Article(id=1241377727735976271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1716220800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-21, onlineDate=1773897113975, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1717430400000, pubDateStr=2024-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897113975, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897113975, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897113975, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241377719049572379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='6', pageStart='1691', pageEnd='2143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897111904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897665313, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2115, endPage=2132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241377728109269361, articleId=1241377727735976271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification, and mechanism of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degraderAquabacter sediminis P-9T in mangrove sediment, columnId=1241377722715394129, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Geomicrobiological Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a kind of teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic organic pollutants. In recent years, the pollution of PAHs in mangrove ecosystems has attracted widespread attention, for which microbial degradation has been recognized as an effective, economical, and multifunctional treatment approach. Researchers have identified a large number of bacteria that utilize PAHs as carbon and energy sources, whereas these bacteria generally suffer from low degradation efficiency, narrow degradation spectra, and poor adaptability to high-salinity environments. In addition, the degradation mechanisms of PAH-degrading bacteria from mangroves remain to be fully explored. [Objective] The present study screened efficient and broad-spectrum PAH-degrading strains in mangrove sediments and explored their degradation efficiency and mechanism, with a view to providing a solid scientific foundation for the innovative research and development of microbial remediation technologies in mangrove ecosystems in the future. [Methods] A new PAH-degrading strain P-9T was isolated from mangrove sediments collected from Futian, Shenzhen and identified based on the phenotypic and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. The genomic DNA of this strain was extracted and sequenced, and the potential of P-9T in degrading PAHs was investigated by genomic analysis. The degradation ability of P-9T was measured at different temperatures (25–40 ℃), pH (5.0–9.0), and substrate conditions. Finally, according to the intermediate metabolites detected by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), we preliminarily revealed the mechanism of P-9T in degrading PAHs. [Results] Strain P-9T was proposed to represent a potential novel species belonging toAquabacter ofXanthobacteraceae and named asAquabacter sediminis P-9T, which was also the first PAH-degrader identified within this genus. A complete benzoate degradation pathway and key genes encoding dehydrogenase, salicylate hydroxylase, and cytochrome P450 involved in PAHs degradation were found identified in the genome of P-9T. Strain P-9T could use naphthalene, phenanthrene, or pyrene as the sole carbon and energy source and grow at 25–40 ℃ and pH 5.0–8.0. In a mineral salt medium (MSM) with phenanthrene (50 mg/L) as the substrate, the degradation efficiency reached 100% after five days. Several metabolites, such as 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 1,2-naphthalenediol, catechol, and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde were detected, which indicated that strain P-9T might degrade PAHs via the salicylate pathway. [Conclusion] A.sediminis P-9T, the first strain ofAquabacter identified to be capable of degrading PAHs could efficiently degrade naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene via the salicylate pathway, with the optimum degradation performance at 37 ℃ and pH 7.0.

, correspAuthors=Meng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Meng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiayi LI, Yuhan HUANG, Lirui LIU, Meng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241377731959640734, articleId=1241377727735976271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=红树林沉积物中多环芳烃降解菌Aquabacter sediminis P-9T的分离、鉴定及降解机制的研究, columnId=1241377722941886549, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=地质微生物应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)是一类具有致畸、致癌和致突变特性的高风险有毒污染物,近年来,关于红树林生态系统受到PAHs污染的报道引起广泛关注,微生物降解被认为是处理PAHs污染的有效、经济和多功能替代方法。目前,研究者发现了大量细菌利用PAHs污染作为碳源和能源,然而其普遍存在降解效率偏低、降解谱系窄、对高盐环境适应性差等问题,红树林来源的PAHs降解菌的降解机理尚待充分挖掘。【目的】在红树林沉积物中定向筛选针对PAHs的高效广谱降解菌,并深入探讨其降解效能与作用机制,以期为红树林生态系统中微生物污染修复技术的创新研发提供坚实的科学基础。【方法】从深圳福田红树林沉积物筛选出一株降解PAHs的潜在新种菌株P-9T,通过形态学观察、生理生化特性检测和16S rRNA基因序列分析,对该菌株进行鉴定;基于菌株基因组测序与分析预测该菌株的PAHs代谢潜能;在不同温度(25−40 ℃)、不同pH (5.0−9.0)和不同底物条件下,对菌株P-9T的降解能力进行测定;利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)技术检测菌株降解PAHs的中间代谢产物,初步揭示P-9T降解PAHs的代谢机制。【结果】菌株P-9T为黄色杆菌科(Xanthobacteraceae)水杆菌属(Aquabacter)的潜在新种,暂命名为Aquabacter sediminis P-9T,也是Aquabacter属中首次发现的PAHs降解菌种;在菌株A.sediminis P-9T的基因组中则发现了一条完整的苯甲酸盐降解通路,以及参与萘和其他PAHs降解的脱氢酶、水杨酸羟化酶和细胞色素P450等关键基因。菌株P-9T可以在25−40 ℃和pH 5.0−8.0的条件下降解菲,并且可分别以萘、菲、芘为唯一碳源生长繁殖。在菲初始浓度为50 mg/L下培养5 d降解率达100%。利用HPLC-ESI-MS/MS技术检测发现,该菌株对萘、菲、芘降解的中间代谢产物包括1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、1,2-萘二酚和儿茶酚和1-羟基-2-萘醛。推断菌株P-9T是采用水杨酸途径降解PAHs。【结论】A.sediminis P-9TAquabacter属的新种,而且是该属中首次发现的PAHs降解菌,最佳降解条件为37 ℃和pH 7.0,可通过水杨酸途径高效降解萘、菲及芘。

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Identification of phenanthrene-degrading strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsIdentification16S rRNA gene similarity (%)
P-1Mycolicibacterium mucogenicum98.88
P-2Mycolicibacterium mucogenicum99.15
P-6Aquabacter cavernae98.26
P-9TAquabacter cavernae98.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241445037913985803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727735976271, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分离的菲降解菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsIdentification16S rRNA gene similarity (%)
P-1Mycolicibacterium mucogenicum98.88
P-2Mycolicibacterium mucogenicum99.15
P-6Aquabacter cavernae98.26
P-9TAquabacter cavernae98.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241445038165644053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727735976271, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Different characteristics amongAquabactersediminis P-9T,Aquabacter cavernae Sn-9-2T,Aquabacter spiritensis DSM 9035T andXanthobacter autotrophicus DSM 432T

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristic12*3*4*
1:Aquabactersediminis P-9T; 2:Aquabacter cavernae Sn-9-2T; 3:Aquabacter spiritensis DSM 9035T; 4:Xanthobacter autotrophicus DSM 432T.*: Data from references[22-24]; +: Positive; −: Negative.
