Article(id=1241377725039038669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240192, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711209600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1716134400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-20, onlineDate=1773897113332, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1717430400000, pubDateStr=2024-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897113332, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897113332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897113332, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241377719049572379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='6', pageStart='1691', pageEnd='2143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897111904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897665313, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1864, endPage=1875, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241377726918086908, articleId=1241377725039038669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Bacterial diversity in the meltwater at −183 m depth of the Dalk Glacier in eastern Antarctica, columnId=1241377723155796061, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Microbiome in Extreme Environments, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Currently, there are few studies on microorganisms in Antarctic ice cores, and the available studies mostly employ the pure culture and high-throughput sequencing methods, with limited knowledge about the microbial diversity. We studied the microbial community composition of the meltwater at −183 m depth of the Dalk Glacier in eastern Antarctica, aiming to provide a reference for the development of extremophiles in Antarctica. [Methods] We employed the culture, single-cell sorting, and high-throughput sequencing methods to study the microbial community composition in the meltwater at −183 m depth of the Dalk Glacier. [Results] We obtained bacterial isolates belonging to 94 genera, 19 orders of 10 phyla, in whichProteobacteria,Alphaproteobacteria, andSphingomonas were the dominant phylum, order, and genus, respectively. This result indicated high microbial diversity in the meltwater. The culture, single-cell sorting, and high-throughput sequencing yielded 25 bacterial strains, 24 bacterial strains, and 55 183 sequences (116 operational taxonomic units), respectively. The dominant taxa were different among the three methods. By the culture and single-cell sorting methods, we identified 7 bacterial strains with the 16S rRNA gene identity less than 98.65% compared with their closest relatives in GenBank, of which two strains had the identity less than 95.00% identity. Accordingly, we inferred that there may be two potential new genera and five potential new species. [Conclusion] We studied the microbial diversity in the meltwater of the Dalk Glacier in eastern Antarctica by using the culture, single-cell sorting, and high-throughput sequencing method and discovered rich bacterial species in the meltwater. Each method has its own advantages and limitations. This means that when studying microbial diversity, more comprehensive information about the composition of the microbial community can be obtained by combining different methods. The results of this study can serve as a reference for further research on the genetic resources in Antarctica.

