Article(id=1241377731032707900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230492, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690128000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1697472000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-17, onlineDate=1773897114760, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1717430400000, pubDateStr=2024-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897114760, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897114760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897114760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241377719049572379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='6', pageStart='1691', pageEnd='2143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897111904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897665313, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2133, endPage=2143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241377731443749729, articleId=1241377731032707900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Bio-inspired artificial shells protect living bacterial cellsvia biomimetic mineralization, columnId=1241377722715394129, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Geomicrobiological Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Bio-inspired artificial mineral shells are used to protect living bacterial cells. [Methods] Bacterial cells were encapsulated in firm and intact mineral shells, where the limited physical space and substance exchange induced the dormancy of living bacteria to decrease the viability loss during long-term preservation and even in extreme environments. Moreover, acids can erode the shells to reactivate the bacteria. [Results] Compared with the un-mineralization treatment (EcN), the mineralization treatment (EcN@CaCO3) increased the bacterial viability by a maximum of 262 folds in a 32-day storage experiment and the survival rate by 837, 171, 59.1, and 729.7 folds at pH 2.5, pH 12.0, 80 ℃, and in the presence of an antibiotic, respectively. [Conclusion] We employed biomimetic mineralization to improve the stability of bacterial cells in storage, which can provide a research basis for the application of microorganisms in environmental engineering, food production, and biomedical engineering.

, correspAuthors=Tao MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*MENG Tao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yingling ZHENG, Yu LIU, Xin XIE, Meiling SHI, Wen XIE, Sa ZENG, Xiaoxue ZENG, Tao MENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241377734111326309, articleId=1241377731032707900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=生物启发的细菌表面人造矿物壳:通过仿生矿化保护活细胞, columnId=1241377722941886549, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=地质微生物应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】生物启发的细菌表面仿生矿化人造矿物壳被用于保护活细胞。【方法】将细菌限制在坚固而完整的矿物壳中,有限的物理空间和物质交换使其暂时进行休眠,降低长期保存期间的活力损失以及提高在各种极端环境中的生存能力,并且能够通过酸去除矿物壳而重新激活细菌。【结果】相较于未仿生矿化的细菌(EcN),矿化细菌(EcN@CaCO3)在32 d的储存实验中活力最高提升262倍;在pH 2.5的强酸环境中存活率提高837倍;在pH 12.0的强碱环境中存活率提高171倍;在80 ℃的高温条件下存活率提高59.1倍;甚至在抗生素溶液中,EcN@CaCO3中细菌的存活率是EcN的729.7倍。【结论】本研究利用仿生矿化提高了细菌的保存稳定性,使其能在酸刺激下去除涂层恢复活性,也能在极端环境下保留细菌的活力,为微生物在环境生态、食品制造和生物医药等领域的应用提供研究基础。

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enhance pH neutralization beyond their bulk counterparts: Synthesis and characterization[J].RSC Advances,2016,6:54331-54335., articleTitle=Nano-antacids enhance pH neutralization beyond their bulk counterparts: Synthesis and characterization, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241445045103031245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, awardId=22378336, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378336), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241445046680089554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, awardId=22378336, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(22378336), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241445046860444634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, awardId=22204130, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(22204130), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Preparation of EcN@CaCO3. A: Preparation of bacteria with artificial mineral shell on the surface. B: Bacteria temporarily rendered dormant and enhanced resistance against external attacks when enclosed within the mineral shell. C: Reactivation of bacteria upon removal of the mineral