Colony colorWhiteYellowWhiteYellow
Gram stain
Growth temperature (℃)15−4015−4015−4010−35
Growth pH5.0−9.05.0−9.05.0−8.06.0−8.0
Catalase++++
Oxidase+++
16S rRNA gene similarity (%)98.2697.0197.16
Genome size (Mb)5.34.55.25.0
DNA G+C content (%)66.967.567.667.6
ANI (%)78.4576.9177.12
AAI (%)73.3772.5369.25
dDDH (%)22.721.922.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241445038413107996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727735976271, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Aquabacter sediminis P-9T与3个模式株的生理生化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristic12*3*4*
1:Aquabactersediminis P-9T; 2:Aquabacter cavernae Sn-9-2T; 3:Aquabacter spiritensis DSM 9035T; 4:Xanthobacter autotrophicus DSM 432T.*: Data from references[22-24]; +: Positive; −: Negative.
Colony colorWhiteYellowWhiteYellow
Gram stain
Growth temperature (℃)15−4015−4015−4010−35
Growth pH5.0−9.05.0−9.05.0−8.06.0−8.0
Catalase++++
Oxidase+++
16S rRNA gene similarity (%)98.2697.0197.16
Genome size (Mb)5.34.55.25.0
DNA G+C content (%)66.967.567.667.6
ANI (%)78.4576.9177.12
AAI (%)73.3772.5369.25
dDDH (%)22.721.922.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241445038819955493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727735976271, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Genes involved in PAHs degradation ofAquabacter sediminis P-9T

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene nameAnnotated proteinRefseq_ID
benCBenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase reductase componentWP_274775006.1
benDDihydroxy cyclohexadiene carboxylate dehydrogenaseWP_274776462.1
catACatechol-1,2-dioxygenaseWP_274776463.1
pcaJCoA-transferaseWP_274776942.1
fadAAcetyl-CoA acyltransferaseWP_274776900.1
GSTCytochrome P450WP_274773836.1
adhPAlcohol dehydrogenaseWP_274773956.1
nahSalicylate hydroxylaseWP_274777967.1
ligBExtradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenaseWP_274776980.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241445038949978925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727735976271, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Aquabacter sediminis P-9T中参与PAHs降解的关键基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene nameAnnotated proteinRefseq_ID
benCBenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase reductase componentWP_274775006.1
benDDihydroxy cyclohexadiene carboxylate dehydrogenaseWP_274776462.1
catACatechol-1,2-dioxygenaseWP_274776463.1
pcaJCoA-transferaseWP_274776942.1
fadAAcetyl-CoA acyltransferaseWP_274776900.1
GSTCytochrome P450WP_274773836.1
adhPAlcohol dehydrogenaseWP_274773956.1
nahSalicylate hydroxylaseWP_274777967.1
ligBExtradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenaseWP_274776980.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241445039193248564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727735976271, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Degradation rate of different PAHs byAquabactersediminis P-9T in 8 days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PAHsConcentration (mg/L)Degradation rate (%)
Naphthalene25100.0
Phenanthrene25100.0
Pyrene25100.0
Naphthalene+Phenanthrene+Pyrene25+25+2596.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241445039306494780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377727735976271, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Aquabacter sediminis P-9T在8 d内对不同底物的降解效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PAHsConcentration (mg/L)Degradation rate (%)
Naphthalene25100.0
Phenanthrene25100.0
Pyrene25100.0
Naphthalene+Phenanthrene+Pyrene25+25+2596.7
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红树林沉积物中多环芳烃降解菌Aquabacter sediminis P-9T的分离、鉴定及降解机制的研究
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李嘉谊 1, 2 , 黄雨晗 1, 2, 3 , 刘力睿 1, 2 , 李猛 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 地质微生物应用 2024,64(6): 2115-2132
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微生物学报 | 地质微生物应用 2024, 64(6): 2115-2132
红树林沉积物中多环芳烃降解菌Aquabacter sediminis P-9T的分离、鉴定及降解机制的研究
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李嘉谊1, 2, 黄雨晗1, 2, 3, 刘力睿1, 2, 李猛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 深圳大学高等研究院 古菌生物学研究中心, 广东 深圳 518060
  • 2 深圳大学高等研究院 深圳市海洋微生物组工程重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518060
  • 3 深圳大学生命与海洋学院, 广东 深圳 518060
Isolation, identification, and mechanism of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degraderAquabacter sediminis P-9T in mangrove sediment