, correspAuthors=Hongchen JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*JIANG Hongchen, Tel: +86-10-82322162, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengze LIU, Hongpeng CUI, Bing LI, Da GONG, Xiaopeng FAN, Jian XU, Xiaoyan JING, Chen WANG, Hongchen JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241377728138629493, articleId=1241377725039038669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=东南极达尔克冰川−183 m深处冰层融水细菌多样性研究, columnId=1241377723424231526, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=极端环境微生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】目前对于南极冰层微生物研究较少,而且研究手段多为纯培养和高通量测序,对于其中的微生物群落多样性仍知之甚少。本研究拟研究东南极达尔克冰川冰层中微生物群落组成。【方法】采用纯培养法、单细胞分选和高通量测序3种方法对东南极达尔克冰川冰层微生物进行研究,探究该生境中微生物的群落组成。【结果】从达尔克冰川中分离出10门19纲94属。其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势菌门,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)为优势纲,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)为优势属,结果显示冰层中存在较为丰富的微生物多样性。其中,纯培养法分离出25株细菌。单细胞分选方法分离得到24株细菌。高通量测序共得到55 183条序列,聚类出116个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)。3种研究方法得出的优势种群不尽相同。通过单细胞分选和纯培养法共获得7株细菌,它们与数据库最近源16S rRNA基因序列的相似度小于98.65%,其中有2株菌株与最近源16S rRNA基因序列的相似度小于95.00%,推测可能有2个潜在新属,5个潜在新种。【结论】本研究通过纯培养法、单细胞分选以及高通量测序3种方法对东南极达尔克冰川冰层微生物多样性进行研究发现,该生境中细菌多样性复杂。对比3种方法,其各有优势和局限性。这意味着结合使用多种研究方法研究微生物多样性,可获得更加全面的微生物群落组成。研究结果可为挖掘南极微生物资源提供数据基础。

, correspAuthors=蒋宏忱, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=CY2W8nCocwFi/BvKP0KkwA==, magXml=9tMd+oDhc//dqLWRLsR0Yg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hKLR9ZVbG3LalTL62Y7FiQ==, pdfFileSize=842056, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/pbScWnQSOXGRfkfl1DH2A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=psKgMCWwhRNebaqpOHkAig==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=刘梦泽, 崔鸿鹏, 李冰, 宫达, 范晓鹏, 徐健, 荆晓艳, 王琛, 蒋宏忱)}, authors=[Author(id=1241445028996903230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377725039038669, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, 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caption=Venn diagrams showing bacteria retrieved by three research methods (at the genus level). Blue: Cultivation method; Red: Single-cell method; Green: High-throughput sequencing method., figureFileSmall=cMFQX8hZ/Q1Pmg8C0To8+g==, figureFileBig=4P2OeIC0clKCWdJSYHPnaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445038887072487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377725039038669, language=CN, label=图3, caption=三种研究方法的细菌Venn图(属分类水平)

蓝色:纯培养法;红色:单细胞分选方法;绿色:高通量测序方法

, figureFileSmall=cMFQX8hZ/Q1Pmg8C0To8+g==, figureFileBig=4P2OeIC0clKCWdJSYHPnaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445039042261741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377725039038669, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Genus-level community structure of microorganisms isolated from cultivation and single-cell sorting., figureFileSmall=/opm3/LzEfTUI6R07sfEMw==, figureFileBig=5JseSdNHqj9KN5BqAAET/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445039247782644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377725039038669, language=CN, label=图4, caption=纯培养法和单细胞分选得到的微生物属水平群落结构, figureFileSmall=/opm3/LzEfTUI6R07sfEMw==, figureFileBig=5JseSdNHqj9KN5BqAAET/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445039377806076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377725039038669, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Shared genera of microorganisms retrieved by three research methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodsShared genera of microorganisms