shell., figureFileSmall=FTwpVAG+xmH1YrV0kc8+qQ==, figureFileBig=7OuxPnA4oksV2BUk74aTtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042448036689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图1, caption=EcN@CaCO3的制备, figureFileSmall=FTwpVAG+xmH1YrV0kc8+qQ==, figureFileBig=7OuxPnA4oksV2BUk74aTtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042611614554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=SEM images of EcN (A) and EcN@CaCO3 (B)., figureFileSmall=Vt8cqEeHVwltllnV8ADT7w==, figureFileBig=PXWFmrcrXBDgEJxoQ0a/Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042724860769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图2, caption=EcN (A)和EcN@CaCO3 (B)的SEM图, figureFileSmall=Vt8cqEeHVwltllnV8ADT7w==, figureFileBig=PXWFmrcrXBDgEJxoQ0a/Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042850689892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Particle size distribution (A) and Zeta potential (B) of EcN@CaCO3. Data are presented as the mean±SEM (n=3)., figureFileSmall=zKniB/X1ZGlcZsMliPRvWg==, figureFileBig=qtc50v8QKCJ9mHkPFO1RUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042963936106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图3, caption=EcN@CaCO3 (A)的粒径和Zeta电位(B)分析, figureFileSmall=zKniB/X1ZGlcZsMliPRvWg==, figureFileBig=qtc50v8QKCJ9mHkPFO1RUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445043089765232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=X-ray diffraction analysis of EcN@CaCO3., figureFileSmall=mVnrEahqwKb4Gstv/iWzUw==, figureFileBig=5i50cdeMGiE7vY4muuX+oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445043219788662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图4, caption=EcN@CaCO3的X射线衍射分析, figureFileSmall=mVnrEahqwKb4Gstv/iWzUw==, figureFileBig=5i50cdeMGiE7vY4muuX+oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445043345617787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The growth before and after removal of the mineralized shell of EcN@CaCO3. Growth curves (A) and the plate counts (B) at specified time points of EcN@CaCO3. Data are presented as the mean±SEM (n=3)., figureFileSmall=CauuHtvNbwR4s5GasthSFA==, figureFileBig=ZI/sh7yR89KgfSVLGhu/tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445043513389954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EcN@CaCO3去除矿化壳前后的生长情况, figureFileSmall=CauuHtvNbwR4s5GasthSFA==, figureFileBig=ZI/sh7yR89KgfSVLGhu/tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445043647607688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Long-term storage of EcN and EcN@CaCO3. Viability counts (A) and survival rates (B) of EcN and EcN@CaCO3 during long-term storage at 4 ℃; Viability counts (C) and survival rates (D) of EcN and EcN@CaCO3 during long-term storage at 25 ℃. Data are presented as the mean±SEM (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using Student'st-test. ***:P < 0.001; ns:P > 0.05., figureFileSmall=iSau1rgZ4tVYkDC0/4MnEw==, figureFileBig=V/9qfUWgIY24VT7Vbk+jAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445043777631120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图6, caption=EcN和EcN@CaCO3的长时间储存情况, figureFileSmall=iSau1rgZ4tVYkDC0/4MnEw==, figureFileBig=V/9qfUWgIY24VT7Vbk+jAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445043911848851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The tolerance of EcN@CaCO3 in strong acidic environment. The evolution of solution pH over time of EcN and EcN@CaCO3 under acidic conditions with pH 2.5 (A), and viability counts (B) and survival rates (C) of EcN and EcN@CaCO3 under acidic conditions with pH 2.5. Data are presented as the mean±SEM (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using Student'st-test. ***:P < 0.001; ns:P > 0.05., figureFileSmall=bSGPQMU0ElmyORhTcARLpw==, figureFileBig=ByM4/xKjoz24awFQVz5t9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445044058649497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图7, caption=EcN@CaCO3对强酸环境的耐受情况, figureFileSmall=bSGPQMU0ElmyORhTcARLpw==, figureFileBig=ByM4/xKjoz24awFQVz5t9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445044201255839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The tolerance of EcN@CaCO3 in strong alkaline environment. Viability counts (A) and survival rates (B) of EcN and EcN@CaCO3 under alkaline conditions with pH 12. Data are presented as the mean±SEM (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using Student'st-test. ***:P < 0.001; ns:P > 