Article(id=1241377727996031699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230571, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694016000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1700064000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-11-16, onlineDate=1773897114037, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1717430400000, pubDateStr=2024-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897114037, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897114037, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897114037, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241377719049572379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='6', pageStart='1691', pageEnd='2143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897111904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897665313, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2091, endPage=2103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241377728860058357, articleId=1241377727996031699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effect of magnetite on the performance of anaerobic reduction of methyl orange byShewanella oneidensis MR-1, columnId=1241377722715394129, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Geomicrobiological Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Studies have discovered that magnetite could be used as an extracellular electron transfer mediator to increase or decrease the microbial reduction rate of dyes. However, the mechanisms underlying these two distinct results remain to be elucidated. [Methods] In this study, magnetite was synthesized by the hydrothermal method and used for the anaerobic reduction of methyl orange (MO), a typical azo dye, byShewanella oneidensis MR-1. [Results] Magnetite exerted concentration-dependent effects on the degradation of MO. Specifically, low concentrations (20–50 mg/L) of magnetite increased the decolorization efficiency of MO by 4.07%–10.64%, while high concentrations (100–200 mg/L) of magnetite decreased the efficiency by 3.92%–18.35%, compared with the group with only bacteria for degradation. Furthermore, the changes in magnetite concentration affected cell surface morphology, metabolic activity, and electron transfer efficiency rather than the distribution of dyes on the microbial surface in the microbial reduction of MO. Low concentrations of magnetite increased ATP production by 1.08%–7.65% and led to the production of 0.033–0.051 mg/L Fe2+, while the high concentrations of magnetite decreased ATP production by 38.74%–60.14% and increased Fe2+ concentration to 0.091 mg/L. In addition, exogenous Fe2+ showed similar concentration-dependent effects on the anaerobic reduction of MO, i.e., promoting the MO reduction at low concentrations (0.01–0.02 mg/L) and inhibiting the reduction at high concentrations (> 0.05 mg/L). [Conclusion] Low concentrations of magnetite did not affect the bacterial cell morphology and improved the cell metabolic activity. A small amount of dissolved Fe2+ in the system favored the reduction of MO by bacteria, whereas high concentrations of magnetite showed an opposite influencing trend. This work enriches our understanding about the effect of magnetite on extracellular electron transfer and its application in the reductive transformation of organic pollutants.

, correspAuthors=Chunhua HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*HU Chunhua, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinzhen LIU, Huimin LI, Gang ZHAO, Yanchun FAN, Ziqi MEI, Yurou ZHOU, Xiaoli ZENG, Chunhua HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241377733624786988, articleId=1241377727996031699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧还原甲基橙性能的影响, columnId=1241377722941886549, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=地质微生物应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】在微生物对染料的厌氧还原转化过程中,前人研究发现磁铁矿可以作为胞外电子传递介质提高或降低染料的微生物还原速率,这两种截然不同的作用结果背后的作用机制仍亟待阐明。【方法】利用水热法合成磁铁矿,选择甲基橙作为微生物胞外还原的典型偶氮染料,研究磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧还原甲基橙(methyl orange, MO)的影响。【结果】研究发现磁铁矿对MO的降解表现出明显的浓度依赖性效应:同只添加细菌组相比,低浓度组(20−50 mg/L) MO的脱色效率提高了4.07%−10.64%,而高浓度组(100−200 mg/L)下降了3.92%−18.35%。