Article(id=1241377724548305062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230795, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703433600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1710777600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-19, onlineDate=1773897113214, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1717430400000, pubDateStr=2024-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773897113214, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773897113214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897113214, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241377719049572379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='6', pageStart='1691', pageEnd='2143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773897111904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897665313, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241380040286458829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241377719049572379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1800, endPage=1823, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241377724997095624, articleId=1241377724548305062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Response of prokaryotic community in loess-paleosol to paleoclimate change, columnId=1241377720337223717, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Soil Microbiome Involved in Element Cycling, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Loess-paleosol sequence (LPS) is a good carrier recording the changes of Quaternary climate and environment, and the characteristics of soil microorganisms in it indicates important information about the changes of soil environment. Due to the climate difference between loess and paleosoil, the soil microbial community may have different responses in the structural characteristics. The research on this problem, however, is limited. [Methods] In this paper, the loess (RL and JL)-paleosol (RS and JS) sequences in Renjiapo (R) and Jiuzhoutai (J) were selected, and high-throughput sequencing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) were employed to gain insights into the community structure and group differences of soil prokaryotes. Furthermore, functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX) was used to predict the community function, and the Mantel test was carried out to identify the environmental factors affecting the community stability of soil prokaryotes. [Results] The carbon and nitrogen in soil showed changes consistent with the magnetic susceptibility and Rb/Sr ratio, the alternative indicators of climate change. The content of carbon and nitrogen was high in the paleosol (RS and JS, especially in RS) and low in the corresponding loess (RL and JL). In the same climate era, Jiuzhoutai was drier and colder than Renjiapo. The paleosol deposition stage in Jiuzhoutai was affected by strong winter monsoon, which ultimately led to the gradual change from the dry-cold to wet-warm climate. In the prokaryotic community, thermophilic or mesophilic bacteria and archaea, such asAcidobacteria,Crenarchaeota, andChloroflexi, were abundant in RL and RS, while those with tolerance to drought and extreme environments, such asGemmatimonadetes,Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,Euryarchaeota, andDeinococcus-Thermus, had high abundance in JL and JS. The functional genes related to energy source and nitrogen, manganese, iron, and chlorine cycling had the highest expression levels in RS, while those involved in carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur cycling showed the highest expression levels in RL. The prokaryotic community in Jiuzhoutai had higher species diversity and fewer functional species than that in Renjiapo. Mantel test results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC), soil water content (SWC), total nitrogen (TN), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) were the key environmental factors influencing the stability and functions of the prokaryotic community in Renjiapo, while the influencing factors in Jiuzhoutai were TN, SOC, pH, and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N). [Conclusion] During the warm-humid period, the microbial community differentiated into more functional categories and exhibited more vigorous life activities. When the climate was dry and cold, the microbial community completed the main life activities by improving species diversity and jointly maintaining the community survival and stability to adapt to environmental stress. The findings are of great significance for understanding the impacts of climate change on the diversity and functions of soil microorganisms.

, correspAuthors=Xiuhua LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LIU Xiuhua, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiuhua LIU, Yuhan SUN, Jie LU, Xiaokang LIU, Yandong MA, Yi HE, Anyan HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241377728251875712, articleId=1241377724548305062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=黄土-古土壤原核生物群落对古气候变化的响应, columnId=1241377720484024369, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=土壤微生物与元素循环, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】黄土-古土壤序列是记录第四纪气候环境变化的良好载体,其内部的土壤微生物特征是蕴含土壤环境变化的重要信息。由于黄土与古土壤成壤环境的气候差异,微生物群落结构特征可能会有不同的响应,但针对该问题的研究还十分有限。【方法】选择任家坡(R)和九州台(J)两地黄土(RL和JL)-古土壤(RS和JS)序列,运用高通量测序技术和线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)识别土壤原核生物群落结构和类群差异,基于原核生物分类单元功能注释(functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa, FAPROTAX)数据库进行群落功能预测,以及利用Mantel test探讨影响土壤原核生物群落稳定的环境因子。【结果】土壤中碳氮营养物质与气候变化的代用指标磁化率、Rb/Sr变化趋势一致,含量整体表现为古土壤(RS和JS)高,对应的黄土(RL和JL)低,这一特征在任家坡古土壤(RS)中尤为显著;在同一气候时期,九州台较任家坡更为干冷,并且九州台古土壤沉积阶段也受到较强冬季风的影响,使其气候冷干与暖湿转变呈渐变型。原核生物群落结构中酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)等具有嗜热嗜温性质的细菌和古菌在任家坡黄土-古土壤(RL和RS)中丰度较高,芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)等耐旱、适宜极端环境中生存的细菌和古菌在九州台黄土-古土壤中(JL和JS)丰度较高。同时,生命产能、氮、锰、铁、氯元素循环相关功能基因在任家坡古土壤(RS)中表达量最高,而碳、氢、硫元素循环相关功能基因在任家坡黄土(RL)中表达量最高。与任家坡相比,九州台原核生物群落具有物种多样性高、功能种类少的特点。Mantel test分析进一步表明,有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)、含水率(soil water content, SWC)、总氮(total nitrogen, TN)和硝态氮(nitrate nitrogen, NO3-N)是影响任家坡原核生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子,而TN、SOC、pH值和铵态氮(NH4+-N)是影响九州台原核生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子。【结论】在暖湿期,微生物群落分化出更多的功能种类,具有更旺盛的生命活动;在冷干期,微生物群落通过提高物种多样性来完成主要的生命活动功能,通过协同共生维持群落生存和稳定来适应环境胁迫。研究成果对认识气候变化对土壤微生物多样性和功能的影响具有重要意义。

