酸、琥珀酸和牛磺酸共32种碳源中的任意一种,其中胶体几丁质的添加终浓度为3% (质量体积分数),淀粉、糊精和麦芽糊精添加终浓度均为0.1% (质量体积分数),其余碳源的添加终浓度均为10 mmol/L。
血红素培养基:将无机盐溶液中的FeCl3·6H2O替换为氯化血红素(0.006 g/L),并加入10 mmol/L终浓度的N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖。
氯化铁培养基:无机盐溶液中加入10 mmol/L终浓度的N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖。
无铁培养基:不含FeCl3·6H2O的无机盐溶液中加入终浓度为10 mmol/L的N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖。
Marine Broth 2216培养基,BD Difco公司;几丁质、N-乙酰胞壁酸,Sigma-Aldrich®公司;氯化血红素,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。氯化血红素用70%乙醇溶解后,采用无菌针头滤器过滤除菌。
挑取单菌落接种至Marine Broth 2216培养基,于25 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养至细菌对数生长期中期(OD600约为0.5)。取细菌培养物,5 000 r/min离心3 min收集菌体。菌体用无菌海水洗涤2次后,再用无菌海水将细胞浓度调整OD600至0.5。将菌悬液按照1:100的体积比接种至含不同碳源的MM培养基中,于25 ℃、180 r/min培养60 h。培养期间定时取样,用分光光度法检测培养物的OD600值。每一种MM培养基均设3个生物平行。
挑取单菌落接种至Marine Broth 2216培养基,于25 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养过夜。取2 mL细菌培养液,10 000×g离心1 min,收集菌体用于基因组DNA提取。基因组DNA提取参照美国能源部联合基因组研究所(Department of Energy-Joint Genome Research Center, DOE JGI)网站提供的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)法(https://jgi.doe.gov/userprogram-info/pmo-overview/protocols-sample-preparationinformation/)进行。基因组测序与组装委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行。使用的测序平台为Illumina HiSeq X Ten和Oxford Nanopore PromethION。利用短序列组装软件SOAPdenovo2对二代测序后的优化序列进行拼接。利用Unicycler v0.4.8软件对测序产生的reads进行从头组装,获得基因组完成图。基因组注释利用美吉生物云平台完成。将基因组序列分别提交至JGI网站(https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/portal/),进行比较基因组学分析。比较基因组分析选用的参考菌株为P.arabiensis JCM 17292 (JGI-IMG登录号为89378),该菌株分离自阿拉伯海沉积物(−3 615 m)[15]
