Article(id=1241377729677947669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230733, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1710950400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-21, onlineDate=1773897114438, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1717430400000, pubDateStr=2024-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897114438, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897114438, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897114438, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241377719049572379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='6', pageStart='1691', pageEnd='2143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897111904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897665313, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2025, endPage=2041, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241377730885907244, articleId=1241377729677947669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Variations of soil biochemical properties and fungal diversity in alpine coal mine residue hills during vegetation restoration, columnId=1241377722715394129, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Geomicrobiological Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the variations of soil fungal diversity in the coal mine residue hills with vegetation restored for different years. [Methods] We selected the soil on the coal mine reside hills of Jiangcang Mine with different planting years (2, 4, and 6 years) as the research object, measured the soil chemical property and enzyme activity, and used high-throughput sequencing methods to measure the soil fungal diversity. [Results] As the duration of restoration increased, significant differences were observed in soil pH, total potassium, and organic matter. The activities of enzymes such as sucrase, urease, catalase, and phosphatase gradually increased, which enhanced the fungal richness and diversity in soil. The variations were more obvious after four years of restoration. The fungi were primarily dominated byAscomycota andBasidiomycota, with saprophytic fungi accounting for 43.2%–89.7%. Nitrogen content and soil enzyme activity were the key factors influencing fungal diversity in the grasslands of the coal mine area in Jiangcang. [Conclusion] Vegetation restoration can improve the chemical properties and fungal diversity in soil.

, correspAuthors=Ying ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHANG Ying, Tel: +86-773-7796692, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Daorina, Ying ZHANG, Qiang LI, Linxiong MA, Xiaolong TIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241377733255688197, articleId=1241377729677947669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复过程中土壤生物化学性质与真菌多样性变异特征研究, columnId=1241377722941886549, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=地质微生物应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】探究不同恢复年限煤矿渣山土壤真菌多样性的变化规律。【方法】选取江仓矿区渣山不同建植年限(2、4、6年)草地土壤为研究对象,测定土壤化学性质及酶活性,并利用高通量测序方法测定土壤真菌多样性。【结果】随着恢复年限的增长,土壤pH、土壤全钾和有机质含量呈现差异显著性,蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶以及磷酸酶含量逐渐上升,并提高了真菌群落的丰富度与多样性,其中复绿4年的效果最为明显。各样地主要以子囊菌门、担子菌门为主;腐生营养型真菌占43.2%−89.7%。氮素、土壤酶活性是影响江仓煤矿区草地土壤真菌多样性的主要因素。【结论】复绿能够改善土壤化学性质以及土壤真菌群落多样性。

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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=图1, caption=试验区样地布局图, figureFileSmall=/sq855PRl7iIZsvy1IIx/A==, figureFileBig=rAl1RlTpDVc+ilc0EahmWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445035766502119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Changes of soil enzyme activities in grassland with different greening years.

A: Sucrase. B: Urease. C: Catalase. D: Phosphatase. E: Amylase. Different letters means significant difference between the treatments (P < 0.05). The same below.

, figureFileSmall=kcKCJPcglpzYIItuxNG1uA==, figureFileBig=J4QeTM1uEBFPt+I65eOjDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445036051714801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同恢复年限草地土壤酶活性变化

A:蔗糖酶. B:脲酶. C:过氧化氢酶. D:磷酸酶. E:淀粉酶. 不同字母表示各组之间在P < 0.05水平上有显著性差异

, figureFileSmall=kcKCJPcglpzYIItuxNG1uA==, figureFileBig=J4QeTM1uEBFPt+I65eOjDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445037616190203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Alpha diversity of fungal communities.

A: Shannon curves. B: Venn plot.

, figureFileSmall=HEu9BYyG8dOyt8WmVCwiDA==, figureFileBig=XUUHFzVgSX1Q15+Oql90GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445037825905411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=图3, caption=真菌群落α多样性

A:Shannon稀释曲线. B:韦恩图

, figureFileSmall=HEu9BYyG8dOyt8WmVCwiDA==, figureFileBig=XUUHFzVgSX1Q15+Oql90GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445038018843407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Composition of fungal community.

A: Fungal phylum level. B: Fungal genus level.

, figureFileSmall=TwyMTs8J20/ZebwIYt7VdQ==, figureFileBig=O9/gFajh9TqMeD5+383xAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445038375359255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=图4, caption=真菌群落组成成分

A:真菌门水平. B:真菌属水平

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A: Community NMDS plot. B: PERMANOVA plot.