进一步研究发现磁铁矿浓度变化对MO微生物还原的影响与染料在矿物表面的分配无关,主要体现在影响细胞表面形态、代谢活性和电子传递效率等方面。低浓度组ATP生成量提高了1.08%−7.65%,生成了0.033−0.051 mg/L Fe2+,而高浓度组ATP生成量降低了38.74%−60.14%,Fe2+浓度增至0.091 mg/L。此外,外源Fe2+的实验结果证明Fe2+对MO的厌氧还原同样表现出低浓度(0.01−0.02 mg/L)促进,高浓度(> 0.05 mg/L)抑制的影响趋势。【结论】低浓度磁铁矿未影响细菌细胞形态,提高了细胞代谢活性,体系中少量的溶解态Fe2+有利于MO微生物还原,而高浓度磁铁矿则表现出相反的影响趋势。本研究为全面理解磁铁矿对胞外电子传递的影响及其在有机污染物还原转化中的应用提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=胡春华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bSb5kzsxJBuUDBaTS2Gtmw==, magXml=HuLb0FCL2yPJGlLjI5Xu9A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=gI0spr/qS3F3ZNO3QpoQsA==, pdfFileSize=912428, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6rF6lgyI8SFY2f85ItIpeg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OKPorGihXNoDOKRaU50brQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=刘鑫珍, 李惠民, 赵刚, 樊艳春, 梅子奇, 周雨柔, 曾晓丽, 胡春华)}, authors=[Author(id=1241445029709926811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241445029814784424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, authorId=1241445029709926811, language=EN, stringName=Xinzhen LIU, firstName=Xinzhen, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
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A: No magnetite was added. B: 20 mg/L of magnetite was added. C: 50 mg/L of magnetite was added. D: 100 mg/L of magnetite was added. E: 200 mg/L of magnetite was added., figureFileSmall=J7R8E8IwAjCcbXHmoFRe6g==, figureFileBig=ceY7cDfau0F42xtf/h47mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445040673837942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, language=CN, label=图7, caption=磁铁矿-奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1 SEM图, figureFileSmall=J7R8E8IwAjCcbXHmoFRe6g==, figureFileBig=ceY7cDfau0F42xtf/h47mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042171204478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effect of magnetite content on the ATP generation ofShewanella oneidensis MR-1., figureFileSmall=0rrF3s0NGTP96dicJ3xeuA==, figureFileBig=j5vjezoCmToalZizRhh0RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042326393733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, language=CN, label=图8, caption=磁铁矿含量对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1 ATP生成的影响, figureFileSmall=0rrF3s0NGTP96dicJ3xeuA==, figureFileBig=j5vjezoCmToalZizRhh0RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042448028558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Release of Fe2+ from magnetite dissolution (A) and effect of proogenic Fe2+ on anaerobic decolorization of MO (B). * refers to the experimental group with magnetite for 20 h., figureFileSmall=JPd6CZ4eqm6djKALPDDz7w==, figureFileBig=rFPiWgMDw1GokQcz8//kyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042594829206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, language=CN, label=图9, caption=磁铁矿溶解释放Fe2+ (A)和生源性Fe2+对MO厌氧脱色的影响(B) *指先培养磁铁矿20 h的实验组, figureFileSmall=JPd6CZ4eqm6djKALPDDz7w==, figureFileBig=rFPiWgMDw1GokQcz8//kyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042724852637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Effect of exogenous FeCl2 on anaerobic decolization of MO., figureFileSmall=my1HXnWEBUDhWIdu5Dxm2w==, figureFileBig=IjcFUaDVwC5Wo/RSTD87sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042850681766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, language=CN, label=图10, caption=外源FeCl2对MO厌氧脱色的影响, figureFileSmall=my1HXnWEBUDhWIdu5Dxm2w==, figureFileBig=IjcFUaDVwC5Wo/RSTD87sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445042955539370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and chemical properties of magnetite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sequence numberParticle size (nm)Zeta electric potential (mV)
pH 4.0pH 5.0pH 6.0pH 7.0pH 8.0pH 9.0
124618.4011.607.571.74−4.34−10.4
224017.3011.806.772.86−3.43−9.46
324917.4012.206.413.59−3.04−10.70
Average value24517.7017.876.923.06−3.60−10.19
Standard deviation4.580.610.310.590.460.670.65
), ArticleFig(id=1241445043089757107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727996031699, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