1: Cultivation; 2: Single-cell sorting; 3: High-throughput sequencing.
1&2&3Sphingomonas
1&2Janthinobacterium
1&3Streptomyces
Fictibacillus
2&3Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Bradyrhizobium
Caulobacter
), ArticleFig(id=1241445039625270021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377725039038669, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三种研究方法中的共有属

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MethodsShared genera of microorganisms
1: Cultivation; 2: Single-cell sorting; 3: High-throughput sequencing.
1&2&3Sphingomonas
1&2Janthinobacterium
1&3Streptomyces
Fictibacillus
2&3Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Bradyrhizobium
Caulobacter
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东南极达尔克冰川−183 m深处冰层融水细菌多样性研究
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刘梦泽 1 , 崔鸿鹏 1 , 李冰 2 , 宫达 3 , 范晓鹏 3 , 徐健 4 , 荆晓艳 4 , 王琛 4 , 蒋宏忱 1, *
微生物学报 | 极端环境微生物 2024,64(6): 1864-1875
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微生物学报 | 极端环境微生物 2024, 64(6): 1864-1875
东南极达尔克冰川−183 m深处冰层融水细菌多样性研究
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刘梦泽1, 崔鸿鹏1, 李冰2, 宫达3, 范晓鹏3, 徐健4, 荆晓艳4, 王琛4, 蒋宏忱1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质大学(北京)海洋学院, 北京 100083
  • 2 中国地质大学(北京)工程技术学院, 北京 100083
  • 3 吉林大学极地研究中心, 吉林 长春 130061
  • 4 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所, 山东 青岛 266101
Bacterial diversity in the meltwater at −183 m depth of the Dalk Glacier in eastern Antarctica
Mengze LIU1, Hongpeng CUI1, Bing LI2, Da GONG3, Xiaopeng FAN3, Jian XU4, Xiaoyan JING4, Chen WANG4, Hongchen JIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2 School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3 Polar Research Centre, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin, China
  • 4 Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2024-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240192
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【目的】目前对于南极冰层微生物研究较少,而且研究手段多为纯培养和高通量测序,对于其中的微生物群落多样性仍知之甚少。本研究拟研究东南极达尔克冰川冰层中微生物群落组成。【方法】采用纯培养法、单细胞分选和高通量测序3种方法对东南极达尔克冰川冰层微生物进行研究,探究该生境中微生物的群落组成。【结果】从达尔克冰川中分离出10门19纲94属。其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势菌门,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)为优势纲,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)为优势属,结果显示冰层中存在较为丰富的微生物多样性。其中,纯培养法分离出25株细菌。单细胞分选方法分离得到24株细菌。高通量测序共得到55 183条序列,聚类出116个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)。3种研究方法得出的优势种群不尽相同。通过单细胞分选和纯培养法共获得7株细菌,它们与数据库最近源16S rRNA基因序列的相似度小于98.65%,其中有2株菌株与最近源16S rRNA基因序列的相似度小于95.00%,推测可能有2个潜在新属,5个潜在新种。【结论】本研究通过纯培养法、单细胞分选以及高通量测序3种方法对东南极达尔克冰川冰层微生物多样性进行研究发现,该生境中细菌多样性复杂。对比3种方法,其各有优势和局限性。这意味着结合使用多种研究方法研究微生物多样性,可获得更加全面的微生物群落组成。研究结果可为挖掘南极微生物资源提供数据基础。

达尔克冰川  /  细菌多样性  /  培养  /  单细胞分选  /  高通量测序

[Objective] Currently, there are few studies on microorganisms in Antarctic ice cores, and the available studies mostly employ the pure culture and high-throughput sequencing methods, with limited knowledge about the microbial diversity. We studied the microbial community composition of the meltwater at −183 m depth of the Dalk Glacier in eastern Antarctica, aiming to provide a reference for the development of extremophiles in Antarctica. [Methods] We employed the culture, single-cell sorting, and high-throughput sequencing methods to study the microbial community composition in the meltwater at −183 m depth of the Dalk Glacier. [Results] We obtained bacterial isolates belonging to 94 genera, 19 orders of 10 phyla, in