0.05., figureFileSmall=wZ23fO6WWdSYXv1JXZOngA==, figureFileBig=S6DgrdRYrH2ZylLzZzHdCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445044335473576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图8, caption=EcN@CaCO3对强碱环境的耐受情况, figureFileSmall=wZ23fO6WWdSYXv1JXZOngA==, figureFileBig=S6DgrdRYrH2ZylLzZzHdCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445044448719789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=The tolerance of EcN@CaCO3 in high temperature environments. Viability counts (A) and survival rates (B) of EcN and EcN@CaCO3 after treatment at different temperatures for 10 minutes. Data are presented as the mean±SEM (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using Student'st-test. *:P < 0.05; **:P < 0.01; ***:P < 0.001; ns:P > 0.05., figureFileSmall=asI58Iq/lsCHEZ+yR2BTbw==, figureFileBig=ZNhj0T7Owj7vZfEN6viVuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445044616491955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图9, caption=EcN@CaCO3对高温环境的耐受情况, figureFileSmall=asI58Iq/lsCHEZ+yR2BTbw==, figureFileBig=ZNhj0T7Owj7vZfEN6viVuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445044729738172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=The tolerance of EcN@CaCO3 in the presence of antibiotic environment. Viability counts (A) and survival rates (B) of EcN and EcN@CaCO3 in the presence of antibiotic environment. Data are presented as the mean±SEM (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using Student'st-test. ***:P < 0.001; ns:P > 0.05., figureFileSmall=OsZ93T6bRihyRDrjrncJtA==, figureFileBig=MpABeQqOy7mK6Lywyb1pYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445044863955906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377731032707900, language=CN, label=图10, caption=EcN@CaCO3对抗生素环境的耐受情况, figureFileSmall=OsZ93T6bRihyRDrjrncJtA==, figureFileBig=MpABeQqOy7mK6Lywyb1pYg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1192105720683257860, delFlag=0, nameCn=微生物学报, nameEn=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0001-6209, eissn=null, cn=11-1995/Q, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, 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生物启发的细菌表面人造矿物壳:通过仿生矿化保护活细胞
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郑莹玲 1 , 刘瑜 1 , 谢鑫 1 , 石美玲 1 , 谢雯 1 , 曾飒 2 , 曾晓雪 2 , 孟涛 1, *
微生物学报 | 地质微生物应用 2024,64(6): 2133-2143
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微生物学报 | 地质微生物应用 2024, 64(6): 2133-2143
生物启发的细菌表面人造矿物壳:通过仿生矿化保护活细胞
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郑莹玲1, 刘瑜1, 谢鑫1, 石美玲1, 谢雯1, 曾飒2, 曾晓雪2, 孟涛1, *
作者信息
  • 1 西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
  • 2 广州栋方生物科技股份有限公司, 广东 广州 510800
Bio-inspired artificial shells protect living bacterial cellsvia biomimetic mineralization
Yingling ZHENG1, Yu LIU1, Xin XIE1, Meiling SHI1, Wen XIE1, Sa ZENG2, Xiaoxue ZENG2, Tao MENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
  • 2 Guangzhou Ridgepole Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510800, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230492
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【目的】生物启发的细菌表面仿生矿化人造矿物壳被用于保护活细胞。【方法】将细菌限制在坚固而完整的矿物壳中,有限的物理空间和物质交换使其暂时进行休眠,降低长期保存期间的活力损失以及提高在各种极端环境中的生存能力,并且能够通过酸去除矿物壳而重新激活细菌。【结果】相较于未仿生矿化的细菌(EcN),矿化细菌(EcN@CaCO3)在32 d的储存实验中活力最高提升262倍;在pH 2.5的强酸环境中存活率提高837倍;在pH 12.0的强碱环境中存活率提高171倍;在80 ℃的高温条件下存活率提高59.1倍;甚至在抗生素溶液中,EcN@CaCO3中细菌的存活率是EcN的729.7倍。【结论】本研究利用仿生矿化提高了细菌的保存稳定性,使其能在酸刺激下去除涂层恢复活性,也能在极端环境下保留细菌的活力,为微生物在环境生态、食品制造和生物医药等领域的应用提供研究基础。

细菌  /  生物启发  /  仿生矿化  /  休眠与激活  /  耐受性

[Objective] Bio-inspired artificial mineral shells are used to protect living bacterial cells. [Methods] Bacterial cells were encapsulated in firm and intact mineral shells, where the limited physical space and substance exchange induced the dormancy of living bacteria to decrease the viability loss during long-term preservation and even in extreme environments. Moreover, acids can erode the shells to reactivate the bacteria. [Results] Compared with the un-mineralization treatment (EcN), the mineralization treatment (EcN@CaCO3) increased the bacterial viability by a maximum of 262 folds in a 32-day storage experiment and the survival rate by 837, 171, 59.1, and 729.7 folds at pH 2.5, pH 12.0, 80 ℃, and in the presence of an antibiotic, respectively. [Conclusion] We employed biomimetic mineralization to improve the stability of bacterial cells in storage, which can provide a research basis for the application of microorganisms in environmental engineering, food production, and biomedical engineering.