, figureFileSmall=tX0c8DyMQInlgSqLCgI1pA==, figureFileBig=VjQlC/iVW0e1HdRmEvl5rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445038903841574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=图5, caption=土壤真菌β多样性

A:群落NMDS图. B:PERMANOVA图

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Changes of soil property in grassland with different greening years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemY18Y16Y14YS
Y18 indicates construction for 2 years; Y16 indicates construction for 4 years; Y14 indicates construction green for 6 years; YS indicates un-greened soil of native vegetation. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level, the same as below.
Total nitrogen (g/kg)1.41±0.10b1.62±0.14b1.32±0.04b3.95±0.42a
Total phosphorus (g/kg)0.89±0.13a0.80±0.08a1.12±0.09a1.63±0.53a
Total potassium (g/kg)23.32±0.52ab24.59±0.77a19.65±0.51bc18.76±2.28c
Available nitrogen (mg/kg)35.33±5.46a27.00±6.00a42.33±7.45a26.00±6.66a
Available phosphorus (mg/kg)21.23±6.47a13.90±2.31a11.83±1.37a13.17±2.49a
Available potassium (mg/kg)153.67±4.41a127.67±31.01a143.00±13.89a164.33±14.90a
Organic matter (g/kg)80.68±3.35c158.93±28.62b52.55±11.62c328.68±15.75a
pH8.14±0.01d8.42±0.00a8.31±0.01b8.25±0.00c
), ArticleFig(id=1241445039990166357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同恢复年限草地土壤性质变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemY18Y16Y14YS
Y18 indicates construction for 2 years; Y16 indicates construction for 4 years; Y14 indicates construction green for 6 years; YS indicates un-greened soil of native vegetation. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level, the same as below.
Total nitrogen (g/kg)1.41±0.10b1.62±0.14b1.32±0.04b3.95±0.42a
Total phosphorus (g/kg)0.89±0.13a0.80±0.08a1.12±0.09a1.63±0.53a
Total potassium (g/kg)23.32±0.52ab24.59±0.77a19.65±0.51bc18.76±2.28c
Available nitrogen (mg/kg)35.33±5.46a27.00±6.00a42.33±7.45a26.00±6.66a
Available phosphorus (mg/kg)21.23±6.47a13.90±2.31a11.83±1.37a13.17±2.49a
Available potassium (mg/kg)153.67±4.41a127.67±31.01a143.00±13.89a164.33±14.90a
Organic matter (g/kg)80.68±3.35c158.93±28.62b52.55±11.62c328.68±15.75a
pH8.14±0.01d8.42±0.00a8.31±0.01b8.25±0.00c
), ArticleFig(id=1241445040120189788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Alpha diversity of fungal community

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleACE indexChao1 indexSimpson indexShannon index
The values in the table are mean±standard deviation. Single-factor variance LSD method was used to analyze the differences of bacterial richness and diversity index in the same soil among different sites (P < 0.05).
Y18244.97±7.52a246.98±7.19a0.85±0.01a3.99±0.09a
Y16266.96±4.92a291.45±20.01a0.85±0.02a3.96±0.22a
Y14300.66±15.11a300.91±2.65a0.80±0.06a4.21±0.55a
YS219.51±22.01a230.66±22.79a0.89±0.04a4.32±0.54a
), ArticleFig(id=1241445040300544869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

真菌群落α多样性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleACE indexChao1 indexSimpson indexShannon index
The values in the table are mean±standard deviation. Single-factor variance LSD method was used to analyze the differences of bacterial richness and diversity index in the same soil among different sites (P < 0.05).
Y18244.97±7.52a246.98±7.19a0.85±0.01a3.99±0.09a
Y16266.96±4.92a291.45±20.01a0.85±0.02a3.96±0.22a
Y14300.66±15.11a300.91±2.65a0.80±0.06a4.21±0.55a
YS219.51±22.01a230.66±22.79a0.89±0.04a4.32±0.54a
), ArticleFig(id=1241445040443151215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relationship between soil fungal community diversity and environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemShannon indexSimpson indexACE indexChao1 index
* means significant (P < 0.05); ** means significant (P < 0.01); *** means very significant (P < 0.001). The same as below.
Total nitrogen−0.0670.056−0.267−0.346
Total phosphorus0.040*0.027*−0.015**−0.127
Total potassium0.1950.1380.1910.192
Available nitrogen0.1330.003**0.021*0.016*
Available phosphorus−0.078−0.030*−0.148−0.012*
Available potassium0.1990.261−0.118−0.212
Organic matter−0.0680.085−0.300−0.340
pH−0.042*0.000−0.049*−0.069
Sucrase0.2550.1250.1790.089
Urease0.2140.149−0.022*−0.129
Catalase0.1980.150−0.004**−0.155
Phosphatase0.2320.174−0.036*−0.059
Amylase0.1500.0620.1740.143
), ArticleFig(id=1241445040711586681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