磁铁矿理化性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sequence numberParticle size (nm)Zeta electric potential (mV)
pH 4.0pH 5.0pH 6.0pH 7.0pH 8.0pH 9.0
124618.4011.607.571.74−4.34−10.4
224017.3011.806.772.86−3.43−9.46
324917.4012.206.413.59−3.04−10.70
Average value24517.7017.876.923.06−3.60−10.19
Standard deviation4.580.610.310.590.460.670.65
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磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧还原甲基橙性能的影响
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刘鑫珍 1, 2 , 李惠民 2 , 赵刚 2 , 樊艳春 2 , 梅子奇 2 , 周雨柔 1, 2 , 曾晓丽 1, 2 , 胡春华 1, *
微生物学报 | 地质微生物应用 2024,64(6): 2091-2103
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微生物学报 | 地质微生物应用 2024, 64(6): 2091-2103
磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧还原甲基橙性能的影响
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刘鑫珍1, 2, 李惠民2, 赵刚2, 樊艳春2, 梅子奇2, 周雨柔1, 2, 曾晓丽1, 2, 胡春华1, *
作者信息
  • 1 南昌大学资源与环境学院, 江西 南昌 330031
  • 2 江西省生态环境科学研究与规划院, 江西 南昌 330000
Effect of magnetite on the performance of anaerobic reduction of methyl orange byShewanella oneidensis MR-1
Xinzhen LIU1, 2, Huimin LI2, Gang ZHAO2, Yanchun FAN2, Ziqi MEI2, Yurou ZHOU1, 2, Xiaoli ZENG1, 2, Chunhua HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
  • 2 Jiangxi Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi, China
出版时间: 2024-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230571
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【目的】在微生物对染料的厌氧还原转化过程中,前人研究发现磁铁矿可以作为胞外电子传递介质提高或降低染料的微生物还原速率,这两种截然不同的作用结果背后的作用机制仍亟待阐明。【方法】利用水热法合成磁铁矿,选择甲基橙作为微生物胞外还原的典型偶氮染料,研究磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧还原甲基橙(methyl orange, MO)的影响。【结果】研究发现磁铁矿对MO的降解表现出明显的浓度依赖性效应:同只添加细菌组相比,低浓度组(20−50 mg/L) MO的脱色效率提高了4.07%−10.64%,而高浓度组(100−200 mg/L)下降了3.92%−18.35%。进一步研究发现磁铁矿浓度变化对MO微生物还原的影响与染料在矿物表面的分配无关,主要体现在影响细胞表面形态、代谢活性和电子传递效率等方面。低浓度组ATP生成量提高了1.08%−7.65%,生成了0.033−0.051 mg/L Fe2+,而高浓度组ATP生成量降低了38.74%−60.14%,Fe2+浓度增至0.091 mg/L。此外,外源Fe2+的实验结果证明Fe2+对MO的厌氧还原同样表现出低浓度(0.01−0.02 mg/L)促进,高浓度(> 0.05 mg/L)抑制的影响趋势。【结论】低浓度磁铁矿未影响细菌细胞形态,提高了细胞代谢活性,体系中少量的溶解态Fe2+有利于MO微生物还原,而高浓度磁铁矿则表现出相反的影响趋势。本研究为全面理解磁铁矿对胞外电子传递的影响及其在有机污染物还原转化中的应用提供了参考。

磁铁矿  /  胞外电子传递  /  Fe2+  /  甲基橙  /  厌氧还原

[Objective] Studies have discovered that magnetite could be used as an extracellular electron transfer mediator to increase or decrease the microbial reduction rate of dyes. However, the mechanisms underlying these two distinct results remain to be elucidated. [Methods] In this study, magnetite was synthesized by the hydrothermal method and used for the anaerobic reduction of methyl orange (MO), a typical azo dye, byShewanella oneidensis MR-1. [Results] Magnetite exerted concentration-dependent effects on the degradation of MO. Specifically, low concentrations (20–50 mg/L) of magnetite increased the decolorization efficiency of MO by 4.07%–10.64%, while high concentrations (100–200 mg/L) of magnetite decreased the efficiency by 3.92%–18.35%, compared with the group with only bacteria for degradation. Furthermore, the changes in magnetite concentration affected cell surface morphology, metabolic activity, and electron transfer efficiency rather than the distribution of dyes on the microbial surface in the microbial reduction of MO. Low concentrations of magnetite increased ATP production by 1.08%–7.65% and led to the production of 0.033–0.051 mg/L Fe2+, while the high concentrations of magnetite decreased ATP production by 38.74%–60.14% and increased Fe2+ concentration to 0.091 mg/L. In addition, exogenous Fe2+ showed similar concentration-dependent effects on the anaerobic reduction of MO, i.e., promoting the MO reduction at low concentrations (0.01–0.02 mg/L) and inhibiting the reduction at high concentrations (> 0.05 mg/L). [Conclusion] Low concentrations of magnetite did not affect the bacterial cell morphology and improved the cell metabolic activity. A small amount of dissolved Fe2+ in the system favored the reduction of MO by bacteria, whereas high concentrations of magnetite showed an opposite influencing trend. This work enriches our understanding about the effect of magnetite on extracellular electron transfer and its application in the reductive transformation of organic pollutants.