碳源代谢作为微生物生长最基本的一种代谢和产能途径,其中糖代谢的一些中心代谢途径在很多微生物中普遍存在,对其进行详细研究有利于阐明微生物对碳源利用的多样性机制,有助于加深理解微生物在适应环境过程中进化出的遗传优势[16]。碳源利用能力检测结果显示,菌株N1230-9能够在以胶体几丁质、淀粉、糊精、麦芽糊精、纤维二糖、海藻糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、D-葡萄糖、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、N-乙酰氨基半乳糖、L-岩藻糖、L-阿拉伯糖、柠檬酸钠、琥珀酸钠、丙酮酸钠、L-苹果酸、N-乙酰胞壁酸和琥珀酸共19种碳源中的任意一种为唯一碳源的培养基中生长(图1)。检测结果还显示,菌株N1230-9对所测试碳源的利用效率存在差异,如菌株对几丁质的利用效率高于其他多糖,对麦芽二糖的利用效率高于其他二糖,以及对N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖和L-阿拉伯糖的利用效率高于其他单体碳源(图1),这说明菌株N1230-9对不同碳源的利用存在偏好。
菌株N1230-9基因组由两条染色体Chr Ⅰ和Chr Ⅱ组成(图2),大小分别约为3.7 Mb (GenBank登录号为CP090419.1)和0.9 Mb (GenBank登录号为CP090420.1),G+C含量为40.85%。该菌株与模式菌株P.arabiensis JCM 17292的16S rRNA基因相似性、平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)、数字DNA-DNA杂交(digital DNA-DNA hybridization,dDDH)值最高,分别为100.00%、95.69%和84.60%,将菌株N1230-9命名为Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis N1230-9。
菌株P.arabiensis N1230-9基因组共编码4 202个蛋白,其中Chr Ⅰ和Chr Ⅱ分别编码3 419个和783个蛋白,编码基因总长度为4 144 635 bp,占基因组总长度的89.57%。8个rRNA操纵子、102个tRNA基因和19个sRNA均位于Chr Ⅰ。2 201个蛋白获得KEEG通路注释,其中隶属于氨基酸代谢(amino acid metabolism,208个)通路的蛋白数量最多,其次依次为碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism,186个)、信号转导(signal transduction,169个)、辅因子和维生素代谢(metabolism of cofactors and vitamins,161个)、细胞运动(cell motility,115个)、能量代谢(energy metabolism,108个)和细胞通讯(cellular community,103个)通路。此外,菌株N1230-9基因组共编码785个转运蛋白、1 002个跨膜蛋白和232个分泌蛋白。
基因组注释结果表明,菌株P.arabiensis N1230-9拥有较多数量的肽酶和糖苷水解酶,包括隶属于31个家族的75个肽酶和隶属于19个家族的47个糖苷酶,表明该菌株不但具有分解各种肽和蛋白质的能力,还能够水解多种碳水化合物。菌株N1230-9拥有多个具有信号肽的糖苷酶,包括几丁质酶、糖原磷酸化酶、糖原脱支酶、阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶、阿拉伯糖苷酶和p-1, 3-葡聚糖苷酶,说明该菌株可以胞外水解几丁质、淀粉、麦芽糊精等多糖。菌株N1230-9还含有10个脂肪酶编码基因和25个酯酶编码基因,其中包括1个磷脂酶A、1个羧基酯酶和3个磷酸酯酶编码基因。比较基因组分析数据显示,菌株N1230-9和JCM 17292所拥有的肽酶、糖苷水解酶、脂肪酶和酯酶的数量略有差异。菌株N1230-9虽拥有较多的氨基肽酶、胞壁质内肽酶和自溶肽酶编码基因,但含有的β-葡萄糖苷酶、脂酶和酯酶编码基因却相对较少。