bacteria  /  bioinspired  /  biomimetic mineralization  /  dormancy and activation  /  tolerance
郑莹玲, 刘瑜, 谢鑫, 石美玲, 谢雯, 曾飒, 曾晓雪, 孟涛. 生物启发的细菌表面人造矿物壳:通过仿生矿化保护活细胞. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (6) : 2133 -2143 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230492
Yingling ZHENG, Yu LIU, Xin XIE, Meiling SHI, Wen XIE, Sa ZENG, Xiaoxue ZENG, Tao MENG. Bio-inspired artificial shells protect living bacterial cellsvia biomimetic mineralization[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (6) : 2133 -2143 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230492
微生物在环境生态、食品制造和生物医药等领域发挥着重要的作用,然而微生物面临着在恶劣环境下的生存困境[1-6]。例如严苛的制备条件、长时间的货架储存和给药后宿主的胃肠道微环境,均会导致益生菌的活力下降[7-8]。在自然界中,无论是基本的还是高度复杂的生物体,都具有精密控制系统结构和材料功能的能力,如为了适应环境的变化产生生物矿化硬组织,包括牙齿和骨骼等[9-11]。其中,生物矿化外壳因为具有特殊的结构和保护生物体免受外界环境侵害的能力,受到了研究者的广泛关注[12-14]。具体来说,许多微生物外表面三维细胞膜结构为生物外壳的矿化提供了良好的模板,通过对矿物离子的局部富集并发生相应的反应,由此产生薄矿物层[15-16]。例如,鸡蛋的矿物外壳、硅藻华丽图案的硅外壳,以及蓝藻外表面覆盖的石膏和碳酸钙[17-18]。然而,自然界中大多数生物都不能自主制造生物保护外壳。
受自然启发,通过模拟生物矿化,研究人员已开发出多种仿生矿化方法用于人工制造微生物的生物保护外壳[19-21]。例如,通过基因工程将调控生物矿化的外源基因递送到宿主细胞并稳定表达,赋予细胞自主的生物矿化能力[22]。有学者调控酵母细胞实现仿生硅化外壳表面和磷酸钙包裹[14,23]。已经探索使用了基于微生物表面性质,例如,静电相互作用、氢键和共价键的层层自组装,海藻酸-壳聚糖的交替组装,肠溶性材料的细菌表面修饰等用于疾病的治疗[24-26]。尽管上述方法具备诸多优点,包括可以基因调控和通过不同材料的修饰赋予细胞不同的功能,但高难度的制备过程、不可预测的基因突变、重复的离心-洗脱过程,以及阳离子聚电解质潜在的毒副作用限制了进一步的研究和应用[27-28]。因此,需要开发新的微生物仿生矿化策略定制生物保护外壳。
本研究报道了一种简单和高效的细菌表面人造矿物壳策略,使其能够在极端环境中生存。通过外源性脲酶仿生矿化细菌,制备出由碳酸钙矿物壳包裹的细菌(图1)。首先,利用细菌表面物理性质对金属阳离子(Ca2+)和脲酶局部富集,接着脲酶原位催化尿素生成碳酸根离子,与螯合在细菌表面的Ca2+发生矿化反应,从而在细菌外表面制备出人造矿物壳。由此产生的矿化细菌(EcN@CaCO3)表现出矿化外壳限制了细菌的物质交换和自我繁殖,细菌暂时处于休眠状态,提高了保存期间的稳定性,并且可以在酸刺激下去除外壳,重新恢复活力;对于外界环境表现出耐受性,包括强酸、强碱、高温和抗生素,这主要归因于生物矿化外壳隔绝了外界环境对细菌的损害。
大肠杆菌Nissle 1917 (EcN),实验室保藏;脲酶,Sigma-Aldrich公司;氯化钙(CaCl2)、尿素、卡那霉素,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;盐酸(HCl)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、LB培养基,海博生物技术有限公司;戊二醛、无水乙醇、琼脂粉,成都市科隆化学品有限公司;用水均为实验室自制水。
电子天平,上海菁海仪器有限公司;磁力搅拌器,IKA仪器设备有限公司;冷冻离心机,Thermo公司;扫描电子显微镜,JEOL公司;全波长酶标仪,上海闪谱生物技术有限公司;真空冷冻干燥机,新芝生物科技股份有限公司;X射线衍射仪(XRD),Rigaku公司;超净工作台,苏州博莱净化设备有限公司;恒温培养摇床,上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪,Malvern Zetasizer公司;手提式压力蒸汽灭菌器,上海申安医疗器械厂。