土壤真菌群落多样性与环境因子的相关关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemShannon indexSimpson indexACE indexChao1 index
* means significant (P < 0.05); ** means significant (P < 0.01); *** means very significant (P < 0.001). The same as below.
Total nitrogen−0.0670.056−0.267−0.346
Total phosphorus0.040*0.027*−0.015**−0.127
Total potassium0.1950.1380.1910.192
Available nitrogen0.1330.003**0.021*0.016*
Available phosphorus−0.078−0.030*−0.148−0.012*
Available potassium0.1990.261−0.118−0.212
Organic matter−0.0680.085−0.300−0.340
pH−0.042*0.000−0.049*−0.069
Sucrase0.2550.1250.1790.089
Urease0.2140.149−0.022*−0.129
Catalase0.1980.150−0.004**−0.155
Phosphatase0.2320.174−0.036*−0.059
Amylase0.1500.0620.1740.143
), ArticleFig(id=1241445042179593086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mantel test analysis of soil fungal community diversity and environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemR valueP-value
Total nitrogen0.4290.001***
Organic matter0.4250.001***
Urease0.3520.001***
Catalase0.4430.001***
Phosphatase0.3030.002**
Total phosphorus0.3150.007**
Total potassium0.1610.056
Sucrase0.1410.080
Amylase0.1130.142
pH0.0830.220
Available potassium0.0600.252
Available phosphorus0.0270.368
Available nitrogen0.0180.381
), ArticleFig(id=1241445042322199429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

土壤真菌群落多样性与环境因子的Mantel test分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemR valueP-value
Total nitrogen0.4290.001***
Organic matter0.4250.001***
Urease0.3520.001***
Catalase0.4430.001***
Phosphatase0.3030.002**
Total phosphorus0.3150.007**
Total potassium0.1610.056
Sucrase0.1410.080
Amylase0.1130.142
pH0.0830.220
Available potassium0.0600.252
Available phosphorus0.0270.368
Available nitrogen0.0180.381
), ArticleFig(id=1241445042443834250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Envfit of soil fungal community structure and environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemCCA1CCA2R2P-value
Total nitrogen0.210−0.9780.5470.008 **
Total phosphorus0.671−0.7410.2540.074
Total potassium−0.3940.9190.2200.074
Available nitrogen−1.000−0.0070.0040.942
Available phosphorus0.5940.8040.2330.057
Available potassium0.091−0.9960.0950.339
Organic matter0.206−0.9790.5250.006**
pH−0.918−0.3960.3420.016**
Sucrase−0.102−0.9950.2810.036*
Urease0.036−0.9990.5900.001***
Catalase0.093−0.9960.6870.001***
Phosphatase0.042−0.9990.6340.001***
Amylase0.981−0.1920.3390.007**
), ArticleFig(id=1241445042540303250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377729677947669, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

土壤真菌群落结构与环境因子的envfit函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemCCA1CCA2R2P-value
Total nitrogen0.210−0.9780.5470.008 **
Total phosphorus0.671−0.7410.2540.074
Total potassium−0.3940.9190.2200.074
Available nitrogen−1.000−0.0070.0040.942
Available phosphorus0.5940.8040.2330.057
Available potassium0.091−0.9960.0950.339
Organic matter0.206−0.9790.5250.006**
pH−0.918−0.3960.3420.016**
Sucrase−0.102−0.9950.2810.036*
Urease0.036−0.9990.5900.001***
Catalase0.093−0.9960.6870.001***
Phosphatase0.042−0.9990.6340.001***
Amylase0.981−0.1920.3390.007**
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高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复过程中土壤生物化学性质与真菌多样性变异特征研究
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道日娜 , 张英 * , 李强 , 马林雄 , 铁晓龙
微生物学报 | 地质微生物应用 2024,64(6): 2025-2041
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微生物学报 | 地质微生物应用 2024, 64(6): 2025-2041
高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复过程中土壤生物化学性质与真菌多样性变异特征研究
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道日娜, 张英* , 李强, 马林雄, 铁晓龙
作者信息
  • 青海大学农牧学院, 青海 西宁 810016
Variations of soil biochemical properties and fungal diversity in alpine coal mine residue hills during vegetation restoration
Daorina, Ying ZHANG* , Qiang LI, Linxiong MA, Xiaolong TIE
Affiliations
  • College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China
出版时间: 2024-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230733
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【目的】探究不同恢复年限煤矿渣山土壤真菌多样性的变化规律。【方法】选取江仓矿区渣山不同建植年限(2、4、6年)草地土壤为研究对象,测定土壤化学性质及酶活性,并利用高通量测序方法测定土壤真菌多样性。【结果】随着恢复年限的增长,土壤pH、土壤全钾和有机质含量呈现差异显著性,蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶以及磷酸酶含量逐渐上升,并提高了真菌群落的丰富度与多样性,其中复绿4年的效果最为明显。各样地主要以子囊菌门、担子菌门为主;腐生营养型真菌占43.2%−89.7%。氮素、土壤酶活性是影响江仓煤矿区草地土壤真菌多样性的主要因素。【结论】复绿能够改善土壤化学性质以及土壤真菌群落多样性。