基因组注释结果表明,菌株P.arabiensis N1230-9拥有完整的糖酵解途径(Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, EMP)、柠檬酸循环(citric acid cycle, TCA)、磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)和去氧酮糖酸途径(deoxykebolic acid pathway, EDP) (图3)。与菌株的碳源利用实验结果一致,菌株N1230-9含有参与代谢几丁质、淀粉、糊精、麦芽糊精、纤维二糖、海藻糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、D-葡萄糖、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、N-乙酰氨基半乳糖、L-岩藻糖、L-阿拉伯糖、柠檬酸钠、琥珀酸(钠)、丙酮酸钠、L-苹果酸和N-乙酰胞壁酸的关键酶编码基因。对菌株N1230-9中负责碳源代谢的关键酶所处的周围环境进行分析,发现参与几丁质、淀粉、麦芽糊精、纤维二糖、蔗糖、海藻糖、N-乙酰氨基半乳糖和L-阿拉伯糖代谢的关键酶的周围普遍存在主要协助转运蛋白超家族(mainly assists in the transporter superfamily, MFS)转运蛋白和TonB依赖性受体(TonB-dependent receptors, TBDR),而且这2种转运蛋白与希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)的相应碳源转运蛋白具有较高序列一致性[15,17]。基于基因组注释结果,并结合对希瓦氏菌属的碳源代谢通路[17]分析,绘制了菌株N1230-9的8种可利用碳源的代谢通路图(图3)。
在含氧海水中,铁以三价羟基氧化铁的形式存在,其溶解度极低,并且有被沉降颗粒物进一步清除的趋势,这导致全球大部分海域中的溶解态的铁浓度极低(< 0.4 μmol/L),因此,铁被认为是海洋细菌的限制性营养素[18]。此外,由于海洋微生物可利用的微量溶解铁几乎完全与有机配体结合[19],为此海洋细菌已进化出从外界环境中获取铁配体复合物的多种途径。通过合成铁载体(siderophores)从铁配体复合物中获取铁是很多海洋细菌摄取铁的主要途径[20]。菌株N1230-9和JCM 17292基因组中均含有一个铁载体合成基因簇,说明两株菌具有利用铁载体从环境中摄取铁的潜力。
除了利用铁载体摄取外界铁外,某些细菌还进化出通过摄取血红素或血红蛋白作为从环境中获取铁的策略[21]。细菌的血红素摄取是通过使用类似于铁载体和维生素B12摄取途径的机制来实现的[22-23]。就海洋细菌而言,玫瑰杆菌属(Roseobacter)的血红素摄取系统HmuRSTUV已被充分表征[24],其中HmuR是血红素的TonB依赖性外膜受体,负责从胞外环境选择性地将血红素转运到周质空间,而HmuTUV则是一种内膜ABC转运蛋白复合体(ABCT),该复合体由周质结合蛋白(HmuT)、膜通透酶(HmuU)和ATP酶(HmuV)组成,负责将血红素从周质空间转运到胞质中,进入胞质内的血红素继而被血红素加氧酶(HmuS)降解。基于基因组注释和同源比对,发现菌株N1230-9拥有一个潜在的HmuRSTUV系统,其中hmuRSfecIfecR形成一个潜在的操纵子fecI-fecR-humRS,而hmuTUV则与hutZ形成一个潜在的操纵子hmuTUV-hutZ,这2个操纵子相隔约2.96 Mb。除此之外,菌株N1230-9基因组中还存在一个染料脱色型过氧化物酶(dye-decolorizing peroxidase)编码基因yfeXyfeX与内膜Fe3+ ABC转运蛋白复合体编码基因afuABC,以及转录调控因子基因argR形成一个操纵子afuABC-yfeX-argR。研究已证明,大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的YfeX可通过脱螯合作用从铁卟啉中除去铁离子[25]。因此我们推测,YfeX-AfuABC系统可能是菌株N1230-9的血红素摄取系统,其中YfeX负责从铁原卟啉中解离铁离子,而AfuABC则负责铁离子的跨内膜运输。基于基因组注释和同源比对,菌株JCM 17292不存在HmuRSTUV系统,但存在YfeX-AfuABC系统。
利用血红素培养基和无铁培养基对菌株N1230-9的生长能力进行测试,结果表明菌株N1230-9在无铁培养基中的生长明显受到抑制(图4),说明外源铁离子是菌株N1230-9有效生长所必需的。需要指出的是,尽管实验中最大限度地排除无铁培养基中铁离子的污染,但不可避免培养基中仍有痕量铁离子的存在,因此菌株N1230-9在无铁培养基中仍有生长迹象(图4)。生长曲线还显示,菌株N1230-9在血红素培养基中的延滞期明显长于在氯化铁培养基中的延滞期,但在血红素培养基中的最高生物量却明显高于在氯化铁培养基中的最高生物量(图4),这一数据说明菌株N1230-9确实可以利用血红素,该菌株对血红素的摄取要明显滞后于对氯化铁的摄取,其原因可能是血红素摄取需要动员更多的基因表达,而且这一摄取过程需要消耗更多的能量。