whichProteobacteria,Alphaproteobacteria, andSphingomonas were the dominant phylum, order, and genus, respectively. This result indicated high microbial diversity in the meltwater. The culture, single-cell sorting, and high-throughput sequencing yielded 25 bacterial strains, 24 bacterial strains, and 55 183 sequences (116 operational taxonomic units), respectively. The dominant taxa were different among the three methods. By the culture and single-cell sorting methods, we identified 7 bacterial strains with the 16S rRNA gene identity less than 98.65% compared with their closest relatives in GenBank, of which two strains had the identity less than 95.00% identity. Accordingly, we inferred that there may be two potential new genera and five potential new species. [Conclusion] We studied the microbial diversity in the meltwater of the Dalk Glacier in eastern Antarctica by using the culture, single-cell sorting, and high-throughput sequencing method and discovered rich bacterial species in the meltwater. Each method has its own advantages and limitations. This means that when studying microbial diversity, more comprehensive information about the composition of the microbial community can be obtained by combining different methods. The results of this study can serve as a reference for further research on the genetic resources in Antarctica.

Dalk Glacier  /  bacterial diversity  /  culture  /  single-cell sorting  /  high-throughput sequencing
刘梦泽, 崔鸿鹏, 李冰, 宫达, 范晓鹏, 徐健, 荆晓艳, 王琛, 蒋宏忱. 东南极达尔克冰川−183 m深处冰层融水细菌多样性研究. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (6) : 1864 -1875 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240192
Mengze LIU, Hongpeng CUI, Bing LI, Da GONG, Xiaopeng FAN, Jian XU, Xiaoyan JING, Chen WANG, Hongchen JIANG. Bacterial diversity in the meltwater at −183 m depth of the Dalk Glacier in eastern Antarctica[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (6) : 1864 -1875 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240192
南极位于地球的最南端,由南极洲及其周围海域组成,涵盖南极大陆及周边岛屿和海域,是地球上海拔最高的大陆。其终年被冰雪覆盖,气候寒冷、寡营养、干旱、有强光辐射,是地球上最干冷的地区[1]。呈自西向东流动的南极绕极流(Antarctic circumpolar current, ACC)将南极及其周边海域与外界系统隔离开来,使南极洲保持巨大的冰原,从而形成了南极生态系统自身的特异性[2-3]。由于南极特殊的地理位置和气候特征,仅极少数的微生物能够适应这种环境,生存于其中的微生物也具备了独特的生理生化特性,这些微生物可以通过调节自身的机制以在这种特殊的环境中生存[4-5],其独特的适应机制会直接或间接地影响南极,甚至是全球的生态系统。
长期以来,南极地区因其独特的地理位置,一直被认为保持着原始的环境[6]。南极冰川是全球水文循环的重要构成部分[7],南极冰川中存在着古老的微生物,记载着历史过程中相应的古气候和古环境信息。东南极拉斯曼丘陵是南极大陆沿海少数夏季无冰区之一,该地区气候复杂多变,其东侧的达尔克冰川为距离中山站最近的冰川,邻接埃默里冰架,自南向北注入普利兹湾,达尔克冰川流域起源于南极冰盖内部,是典型的冰盖溢出型冰川,受季节影响,其末端会随着冰川的不断前移而崩塌,冰崩产生的大量浮冰和冰山控制着区域气候的变化[8-12]。冰川微生物的群落结构、遗传进化和生态功能也可为地球生命演化和地外生命探索提供指示意义和线索(如雪球地球时期)[13-14]。因此,研究东南极达尔克冰川微生物具有重要的科学意义。
目前南极微生物研究多集中在土壤、湖泊、海洋和沉积物[1,15-18],对于冰层的研究较少,而且研究手段多为纯培养和高通量测序。传统的分离培养方法主要是指可培养微生物的分离纯化,根据观察微生物菌落的大小、形状和排列方式,以及其生理生化性质等初步鉴定微生物的分类地位[19]。随着分子生物学技术的迅速发展和应用,不可培养的微生物的基因组信息可以通过分子生物学技术被辨别,并计算丰度,更全面地了解微生物的群落状态[20]。目前微生物多样性研究中最常用的分子生物学技术有限制片段长度多态性分析[21]、变性梯度凝胶电泳、构建基因克隆文库、高通量测序技术等。现代分子生物学技术中的单细胞测序技术是近几年飞速发展的一门技术,它可以帮助我们深入研究细胞的结构和功能,从单细胞水平了解整个群体的异质性分布,解析微生物在复杂的自然界环境中的状态[22]
本研究采用了纯培养法、单细胞分选和高通量测序3种方法对东南极达尔克冰川冰层微生物进行研究,展示了不同研究方法下东南极达尔克冰层微生物的多样性,这一结果为3种研究方法的组合,以增强对南极地区微生物多样性的认识,同时也为开发和利用新的菌种资源提供重要的参考依据。
本研究样品为中国第38次南极科学考察期间采集于东南极达尔克冰川(69°28′S, 76°20′E)的冰层融水样品,深度为−183 m,采用无污染热融探测器进行冰层融水采集,具体方法见文献[23],融水样品采集后−20 ℃保存。航次结束后用干冰运回中国地质大学(北京)地质微生物实验室,并转移至−80 ℃超低温冰箱保存,用于后续DNA提取实验。
R2A培养基:酵母浸出粉0.25 g,酪蛋白水解物0.25 g,可溶性淀粉0.25 g,无水硫酸镁0.012 g,琼脂10.0 g,蛋白胨0.25 g,葡萄糖0.25 g,磷酸氢二钾0.15 g,丙酮酸钠0.15 g,纯化水500 mL。采用R2A培养基对达尔克冰川冰样中的可培养细菌进行分离培养。