矿区修复  /  高寒矿区  /  植被恢复  /  土壤性质  /  真菌多样性

[Objective] To study the variations of soil fungal diversity in the coal mine residue hills with vegetation restored for different years. [Methods] We selected the soil on the coal mine reside hills of Jiangcang Mine with different planting years (2, 4, and 6 years) as the research object, measured the soil chemical property and enzyme activity, and used high-throughput sequencing methods to measure the soil fungal diversity. [Results] As the duration of restoration increased, significant differences were observed in soil pH, total potassium, and organic matter. The activities of enzymes such as sucrase, urease, catalase, and phosphatase gradually increased, which enhanced the fungal richness and diversity in soil. The variations were more obvious after four years of restoration. The fungi were primarily dominated byAscomycota andBasidiomycota, with saprophytic fungi accounting for 43.2%–89.7%. Nitrogen content and soil enzyme activity were the key factors influencing fungal diversity in the grasslands of the coal mine area in Jiangcang. [Conclusion] Vegetation restoration can improve the chemical properties and fungal diversity in soil.

mine area restoration  /  alpine mines  /  vegetation restoration  /  soil properties  /  fungal diversity
道日娜, 张英, 李强, 马林雄, 铁晓龙. 高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复过程中土壤生物化学性质与真菌多样性变异特征研究. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (6) : 2025 -2041 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230733
Daorina, Ying ZHANG, Qiang LI, Linxiong MA, Xiaolong TIE. Variations of soil biochemical properties and fungal diversity in alpine coal mine residue hills during vegetation restoration[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (6) : 2025 -2041 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230733
青藏高原的矿区大多数位于高寒生态脆弱区。其中,江仓煤矿区分布于高海拔、气候寒冷的高寒草甸草地带,采煤的矿坑、堆积的矿渣、煤场、选矿区占据的草场面积约为2 000−3 300 hm2[1]。矿区废弃地处于一种植被稀少、水土大量流失、土壤结构被严重破坏的状态,短时间内受损的生态系统很难完成正向演替,而青藏高原高寒矿区因所处环境恶劣,对其进行植被恢复时受到的环境限制更为严峻,仅依靠其自然恢复可能需要上百年的时间。因此,针对高寒矿区的生态系统,当前较为有效的修复手段是通过人工干预措施来加速其恢复进程,其中,建植人工草地的措施能快速实现草地植被的初步恢复,进而通过群落演替的方式来实现受损生态系统的修复,更有利于高寒矿区植被的快速恢复[2]。鉴于高寒矿区特殊的气候及地理位置,本研究主要选用冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)及星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)等植物进行人工植被建植,分析草地恢复过程中植被与土壤的变化规律。植被特征的研究对解释矿区恢复地植物物种共存和维持生物多样性至关重要。土壤全氮含量可以作为土壤肥力的指示指标;碱解氮、速效磷等与植被的生长发育、生理代谢相关;土壤有机质的高低影响碳素固定、营养储存,进而影响土壤真菌多样性及群落结构。土壤脲酶在促进土壤氮循环方面有重要意义;蔗糖酶参与土壤有机质的代谢过程,其含量高低能够作为土壤肥力水平的指标;淀粉酶含量能够表征土壤质量优劣;过氧化氢酶活性与土壤微生物活性相关,以上均可作为评价土壤质量的指标[3]。然而,仅靠良好的植被和土壤养分可能无法确保长期的植被恢复,还需要土壤微生物通过调节土壤生理生化过程、生态系统功能来维持植被恢复、稳定土壤性质,其多样性可以准确地反映退化土地的恢复情况。其中,真菌对土壤矿物质分解、养分循环与能量流动具有重要的作用,也是评价土壤生态系统的重要指标之一[4-5],并对矿山恢复具有重要作用[6]。不同真菌的适应性对微小生境的响应机制不同,因此真菌对环境具有很强的敏感性[7]。研究发现土壤真菌多样性与土壤扰动、肥力等生境条件紧密相关,如Liu等[8]发现土壤扰动可以降低土壤真菌多样性,丁建莉[9]研究发现硝态氮、速效钾与速效磷是影响黑土土壤真菌群落结构的主要环境因子。