magnetite  /  extracellular electron transport  /  Fe2+  /  methyl orange  /  anaerobic reduction
刘鑫珍, 李惠民, 赵刚, 樊艳春, 梅子奇, 周雨柔, 曾晓丽, 胡春华. 磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧还原甲基橙性能的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (6) : 2091 -2103 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230571
Xinzhen LIU, Huimin LI, Gang ZHAO, Yanchun FAN, Ziqi MEI, Yurou ZHOU, Xiaoli ZENG, Chunhua HU. Effect of magnetite on the performance of anaerobic reduction of methyl orange byShewanella oneidensis MR-1[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (6) : 2091 -2103 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230571
合成偶氮染料具有毒性、致突变性和致癌性,排放到环境之前须对其进行处理,以降低毒性水平和环境污染风险。目前已有多种物理、化学和生物方法来处理偶氮染料废水,其中生物降解被认为是经济高效且环境友好的方法[1]。研究普遍认为厌氧条件下偶氮染料生物降解过程中的关键限速步骤是厌氧脱色非特异性的电子传递过程,染料能够接收被厌氧脱色细菌传递到胞外的电子进而被还原转化[2]。通过导电材料来促进微生物的胞外电子传递效率,是加快偶氮染料生物降解的潜在解决方案[3]
磁铁矿是一种环境中广泛存在的良好导电矿物,它可以作为微生物的末端电子受体和微生物之间的电子传导介质影响微生物的生长代谢,被广泛用于增强厌氧生物降解中的胞外电子传递过程(extracellular electron transport, EET)[4-6]。尽管由磁铁矿介导的EET似乎是增强污染物生物降解的潜在技术,但关于外源性磁铁矿对微生物活性乃至胞外电子传递的影响仍存在争议。如有研究发现在厌氧消化和染料厌氧还原过程中,甲烷的产率和染料的还原效率均随着磁铁矿添加量的增加呈先促进后抑制的趋势,表明高剂量的磁铁矿可能会破坏细胞功能,从而抑制了微生物的活性[7-9]。之前的研究主要集中在外源性磁铁矿对有机污染物微生物降解的加强效应上,而关于磁铁矿对有机污染物微生物降解的抑制作用机制并未进一步阐明。此外,有研究表明材料的吸附作用可能影响环境中有机污染物的生物利用度[10],认为在大多数污染物的生物降解过程受污染物生物利用度程度的限制[11]。因此,关于磁铁矿对污染物的吸附及其对污染物微生物降解的影响尚需明确。
本研究选择甲基橙(methyl orange, MO)和奥奈达希瓦氏菌(Shewanella oneidensis) MR-1作为典型偶氮染料和模式菌株,在实验室中水热合成磁铁矿,分析不同浓度磁铁矿存在条件下MO还原脱色速率与磁铁矿吸附效率、Fe2+生成、细菌代谢活性等因素之间的内在联系。研究结果将为探索铁氧化物等导电材料用于有机污染物的还原转化过程提供参考。
本研究使用的磁铁矿采用水热法在实验室合成[12],烘干后研磨成粉末状,再过100目筛后收集备用。通过X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)定性分析物质分子结构;使用冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM) (Hitachi)和场发射透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)观察磁铁矿的表面形貌和微观结构;采用激光粒度仪(Malwern)、zeta电位分析仪(Malwern)对磁铁矿粒度和电位进行物理化学性能表征;使用傅里叶红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FTIR) (Thermo Fisher)和X射线光电子能谱仪(X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, XPS) (Thermo Fisher)对磁铁矿的结构信息进行分析。