Jiayi LI1, 2, Yuhan HUANG1, 2, 3, Lirui LIU1, 2, Meng LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
  • 2 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
  • 3 College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240186
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多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)是一类具有致畸、致癌和致突变特性的高风险有毒污染物,近年来,关于红树林生态系统受到PAHs污染的报道引起广泛关注,微生物降解被认为是处理PAHs污染的有效、经济和多功能替代方法。目前,研究者发现了大量细菌利用PAHs污染作为碳源和能源,然而其普遍存在降解效率偏低、降解谱系窄、对高盐环境适应性差等问题,红树林来源的PAHs降解菌的降解机理尚待充分挖掘。【目的】在红树林沉积物中定向筛选针对PAHs的高效广谱降解菌,并深入探讨其降解效能与作用机制,以期为红树林生态系统中微生物污染修复技术的创新研发提供坚实的科学基础。【方法】从深圳福田红树林沉积物筛选出一株降解PAHs的潜在新种菌株P-9T,通过形态学观察、生理生化特性检测和16S rRNA基因序列分析,对该菌株进行鉴定;基于菌株基因组测序与分析预测该菌株的PAHs代谢潜能;在不同温度(25−40 ℃)、不同pH (5.0−9.0)和不同底物条件下,对菌株P-9T的降解能力进行测定;利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)技术检测菌株降解PAHs的中间代谢产物,初步揭示P-9T降解PAHs的代谢机制。【结果】菌株P-9T为黄色杆菌科(Xanthobacteraceae)水杆菌属(Aquabacter)的潜在新种,暂命名为Aquabacter sediminis P-9T,也是Aquabacter属中首次发现的PAHs降解菌种;在菌株A.sediminis P-9T的基因组中则发现了一条完整的苯甲酸盐降解通路,以及参与萘和其他PAHs降解的脱氢酶、水杨酸羟化酶和细胞色素P450等关键基因。菌株P-9T可以在25−40 ℃和pH 5.0−8.0的条件下降解菲,并且可分别以萘、菲、芘为唯一碳源生长繁殖。在菲初始浓度为50 mg/L下培养5 d降解率达100%。利用HPLC-ESI-MS/MS技术检测发现,该菌株对萘、菲、芘降解的中间代谢产物包括1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、1,2-萘二酚和儿茶酚和1-羟基-2-萘醛。推断菌株P-9T是采用水杨酸途径降解PAHs。【结论】A.sediminis P-9TAquabacter属的新种,而且是该属中首次发现的PAHs降解菌,最佳降解条件为37 ℃和pH 7.0,可通过水杨酸途径高效降解萘、菲及芘。

红树林沉积物  /  Aquabacter sediminis P-9T  /  多环芳烃降解  /  水杨酸降解途径

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a kind of teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic organic pollutants. In recent years, the pollution of PAHs in mangrove ecosystems has attracted widespread attention, for which microbial degradation has been recognized as an effective, economical, and multifunctional treatment approach. Researchers have identified a large number of bacteria that utilize PAHs as carbon and energy sources, whereas these bacteria generally suffer from low degradation efficiency, narrow degradation spectra, and poor adaptability to high-salinity environments. In addition, the degradation mechanisms of PAH-degrading bacteria from mangroves remain to be fully explored. [Objective] The present study screened efficient and broad-spectrum PAH-degrading strains in mangrove sediments and explored their degradation efficiency and mechanism, with a view to providing a solid scientific foundation for the innovative research and development of microbial remediation technologies in mangrove ecosystems in the future. [Methods] A new PAH-degrading strain P-9T was isolated from mangrove sediments collected from Futian, Shenzhen and identified based on the phenotypic and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. The genomic DNA of this strain was extracted and sequenced, and the potential of P-9T in degrading PAHs was investigated by genomic analysis. The degradation ability of P-9T was measured at different temperatures (25–40 ℃), pH (5.0–9.0), and substrate conditions. Finally, according to the intermediate metabolites detected by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), we preliminarily revealed the mechanism of P-9T in degrading PAHs. [Results] Strain P-9T was proposed to represent a potential novel species belonging toAquabacter ofXanthobacteraceae and named asAquabacter sediminis P-9T, which was also the first PAH-degrader identified within this genus. A complete benzoate degradation pathway and key genes encoding dehydrogenase, salicylate hydroxylase, and cytochrome P450 involved in PAHs degradation were found identified in the genome of P-9T. Strain P-9T could use naphthalene, phenanthrene, or pyrene as the sole carbon and energy source and grow at 25–40 ℃ and pH 5.0–8.0. In a mineral salt medium (MSM) with phenanthrene (50 mg/L) as the substrate, the degradation efficiency reached 100% after five days. Several metabolites, such as 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 1,2-naphthalenediol, catechol, and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde were detected, which indicated that strain P-9T might degrade PAHs via the salicylate pathway. [Conclusion] A.sediminis P-9T, the first strain ofAquabacter identified to be capable of degrading PAHs could efficiently degrade naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene via the salicylate pathway, with the optimum degradation performance at 37 ℃ and pH 7.0.