大肠杆菌Nissle 1917 (EcN)是一种常见的益生菌,在本研究中被选为模型菌。首先,取出冻存于−80 ℃冰箱的EcN (20%甘油保存)并复苏,放置于超净工作台备用。在超净工作台无菌环境中,用接种环浸润菌液后在LB固体培养基上按照平板划线法接种细菌。将固体培养基倒置放于恒温培养箱,37 ℃培养24 h。选取培养基上的单个菌落,用接种环挑取单菌落后接种于30 mL灭菌的液体LB培养基中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养,得到单克隆细菌。
吸取在37 ℃、200 r/min条件下培养12 h的EcN单克隆细菌5 mL,6 000 r/min离心5 min分离培养物,用去离子水洗涤2次。将细菌重新悬浮在20 mL的CaCl2 (12 mmol/L)溶液中,并涡旋5 min。向该溶液中加入20 mg脲酶,并进一步摇动5 min。接着,加入30 mL尿素(12 mmol/L)溶液,200 r/min磁力搅拌1 h,使脲酶和尿素充分反应。最后,6 000 r/min离心5 min收集沉淀,并用去离子水洗涤,得到仿生矿化细菌(EcN@CaCO3)。
为了观察确定细菌的形态,进行了扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)观察。首先,将EcN和EcN@CaCO3沉淀物离心(6 000 r/min、5 min),用去离子水洗涤3次,并立即用2.5%戊二醛溶液在4 ℃条件下固定3 h,固定后的细菌用磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered solution, PBS)冲洗3次,每次10 min。接着,在30%、50%、70%、90%和100%的乙醇中梯度脱水,每次15 min。然后,将完成脱水的细菌冷冻干燥。最后将样品喷金进行扫描电子显微镜观察。
为了定性EcN表面矿化涂层物质,对EcN@CaCO3样品进行了X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)分析。称取100 mg干燥EcN@CaCO3进行XRD分析,扫描角度10°–80°,扫描速度2°/min。
粒径和Zeta电位分析:为了表征细菌在仿生矿化前后的粒径和表面电位变化,进行了纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析。取微量的EcN和EcN@CaCO3分别加入到去离子水中,充分分散后,于粒径和Zeta电位分析仪样品池中,进行粒径和Zeta电位分析。
为了验证仿生矿化后细菌的生长情况,测定了EcN@CaCO3生长曲线。首先,将EcN@CaCO3悬液稀释到200 μL新鲜LB培养基中,使其OD600值达到0.05,然后在37 ℃下200 r/min摇晃培养。在96孔板中,每隔1 h测定OD600值,8 h后加入0.001 mol/L盐酸溶液10 μL,去除EcN@CaCO3表面矿化涂层,并继续测定OD600值。为了量化细菌的生长,分别于0、3、6、9、12、15、18 h吸取少量菌液,按照稀释涂布平板法涂布在固体LB培养基上,培养24 h后对菌落进行计数。
为了验证仿生矿化涂敷对EcN储存稳定性的影响,取适量的EcN和EcN@CaCO3分别悬浮于去离子水中,放置在4 ℃和25 ℃条件下长期保存,每隔8 d通过稀释涂布平板法计数活细胞数量,连续测定32 d。
为了验证仿生矿化外壳对恶劣环境的耐受性,分别将等量的EcN和EcN@CaCO3重新悬浮到强酸溶液(pH 2.5)、强碱溶液(pH 12.0)、高温(50−80 ℃、10 min)、卡那霉素溶液(50 μg/mL)。在预定的间隔时间,分别是0.5 h、0.5 h、10 min、1 h,吸取100 μL样品,用无菌水洗涤,用稀释涂布平板法铺设在固体LB培养基上,37 ℃孵育24 h后记录菌落数。
利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)比较了EcN和EcN@CaCO3的微观形貌差异。SEM图表明(图2),EcN@CaCO3的表面显示出清晰的褶皱样仿生矿化外壳,与未仿生矿化的EcN光滑表面形成鲜明的对比。研究结果证明,成功地在EcN仿生矿化出人造矿物壳。
通过动态光散射(dynamic light scattering, DLS)评价了EcN仿生矿化前后粒径和表面电荷的变化。结果如图3A所示,EcN表面仿生矿化出矿物壳(EcN@CaCO3)后,粒径由(1 795±41) nm增长至(2 192±194) nm,大约有400 nm的粒径变化,尺寸的增加表明矿化壳增加了EcN的整体大小;Zeta表面电位(图3B)由(−38.4±1.3) mV增加至(−11.3±0.17) mV,大约有27 mV的电位变化,表面电荷的变化表明矿物壳增加了EcN的Zeta电位。