研究使用的奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1由华中农业大学资源与环境学院提供。将该菌株在LB培养基中活化并扩大培养,在30 ℃下进行好氧培养到对数生长期后期,5 000 r/min离心10 min收获,用50 mmol/L N-2-羟乙基哌嗪-N′-2-乙磺酸(N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, HEPES)缓冲溶液洗涤2次后,将菌液细胞密度(OD600)调节至1.0后用于后续实验使用[13]。HEPES缓冲溶液用2 mmol/L NaOH溶液将pH调节至7.0左右。
分别加入已灭菌的乳酸钠2 mL和MO 5 mL于22 mL含隔垫棕色螺纹瓶中,乳酸钠和MO的最终浓度为10 mmol/L和1 mmol/L。然后加入不同质量的磁铁矿悬浮液(预先超声处理10 min),使体系中最终质量浓度为20、50、100、200 mg/L,最后加入HEPEs溶液和培养好的OD600为1.0的菌液1.0 mL,使体系最终体积为10 mL,每组设置3个平行实验。氮吹20 min后置于28 ℃、200 r/min恒温振荡培养箱(江苏正基仪器有限公司)培养,利用一次性注射器定时吸取1 mL体系内液体并装入试管中,10 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液检测MO浓度变化[13]。MO含量采用酶标仪(Thermo Scientific)在465 nm波长处测定,去除效率按公式(1)计算。
式中:R为去除率,%;A0为0 h吸光度测定值;Ai为i h吸光度测定值。
分别加入不同体积MO溶液于50 mL三角锥形瓶中,使初始浓度分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6、1.8、2.0 mmol/L,加入磁铁矿200 mg,于恒温振荡培养箱中振荡4 h后取出,计算去除效率和吸附容量。磁铁矿对MO的吸附容量(qe)和吸附效率(R)通过公式(2−3)计算。实验设置3组平行样测试,再取平均值。
式中:Ce为吸附平衡时的溶质浓度,mg/L;C0为吸附前溶质的初始浓度,mg/L;m为吸附剂的质量,g;V为溶液的体积,L。
研究拟采用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型对吸附质在吸附剂上的吸附特征进行分析,以了解吸附材料的表面性质、吸附材料与吸附质之间的作用力等。两个模型的线性表达式见公式(4−5)。
式中:qe为实际饱和吸附量,mg/g;qmax为理论饱和吸附量,mg/g;b为Langmuir吸附系数。以Ce为横坐标,Ce/qe为纵坐标作图,所得斜率和截距即可求得qmaxb
式中:n为与吸附强度有关的参数;KF为Freundlich吸附平衡常数,mg/g。以lnCe为横坐标,lnqe为纵坐标作图,所得斜率和截距即可求得nKF
对细胞、氧化铁-细胞进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)项目分析,以观察细胞形态及氧化铁在细菌表面的吸附状况、对细菌细胞膜结构的影响等。使用Bac Titer-Glo试剂盒检测奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1的ATP产量以评价代谢活性。离心收集细菌细胞,用HEPES缓冲溶液洗涤2次。在不渗透的96孔板中,每孔加入50 μL的细菌悬液,然后加入等量的ATP试剂盒。摇晃5 min后,用多功能酶标仪(Thermo Scientific)检测荧光强度(relative light unit, RLU)[14]
加入磁铁矿和菌液于22 mL含隔垫棕色螺纹瓶中,氮吹20 min后置于28 ℃、200 r/min恒温振荡培养箱培养20 h,分别在0、2、4、8、20 h取样测定Fe2+含量。然后再加入乳酸钠、HEPES缓冲溶液和MO溶液,氮吹20 min后置于28 ℃、200 r/min恒温振荡培养箱培养,定时取样测定MO含量。同时采用FeCl2测定Fe2+对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR‑1厌氧脱色能力的影响,实验体系中Fe2+最终浓度分别为0、0.01、0.02、0.05、0.1、0.2 mg/L。Fe2+含量采用邻菲罗啉分光光度法测定,于酶标仪510 nm波长处测吸光度。