mangrove sediments  /  Aquabacter sediminis P-9T  /  degradation of PAHs  /  salicylate pathway
李嘉谊, 黄雨晗, 刘力睿, 李猛. 红树林沉积物中多环芳烃降解菌Aquabacter sediminis P-9T的分离、鉴定及降解机制的研究. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (6) : 2115 -2132 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240186
Jiayi LI, Yuhan HUANG, Lirui LIU, Meng LI. Isolation, identification, and mechanism of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degraderAquabacter sediminis P-9T in mangrove sediment[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (6) : 2115 -2132 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240186
受人为活动的影响,自然环境中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)等有机污染物累积问题日益突出。红树林湿地作为沿海地区重要的生态系统,海陆交接的地域优势为其带来了丰富的生物多样性,同时也带来了大量污染物累积的严重威胁[1]。经监测,近年来海南、湛江地区红树林湿地表层水体和表层沉积物受PAHs污染,处于中度生态风险[2-3];而深圳市红树林表层沉积物PAHs在2013年的总含量均值达996.0 ng/g,其中萘和菲所占比例最高[4]
PAHs可通过皮肤接触、饮食、抽烟甚至呼吸进入人体,达到一定浓度可造成内分泌紊乱,甚至损伤细胞DNA,造成染色体畸变,进一步导致组织器官病变[5-6]。因其具有“三致性”且自然降解效率慢,是环境污染物治理的重点对象。在许多环境修复改良方法中,微生物降解是主要的解决手段,至今已发现许多降解菌可通过水杨酸途径或者邻苯二甲酸途径来彻底降解PAHs[7-9]。红树林沉积物中孕育着丰富的PAHs降解菌,其中不乏至今仍未被发现的新物种。2018年,蔡丽希等通过富集驯化培养,从广西钦州茅尾海红树林表层土样中筛选出芘的降解菌群YL,该菌群21 d内对50 mg/L芘的降解率可达92.09%[10];2021年,赵梦飞对广西北海红树林表沉积物苯并(a)芘驯化菌群进行分离培养鉴定,获得7株新菌,其中6株细菌为需酸红树林单胞菌属(Acidimangrovimonas),1株细菌为土壤红细菌属(Solirhodobacter)[11]。虽然关于PAHs降解菌的研究已有不少报道,但是对于红树林沉积物中高效降解菌降解机制的研究报道并不多,尤其是一些新发现的PAHs降解菌属,它们的降解机制仍有待深入探索。
本研究以深圳福田红树林自然保护区的红树林湿地沉积物为材料,从中分离鉴定可降解PAHs的潜在新种,综合基因组的分析与代谢中间产物的检测来揭示红树林沉积物中PAHs微生物降解的代谢途径。研究结果可为构建红树林特色功能菌库提供资源,揭示降解菌的降解能力和代谢机制,加强微生物修复红树林沉积物PAHs污染的理论依据和应用基础。
沉积物样品取自深圳湾福田红树林自然保护区,凤塘河口小岛对面(22°31′35′′N,114°1′34′′E),采集表层0−30 cm的沉积物,存放于无菌自封袋中,4 ℃保藏。
无机盐培养基(minimal salt medium, MSM) (g/L):(NH4)2SO4 2.00,MgSO4·7H2O 0.20,KH2PO4 1.50,Na2HPO4·12H2O 1.50,CaCl2·2H2O 0.01,固体培养基额外加入琼脂15.00,121 ℃灭菌30 min,常温冷却后加入500.00 μL Wolfe氏矿物溶液备用;R2A培养基购自青岛海博生物技术有限公司。
多环芳烃母液:萘、菲、芘各0.05 g/mL,丙酮为溶剂,过滤除菌后避光常温保存备用;基因组提取采用TaKaRa MiniBEST Kit (TaKaRa公司)。
称取沉积物样品5 g,添加到250 mL的MSM液体培养基(菲50 mg/L)中,在37 ℃、180 r/min的恒温振荡摇床中富集培养约10 d为一代,驯化至第三代后取样进行梯度稀释,10−1、10−2、10−3这3个梯度各取100 μL均匀涂布在含有菲(50 mg/L)的MSM固体培养基上,每个梯度做3个重复,37 ℃恒温培养5−7 d。根据菌落形态差异筛选菌株,划线转接至少5代,得到纯化的菲降解菌,然后接种至R2A培养基,于37 ℃恒温培养,添加体积分数为25%的甘油保藏于−80 ℃备用。
P-9T划线接种至R2A固体培养基培养3−5 d后观察单菌落形态的大小、颜色、边缘整齐度等特征;取液体培养对数生长期菌液参照梁静南等[12]的方法进行制样,对单细胞形态进行扫描电镜观察;根据革兰氏染色试剂盒(青岛海博生物技术有限公司)的说明进行革兰氏染色后,利用光学显微镜观察染色结果。
以1%接种量进行接种至R2A液体培养基中,分别放置在15、20、25、28、30、37、40、45、50 ℃ 的恒温振荡培养箱中,每个温度做3个平行,同一转速(180 r/min)进行培养。pH生长范围检测则是以同一接种量(1%)接种至pH 5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0和10.0的液体培养基中,每个梯度做3个平行,在37 ℃和180 r/min的条件下进行恒温培养,分别在0、24、48、72、96和120 h取样,用多功能酶标仪检测菌液的OD600值 。将菌株接种至R2A固体培养基中放入25 L的密封培养袋,分别加入厌氧产气包和微需氧产气包,消耗袋中氧气营造厌氧和微需氧条件。在37 ℃条件下,进行为期14 d的恒温培养后观察菌株是否具有在低氧条件下生长的能力。