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MS: Soil frequency magnetic susceptibility; TN: Total nitrogen;Φ: Particle size; SOC: Soil organic carbon; SWC: Soil water content., figureFileSmall=SNMiZ33FVCcNctm31S9pTw==, figureFileBig=DEnKxcQRegkFWadnCeRayQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445031081472477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两地黄土-古土壤样理化因子

MS:磁化率;Φ:粒度;SOC:有机碳;TN:全氮;SWC:土壤含水率

, figureFileSmall=SNMiZ33FVCcNctm31S9pTw==, figureFileBig=DEnKxcQRegkFWadnCeRayQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445031240856038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Difference test of alpha diversity of prokaryotic community in loess-paleosol between two places. RL: Loess in Renjiapo; RS: Paleosol in Renjiapo; JL: Loess in Jiuzhoutai; JS: Paleosol in Jiuzhoutai.*: 0.01 <P≤ 0.05., figureFileSmall=g8qricNxSM0zKsSPuiy0vw==, figureFileBig=RUGW3L05yYonBOhK1sc6AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445031354102256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=图3, caption=两地黄土-古土壤原核生物群落α多样性差异检验

RL:任家坡黄土;RS:任家坡古土壤;JL:九州台黄土;JS:九州台古土壤

, figureFileSmall=g8qricNxSM0zKsSPuiy0vw==, figureFileBig=RUGW3L05yYonBOhK1sc6AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445031433794044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=NMDS analysis of prokaryotic community in loess-paleosol in two places (A) and Venn diagram of functional species of soil prokaryotic community in two places (B). RL: Loess in Renjiapo; RS: Paleosol in Renjiapo; JL: Loess in Jiuzhoutai; JS: Paleosol in Jiuzhoutai., figureFileSmall=7xYWtRUzH30EqH6RsKnnAA==, figureFileBig=A0nih8zXUYkZPgM9aZBAwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445031576400390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=图4, caption=两地黄土-古土壤原核生物群落NMDS分析(A)和土壤原核生物群落功能种类Venn图(B)

RL:任家坡黄土;RS:任家坡古土壤;JL:九州台黄土;JS:九州台古土壤

, figureFileSmall=7xYWtRUzH30EqH6RsKnnAA==, figureFileBig=A0nih8zXUYkZPgM9aZBAwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445033103127056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Analysis on the difference of dominant prokaryotes in loess-paleosol between the two places. RL: Loess in Renjiapo; RS: Paleosol in Renjiapo; JL: Loess in Jiuzhoutai; JS: Paleosol in Jiuzhoutai.*: 0.01 <P≤0.05;**: 0.001 <P≤0.01;***:P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=CHKHGFhOBEsH8hwwVgKY4Q==, figureFileBig=utYHb38Yx0hgL0vuRZXsAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445033258316323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=图5, caption=两地黄土-古土壤原核生物优势菌门差异分析

RL:任家坡黄土;RS:任家坡古土壤;JL:九州台黄土;JS:九州台古土壤

, figureFileSmall=CHKHGFhOBEsH8hwwVgKY4Q==, figureFileBig=utYHb38Yx0hgL0vuRZXsAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445033392534058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=LEfSe difference analysis of prokaryotic community in loess between two places (A) and LEfSe difference analysis of prokaryotic community in paleosol between two places (B). RL: Loess in Renjiapo; RS: Paleosol in Renjiapo; JL: Loess in Jiuzhoutai; JS: Paleosol in Jiuzhoutai., figureFileSmall=E7zhHgk/UsB7OWL0ghx0rg==, figureFileBig=H1qU6Ai6EpqicFpO0xgUMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445033547723313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=图6, caption=两地黄土原核生物群落的LEfSe差异分析(A)和两地古土壤原核生物群落的LEfSe差异分析(B)