海洋中的大分子和营养物质常以聚集成颗粒的形式积累,导致营养丰富的颗粒或点源微环境在营养缺乏的微环境中不断形成[26-28]。然而,由于这些微环境通常是短暂且容易耗尽的[29],因此海洋细菌对营养源的有效趋化对于它们的生存至关重要[30]。细菌对营养物质的趋化始于化学效应物(配体)与甲基化趋化受体蛋白(methyl- accepting chemotaxis protein, MCP)的特异性结合,结合后产生的刺激信号经趋化信号通路传递给鞭毛马达后方能调节细菌的运动方向[31-32]。基因组注释表明,菌株N1230-9和JCM 17292均拥有48个与趋化有关的蛋白编码基因,包括28个mcp、2个cheA、2个chiB、1个chiD、3个chiR、2个chiV、3个chiW、1个chiX、5个cheY和1个chiZ,其中6个“chi”基因(cheABDRWY)和1个mcp处于一个基因簇。除了具有完整的趋化信号通路外,两菌株还均含有2个独立的合成鞭毛的基因簇,其中一个基因簇中除了含有一套马达蛋白编码基因motAB外,还含有多个趋化蛋白编码基因,包括chiAchiBchiZcheWchiYchiVchiR
噬菌体感染是细菌进化的主要驱动因素[33]。为了应对噬菌体侵染这种强大的进化压力,细菌“开发”出了一系列抗噬菌体系统,为宿主提供对噬菌体的部分或全部抗性[33]。CRISPR-Cas系统是原核生物进化产生的适应性免疫系统[34]。CRISPR immunity在线软件预测结果表明,菌株N1230-9含有一个“未知(unclear)”类型的CRISPR-Cas系统,该系统由CRISPR序列和3个Cas蛋白组成。此外,菌株N1230-9还拥有6个“孤儿(orphan)”型CRISPR序列。
限制-修饰(restriction-modification, R-M)系统是一种普遍存在且极其多样化的抗噬菌体模式,包括I−Ⅳ共4种类型,它们通常由限制性内切酶和甲基转移酶组成[35]。除了Ⅳ型R-M系统可切割甲基化修饰的外源DNA外,其余3种类型的R-M系统中的限制性内切酶均切割未被甲基化修饰的外源DNA。细菌的DNA通常在复制时被甲基化酶修饰,因此避免了被限制性内切酶的裂解[35]。功能基因注释发现,菌株N1230-9含有1个限制性内切酶编码基因,以及4个DNA甲基化酶编码基因,这些内切酶和甲基化内切酶编码基因彼此分离,具有Ⅱ型R-M系统特征。虽然JCM 17292不存在与菌株N1230-9的Ⅱ型R-M系统具有同源性的编码基因,但该菌株却拥有I型R-M系统编码基因,包括限制性酶S亚基编码基因hsdS、限制性酶R亚基编码基因hsdR和限制性酶M亚基编码基因hsdM。此外,菌株JCM 17292的I型R-M系统操纵子中还含有一个Ⅱ型R-M系统限制性内酶编码基因mrr
流产感染(abortive infection, Abi)系统也是大部分细菌普遍采用的抗噬菌体系统[36]。Abi系统是指当噬菌体成功注入DNA后,其繁殖受到阻断,导致子代噬菌体繁殖和释放失败,从而避免其他细菌被噬菌体感染[36]。菌株N1230-9和JCM 17292基因组中分别含有2个Abi编码基因(abiQabiH)和1个未知的Abi编码基因。在原核生物中普遍存在的TA系统也属于流产感染系统[37]。根据毒素抗毒素的性质以及中和毒素的方式,TA系统被分为Ⅰ‒Ⅷ共8种类型[38-39],其中Ⅱ型TA是目前研究最为广泛的TA系统。Ⅱ型TA是由位于同一操纵子下的抗毒素编码基因和毒素编码基因组成,抗毒素基因通常位于毒素基因的上游,抗毒素通过直接的蛋白-蛋白互作中和毒素的毒性[40]。菌株N1230-9基因组中含有5个潜在的TA基因座,包括分布在Chr Ⅰ中的higBAratA/hrelb/parE,以及分布在Chr Ⅱ染色体中的yefM/yoeBbrnT/hp。菌株N1230-9的5个TA系统中均属于Ⅱ型TA系统,其中2个TA中的潜在抗毒素未获得注释(以“hp”命名),这些未知蛋白是否具有中和毒素的功能尚不清楚。JCM 17292除了拥有mazEFparDEcptB/hpparDEyefM/parErelB/parEyefM/yoeB共7个Ⅱ型TA基因座外,还含有1个Ⅳ型TA系统“孤儿毒素”AbiEii编码基因。