取50 μL生长良好的菌液,加入100 μL体积分数为3%的过氧化氢溶液,观察是否产生气泡,有气泡产生表示具有过氧化氢酶活性,否则为阴性;滴加10 μL去离子水至含有N, N, N′, N′-四甲基对苯二胺盐酸盐的氧化酶检测试纸,用无菌接种环挑取单菌落均匀涂抹至湿润的试纸中,等待30−60 s,30 s内试纸变蓝表明氧化酶强阳性,60 s内变蓝为阳性,不变色则为阴性。
挑取平板上的单菌落重悬浮于10 μL的灭菌去离子水中作为菌落PCR模板,选择通用引物1492R (5′-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)和27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)[13]扩增16S rRNA基因,利用Sanger测序法[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]进行检测。将获得的序列与EzBioCloud (https://www.ezbiocloud.net/identify)数据库中的模式菌株进行初步的分类比对[14],此外,将新种的16S rRNA基因序列上传至NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)注册编号。收集比对相似度较高的模式菌株16S rRNA基因序列,利用MEGA X[15]软件通过Clustal W程序[16]对16S rRNA基因序列集进行多序列比对,获得整齐的基因序列集,基于Kimura two-parameter模型,分别通过邻接(neighbor-joining, NJ)法[17]、最小进化(minimum-evolution, ME)法[18]和最大似然(maximum-likelihood, ML)法[19]构建系统发育树,基于1 000次重复的自举分析来评估不同分支和簇的稳定性。使用以下软件及网站分析基因组之间的平均核苷酸相似性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)、平均氨基酸相似性(average amino acid identity, AAI)和基因组间距离(digital DNA-DNA hybridization, dDDH):EzBioCloud的ANI计算器服务(https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani)[20];环境微生物基因组学实验室(Environmental Microbial Genomics Laboratory)在线计算服务(http://enve-omics.ce.gatech.edu/aai/);Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (GGDC,https://ggdc.dsmz.de/ggdc.php)[21],数据来自菌株P-9T及3个近缘模式株洞穴水杆菌(Aquabacter cavernae) Sn-9-2T (GCA_003993795.1, 4.52 Mb)[22]、圣灵湖水杆菌(Aquabacter spiritensis) DSM 9035T (GCA_004346185.1, 5.16 Mb)[23]、自养黄色杆菌(Xanthobacter autotrophicus) DSM 432T (GCA_005871085.1, 5.01 Mb)[24]的基因组。
提取P-9T全基因组DNA样品并送交广东美格基因科技有限公司进行上机质量检测和细菌全基因组测序,采用Illumina HiSeq平台、PE150测试策略和2×150 bp的配对读码进行测序。使用SPAdes软件(v3.15.1)[25]对DNA短序列进行拼接,组装获得长片段(contigs或scaffolds),最后用CheckM (v1.1.3)[26]对基因组进行质控检查。基因组序列的主要分析内容包括:环形基因组图谱绘制、基因预测和基因功能注释。基因组环形图:利用Proksee基因组可视化系统网站(https://proksee.ca/)预测rRNA、tRNA,计算G+C含量,同时根据基因位置信息绘制出相应基因在基因组的位置分布。通过NCBI数据库的Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (PGAP)进行基因预测[27]。基因功能注释:将获得的氨基酸序列与KEGG (https://www.kegg.jp/)、NCBI的COG (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/cog)和SwissProt (https://www.uniprot.org/)数据库中已知功能的序列进行比对,预测并注释出基因的功能。
菲降解条件的优化:以3%的接种量转接至添加50 mg/L菲的MSM液体培养基中。在接种量、菲浓度、pH一致的条件下,设定4个温度梯度(25、30、37、40 ℃)作为变量;设定5个pH梯度(5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0)作为变量,每个梯度3个平行,在接种量、菲浓度、温度(37 ℃)一致的条件下,避光培养1周,分别在1、3、5、7 d进行取样,根据降解情况适当调整培养周期。采用液-液萃取的方法萃取培养基中剩余的菲,取5 mL菌液,6 000 r/min离心5 min后取上清加入等体积的乙腈,漩涡振荡萃取10 min,经0.22 μm的尼龙滤膜过滤后通过HPLC检测菲的残留量并计算相应的降解效率。选用C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm),使用HPLC色谱仪(Agilent公司)对待测样品进行检测,流动相为80%乙腈:20% 0.05 mol/L醋酸铵(pH 4.2),色谱柱检测温度为35 ℃,流速1 mL/min,检测波长为254 nm,进样量15 μL,保留时间10 min[28]。利用外标法,根据出峰时间和出峰面积进行定性定量,检测样品中的污染物底物浓度并计算相应的降解率,见公式(1)。
式中,Cn代表终浓度,C0代表起始浓度。