对实验合成所得磁铁矿粉末进行表征。XRD谱图显示(图1),在2θ为30°、35°、43°、53°、57°和63°时分别出现明显的特征峰,和磁铁矿标准样品的标准卡片图谱(JCPDS: 19-0629)较为一致,且与磁铁矿晶体的(220)、(311)、(400)、(422)、(511)和(440)晶面相符合[15],表明通过水热法制得的磁铁矿较为成功。
SEM及TEM结果显示(图2),合成磁铁矿大多呈规则的四面体形或八面体形,粒径分布较均匀,为典型的磁铁矿颗粒形状,平均粒径为245 nm (表1)。此外,通过测定磁铁矿的zeta电位分析了其表面带电性能(表1)。磁铁矿通常在酸性条件下带正电荷,而在碱性条件下带负电荷,测试结果也与该结论[16]一致。
XPS光谱图不仅能对测定磁铁矿材料定性、定量地分析所含元素种类及含量,还能对各元素的价态进行分析。分析结果得知磁铁矿中所含元素主要为Fe原子(22.65%)、O原子(53.47%)和C原子(23.88%)。Fe2p区域谱图中(图3B),位于711 eV和720 eV的特征峰是Fe3O4的Fe2p3/2,而725 eV处的特征峰是属于Fe3O4的Fep1/2,Fe2p3/2的不同峰代表了Fe3O4的八面体配位或四面体配位[17]图3C显示了磁铁矿的O1s区域谱图,位于530 eV的峰为磁铁矿的特征峰[18],此外无其他特征峰,也进一步表明了制备磁铁矿具有较高的纯度。
通过FTIR光谱图(图4)可以对磁铁矿的化学键和分子结构进行分析,FTIR光谱图显示在410 cm−1和580 cm−1处存在磁铁矿的特征峰,即Fe3O4八面体基团(Fe3+−O2−)伸缩振动峰(410 cm−1带)和Fe3O4四面体基团(Fe3+−O2−)伸缩振动峰(580 cm−1带)[18],此外无其他明显特征峰。
为了解磁铁矿对MO的吸附效果,测定了磁铁矿对不同浓度MO的吸附效果。由图5可知,当体系中磁铁矿含量为4 000 mg/L时,磁铁矿对MO的吸附率最高能达到57% (图5B),吸附容量达到37.67 mg/g (图5A),说明磁铁矿对MO具有比较好的吸附效能。经Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型线性拟合分析后,两种吸附模型的相关系数分别为0.985和0.987,两种吸附模型的相关系数非常相近且均已达到最佳拟合效果,说明Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型均能很好地描述磁铁矿对MO的等温吸附。结果表明MO在磁铁矿上的吸附发生在均质表面,吸附位点及吸附能量均匀分布,且吸附质之间不发生相互作用[19]
为了解磁铁矿吸附作用对MO厌氧脱色的影响,分别测定了20、50、100、200 mg/L磁铁矿对MO的吸附效果。发现磁铁矿对MO的吸附量随磁铁矿含量的增加而有所增加,但最高浓度时对MO的吸附效率也不足3.0% (图5C),因此认为20−200 mg/L浓度范围内磁铁矿的吸附作用对MO生物利用度和厌氧脱色效率的影响有限,MO的去除应归因于生物降解而不是吸附作用。
在厌氧条件下研究了磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1脱色能力的影响。如图6所示,磁铁矿对MO降解表现出明显的浓度依赖性效应,随着磁铁矿浓度的增加,MO生物脱色由促进作用逐渐转变为抑制作用。与未添加磁铁矿的对照组相比,低浓度磁铁矿组(20−50 mg/L) MO脱色效率提高了4.07%−10.64%。这可能是磁铁矿作为电子传导介质[4]或其溶解释放的Fe3+和Fe2+通过Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化还原循环作为电子穿梭体[9],促进了奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1与MO之间的EET,从而促进了MO的厌氧脱色效率。此外由于磁铁矿的还原电位较低,在厌氧环境中为厌氧微生物创造了更有利的代谢环境,以往的研究结果表明低还原电位有利于电子传递和改善厌氧微生物的生存环境以进行偶氮还原[20-21]。但随着磁铁矿浓度的增加(100−200 mg/L),MO的脱色效率下降了3.92%−18.35%。由此可以看出,高浓度磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1产生了毒性效应。迄今为止,观察到的磁铁矿对微生物的毒性效应归因于活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的产生及细胞膜结构被破坏等[22]。一般认为磁铁矿诱导细胞内ROS增加是导致其对微生物毒性效应的主要原因[23-24],但是由于在厌氧条件下几乎不会产生ROS,所以认为ROS生成不是造成本研究中毒性效应产生的原因,而诱导毒性效应的其他因素有待进一步研究。