我国关于土壤真菌多样性的研究主要见于农田和丛林生态系统[6],对高寒矿区生态系统的研究较少,基本是在黄土丘陵区与低海拔区[10]。对江仓煤矿渣山植被恢复的研究主要集中在施肥、覆土等措施,分析其植被与土壤的恢复情况,但缺乏从恢复年限角度分析植被、土壤特性以及真菌多样性等揭示矿区恢复土壤状况,导致高寒矿区修复过程中的土壤真菌调控机制尚不明确[11]。因此,本研究以青海省祁连山西段木里煤矿江仓矿区不同恢复年限渣山草地为研究对象,分析土壤养分、土壤酶活性以及土壤真菌多样性对植被建植年限的响应特征,旨在探究不同恢复年限下木里煤矿渣山高寒草甸的修复效果,以期为高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复与生态重建工作提供理论基础。
研究区位于青海省海北州刚察县江仓煤矿区,海拔3 800−4 200 m,年平均气温2.8。坡面基质均由煤矸石与机械堆积的渣土组成,坡向为阳坡,坡度小于25°,沿渣山底部边缘砌筑围堰,以增加坡面的稳定性。不同恢复年份样地植被恢复方法一致,均采用人工种植垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila)和星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora),混合播种比例为2:1:1,于2011年至2019年每年5月下旬播种,播种量为8.094 3 kg/hm2,播种后覆盖无纺布。在此期间,无施肥、浇水、放牧等情况。矿区无干扰原生植被的海拔3 788 m,坡向为阳坡,坡度小于25°,优势种为小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)和细叶苔草(Carex rigescens)。
在试验区选取2014年(Y14、恢复6年)、2016年(Y16、恢复4年)、2018年(Y18、恢复2年)建植复绿草地为试验样地(图1),每个样地面积为10 m×50 m,采集试验区无干扰的原生植被土壤(YS)为对照。2020年8月份进行野外观测和采样样品,每个样地中随机取3个采样点,每个采样点以对角线取样法(取样点分布在一条直线上)等距离(间隔5 m)取样,用消过毒的无菌铲取0−20 cm的土壤样品,去除石块和植物残根,装入自封袋,4低温下带回实验室进行后续处理。一部分室内风干,磨碎过筛,测定土壤养分和酶活性;另一部分新鲜土壤保存于−80冰箱,进行微生物多样性数据测定。
土壤全氮(total nitrogen, TN)采用半微量凯氏定氮法,全磷(total phosphorus, TP)采用氢氧化钠熔融法,全钾(total potassium, TK)采用氢氧化钠熔融法,碱解氮(available nitrogen, AN)采用碱解扩散法,速效磷(available phosphoru, AP)采用碳酸氢钠浸提法,速效钾(available potassium, AK)采用醋酸铵浸提法,pH采用电极法(水土比2.5:1),土壤有机质(organic matter, OM)采用重铬酸钾容量法测定。
土壤蔗糖酶采用3, 5-二硝基水杨酸比色法,淀粉酶采用二硝基水杨酸比色法,脲酶采用靛酚蓝比色法,磷酸酶采用磷酸苯二钠比色法,过氧化氢酶采用高锰酸钾滴定法测定。
使用Tguide S96磁珠法土壤基因组DNA提取试剂盒完成核酸的提取[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]。使用酶标仪(BioTek 公司)对于提取的核酸进行浓度检测,根据检测结果进行扩增,引物为ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAG TAA-3′)和ITS2 (5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATG C-3′)。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Phanta Max Mix (p515) 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板0.5 µL,ddH2O 10 µL。PCR反应条件:95预变性5 min;95变性30 s,50退火30 s,72延伸40 s,25个循环;72最终延伸7 min,降温至4。扩增后PCR产物使用浓度1.8%的琼脂糖进行电泳对完整性进行检测,用DNA胶回收试剂盒(Monarch公司)进行胶回收。通过Qsep-400方法进行文库质检,对于构建好的文库使用Illumina NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina公司)进行上机测序。此过程委托北京百迈客生物科技有限公司完成。
采用Excel 2007进行数据整理,运用SPSS对土壤养分进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),Duncan复极差法进行差异显著性检验(P < 0.05)。土壤酶活性图利用Origin 2022软件进行操作,真菌多样性图均用北京百迈客生物科技有限公司云平台生成。真菌多样性使用Unite (真菌)数据库比对,用BLAST软件物种比对注释。