将菌株P-9T接种到萘、菲和芘含量均为50 mg/L的MSM液体培养基中,在最适的条件下恒温避光培养,留取降解初期(第5天)、中期(第10天)和后期(第14天)的培养液约5 mL,常温6 000 r/min离心5 min后取上清,加入等体积的乙腈,漩涡振荡萃取10 min,加入0.1 mg/L的NaCl上下摇匀1 min后静置10 min,待有机相和水相分层后,取下层无机层,经0.22 μm的尼龙滤膜过滤后通过HPLC检测菲降解中间产物的产生情况,并接取相应出峰时间的流分,进一步进行液相色谱质谱检测分析。采用液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱Xevo G2-XS Qtof (Waters公司)[29]和高效液相色谱-电喷雾-质谱联用仪器(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)进行菲代谢产物分离检测,通过UNIFI软件(v1.9.4)处理分析数据,鉴定菌株P-9T降解PAHs的中间产物[29]。液相体系如下,流动相A:含0.1%甲酸的水;流动相B:含0.1%甲酸的乙腈,流速0.4 mL/min,梯度程序:0−1 min (2% B),1−4 min (15% B),4−8 min (50% B),8−13 min (50%−98% B),13−16.4 min (98% B),16.4−17.4 min (98%−2% B),17.4−20 min (2% B)。质谱条件如下,电离方法:ESI+/−;数据采集方式:MSE;MSE冲击能量:低能6 V,高能25−40 V;采集质量范围:50−1 200 Da[29]。结合已知的菲代谢产物分子质量和分子式与数据库进行比对。
分别接种至以萘(25 mg/L)、菲(25 mg/L)、芘(25 mg/L)及其混合物为唯一碳源的MSM液体培养基,各做3个平行,接种量统一为3%,在37 ℃、180 r/min的避光条件下恒温培养8 d。每天取样,利用多功能酶标仪检测菌液OD600值。在第8天用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)检测并计算降解菌对多环芳烃的降解率。
成功分离出4株生长速度较快的菲降解菌P-1、P-2、P-6、P-9T。结果如表1所示,4个降解菌与分枝菌酸小杆菌属(Mycolicibacterium)和Aquabacter两个属的亲缘关系最近。其中菌株P-1和P-2与产黏液分枝菌酸小杆菌(Mycolicibacterium mucogenicum)比对的16S rRNA基因相似性最高,分别达到98.88%和99.15%,表明这两株菌属于Mycolicibacterium mucogenicum。菌株P-6和P-9TAquabacter cavernae的序列相似性度最高,分别为98.26%和98.19%,低于98.65%的细菌定种阈值,表明菌株P-6和P-9TAquabacter属潜在的新种[30]
以菲为唯一碳源,筛选出降解菲的潜在新种菌株P-9T,接种至R2A固体培养基中划线培养3 d后进行观察。如图1A所示,单菌落形态呈圆形凸起,白色,表面光滑水润,直径0.5−2.5 mm。通过扫描电镜观察菌株P-9T的单细胞形态见图1B,细胞形似棒状,宽0.3−0.7 μm,长1.5−3.0 μm,与模式株A.cavernae Sn-9-2T的淡黄色菌落形态有着较大的差异[22]
比对结果表明,菌株P-9TAquabacter cavernae Sn-9-2T的16S rRNA基因序列相似性最高(98.26%),其次是Xanthobacter autotrophicus DSM 432T (97.16%)、Aquabacter spiritensis DSM 9035T (97.06%);在NJ、ME和ML法重建的基于16S rRNA基因的系统发育树中(图2),菌株P-9TA.cavernae Sn-9-2T形成了一个独立的簇,表明菌P-9T可能是Aquabacter属的一个新物种。菌株P-9TA.cavernae Sn-9-2TA.spiritensis DSM 9035TX.autotrophicus DSM 432T之间的ANI值分别为78.45%、76.91%和77.12%;AAI值分别为73.37%、72.53%和69.25%;菌株P-9T与这些模式菌株之间的dDDH (formula 2)值分别为22.7%、21.9%和22.0%,它们均低于物种划分的阈值(ANI 95.00%,AAI 95.00%−96.00%,dDDH 70.0%)[14]。菌株P-9T在系统发育树上与A.cavernae Sn-9-2T处于单独的分支,亲缘关系最近,并且基因组间ANI值、AAI和dDDH值均符合鉴定为新种的标准。
表2汇总了菌株P-9TA.cavernae Sn-9-2T[22]A.spiritensis DSM 9035T[23]X.autotrophicus DSM 432T[24]的生理生化特征。菌株P-9T为革兰氏阴性菌,与其他3个模式株一致,好氧生长,不能在低氧及无氧条件下培养。菌株P-9T可以在15−40 ℃的温度范围内生长,其中35 ℃为最适温度,而pH生长范围在5.0−9.0 (最适pH为7.0−8.0)。过氧化氢酶和氧化酶活性检测结果都呈阳性。在平板菌落颜色上,菌株P-9TA.cavernae Sn-9-2T有着明显差异,与A.spiritensis DSM 9035T更为相似。在氧化酶活性检测中也是与A.cavernae Sn-9-2T有着相反的结果。综上所述,基于形态学表型、生理生化分类学以及系统发育和基因组的分析结果,本研究提出将菌株P-9T作为Xanthobacteraceae科,Aquabacter属的新种菌株,并暂命名为Aquabacter sediminis P-9T (保藏编号:CGMCC 1.56041)。
拼接获得的A.sediminis P-9T菌株基因组全长5 334 632 bp,分为34个contigs,污染率为0.11%,完整度99.65%,N50值为548 030 bp,基因组的G+C含量为66.9%。菌株P-9T基因组包含1套5S rRNA基因、16S rRNA基因、23S rRNA基因和48个tRNA基因。经PGAP预测获得4 806个基因,其中有4 716个为蛋白编码基因。该基因组序列和16S rRNA基因序列已提交至NCBI的GenBank数据库,登录号分别为JARBFX000000000和OQ438900。