为了定性分析EcN@CaCO3表面矿物壳的成分,通过X射线衍射对样品进行了分析。结果如图4所示,谱图2θ在23.1°、29.3°、31.4°、36.0°、39.4°和43.2°等位置附近出现强的特征衍射峰,对照标准卡PDF#47-1743可知,矿物外壳为方解石型CaCO3
以上结果均证明EcN被成功仿生矿化出方解石型CaCO3矿物壳。
本研究认为将EcN限制在坚固和完整的矿物壳中使细菌暂时休眠,并在一定的条件下去除矿物壳后可以重新激活。为了验证这一假设,在LB培养基中监测了EcN@CaCO3的生长情况。如图5A所示,在细菌表面有矿物壳包覆时,EcN@CaCO3几乎被完全抑制,即使培养时间延长至8 h,OD600也几乎没有增长。有效的失活可以简单地归因于坚固和完整的矿物壳带来有限的物理空间和物质交换使细菌的繁殖受限。在培养液中加入适量的盐酸去除矿物壳后,培养液pH值为7.21,处于EcN的最适生长pH值,EcN@CaCO3被重新激活,并在之后的10 h内迅速增殖。然后,通过平板计数再次验证,取培养0、3和6 h的菌液平板计数发现,无菌落生长,表明细菌被暂时抑制;通过酸刺激去除涂层后,取培养9、12、15和18 h的菌液计数发现,有大量菌落的生长,并随着时间的增加活菌数也快速增加(图5B),表明细菌被重新激活。
细菌被限制在矿物壳内暂时进入休眠状态,有助于提高其在储存期间的稳定性。为了验证人造矿物壳对细菌在长时间储存期间的活力保护,通过平板计数法在规定时间内监测活细菌数。如图6A6B所示,在低温(4 ℃)条件下经过长达32 d的储存后,EcN@CaCO3的活细菌数依旧有8.52 log10 (CFU/mL),活菌率高达63.4%,而EcN活菌数为6.77 log10 (CFU/mL),活菌率仅为1.3%,提升了约48倍。在常温(25 ℃)条件下(图6C6D),人造矿物壳仍然可以极大提升细菌的储存稳定性,相较于EcN经过32 d储存后仅剩余0.2%的活菌,EcN@CaCO3的活菌率高达58.3%,提升了262倍。
首先,本研究评价了EcN和EcN@CaCO3在pH 2.5的酸性条件下溶液pH值随时间的变化情况,如图7A所示,EcN一直处于pH 2.5的酸性环境;而EcN@CaCO3在酸性条件下随着时间的增加,pH值维持在7.0左右,处于中性环境。接着,评价了EcN和EcN@CaCO3在pH 2.5的酸性条件下的存活率。如图7B7C所示,EcN在酸性条件下随着时间的增加活细胞数量急剧减少,当时间增长至2 h,活细胞数量下降了3.47 log10 (CFU/mL),活菌率仅为0.03%;而EcN@CaCO3表现出对酸性环境极高的耐受性,就算时间延长至2 h,活细胞数量仅有0.54 log10 (CFU/mL)的下降,活菌率为28.1%,相较于未仿生矿化的EcN活菌数提高了837倍。上述结果可以归因于矿化外壳是一种优秀的抗酸剂[29-30],在酸性环境中能够有效发挥中和pH的作用,使微环境pH升高,从而减少H+对细菌的损害。
本研究评价了EcN和EcN@CaCO3在pH 12的碱性条件下的存活率。如图8所示,EcN在强碱环境中活细胞数量快速降低,0.5 h游离EcN活细菌数量已经下降了1.08 log10 (CFU/mL),活菌率降至8.18%,随着时间增长至1 h,游离EcN活菌数量为5.89 log10 (CFU/mL),活菌率仅剩0.11%;相较于游离EcN在碱性环境中的快速失活,EcN@CaCO3表现出更高的稳定性,0.5 h活菌数量几乎不变[下降0.041 log10 (CFU/mL)],而在碱性环境中1 h,活菌数仍有8.12 log10 (CFU/mL),提高了171倍。上述结果归因于矿化壳在一定程度上保持了细菌外形,阻止了生物活性物质由于形变带来的损伤[22],极大提升了细菌在碱性环境中的存活率。
本研究评估了EcN和EcN@CaCO3在不同高温条件下处理10 min后的细菌存活率。如图9A所示,EcN和EcN@CaCO3在50、60、70 ℃和80 ℃环境中的活菌数分别是7.72 log10 (CFU/mL)和8.18 log10 (CFU/mL)、6.47 log10 (CFU/mL)和7.56 log10 (CFU/mL)、3.88 log10 (CFU/mL)和5.19 log10 (CFU/mL)、3.37 log10 (CFU/mL)和5.17 log10 (CFU/mL),活菌率(图9B)分别是9.46%和27.2%、0.53%和6.51%、0.001 3%和0.028%、0.000 43%和0.025%;虽然EcN和EcN@CaCO3在高温环境中均有明显的活细菌下降,但细菌表面矿化壳涂敷仍然有助于提高存活率,在50、60、70和80 ℃环境中分别提高了2.9、12.3、20.7和59.1倍。