除了上述3种抗噬菌体系统外,菌株N1230-9和JCM 17292均拥有1个dCTP脱氨酶和2个dGTPase。dCTP和dGTPase可分别降解dCTP和dGTP,从而剥夺噬菌体基因组复制所需要的分子砌块,因此这2种酶也被描述为抗噬菌体系统的效应物[41]
远海表层海水环境不但营养匮乏,而且环境条件变化幅度大,因此生活在其中的微生物需利用丰富的信号传导系统对环境条件变化作出快速反应。双组分信号转导系统是细菌使用最广泛的传感系统,该系统由信号传感器组氨酸激酶(histidine kinase, HK)和反应调节器组成。基因组注释结果表明,菌株N1230-9包含71个HK编码基因,而菌株JCM 17292仅含有40个HK编码基因,这表明菌株N1230-9比菌株JCM 17292具有更强的环境信号感应能力。与菌株N1230-9相比,尽管菌株JCM 17292的基因组尚不完整,但该菌株却拥有更多的移动元件,包括1个整合酶编码基因和19个转座酶编码基因,这进一步支持转座酶编码基因在深海环境更加丰富的观点[42]
基于菌株N1230-9对测试碳源的利用能力,结合基因组注释和序列比对分析不难确定该菌株中参与某碳源代谢的关键酶。然而,由于与希瓦氏菌的种属差异较大,以及菌株N1230-9拥有比希瓦氏菌更多的MFS转运蛋白和TBDR,导致利用该策略难以确定菌株N1230-9的碳源转运蛋白。当以希瓦氏菌的某碳源转运蛋白对N1230-9的编码蛋白进行同源比对搜索时,通常会获得多条一致性差异不大的匹配序列,而且某些具有最高序列一致性的转运蛋白编码基因并不位于碳源代谢基因簇内,比如ompNagnagP。菌株N1230-9潜在的某些碳源转运蛋白的种类也与希瓦氏菌存在较大差异。比如,希瓦氏菌可利用位于同一基因簇中的ABC转运复合体(AraUVWZ)和MFS家族转运蛋白(AraT)转运阿拉伯糖[17],而菌株N1230-9仅存在与AraT具有较高氨基酸序列一致性的MFS家族转运蛋白。再如,希瓦氏菌可利用磷酸转移酶系统(phosphotransferase system, PTS)和MFS转运蛋白转运葡萄糖,但是菌株N1230-9的PTS并不完整(只含有EIIA组分)。无论是营养物的跨外膜转运还是跨内膜转运,菌株N1230-9似乎更倾向于使用同种类型的转运蛋白,并且一种碳源的转运可能涉及多个同类型转运蛋白。
颗粒附着或浮游植物附着的海洋细菌,如拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、玫瑰杆菌属普遍拥有HmuRSTUV系统,而游离状态的浮游细菌,如遍在远洋杆菌(Pelagibacter ubique)和Silicibacter pomeroyi,则普遍缺失该系统[24,43-44]。完整的HmuRSTUV系统至少由8个基因组成,包括hmuRSTUV以及其TonB系统编码基因(tonBexbBexbD),其中TonB系统作为血红素摄取的能量提供单位[44]。尽管我们尚不清楚菌株P.arabiensis N1230-9是否存在颗粒附着生活方式,但是基于同源比对发现该菌株不但拥有完整的HmuRSTUV系统,还存在可为血红素跨膜转运供给能量的TonB系统。然而,菌株N1230-9血红素摄取系统编码基因的组织方式明显不同于先前已表征的玫瑰杆菌,hmuTUV所在的基因簇中还包含一个HutZ编码基因。HutZ在具有血红素摄取能力的弧菌中也有发现,该蛋白已被证明具有类似HmuS的功能[45]。除此之外,菌株N1230-9基因组中还存在一个潜在的铁原卟啉摄取系统(YfeX-AfuABC),该系统在海洋细菌中尚未见报道。后续分析菌株N1230-9潜在血红素摄取系统缺失菌株对不同类型血红素的摄取能力,可进一步明确这两种血红素摄取系统的功能。