将样品放入4 ℃冰箱进行解冻,样品解冻后量取10 mL,稀释至10−1、10−2、10−3系列浓度,各取150 μL采用平板涂布法分别涂布于R2A培养基平板上,10 ℃培养7 d后,挑取生长良好且形态差异较大的菌落进一步划线培养,得到纯化的单菌落。
挑取纯化后的单菌落于纯化水中,取1 mL菌液于离心管中,7 500 r/min离心2 min后,用无菌蒸馏水清洗以去除R2A培养基。使用FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil (MP Biomedicals公司),参照说明书提取菌株基因组DNA。引物为27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)。以菌株基因组DNA为模板,对16S rRNA基因序列进行PCR扩增,PCR反应体系(25 μL):10×Ex Taq Buffer (Mg2+ plus) 2.5 μL,BSA液(20 mg/mL) 0.5 μL,dNTP Mix (2.5 nmol/L) 2.0 μL,rTaq酶(5 U/μL) 0.5 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,DNA模板1.0 μL,去离子水17.5 μL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。设置3组平行重复。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳(130 V电压,25 min)后,在紫外灯下切取所需DNA条带的凝胶,使用DNA Gel Extraction Kit (AxyPrep公司)对凝胶进行纯化回收。纯化后的目的片段送至安诺优达基因科技(北京)有限公司进行16S rRNA基因测序。
本研究采用微流控单细胞捕获技术(EasySort Lego单细胞微液滴分选系统)对单细胞进行分离。使用单细胞全基因组扩增试剂盒,采用多重置换扩增(multiple displacement amplification, MDA)技术对单细胞进行全基因组扩增。
对单细胞MDA产物进行16S rRNA基因PCR扩增,具体PCR体系和条件详见1.2.3,PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳(130 V电压,25 min)后,在紫外灯下切取需要的DNA条带的凝胶,使用DNA Gel Extraction Kit (AxyPrep公司)对凝胶进行纯化回收。纯化后的目的片段送至安诺优达基因科技(北京)有限公司进行16S rRNA基因测序。
将纯培养法和单细胞的测序结果提交至NCBI和EzBioCloud在线数据库进行比对,获得与目的菌株16S rRNA基因最相似的细菌种属。参考Kim等[24]的研究结果,16S rRNA基因序列98.65%的相似度可作为区分两个物种的临界值。另外Yarza等[25]综合多种分类鉴定方法证实可以将95.00%的序列相似度作为属的临界值,即两株菌的16S rRNA基因序列相似性低于95%时,则可把待测菌株作为新属描述。
基于EzBioCloud和NCBI数据库比对结果,下载与样品16S rRNA基因序列相似度较高的序列作为参比序列,采用MEGA的邻接法(neighbor-joining method)构建系统发育树。
取200 mL样品经0.22 μm的微孔滤膜过滤,将滤膜及过滤物在无菌条件下剪成1−2 mm的碎屑。根据FastDNA SPIN试剂盒(MP Biomedicals公司)说明书的步骤提取DNA。使用NanoDrop分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定DNA浓度及纯度。采用引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)对细菌16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增,具体PCR体系和条件详见1.2.3,PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳(130 V电压,25 min)后,在紫外灯下切取需要的DNA条带的凝胶,使用DNA Gel Extraction Kit (AxyPrep公司)对凝胶进行纯化回收。
纯化后的目的片段送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司,质检合格后建库,利用MiSeq Illumina平台进行高通量测序。使用QIIME (v1.9.1)软件处理高通量测序结果,对测序数据进行去除barcode和引物以及低质量序列过滤等优化序列操作。使用Usearch (v.11.0.667)软件对优化后的序列数据在97%的相似水平上进行相似性聚类,并对比细菌数据库,在去除测序错误和嵌合体后,对序列进行操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)划分,如果序列彼此的相似程度大于97% (种水平)就可使其成为一个OTU,每一个OTU都代表一个有可能鉴别出的物种。通过OTU划分从而获得数量较少的OTUs。
本研究纯培养和高通量测序获得的所有原始序列均已上传至NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/),登录号为PRJNA1090395;单细胞测序获得的原始序列上传至NODE (National Omics Data Encyclopedia,https://www.biosino.org/node/),登录号为OEP005153。
通过涂布及平板划线培养,根据菌落形态学特征[24-25]从−183 m的冰层融水样品中共分离获得25株细菌,通过肉眼观察可知培养基中的菌落形态不同,颜色各异。经16S rRNA基因序列鉴定及系统发育分析,这25株细菌分属于3门4纲5属15种。在门分类水平上,变形菌门为优势菌门(Proteobacteria),占比80%,其次是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占比12%,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)占比8%。在纲分类水平上,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)为优势纲占比68%,β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)和芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)均占比12%,放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)占比8%。在属分类水平上,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)为优势属,占比44%,其次是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)占比24%,紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)和伪芽孢杆菌属(Fictibacillus)均占比12%,链霉菌属(Streptomyces)占比8%。
根据16S rRNA基因序列比对结果,使用MEGA-X软件构建系统发育树,得到分离培养的25株细菌的进化关系(图1)。其中3IY2与其最相似物种的16S rRNA基因相似度为85.03%,低于95.00%,根据分类标准[24-25],推测其为鞘氨醇单胞菌科的潜在新属。