从不同恢复年限草地土壤性质变化(表1)中可以发现,各样地的土壤均呈弱碱性,相互之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。各样地的土壤全磷、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量之间无显著性差异。全氮含量在恢复样地(Y18、Y16、Y14)之间无显著差异;恢复样地与原生样地之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。YS的全钾含量与Y14之间无显著差异,与Y18、Y16之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Y18的有机质含量与Y14之间无显著差异,与Y16、YS之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
不同恢复年限草地土壤酶活性变化如图2所示。随着恢复年限的增长,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶与磷酸酶均呈上升趋势,各样地之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。淀粉酶活性在恢复第6年(Y14)时,呈下降趋势,但与其他样地之间无显著差异。
表2为真菌群落α多样性数据。从ACE指数来看,Y14的值最高,为300.66±15.11;YS的值最低,为219.51±22.01。从Chao1指数来看,Y14的值最高,为300.91±2.65;YS的值最低,为230.66±22.79。YS的ACE指数、Chao1指数均低于恢复样地。由此说明,恢复样地中Y14的群落丰富度较高,Y18的较低;YS的群落丰富度低于恢复样地,而且恢复样地与YS之间无显著差异。从Simpson指数看,YS的值最高,为0.89±0.04;Y14的值最低,为0.80±0.06。从Shannon指数看,YS的值最高,为4.32±0.54;Y16的值最低,为3.96±0.22。由此可见,YS的群落多样性较高,Y14、Y16的较低。总之,各样地之间无显著差异,Y14的群落丰富度较高,YS的群落多样性较高。从韦恩图(图3)可以看到,各样地共有的分类操作单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)数为30,Y18独有的OTU数为75,Y16独有的OTU数为67,Y14独有的OTU数为66,YS独有的OTU数为46。
图4A可以看出,各样地的物种分布差异较大,无明显规律。各样地的优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)。子囊菌门在恢复样本中占到80.58%%−89.20%,其中Y14最高,Y16最低。恢复样地的担子菌门占到0.76%−12.25%,其中Y14最低,Y18最高。毛霉门(Mucoromycota)的相对丰度在YS中占到了2.79%,而在恢复样地中只占到1.31%以下。毛霉门多为腐生菌,有时能引起植物病害。随着恢复年限的增长,毛霉门的丰度有逐渐增加的趋势,因此要及时地进行病虫害防治。Y16中芽枝霉门(Blastocladiomycota)占到5.73%,而在其他样地中只占到0.03%以下,甚至更少。在YS中,子囊菌门、担子菌门分别占到46.65%、28.74%,有4.81%的被孢菌门(Mortierellomycota)。
图4B中可以看到,在属水平上各样地之间在物种分布上差异较大,无明显的变化规律。在Y16中,优势属为小孢霉属(Myrmecridium, 38.56%)和蚧霉属(Lecanicillium, 21.21%)。Y18的优势菌属为Graphium (39.30%)和核盘菌属(Tricharina, 16.38%)。Y14的优势菌属为裂壳菌属(Schizothecium),丰度为38.55% YS的优势菌属镰孢菌属(Fusarium, 8.21%)和被孢霉属(Mortierella, 7.61%)。
为研究高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复过程中草地土壤真菌群落β多样性,基于Bray-Curtis距离,利用非度量多维排列(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)方法对不同恢复年限草地土壤真菌群落β多样性进行分析,结果表明不同样地之间的土壤真菌群落之间存在差异。基于Bray- Curtis距离的真菌群落NMDS图中(图5A),恢复样地与原生植被样地可以明显区分,而且恢复样地真菌群落内部更加聚集,其中Y14真菌群落内部较为分散。原生植被草地土壤真菌群落内部较分散,与恢复样地之间的距离较远。利用PERMANOVA方法进行不同恢复年限草地土壤真菌群落结构分异的显著性分析。图5B中显示,总体上,土壤真菌群落结构在不同恢复年限之间差异极显著(P≤0.001)。植被不同恢复年限对样地真菌群落结构差异的解释度R2为0.437。
使用FunGuild对样本进行功能注释并结合丰度信息,从功能组成层面进行聚类,结果如图6所示。恢复样地当中,腐生营养型(saprotroph,通过降解死亡的宿主细胞来获取营养)相关的真菌丰度在43.2%−89.7%之间。其中,Y14最高,YS最低。病理营养型(pathotroph,通过损害宿主细胞而获取营养)相关的真菌丰度在8.29%−51.8%之间,其中,Y18最高,Y14最低。共生营养型(symbiotroph,通过与宿主细胞交换资源来获取营养)相关的真菌丰度在0.34%−39.29%之间,其中YS最高,Y16最低。
为进一步确认不同的环境因子对高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复过程中草地土壤微生物的不同影响,采用皮尔逊(Pearson)算法进行植被、土壤养分、土壤酶活性对草地土壤真菌群落的检验分析(表3),结果表明不同的环境因子对土壤真菌群落多样性产生不同程度的影响。土壤TN、AN、AP、pH、土壤过氧化氢酶(catalase, Cat)、脲酶(urease, Ure)、磷酸酶(phosphatase, Pho)与群落丰富度与多样性之间显著相关。土壤真菌群落多样性与环境因子的Mantel test分析(表4)显示,土壤全氮、土壤有机质、土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶的P值相对较低,对真菌群落影响较大;速效养分的P值相对较高,对真菌群落影响较小。