比较基因组分析表明,隶属同一个种的菌株N1230-9和JCM 17292拥有众多的特有基因。与菌株JCM 17292相比,菌株N1230-9拥有更多的rRNA操纵子。此外,菌株N1230-9还含有发酵呼吸转换蛋白编码基因frsA、重金属抗性基因和血红素摄取系统编码基因等特有基因,以及拥有更丰富的二元信号传导系统编码基因,如组氨酸激酶编码基因。菌株JCM 17292则拥有特有的I型R-M系统编码基因,以及拥有更多的移动元件、脂酶和酯酶编码基因。菌株N1230-9和JCM 17292所拥有的差异基因可以反映出两菌株对两种完全不同生存环境的适应。来自表层海水的N1230-9无固定的栖息地,更多的rRNA操纵子可以确保该菌在到达营养丰富的环境中时能够快速繁殖,从而占据种群上的优势。海水中的铁相对于沉积物中更加匮乏,因此不难理解菌株N1230-9拥有多种铁配体化合物摄取途径,尤其是拥有2个不同的血红素摄取系统。远海表层海水中的营养物浓度低,菌株N1230-9拥有更多的二元信号传导系统编码基因可保证菌株对偶然出现的营养物作出快速响应。菌株N1230-9具备的多种重金属抗性基因,尤其是大量钴离子和锰离子抗性基因的存在,这可能与该菌分离自太平洋铁锰结核区的表层海水有关,即该菌株可能起源于铁锰结核区沉积物环境。海藻糖是海水生活细菌的易得碳源,而该碳源由于微生物的降解难以到达深海,因此不难理解菌株N1230-9拥有JCM 17292所不具备的海藻糖代谢相关基因。相对于菌株N1230-9,菌株JCM 17292则拥有更多的脂酶和酯酶编码基因,这意味着菌株JCM 17292能够更加有效地降解沉积物环境中的磷脂和羧基酯,以满足菌株对碳源和磷源的需求。此外,菌株JCM 17292基因组中噬菌体来源的移动元件要明显多于菌株N1230-9,说明沉积物中噬菌侵染方式引起的水平基因转移事件要比海水中发生的更加频繁,这也驱动菌株JCM 17292进化出了比菌株N1230-9更加多样的抗噬菌体策略。比较基因组分析还显示,菌株N1230-9和JCM 17292基因组中的前噬菌体序列和TA系统种类明显不同。细菌的TA系统通常是通过噬菌体侵染这一基因横向转移途径获得[33]。两株阿拉伯海假交替单胞菌拥有不同的噬菌体序列和TA系统说明它们曾受到不同类型噬菌体的侵染。
基因组分析发现,菌株P.arabiensis N1230-9已进化出极其多样的海洋环境适应策略,包括具有多套rRNA操纵子,具有数量众多且种类各异的水解酶,具有代谢利用多种碳源的代谢通路,拥有数量众多的转运蛋白,拥有丰富的二元信号通路编码基因,含有2套独立的鞭毛合成基因簇,具有多种铁摄取策略,以及具有多样的噬菌体防御系统。比较基因组分析发现,处于表层海水和沉积物环境两种不同生态位中的两株阿拉伯海假交替单胞菌拥有适应各自所在生活环境的特有基因。
  • 浙江省生物工程一流学科创新基金(CX2022026)
  • 宁波市自然科学基金(2023J301)
  • 全球变化与海气相互作用专项(二期)(GASI-04-HYDZ-02)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230669
  • 接收时间:2023-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-01
  • 录用日期:2024-01-19
基金
First-class Discipline of Biological Engineering of Zhejiang Province(CX2022026)
浙江省生物工程一流学科创新基金(CX2022026)
Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(2023J301)
宁波市自然科学基金(2023J301)
National Program on Global Change and Air-sea Interaction (Phase II)(GASI-04-HYDZ-02)
全球变化与海气相互作用专项(二期)(GASI-04-HYDZ-02)
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    浙江万里学院生物与环境学院, 浙江 宁波 315100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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