为了探究磁铁矿对细胞形态的影响,研究了磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1细胞形态的影响变化。SEM观察发现,与未添加磁铁矿培养的细菌相比(图7A),添加20 mg/L和50 mg/L的磁铁矿对细菌形态没有显著影响(图7B7C),只有极少数细菌表面观察到褶皱或孔隙,该现象与李俊峡等的研究结果相一致[25]。添加100 mg/L磁铁矿处理后的大量细胞形态出现明显皱纹且细胞表面上观察到明显的孔隙(图7D),而经200 mg/L磁铁矿处理过的细胞表面上的孔隙更为明显,甚至表现出明显凹陷的形态(图7E)。Ahmad等[26]认为细菌细胞表面形态显著塌陷(包括无序的皱纹和破裂)证明细胞已死亡,结果表明高浓度磁铁矿会对细胞表面形态造成严重的损害作用导致其死亡。此外细胞结构的严重损伤也会使细胞膜通透性增加,导致细胞内成分(如蛋白质)的泄漏[27],也可能影响细胞外膜的相关功能[28]
通过ATP的生成量对细胞代谢活性进行了评估。ATP的合成依赖于奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧呼吸过程中的电子转移,是细胞内与电子传递相关代谢活动的有效指标[29]。研究发现随着磁铁矿浓度的增加,对细菌ATP生成的影响呈先增加后减少的趋势。奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1在20 mg/L和50 mg/L磁铁矿存在下ATP的生成量比未添加磁铁矿的对照组分别高7.65%和1.08% (图8)。结果表明20 mg/L磁铁矿促进了细胞代谢活性,进而增强希瓦氏菌MR-1与MO之间的EET,最终促进了MO的厌氧脱色。而磁铁矿浓度为100 mg/L和200 mg/L时ATP的生成量逐渐下降,分别比对照组低38.74%和60.14% (图8)。结果表明,高浓度磁铁矿产生的毒性效应会抑制细胞的厌氧代谢活性及电子传递效率,从而降低希瓦氏菌MR-1的厌氧脱色能力。
在磁铁矿的培养实验中(图9A),20 h内体系中Fe2+释放量与时间成正比,且释放的Fe2+浓度随着磁铁矿浓度的增加而逐渐增加,培养20 h后体系中Fe2+浓度达到稳定状态,20 mg/L磁铁矿释放出0.033 mg/L Fe2+,50 mg/L磁铁矿释放出0.051 mg/L Fe2+,100 mg/L磁铁矿释放出0.091 mg/L Fe2+。以往研究将环境中释放的Fe2+分为分布在溶液中的溶解态Fe2+和吸附在氧化铁矿物表面的吸附态Fe2+[30-31]。在Zhang等[32]的研究体系中,吸附态Fe2+/释放总Fe2+均超过70%。由于磁铁矿在中性条件下不易溶解,故认为由微生物还原氧化铁所产生的吸附态Fe2+是体系中Fe2+的重要组成。
在释放Fe2+对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧脱色影响的实验中(图9B),与未先培养20 h的对照组相比,先培养20 h的实验组的厌氧脱色效率均低于对照组,加入20、50、100 mg/L磁铁矿培养前后导致希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧脱色效率分别降低了16.49%、18.90%、25.76%。这些结果表明释放的生源性Fe2+对希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧脱色起抑制作用,该抑制作用对释放Fe2+浓度具有依赖性,释放Fe2+浓度越高抑制作用越显著。Tobler等[33]的研究结果发现,吸附态Fe2+仅通过直接接触介导电子传递,并在环境中起到储存电子的作用,说明吸附态Fe2+含量越高则传递至污染物的电子量越少。图9A表明随着磁铁矿浓度增加,体系中越来越多吸附态Fe2+生成。因此本研究中高浓度磁铁矿体系释放的吸附态Fe2+抑制了EET,可能是造成MO微生物厌氧还原抑制作用的重要因素。