本研究评价了仿生矿化矿物壳在抗生素环境中对细菌的保护作用。如图10所示,EcN在50 μg/mL的卡拉霉素溶液中仅1 h活菌数量就减少了3.9 log10 (CFU/mL),死亡细菌占比超99.98%,在2 h内活菌仅保留了0.024‰;而有矿化壳保护的EcN@CaCO3在1 h内活菌数量仅下降了1.25 log10 (CFU/mL),活菌保留率为5.64%,是EcN的455倍;EcN@CaCO3甚至在经过2 h抗生素处理后,活菌率仍然有1.8%,是EcN的729.7倍。
综上所述,细菌表面仿生矿化出的矿物质外壳能够极大地提高细菌在恶劣环境中的生存能力,不论是在强酸、强碱、高温,甚至是在抗生素环境中。
本研究通过生物启发的仿生矿化成功地在细菌表面涂敷人造碳酸钙矿物壳,用于保护活细胞。细菌被限制在坚固而完整的矿物壳中,有限的空间和物质交换使细菌暂时失活,并能够在酸刺激下去除涂层重新恢复活性。本研究考察了EcN@CaCO3在4 ℃和25 ℃下储存32 d后的存活率,相较于未仿生矿化的EcN,活力提高了48倍和262倍。人造矿物壳还可以作为保护细菌免受外界侵害的物理屏障,甚至可以在各种极端环境下保留细菌的活力:相较于游离EcN,EcN@CaCO3在强酸环境中的活力最高提升837倍,在强碱环境中提升超171倍,在高温条件下最多提升59.1倍,甚至在抗生素溶液中都能展现出超高的活力,活力提升达到了729.7倍。在未来的研究中,仿生矿化人造矿物壳可以为细菌在环境工程、食品制造和生物医药领域的应用提供新的思路和见解。
  • 国家自然科学基金(22378336)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22204130)
  • 四川省科技计划(2020YFG0092)
  • 四川省科技计划(2021YFN0129)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2682021ZTPY031)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2682021CX087)
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2024年第64卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230492
  • 接收时间:2023-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-24
  • 录用日期:2023-10-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378336)
国家自然科学基金(22378336)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22204130)
国家自然科学基金(22204130)
Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(2020YFG0092)
四川省科技计划(2020YFG0092)
Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(2021YFN0129)
四川省科技计划(2021YFN0129)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682021ZTPY031)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2682021ZTPY031)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682021CX087)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2682021CX087)
作者信息
    1 西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
    2 广州栋方生物科技股份有限公司, 广东 广州 510800

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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