经KEGG、COG、SwissProt数据库分析,A.sediminis P-9T基因组中分别注释出4 370个(91.71%)、3 900个(81.85%)和1 679个(35.24%)功能基因。通过KEGG数据库对基因的功能进行分类注释,主要分成细胞过程、环境信息处理、遗传信息处理和代谢4个类别。其中代谢类别的功能基因数占比最大(35.8%),具有遗传信息处理类别功能的基因数占4.5%,环境信息处理类别的功能基因数占9.0%,而细胞过程类别的功能基因数占7.5%。代谢类别中参与碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢的基因数最多,分别有394个和388个,涵盖完整的糖酵解、柠檬酸循环和戊糖磷酸循环的代谢通路(图3A)。此外,环境信息处理类别中的膜运输(302个基因)和代谢类别中的外源物的降解与代谢(165个基因)基因数仅次于碳水化合物代谢、能量代谢和氨基酸代谢,可能在菌株通过跨膜运输将环境中的PAHs污染物转入体内进而完成降解与能量释放这一代谢过程中发挥着重要作用[31]。针对外源生物的降解与代谢的相关基因(图3B)进一步分析发现,A.sediminis P-9T基因组中含有丰富的外源物降解基因,165个功能基因共参与了16个不同的降解途径,具有降解多种外源化合物及其衍生物的代谢潜能,其中参与苯甲酸盐降解的基因26个、萘降解的基因4个、多环芳烃降解的基因2个。
表3所示,A.sediminis P-9T基因组中含有编码苯甲酸盐氧化还原酶(BenC)、脱氢酶(BenD)[32]、邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶(CatA)[33]、辅酶A转移酶(PcaJ)、乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶(FadA)的基因,可以组成完整的苯甲酸盐降解通路[34],另外还发现萘降解、多环芳烃降解通路中需要的脱氢酶以及非常重要的细胞色素P450酶[35]、单加氧酶(又名水杨酸羟化酶)[36]和苯环裂解双加氧酶的编码基因[37]
在不同pH条件的降解实验中,设了5个梯度(pH 5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0),结果如图4A所示,A.sediminis P-9T在pH 5.0−8.0的条件下皆可利用菲进行生长繁殖,pH 7.0为A.sediminis P-9T最佳降解条件,降解率达100%,耗时最短(5 d),pH 6.0次之;在pH 5.0的条件下,滞缓期延长至5 d,在第7天降解率升至100%;而在pH 8.0的条件下,滞缓期没有延长,但是在第5−7天降解效率趋于平缓,降解率超过90%至少需要11 d。综合上述,弱酸或中性(pH 5.0−7.0)条件有利于A.sediminis P-9T对菲的降解。
本实验设了4个培养温度,在其他培养条件一致的状态下进行培养,定期检测不同温度下A.sediminis P-9T在菲降解体系中的生长情况。温度范围设为25、30、37、40 ℃。为期14 d的培养检测结果显示(图4B),A.sediminis P-9T在37 ℃条件下降解菲的活性最强,30 ℃次之,25 ℃和40 ℃不利于A.sediminis P-9T对菲的降解(降解效率 < 20%)。在37 ℃培养条件下,第0−3天,A.sediminis P-9T处于生长阶段的滞缓期,生长缓慢,底物浓度无明显的变化;第4−5天降解效率显著增大,并在第7天降解率达100%。
图5A所示,据液相色谱检测结果,A.sediminis P-9T在菲的降解前期(前7 d)主要产生一种中间产物A。其中菲的出峰时间为2.136 min,中间产物A的出峰时间为1.245 min,1.646 5 min是溶剂峰(图5A)。降解前期中间产物A随着菲含量的降低而逐渐增加。在降解中期(第7−10天),主要检测出另一种代谢产物(B),出峰时间集中于1.291 min (图5B)。而在降解后期(第10−14天),主要代谢产物(C)出峰时间在1.389 min (图5C)。为了揭示A.sediminis P-9T降解菲的途径,利用液相色谱串联高分辨质谱技术(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)对A.sediminisP-9T降解菲的3个不同时期产生的中间代谢物进行了鉴定。以已知的水杨酸和邻苯二甲酸途径中间产物的分子式和分子量为参考进行比对鉴定,通过负离子模式进行扫描,中间产物A洗脱时间为13.015 min,质谱显示其分子离子(M-H)在m/z值187.039 8处,通过设置分子式中C (6−15)、H (5−10)、O (2−6)的个数区间进行检索,确定中间产物A是1-羟基-2-萘甲酸[38-39]。中间产物B和C分别在正离子扫描模式下的0.624 min和9.909 min具有质谱峰。中间产物B的分子离子(M+H)在m/z值161.132 2处,鉴定为1,2-萘二酚[38-39]。中间产物C的分子离子(M+H)则在m/z值111.015 1处,鉴定为邻苯二酚,又名儿茶酚。
A.sediminis P-9T不仅能利用菲还具有降解萘、芘及其混合物的能力(图6)。在8 d的培养时间内对25 mg/L萘、菲、芘的降解率均达100.0%。此外,在萘、菲、芘3种底物共存且总浓度达75 mg/L的情况下,A.sediminis P-9T的生长状况良好,8 d时间内对萘、菲、芘混合底物的降解率达96.7% (表4)。
此外,在A.sediminis P-9T降解萘和芘的培养基中同时检测出了1-羟基-2-萘醛,在正离子扫描模式下,分别在11.461 min和11.951 min检测出质谱峰,分子离子(M+H)相一致,在m/z值173.075 1处(图7)。