通过单细胞分选方法从冰层融水样品中分离得到的24株细菌分属于2门5纲9目10科12属16种,优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占比91.6%,其次为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 8.4%),优势菌纲为β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)占比50.0%,属于α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)的单细胞数占比分别为25.0%和16.6%,而属于芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和噬几丁质菌纲(Chitinophagia)的单细胞数占比均为4.2%。在属分类水平上,以弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)为优势属,占比29.17%,其次为水杆形菌属(Undibacterium)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)、鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium)、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、嗜甲基菌属(Methylophilus)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)、好热厌氧小杆菌属(Thermoanaerobacterium)和葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)。
根据16S rRNA基因序列比对结果,使用MEGA-X软件构建系统发育树(图2)。其中E5、E26、E45、E134、EN1和E119在NCBI和EzBioCloud上的比对分析结果显示相似度低于98.65%,其中E45比对相似度为87.36%,低于95.00%,结合其在发育树中的分类地位,推测有1株菌为潜在新属,5株菌为潜在新种。
利用高通量测序技术分析了冰层(−183 m)融水细菌的群落组成,经数据处理后,共得到55 183条序列,聚类出116个OTUs。
在样品中测出的众多微生物中,由于许多物种含量过少,在图中难以体现,因此在群落组成分析中,将相对丰度小于1.00%的物种归为其他类(others)。
达尔克冰川冰层(−183 m)融水样品中主要的细菌门类为变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 80.86%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 11.24%),其次细菌门为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi, 5.26%)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria, 1.24%),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 0.68%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 0.53%)、Deinococcota(0.17%)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria, 0.01%)、Patescibacteria (0.002%)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia, 0.002%)的占比皆小于1.00%;未分类细菌算入others,占比1.40%。
冰层−183 m处的细菌种类主要为α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria, 46.63%)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria, 21.17%)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria, 13.06%),其次为嗜邻聚杆菌纲(Vicinamibacteria, 1.14%)、酸微菌纲(Acidimicrobiia, 2.75%)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria, 7.40%)、绿弯菌纲(Chloroflexia, 1.75%)、OLB14 (3.51%)。其中α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)中主要包括鞘氨醇单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales, 36.16%)、生丝微菌目(Hyphomicrobiales, 6.65%)、柄杆菌目(Caulobacterales, 3.47%);β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)主要包括伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales, 21.17%);γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)主要包括假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales, 12.82%);放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)主要包括丙酸杆菌目(Propionibacteriales, 4.92%)和小单孢菌目(Micromonosporales, 1.50%);绿弯菌纲(Chloroflexia)主要包括一个可分类的热微菌目(Thermomicrobiales, 1.75%);嗜邻聚杆菌纲(Vicinamibacteria)主要包括嗜邻聚杆菌目(Vicinamibacterales, 1.14%);酸微菌纲(Acidimicrobiia)主要包括酸微菌目(Acidimicrobiales, 2.75%);OLB14包括一个未分类的新目。此外,占比较少的未分类细菌(others)占比为4.17%。
本研究利用3种不同的微生物研究方法对东南极达尔克冰川−183 m处的冰层样品进行研究,不同方法得出的优势种群不尽相同。在门分类水平上,3种方法指示的优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),占比超过80%。3种方法均分离出变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),高通量测序和纯培养法还分离出共同的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。在目分类水平上,鞘氨醇单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)、伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)和芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales)在3种方法中皆有出现,除去这3个目,单细胞分选与高通量测序方法共同分离出柄杆菌目(Caulobacterales)、假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)和生丝微菌目(Hyphomicrobiales)。在属的分类水平上(图3图4),鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)在3种方法中皆有体现,除鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)外,纯培养法与单细胞分选方法共同分离出紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium),纯培养法与高通量测序方法共同分离出伪芽孢杆菌属(Fictibacillus)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces),高通量测序方法与单细胞分选方法共同分离出慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter) (表1)。