RL:任家坡黄土;RS:任家坡古土壤;JL:九州台黄土;JS:九州台古土壤

, figureFileSmall=E7zhHgk/UsB7OWL0ghx0rg==, figureFileBig=H1qU6Ai6EpqicFpO0xgUMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445033761632833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Correlation between functional abundance of soil prokaryotic community and relative abundance of phylum. Methanogenesis BROMCW H2: Methanogenesis by reduction of methyl compounds with H2; Methanogenesis BCRW H2: Methanogenesis by CO2 reduction with H2.*: 0.01 <P≤ 0.05;**: 0.001 <P≤0.01;***:P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=yJLO8oAZPjAcdMJYCPGAeQ==, figureFileBig=sDuz29wpSlFr86RUjR4uKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445033891656268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=图7, caption=土壤原核生物群落功能丰度与菌门相对丰度相关关系, figureFileSmall=yJLO8oAZPjAcdMJYCPGAeQ==, figureFileBig=sDuz29wpSlFr86RUjR4uKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445034004902482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Mantel test of prokaryotic community function and physical and chemical factors in loess-paleosol in two places. RL: Loess in Renjiapo; RS: Paleosol in Renjiapo; JL: Loess in Jiuzhoutai; JS: Paleosol in Jiuzhoutai.*: 0.01 <P≤0.05;**: 0.001 <P≤ 0.01;***:P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=4Jw2tYGJgd8RLE/k3veI0g==, figureFileBig=J+yd/mhst+ikwsrKpn0aUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445034151703130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=图8, caption=两地黄土-古土壤原核生物群落功能与理化因子的Mantel检验

RL:任家坡黄土;RS:任家坡古土壤;JL:九州台黄土;JS:九州台古土壤

, figureFileSmall=4Jw2tYGJgd8RLE/k3veI0g==, figureFileBig=J+yd/mhst+ikwsrKpn0aUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445034269143649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Test on the difference of physical and chemical factors between loess and paleosol in two places. RL: Loess in Renjiapo; RS: Paleosol in Renjiapo; JL: Loess in Jiuzhoutai; JS: Paleosol in Jiuzhoutai.*: 0.01 <P≤ 0.05;**: 0.001 <P ≤ 0.01;***:P≤ 0.001., figureFileSmall=zbZb10nRClpQwX4nV65fWw==, figureFileBig=quUIW97ZKMGDwWqjtIpa+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445034399167082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=图9, caption=两地黄土-古土壤理化因子差异检验

RL:任家坡黄土;RS:任家坡古土壤;JL:九州台黄土;JS:九州台古土壤

, figureFileSmall=zbZb10nRClpQwX4nV65fWw==, figureFileBig=quUIW97ZKMGDwWqjtIpa+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241445034554356342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of two places on alpha diversity of prokaryotic community in loess

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LocationLayerChao1 indexACE indexShannon indexSimpson index
*: 0.01 <P≤ 0.05;**: 0.001 <P ≤ 0.01; ns: Insignificant.
RenjiapoRL11 338.5151 315.0985.9890.927
RL3899.816933.1475.0110.843
RL5569.886536.8742.8810.529
JiuzhoutaiJL1576.512496.8512.9190.486
JL3680.173614.3143.1150.492
JL51 085.4431 085.4376.4150.973
Double factor variance analysis
  Location**nsns
  Layernsnsnsns
  Location×layer*****ns
), ArticleFig(id=1241445034759877241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两地黄土原核生物群落α多样性特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LocationLayerChao1 indexACE indexShannon indexSimpson index
*: 0.01 <P≤ 0.05;**: 0.001 <P ≤ 0.01; ns: Insignificant.
RenjiapoRL11 338.5151 315.0985.9890.927
RL3899.816933.1475.0110.843
RL5569.886536.8742.8810.529
JiuzhoutaiJL1576.512496.8512.9190.486
JL3680.173614.3143.1150.492
JL51 085.4431 085.4376.4150.973
Double factor variance analysis
  Location**nsns
  Layernsnsnsns
  Location×layer*****ns
), ArticleFig(id=1241445034894094980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of two places on alpha diversity of prokaryotic community in paleosol