图7中可以看出,环境因子对土壤真菌群落结构的前2个排序轴的解释变量分别为8.59%和7.76%。根据箭头长度可以看出,OM、TN、Cat、Ure、Pho和pH与真菌种类分布相关性较好。采用envfit函数检验每个环境因子的显著性,结果(表5)显示Urease (R2=0.590,P=0.001)、Catalase (R2=0.687,P=0.001)、Phosphatase (R2=0.634,P=0.001)、OM (R2= 0.525,P=0.006)、TN (R2=0.547,P=0.008)、pH (R2=0.342,P=0.016)和土壤蔗糖酶(sucrase, Suc) (R2=0.281,P=0.036)对真菌群落结构组成的影响达到显著水平(P < 0.05)。以上结果表明,Phosphatase、Catalase和Urease是土壤真菌群落结构的主要驱动因子。土壤养分、土壤酶活性与核盘菌属(Tricharina)、小孢霉属(Myrmecridium)、裂壳菌属(Schizothecium)真菌属之间相关性较强。
土壤pH值的变化会影响土壤肥力及植物的生长发育[19]。孙羽丰等和Berthrong等研究结果表明,土壤pH值随着恢复年限的增长而降低[19-20]。原因可能是根和外生菌根渗出物质发生了改变[21];根对阳离子的吸收增加以及土壤有机质的积累[22]。在本研究中,矿区渣山人工草地的土壤pH值均在8.14−8.42之间,呈弱碱性。造成差异的原因可能有两点:第一是植被恢复时间较短,养分循环缓慢,植被生长损耗大量养分而得不到及时的补充,使得土壤养分贫瘠,持续碱性;第二可能是由于高寒条件下,人工草地的植物种类、数量、盖度等相对较低,导致土壤分解作用降低,使得土壤呈弱碱性。
有研究表明,土壤中的氮元素与植物的生长发育相关,氮元素的缺乏会导致根系生长弱,植物的生长发育缓慢[23]。本研究中,随着恢复时间的增长,全氮含量无显著变化,但与原生植被样地相比,恢复样地的全氮含量相对低33.42%−41.01%。在原生植被样地中,由于无任何人为干扰,其物种多样性较高,根系发育较好,使其全氮含量最高。郭李凯[24]研究发现,煤矸山重构土壤随着不同复垦年限的增长,土壤中的速效磷含量呈显著差异(P < 0.05),这与本研究结果不一致。本研究中,速效磷含量各年限之间无显著差异。这主要是由于研究地区、矿渣的组成以及种植植物的不同造成土壤化学性质中个别指标的差异。土壤有机质含量能够反映土壤养分潜力和对植物有效养分的供应程度[25]。有些研究结果表明,随植被恢复时间的增长,土壤有机质含量显著增加[26-27]。本研究中,高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复后,由于气候寒冷,地上植物凋落物不断积累,使得土壤有机质分解缓慢,在恢复第4年(Y16)时土壤有机质有较大幅度的增加,而后又呈现出下降的趋势。在原生植被草地中,土壤有机质含量达到328.68 g/kg,是恢复样地的2.07倍。高寒矿区周围的原生植被地表植物多样性较为丰富,根系发育良好,水土保持能力较强,枯枝落叶等凋落物可以有效积累,导致原生植被草地的土壤有机质含量显著高于植被恢复样地。虽然高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复过程中,草地土壤有机质分解转化过程较缓慢,但减少土壤有机质的损失也是矿区生态恢复的重要指标[28]。因此,要加强提高矿区渣山植物群落多样性,提高植物群落的自我修复能力,从而达到矿区生态环境的长久稳定。
植物根系向土壤中分泌各种有机物、生长激素等物质,这些物质有助于改善土壤中微生物的生长和活性,进而影响土壤酶活性[29-30]。土壤酶的积累是土壤微生物、土壤动植物相互作用的结果[31-32]。植被恢复促进植物根系的活动,释放大量酶类;其次,通过促进土壤有机质的积累,为酶类提供碳源,从而提高土壤酶活性。因此,土壤酶活性能代表土壤肥力以及养分转化,可作为评价土壤质量的指标[32-33]。其中,土壤过氧化氢酶活性与土壤微生物活性相关,能反映土壤微生物的强度[34-35];脲酶在促进土壤氮循环方面有重要意义,它的活性通常用于反映土壤生产力和氮状况[36]。本研究中,高寒煤矿渣山植被随着恢复年限的增长,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶及淀粉酶均呈增长趋势。Yan等[37]研究结果表明,植被恢复能够促进土壤碳供应和氮保持,从而增加各种土壤酶的活性,这与本研究结果一致。虽然土壤酶活性从植被恢复第2年开始均有不同程度的增加,但与原生植被土壤酶活性相比差异显著(P < 0.05)。造成差异的原因可能是植被恢复年限较短,种植植物较为单一,植物群落多样性较低,以及植物凋落物、微生物、根系及其分泌物的不同,导致土壤酶活性的差异。
在土壤生态系统中,真菌群落是最为敏感的生物群落,因此真菌群落多样性可以揭示土壤生态系统多样性的变化规律。江仓高寒煤矿渣山复绿土壤真菌主要门类为子囊菌门和担子菌门,这与云南茶园酸性土壤[38]、黄土高原矿区重构土壤[39]、黄河三角洲地区污染土壤[40]以及黄土高原梯田土壤[41]的真菌优势门类相似,说明这2种真菌门在土壤中广泛存在,并非该研究地区特有的。子囊菌有较高的基因替代速率,人为干扰环境下更适合子囊菌生存;然而担子菌主要依赖木质组分腐化来获得营养或者与植物共生[42]。因此担子菌在原生植被土壤中的丰度较高,而在植被恢复土壤中较低。这是由于原生植被当中,植物种类丰富、植被盖度大、地上凋落物大量积累、植物根系分泌物增加;而研究样地主要由垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾与星星草进行复绿,植物种类单一、并未及时进行补播,导致植被有退化趋势。相对于原生植被来说,复绿土壤下无法培养或无法识别的真菌属类相对丰度有增加的趋势[43],有研究发现,全球真菌种类的正式描述不超过10%[44],因此深入研究无法识别真菌种类的意义重大。金立群等[11]的研究结果中,真菌的丰富度与多样性随着年限的增长而降低。在本文中真菌的丰富度与多样性随着年限的增长总体上呈降低趋势。这是由于随着植被恢复年限的增长,土壤pH呈降低趋势,从而引起真菌数量及多样性降低[45]。尽管真菌群落多样性有降低的趋势,但真菌依然在复绿土壤中占有一定的地位。虽然复绿对真菌多样性产生了一定的影响,但要恢复到原有的自然状态,仍是一个漫长的过程。