本研究利用纯培养、高通量测序和单细胞分选3种方法相结合,对达尔克冰川−183 m深的冰层细菌群落和多样性进行了分析。综合来看,从达尔克冰川中分离出10门19纲94属,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势菌门,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)为优势纲,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)为优势属,结果显示冰芯中存在着较为丰富的微生物多样性。对比南极其他地区冰川,Segawa等对东南极的Yamato和Mizuho冰川冰芯进行研究,其中Yamato冰芯中γ-变形菌(Gammaproteobacteria, 46%)为优势类群,Mizuho冰层中则厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 47%)占比较多[26]。Vostok的基底冰中包含着大量细菌,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是主要类群,其次是放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和其他门。变形菌门中β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)占比最多,为优势菌纲[27]。Tallaksenvarden Nunatak冰芯中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占比最多,其次是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)[28]。这与我们研究所得出的结果不完全相同,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为大部分冰川的优势菌门,本次研究中占比5.26%的绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)在其他冰川占比很小,虽群落结果不完全一致,但是假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)、伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)、黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)、鞘氨醇单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)等在这些冰川中也均有发现。推测可能是受冰川地理位置、采集深度、研究方法等因素的影响,导致细菌群落结构有较大的差异。
任何一种微生物多样性研究手段都有其自身的优势和局限性。对比3种研究方法,传统的纯培养法可以分离出样品中可培养的细菌,更全面地了解微生物特定的理化功能,但是由于自然界的大部分微生物不可培养,而且传统的分离培养方法具有一定的局限性,无法完全反映自然状态下微生物群落的真实情况[29];单细胞分选方法可以无选择性抓取样品中的活细胞,一定程度上解决了不可培养微生物的个体研究问题,但是可能由于该技术处于发展阶段,在抓取细胞数量上还无法定量,并不能完全覆盖样品中的所有活性细胞。高通量测序几乎覆盖了所有类群,是细菌群落结构分析最常用的方法,但是对比之下,仍有部分类群未被测出,其以DNA作为检测基础,无法区分死菌与活菌。相较于总体群落结构数据,高通量数据在目、科、属几个水平上均有所差异,说明仍有部分含量较少的类群高通量测序方法不能覆盖。
本研究采用3种不同的微生物研究方法对东南极达尔克冰川−183 m冰层微生物进行研究,测序结果覆盖10门19纲43目65科94属,展现了较为丰富的微生物多样性。在门分类水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占比最大,为优势菌门,其中的α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)为优势类群,鞘氨醇单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)和伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)两个类群是目水平上的主要细菌类群。可能是受到采样地点、季节等因素的影响,也可能与用不同方法获得菌株有关,本研究展示的南极细菌多样性与前人文章中有所不同。
利用纯培养法和单细胞分选方法从东南极达尔克冰川冰层样品中共获得7株菌株与模式菌株的16S rRNA基因序列的相似度小于98.65%,其中有2株菌株与模式菌株的16S rRNA基因序列的相似度小于95.00%,结合系统发育树中的分类地位,推测可能有2个潜在新属和5个潜在新种。研究揭示了东南极达尔克冰川地区蕴藏着大量的微生物未知物种的资源,其细菌展现出丰富的多样性和复杂性,具有巨大的潜在价值,为进一步探究东南极微生物资源提供了参考。
此外,本研究通过纯培养法、单细胞分选以及高通量测序法对东南极达尔克冰川冰芯微生物多样性进行研究。结果表明3种方法各有优势和局限性,但通过综合运用多种研究方法,有助于对微生物群落构成获得更全面认识。
本研究对东南极达尔克冰川−183 m冰层的细菌多样性进行了初步的分析,得到了部分结论,但仍存在一些不足与局限性:纯培养只选择了R2A一种培养基;单细胞分选技术仍处在发展阶段,其在抓取效率等方面还可以进一步优化。因此,在后续对东南极达尔克冰川微生物的多样性研究可以采用多种分离培养基,以获得多样性更高的微生物类群;优化单细胞分选技术,从单细胞全基因组层面进行深入分析,更加全面了解东南极达尔克冰川微生物多样性。
  • 国家自然科学基金专项项目极地基础科学前沿项目(41941005)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240192
  • 接收时间:2024-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-24
  • 录用日期:2024-05-20
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Polar Frontiers in Basic Science Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41941005)
国家自然科学基金专项项目极地基础科学前沿项目(41941005)
作者信息
    1 中国地质大学(北京)海洋学院, 北京 100083
    2 中国地质大学(北京)工程技术学院, 北京 100083
    3 吉林大学极地研究中心, 吉林 长春 130061
    4 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所, 山东 青岛 266101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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