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LocationLayerChao1 indexACE indexShannon indexSimpson index
*: 0.01 <P≤ 0.05;**: 0.001 <P ≤ 0.01.
RenjiapoRS1727.224668.0413.4740.608
RS3700.029653.8023.8940.696
RS5597.391478.7440.8650.148
JiuzhoutaiJS11 118.8731 151.3246.6530.968
JS3587.696501.6043.4660.621
JS5823.526819.1694.4050.725
Double factor variance analysis
  Location*******
  Layer********
  Location×layer****
), ArticleFig(id=1241445035011535499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两地古土壤原核生物群落α多样性特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LocationLayerChao1 indexACE indexShannon indexSimpson index
*: 0.01 <P≤ 0.05;**: 0.001 <P ≤ 0.01.
RenjiapoRS1727.224668.0413.4740.608
RS3700.029653.8023.8940.696
RS5597.391478.7440.8650.148
JiuzhoutaiJS11 118.8731 151.3246.6530.968
JS3587.696501.6043.4660.621
JS5823.526819.1694.4050.725
Double factor variance analysis
  Location*******
  Layer********
  Location×layer****
), ArticleFig(id=1241445035124781715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Kruskal-Wallis test of functional abundance difference in the same layer between the two places

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Layer functionL1L3L5S1S3S5
*: 0.01 <P≤0.05;**: 0.001 <P≤0.01; ns: Insignificant.
Chemoheterotrophynsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Fermentationnsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Nitrate reductionnsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Aerobic chemoheterotrophynsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Hydrocarbon degradationnsns0.049 5*0.045 5*0.049 5*0.049 5*
Nitrificationnsnsns0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Aerobic ammonia oxidationnsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Methylotrophynsns0.046 3*0.039 2*0.049 5*ns
Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesisns0.075 60.036 9*0.008 8**0.036 9*ns
Methanogenesisns0.075 60.036 9*0.008 8**0.036 9*ns
Methanogenesis by reduction of methyl compounds with H20.052 80.075 60.036 9*0.008 8**0.036 9*ns
Phototrophynsnsns0.044 2*0.049 5*0.049 5*
Photoautotrophynsnsns0.044 2*0.049 5*0.049 5*
Aromatic compound degradationnsnsns0.044 2*nsns
Aerobic nitrite oxidationnsnsnsnsns0.036 9*
Anoxygenic photoautotrophy S oxidizingnsns0.046 3*0.045 5*nsns
Anoxygenic photoautotrophynsns0.046 3*0.045 5*nsns
Cyanobacteriansns0.046 3*nsns0.049 5*
Oxygenic photoautotrophynsns0.046 3*nsns0.049 5*
Chitinolysis0.052 8nsnsns0.046 3*ns
Methanol oxidationnsnsns0.039 2*ns0.049 5*
Cellulolysisnsns0.043 1*nsns0.036 9*
Xylanolysisnsns0.025 3*nsns0.036 9*
Dark hydrogen oxidationns0.075 6nsnsnsns
Respiration of sulfur compounds0.052 80.075 6nsnsnsns
Sulfate respiration0.052 8nsnsnsnsns
Anammox0.052 8nsnsnsnsns
), ArticleFig(id=1241445035640681119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241377724548305062, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两地同一层位功能丰度差异Kruskal-Wallis检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Layer functionL1L3L5S1S3S5
*: 0.01 <P≤0.05;**: 0.001 <P≤0.01; ns: Insignificant.
Chemoheterotrophynsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Fermentationnsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Nitrate reductionnsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Aerobic chemoheterotrophynsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Hydrocarbon degradationnsns0.049 5*0.045 5*0.049 5*0.049 5*
Nitrificationnsnsns0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Aerobic ammonia oxidationnsns0.049 5*0.045 5*ns0.049 5*
Methylotrophynsns0.046 3*0.039 2*0.049 5*ns
Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesisns0.075 60.036 9*0.008 8**0.036 9*ns