为了进一步确定释放的Fe2+对MO厌氧生物脱色的影响,使用了外源FeCl2研究Fe2+对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧脱色的影响。前期添加外源FeCl2与MO的对照处理实验证实了Fe2+本身对MO的厌氧脱色过程并无影响。外源FeCl2对MO脱色的实验结果证明Fe2+对MO的厌氧还原同样表现出低浓度(0.01−0.02 mg/L)促进,高浓度(> 0.05 mg/L)抑制的影响趋势(图10)。这说明溶解态Fe2+浓度是影响MO生物脱色的重要因素。铁是微生物生长代谢所需的必需营养元素,同时作为一种重要的辅助因子,有助于金属酶的生物学功能以维持微生物的生长和代谢[34],因此适当的溶解态Fe2+浓度可以促进细胞活性并促进污染物的去除。Zhang等[32]认为少量溶解态Fe2+可以显著促进电子传递效率,进而加强有机污染物的去除,该结论进一步验证了低浓度外源Fe2+的促进效果。而高浓度外源Fe2+的抑制作用表明过量溶解态Fe2+会对微生物产生毒性效应,说明高浓度磁铁矿组(100−200 mg/L)中溶解态Fe2+含量可能超过0.05 mg/L,并因此破坏细胞表面形态甚至影响细胞外膜的相关功能。此外,研究发现0.01 mg/L和0.02 mg/L外源Fe2+的促进效果均低于20 mg/L磁铁矿组的促进效果,这应归因于磁铁矿的溶解使Fe2+的逐渐释放,有助于避免急性Fe2+与细菌接触引起的应激毒性。基于上述结果,可以确认溶解释放的Fe2+对磁铁矿的厌氧生物效应至关重要。
通过研究磁铁矿对奥奈达希瓦氏菌MR-1厌氧还原甲基橙(MO)的影响,结果表明,磁铁矿对MO厌氧还原的影响呈低浓度促进高浓度抑制的趋势,且MO的去除应归因于生物降解而不是吸附作用。低浓度磁铁矿(20−50 mg/L)生成了0.033−0.051 mg/L Fe2+,ATP生成量提高了1.08%−7.65%,MO去除效率提高了4.07%−10.64%,表明低浓度磁铁矿及其释放的少量Fe2+增强了微生物与MO之间的EET,进而促进了MO的厌氧还原。而高浓度磁铁矿(100−200 mg/L)存在时,磁铁矿对MO的吸附效率不足3%,细胞膜表面出现明显皱纹和孔隙,ATP生成量降低了38.74%−60.14%,体系中释放Fe2+超过0.091 mg/L,MO去除效率下降了3.92%−18.35%,表明高浓度磁铁矿及其释放的过量Fe2+破坏了微生物的细胞表面形态及抑制了微生物代谢活性和EET,从而降低了希瓦氏菌MR-1的厌氧还原能力,而对MO生物利用度的影响有限。此外,外源FeCl2实验证明了释放的少量溶解态Fe2+ (0.01−0.02 mg/L)有利于MO的微生物厌氧还原,而过量溶解态Fe2+ (> 0.05 mg/L)可能是造成微生物产生毒性效应的重要因素,但过量溶解态Fe2+对微生物产生毒性效应的机制有待进一步确定。本研究将有助于更全面地了解磁铁矿对胞外电子传递的影响及其在有机污染物还原转化中的作用,为探索铁氧化物等导电材料用于有机污染物的还原转化过程提供参考。
  • 江西省自然科学基金(20212BAB203026)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41663002)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230571
  • 接收时间:2023-09-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-07
  • 录用日期:2023-11-16
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20212BAB203026)
江西省自然科学基金(20212BAB203026)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41663002)
国家自然科学基金(41663002)
作者信息
    1 南昌大学资源与环境学院, 江西 南昌 330031
    2 江西省生态环境科学研究与规划院, 江西 南昌 330000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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