近年来,红树林沉积物逐渐成为PAHs降解菌分离筛选的重要研究对象。李玫等[40-41]从珠海市淇澳岛受石油污染的红树林湿地土壤中富集、分离和筛选出26株萘降解菌,其中菌株N1、N2、N3和N4在为期5 d的培养中分别能降解52.7%、52.5%、47.8%和54.2%的萘(100 mg/L);2019年,吴霜等[42]从广西红树林土样中分离出了9株菲降解菌,其中3株高效降解菌UMBR 0019、UMBR 0020和UMBR 0197对菲的降解效率分别为48.80%、75.00%和63.54%,协同作用后高达99.07%;2020年,龚莹等[43]从海南不同红树林沉积物中筛选出了PAHs的混合降解菌群,主要研究了不同菌群的降解特征。由此可见,红树林生态系统确实存在着许多不同种类的有效PAHs降解菌,本实验以深圳福田红树林沉积物为样品,成功筛选分离到4株PAHs降解菌,根据16S rRNA基因同源性分析,菌株P-1和P-2属于Mycolicibacterium mucogenicum,是常见的菲降解菌之一。前人对该菌属的降解能力、降解途径及其功能基因簇已有深入的研究,其中有研究发现该菌属具有广泛的底物谱,可以分解代谢荧蒽、蒽、芴和菲[44-46]。另外两个菌株P-6和P-9TAquabacter cavernae的序列最相似,而相似度小于98.65%,挑选P-9T进一步进行形态观察、生理生化表征和系统发育分析,鉴定为Xanthobacteraceae科,Aquabacter属的新种,命名为Aquabacter sediminis P-9TA.sediminis P-9T在25−40 ℃和pH 5.0−8.0的条件下皆可降解菲,其中最佳降解条件为37 ℃和pH 7.0。在萘、菲、芘分别为唯一碳源甚至三者混合的条件下可生长繁殖,菲浓度为50 mg/L时,最适条件下培养5 d降解率可达100.0%,三者混合情况下(总浓度=75 mg/L)最适条件下培养8 d降解率可达96.7%,说明A.sediminis P-9T具有良好的PAHs降解能力和生长适应性。
值得注意的是,有关Aquabacter属可降解PAHs的研究尚未报道,A.sediminis P-9T的发现拓展了Aquabacter菌属解决环境PAHs的应用潜能,同时为研究该菌属的PAHs降解能力及降解机制提供了物质基础。Seo等研究发现节杆菌属在菲降解过程中,可以在菲的1,2-C、3,4-C和9,10-C上发生初始的双氧化,其中主要发生在3,4-C位置上[39],随后在双加氧酶作用下裂解成1-羟基-2-萘甲酸[38-39],因此1-羟基-2-萘甲酸是完成第一个裂解反应的重要标志[47]。这一重要中间代谢产物一方面可以经由水杨酸和儿茶酚途径进入TCA循环,另一方面则是通过邻苯二甲酸和原儿茶酸途径完成降解[48]。对A.sediminis P-9T的全基因组进行测序分析发现其具有编码完整的苯甲酸盐降解通路基因以及参与萘和其他PAHs的脱氢酶、水杨酸羟化酶和细胞色素P450的关键基因。其中水杨酸羟化酶、邻苯二酚双加氧酶等组成完整的PAHs降解下游基因簇,与前人发现的恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida) G7中菲降解下游基因簇相一致[49]。下游降解基因簇的发现一定程度上证明它具有通过水杨酸途径彻底降解PAHs的条件。利用HPLC-ESI-MS/MS检测A.sediminis P-9T降解萘、菲、芘所产生的中间代谢产物。发现A.sediminis P-9T可以将菲降解为1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、1,2-萘二酚和儿茶酚,将萘和芘降解为1-羟基-2-萘醛。综合基因组注释及中间代谢产物结果,如图8所示,推断A.sediminis P-9T通过水杨酸途径降解PAHs。本实验开展了深圳福田红树林沉积物PAHs降解菌的筛选及机制方面的初步研究,不仅丰富了研究Aquabacter中PAHs降解菌的资源,也为进一步深入研究其降解机制奠定了物质基础。为了加快PAHs降解菌在实际环境投入治理的应用,仍需进行更深入的研究工作,例如红树林原位降解实验和便捷式菌剂研发等。
  • 深圳市科技研发资金基础研究重点项目(JCYJ20200109105010363)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究重大项目(2023B0303000017)
  • 国家科技基础资源调查计划(2019FY100700)
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2024年第64卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240186
  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22
  • 录用日期:2024-05-21
基金
Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20200109105010363)
深圳市科技研发资金基础研究重点项目(JCYJ20200109105010363)
Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2023B0303000017)
广东省基础与应用基础研究重大项目(2023B0303000017)
National Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(2019FY100700)
国家科技基础资源调查计划(2019FY100700)
作者信息
    1 深圳大学高等研究院 古菌生物学研究中心, 广东 深圳 518060
    2 深圳大学高等研究院 深圳市海洋微生物组工程重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518060
    3 深圳大学生命与海洋学院, 广东 深圳 518060

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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