Methanogenesisns0.075 60.036 9*0.008 8**0.036 9*ns
Methanogenesis by reduction of methyl compounds with H20.052 80.075 60.036 9*0.008 8**0.036 9*ns
Phototrophynsnsns0.044 2*0.049 5*0.049 5*
Photoautotrophynsnsns0.044 2*0.049 5*0.049 5*
Aromatic compound degradationnsnsns0.044 2*nsns
Aerobic nitrite oxidationnsnsnsnsns0.036 9*
Anoxygenic photoautotrophy S oxidizingnsns0.046 3*0.045 5*nsns
Anoxygenic photoautotrophynsns0.046 3*0.045 5*nsns
Cyanobacteriansns0.046 3*nsns0.049 5*
Oxygenic photoautotrophynsns0.046 3*nsns0.049 5*
Chitinolysis0.052 8nsnsns0.046 3*ns
Methanol oxidationnsnsns0.039 2*ns0.049 5*
Cellulolysisnsns0.043 1*nsns0.036 9*
Xylanolysisnsns0.025 3*nsns0.036 9*
Dark hydrogen oxidationns0.075 6nsnsnsns
Respiration of sulfur compounds0.052 80.075 6nsnsnsns
Sulfate respiration0.052 8nsnsnsnsns
Anammox0.052 8nsnsnsnsns
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黄土-古土壤原核生物群落对古气候变化的响应
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刘秀花 1, 2, * , 孙钰涵 1, 2 , 卢杰 3 , 刘小康 4 , 马延东 5 , 贺屹 1, 2 , 胡安焱 1, 2
微生物学报 | 土壤微生物与元素循环 2024,64(6): 1800-1823
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微生物学报 | 土壤微生物与元素循环 2024, 64(6): 1800-1823
黄土-古土壤原核生物群落对古气候变化的响应
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刘秀花1, 2, * , 孙钰涵1, 2, 卢杰3, 刘小康4, 马延东5, 贺屹1, 2, 胡安焱1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学水利与环境学院, 陕西 西安 710054
  • 2 旱区地下水与生态效应教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710054
  • 3 陕西省土地工程建设集团有限责任公司, 陕西 宝鸡 721004
  • 4 榆林市水利局河湖水库与移民工作中心, 陕西 榆林 719000
  • 5 陕西省林业科学研究院国家林业局黄土高原水土保持与生态恢复重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710082
Response of prokaryotic community in loess-paleosol to paleoclimate change
Xiuhua LIU1, 2, * , Yuhan SUN1, 2, Jie LU3, Xiaokang LIU4, Yandong MA5, Yi HE1, 2, Anyan HU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Groundwater and Ecological Effects in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • 3 Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Limited Liability Company, Baoji 721004, Shaanxi, China
  • 4 River and Lake Reservoir and Immigrant Work Center, Water Conservancy Bureau of Yulin, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, China
  • 5 Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an 710082, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2024-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230795
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【目的】黄土-古土壤序列是记录第四纪气候环境变化的良好载体,其内部的土壤微生物特征是蕴含土壤环境变化的重要信息。由于黄土与古土壤成壤环境的气候差异,微生物群落结构特征可能会有不同的响应,但针对该问题的研究还十分有限。【方法】选择任家坡(R)和九州台(J)两地黄土(RL和JL)-古土壤(RS和JS)序列,运用高通量测序技术和线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)识别土壤原核生物群落结构和类群差异,基于原核生物分类单元功能注释(functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa, FAPROTAX)数据库进行群落功能预测,以及利用Mantel test探讨影响土壤原核生物群落稳定的环境因子。【结果】土壤中碳氮营养物质与气候变化的代用指标磁化率、Rb/Sr变化趋势一致,含量整体表现为古土壤(RS和JS)高,对应的黄土(RL和JL)低,这一特征在任家坡古土壤(RS)中尤为显著;在同一气候时期,九州台较任家坡更为干冷,并且九州台古土壤沉积阶段也受到较强冬季风的影响,使其气候冷干与暖湿转变呈渐变型。原核生物群落结构中酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)等具有嗜热嗜温性质的细菌和古菌在任家坡黄土-古土壤(RL和RS)中丰度较高,芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)等耐旱、适宜极端环境中生存的细菌和古菌在九州台黄土-古土壤中(JL和JS)丰度较高。同时,生命产能、氮、锰、铁、氯元素循环相关功能基因在任家坡古土壤(RS)中表达量最高,而碳、氢、硫元素循环相关功能基因在任家坡黄土(RL)中表达量最高。与任家坡相比,九州台原核生物群落具有物种多样性高、功能种类少的特点。Mantel test分析进一步表明,有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)、含水率(soil water content, SWC)、总氮(total nitrogen, TN)和硝态氮(nitrate nitrogen, NO3-N)是影响任家坡原核生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子,而TN、SOC、pH值和铵态氮(NH4+-N)是影响九州台原核生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子。【结论】在暖湿期,微生物群落分化出更多的功能种类,具有更旺盛的生命活动;在冷干期,微生物群落通过提高物种多样性来完成主要的生命活动功能,通过协同共生维持群落生存和稳定来适应环境胁迫。研究成果对认识气候变化对土壤微生物多样性和功能的影响具有重要意义。