土壤真菌群落结构与环境因子密切相关,不同的环境因子产生不同的影响,从而各生境的土壤微生物群落产生差异[45-46]。有研究发现,土壤微生物多样性主要受pH、有机质等众多因素的影响[47-50],表明化学性质的差异会导致土壤真菌产生一定程度的差别。土壤有机质含量、速效磷等都是影响真菌群落结构的主要驱动因子[51-52]。薛凯等[53]、齐文娟等[54]和杨希智等[55]的研究表明,速效磷与土壤微生物的多样性有显著的相关性。本研究对不同恢复年限的土壤真菌群落与植物群落特征、土壤养分和土壤酶活性进行皮尔逊相关性分析、envfit函数检验发现,过氧化氢和脲酶是影响真菌群落结构的主要因子。CCA分析发现,土壤有机质、全氮、过氧化氢、脲酶、磷酸酶和pH与真菌种类分布相关性较好,而速效磷并未与真菌群落有显著的相关性。出现这种差异的原因可能是由于矿区的气候条件、植被丰富度的不同等所造成。因为真菌主要是通过分解地上枯落物获得养分。
本研究还发现土壤养分、土壤酶活性与核盘菌属(Tricharina)、小孢霉属(Myrmecridium)、裂壳菌属(Schizothecium)等真菌属之间相关性较强。这与张旭升等[56]、吕江等[57]的研究结果不一致。不同植被恢复方式、恢复年限的土壤具有不同的土壤养分,而不同的土壤养分又影响土壤微生物及酶活性。相关研究表明,土壤酶活性、土壤微生物不仅与植被特征、土壤养分有关,还与土壤含水量、容重等因素相关[58]。正是由于高寒煤矿渣山土壤的特殊性,与其他生境的土壤微生物及环境因子产生较大差异。矿区在复绿过程中土壤真菌多样性的变化不仅由复绿时间决定,可能还有其他方面的影响因素,这种复杂性还需进一步地深入研究。通常,植被通过根系分泌和凋落物等众多因素为土壤微生物提供了资源异质性,因此,分析高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复过程中土壤微生物多样性的特征,进一步开展植被恢复过程中土壤微生物多样性与土壤养分、酶活性等环境因子的探讨显得十分重要。
土壤恢复的周期是漫长的,虽然随年限的增长个别指标指数接近于原生植被,但从整体相关性上看,仍未建立起完整的、系统的相关性联系,探索土壤恢复过程中的物质循环机理,将有助于更好地加快土壤恢复速度。因此,可以将土壤各指标间的相关性联系作为评价煤矿渣山植被恢复的重要方法。
本文主要以高寒煤矿渣山不同恢复年限(2、4、6年)的植被为研究对象,以渣山周围的原生植被为对照,比较分析土壤养分、土壤酶活性、土壤真菌的α多样性、群落组成、β多样性、功能预测及土壤真菌群落多样性、群落组成的影响因子,基于这些研究,得出如下结论:样地pH值为8.14−8.42,为弱碱性土壤;随着恢复年限的增长,土壤pH、土壤全钾和有机质含量呈现差异显著性,蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶以及磷酸酶含量逐渐上升;土壤真菌群落结构在不同恢复年限之间差异极显著(P≤0.001);各样地主要以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为主;腐生营养型(saprotroph)真菌占43.2%−89.7%,土壤全氮、有机质、土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶对真菌群落影响较大;高寒煤矿渣山植被恢复过程中土壤变化以及土壤真菌多样性特征能够在短时间内反映植被恢复过程中土壤质量的变化,可及时采取有效措施提高土壤质量,促进高寒矿区生态恢复。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3201604)
  • 青海大学生态学世界一流学科生态系统演替与管理方向自主课题(2023-ZZ-01)
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2024年第64卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230733
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
  • 录用日期:2024-03-21
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3201604)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3201604)
Independent Project of Ecosystem Succession and Management, the World-class Discipline of Ecology in Qinghai University(2023-ZZ-01)
青海大学生态学世界一流学科生态系统演替与管理方向自主课题(2023-ZZ-01)
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    青海大学农牧学院, 青海 西宁 810016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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