黄土-古土壤序列  /  原核生物群落  /  结构  /  功能  /  古气候

[Objective] Loess-paleosol sequence (LPS) is a good carrier recording the changes of Quaternary climate and environment, and the characteristics of soil microorganisms in it indicates important information about the changes of soil environment. Due to the climate difference between loess and paleosoil, the soil microbial community may have different responses in the structural characteristics. The research on this problem, however, is limited. [Methods] In this paper, the loess (RL and JL)-paleosol (RS and JS) sequences in Renjiapo (R) and Jiuzhoutai (J) were selected, and high-throughput sequencing and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) were employed to gain insights into the community structure and group differences of soil prokaryotes. Furthermore, functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX) was used to predict the community function, and the Mantel test was carried out to identify the environmental factors affecting the community stability of soil prokaryotes. [Results] The carbon and nitrogen in soil showed changes consistent with the magnetic susceptibility and Rb/Sr ratio, the alternative indicators of climate change. The content of carbon and nitrogen was high in the paleosol (RS and JS, especially in RS) and low in the corresponding loess (RL and JL). In the same climate era, Jiuzhoutai was drier and colder than Renjiapo. The paleosol deposition stage in Jiuzhoutai was affected by strong winter monsoon, which ultimately led to the gradual change from the dry-cold to wet-warm climate. In the prokaryotic community, thermophilic or mesophilic bacteria and archaea, such asAcidobacteria,Crenarchaeota, andChloroflexi, were abundant in RL and RS, while those with tolerance to drought and extreme environments, such asGemmatimonadetes,Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,Euryarchaeota, andDeinococcus-Thermus, had high abundance in JL and JS. The functional genes related to energy source and nitrogen, manganese, iron, and chlorine cycling had the highest expression levels in RS, while those involved in carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur cycling showed the highest expression levels in RL. The prokaryotic community in Jiuzhoutai had higher species diversity and fewer functional species than that in Renjiapo. Mantel test results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC), soil water content (SWC), total nitrogen (TN), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) were the key environmental factors influencing the stability and functions of the prokaryotic community in Renjiapo, while the influencing factors in Jiuzhoutai were TN, SOC, pH, and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N). [Conclusion] During the warm-humid period, the microbial community differentiated into more functional categories and exhibited more vigorous life activities. When the climate was dry and cold, the microbial community completed the main life activities by improving species diversity and jointly maintaining the community survival and stability to adapt to environmental stress. The findings are of great significance for understanding the impacts of climate change on the diversity and functions of soil microorganisms.

loess-paleosol sequence  /  prokaryotic community  /  structure  /  function  /  paleoclimate
刘秀花, 孙钰涵, 卢杰, 刘小康, 马延东, 贺屹, 胡安焱. 黄土-古土壤原核生物群落对古气候变化的响应. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (6) : 1800 -1823 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230795
Xiuhua LIU, Yuhan SUN, Jie LU, Xiaokang LIU, Yandong MA, Yi HE, Anyan HU. Response of prokaryotic community in loess-paleosol to paleoclimate change[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (6) : 1800 -1823 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230795
厚度大、风积连续的黄土-古土壤序列是陆地上全新世以来发现最完整的古气候记录载体[1-3],与深海发育物、极地冰心并称为“三大近代气候环境档案库”[4]。黄土-古土壤序列是由物源相似物质在东亚夏季风和冬季风气候交替作用下形成的,反映了东亚区域的气候变迁与生态演变过程[5],其中古土壤发育时期,受到夏季风作用较强,带来了充沛的降水[6],气候增温增湿,而黄土发育时期,冬季风作用较强,气候干冷[7]。已有研究表明,黄土-古土壤发育过程中的磁化率(magnetic susceptibility, MS)、沉积物粒度、CaCO3含量、Rb/Sr值等可作为古气候代用指标,可反映古气候及其环境演化信息[8]。其中,MS不仅与降水呈正相关关系[9],而且可表征夏季风的强弱,即夏季风强盛时,土壤和粉尘中磁铁矿组分高,磁化率就高;反之,磁化率低[10]。沉积物粒度为峰度较高、分选较好的粗粒组分时,代表东亚冬季风盛行,气候冷干;反之,夏季风盛行,气候暖湿[11]。CaCO3含量和Rb/Sr值可指示黄土和古土壤遭受的淋溶程度[12],CaCO3含量低、Rb/Sr值高代表受到暖湿气候影响,反之代表冷干气候[13]。另外,黄土-古土壤发育成壤作用导致表生环境所含的元素不断地迁移与组合,其元素循环的改变也可表现出土壤生态对气候变迁的响应[14-15]
土壤微生物主导着土壤养分转化和各元素的循环过程[16],微生物群落对土壤环境变化极其敏感[17],其群落结构和功能特征的变化对气候和土壤环境的差异有积极响应[18-20]。不同季风气候带来的温湿环境差异,会影响土壤微生物群落结构[21]。气候通过改变土壤环境,筛选和影响微生物的种类和丰度,从而改变其群落结构组成[22-23],进一步使群落产生不同的生命功能[24-26],以此来表征土壤微生物群落对气候变化的适应与响应。当前,有关黄土微生物的研究主要以表层土壤及不同管理模式下的群落特征为主,而对黄土-古土壤序列中的微生物研究十分有限,特别是具有类似初始背景条件的黄土-古土壤序列[27],受不同区域气候变化的控制,可能在微生物群落结构特征中也储存了丰富的古环境信息。基于此,本研究选择西安任家坡和兰州九州台的部分黄土-古土壤序列,开展古气候代用指标和土壤理化因子,以及原核生物群落结构与功能差异研究,分析其群落分布、种群关系及驱动因素,探究土壤中原核生物对气候变迁响应与作用机制,研究结果不仅可进一步加深对黄土古气候环境形成过程的理解,也可为认识气候变化对土壤微生物结构和功能的演化影响提供重要借鉴。
黄土高原位于中国中部偏北,是全球最大的黄土发育区,总面积约64万km2。该区属于典型的温带大陆性气候,夏秋季温暖湿润,冬春季寒冷干燥,年降水量150−800 mm,主要集中于6−9月,年平均气温3.6−14.3 ℃,降水和气温均呈现由东南向西北递减的趋势。黄土-古土壤序列是第四纪冰期-间冰期交替作用的产物,冰期冬季风增强,大量黄土颗粒携带到高原,黄土粉尘堆积速度快,叠覆成为黄土层。间冰期,夏季风带来暖湿气候,黄土成壤速度加快,形成古土壤[28-29]。因此,随着气候的多次叠加,黄土、古土壤相互交替层状分布。本研究选取黄土高原位于甘肃省兰州市黄河北岸的九州台(103°47′E, 36°07′N)和陕西省西安市白鹿原的任家坡(109°23′E, 34°10′N) (图1A) 2个不同类型的黄土-古土壤剖面,分别对L1、S1、L3、S3、L5和S5层序开展分析。以任家坡剖面为例(图1B),从上到下依次为马兰黄土(L1)、离石黄土上部(S1−L5)和下部(S5)。各时期地层出露齐全、地层完整,古土壤层清晰可辨、相对稳定。
于2019年5月和9月分别在任家坡和九州台采集了黄土-古土壤序列剖面中L1、S1、L3、S3、L5、S5层序的土壤样品,其中L1、L3、L5代表黄土层序,S1、S3、S5代表古土壤层序(图1B)。在每个土壤层序的上、中、下部位各取1 kg土样,两地共采集36个样品。将样品冷藏并运回实验室,在去除石块和植物根系后对所有土壤样品过2 mm筛子。过筛后将每个土样分为4份,分别用于土壤理化因子、微生物(在−80 ℃冰箱中用于提取土壤DNA)、土壤有机碳及总氮同位素和磁化率等古气候代用指标的测定。
土壤含水率(soil water content, SWC)是将土壤样本在105 ℃烘箱内烘干10 h后测定的;pH值(土: 水为1:2.5)采用DMP-2 mV pH计(北京金洋万达科技有限公司)测定;土壤有机碳含量(soil organic carbon, SOC)采用重铬酸钾氧化法测定;全氮含量(total nitrogen, TN)以硒(Se)、硫酸铜(CuSO4)和硫酸钾(K2SO4)作为催化剂,使用半微量凯氏定氮法进行定量;铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3-N)含量采用2 mol/L的氯化钾浸提,使用San++连续流动分析仪(Skalar公司)测定;δ15N和δ13C应用元素分析-同位素比值质谱仪(Elementar公司)测定;土壤频率磁化率(soil frequency magnetic susceptibility, MS)采用MS-2B磁化率仪(Bartington公司)测定;CaCO3含量采用气量法测定;土壤中的铷(Rb)、锶(Sr)使用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定;土壤的粒径分布使用LS 13320 XR激光衍射粒度分析仪(Bckman Coulter公司)测定。
使用DNeasy® PowerSoil试剂盒(MO Bio Laboratories公司)从0.5 g土壤中提取DNA。利用NanoDrop ND-2000分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测量DNA的浓度和纯度,并采用1.2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的提取质量。
高通量测序使用原核生物特异性引物515F (5′-GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′),对16S rRNA基因的V4高变区进行扩增。PCR反应体系(25 µL):5×Reaction buffer 5 µL,5×GC buffer 5 µL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 µL,正、反向引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板2 µL,ddH2O 8.75 µL,Q5 DNA Polymerase (5 U/µL) 0.25 µL。PCR扩增条件:98 ℃预变性2 min;98 ℃变性15 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共25−30个循环;最后72 ℃延伸5 min。PCR扩增产物使用Quant-it PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen公司)在Microplate reader (BioTek公司)进行定量,纯化后的扩增产物在Illumina MiSeq平台上进行测序。
土壤理化因子变化趋势应用Origin绘图,原核生物群落α多样性与土壤层位和地区的关系利用SPSS 27进行双因子反方差分析。利用差异检验箱线图探索α多样性、优势菌门、土壤理化因子之间的显著性差异,基于Bray-Curtis和Weighted-Unifrac距离的非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析各样本菌群间β多样性的差异性。基于原核生物分类单元功能注释(functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa, FAPROTAX)数据库对分类操作单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)进行功能注释,获得各样本群落功能信息,通过Kruskal-Wallis检验分析两地各层位土壤微生物群落功能之间的差异,最后应用Mantel test分析理化因子对原核生物群落功能的影响。
任家坡和九州台黄土-古土壤序列气候代用指标的变化如图2所示,其变化特征与已有认识规律一致:即同一地区的黄土和古土壤序列中MS和Rb/Sr值在任家坡和九州台均表现为黄土 < 古土壤(RL < RS和JL < JS) (RL、RS分别为任家坡黄土与古土壤,JL、JS分别为九州台黄土与古土壤),表明古土壤发育时期夏季风强、降水多,气候暖湿;而黄土发育时期,冬季风强、降水少,气候冷干[6-7,9,12]。CaCO3在任家坡表现为黄土 > 古土壤(RL > RS)且差异较大,符合CaCO3含量低反映相对温湿气候、含量高反映干旱气候的规律[13],但在九州台却差异较小。粒度(> 32 μm)在任家坡和九州台都表现为黄土 > 古土壤(RL > RS和JL > JS),符合黄土发育的干冷时期,受到更强盛的冬季风致使粒度更大的规律[11]。TN、SWC、δ15N、δ13C、NH4+-N、NO3-N在任家坡和九州台也基本表现为黄土 < 古土壤(RL < RS和JL < JS)。
两地同一层位对比可知,粒度(> 32 μm)、CaCO3在黄土和古土壤中,整体表现为任家坡 < 九州台(RL < JL和RS < JS),同时Rb/Sr、MS在两地同一层位土壤皆表现为任家坡 > 九州台(RL > JL和RS > JS),表明任家坡比九州台受到的夏季风更强盛,气候更暖湿。此外,TN、δ15N和SWC也均表现为任家坡 > 九州台(RL > JL和RS > JS),这是由于任家坡更为暖湿,使得地表植被更茂盛,土壤水分含量高、营养物积累多。此外,任家坡的TN、δ15N及δ13C含量在古土壤中也明显高于黄土(RS > RL),说明气候暖湿期TN等物质积累量高,C、N循环快,δ15N和δ13C富集,这与气候代用指标变化趋势一致。
采用α多样性指数ACE、Chao1、Shannon和Simpson反映两地黄土古土壤原核生物群落多样性和差异特征。总体上由L1−S5,任家坡黄土-古土壤序列中原核生物群落的丰度和多样性降低,而九州台黄土(表1)中原核生物群落的丰度和多样性却表现出增大趋势,其古土壤(表2)未表现出变化规律。
此外,地区和层位的差异对α多样性有不同程度的影响,其中,地区差异对两地古土壤原核生物群落丰度和多样性具有极显著影响,对黄土群落丰度影响表现出显著,同一地区土壤原核生物群落容易产生较高的相似性。层位差异对两地古土壤原核生物群落的α多样性表现出极显著影响,而在黄土中影响不显著;差异性检验(图3)表明任家坡黄土原核生物群落丰度大于九州台,多样性却小于九州台,而九州台的古土壤原核生物群落丰度和多样性均大于任家坡,并且两地古土壤的原核生物群落多样性也具有显著差异。研究表明气候变迁对不同地域的土壤原核生物群落具有较大的影响,古土壤发育时期,土壤微生物群落更加活跃,其对气候变化的响应更为敏感,群落更易分化出不同的结构和功能所致。
基于Bray-Curtis和Weighted-Unifrac距离的非度量多维尺度(NMDS)分析(stress值为0.1)可知,同一地区土壤中原核生物群落β多样性组成具有较高的相似性(图4A),但九州台的JL1、JL3和任家坡的RS5三层位的群落组成与各自序列中其他层位的差异较大,而且这三层位的样点距离较近,说明该三层土壤的原核生物群落组成可能也较为相似。
两地36个土壤样本共获得4 433条OTU序列,其中只有6个OTU为所有层位的土壤样本共有,两地黄土-古土壤样本原核生物主要分布在47门127纲271目411科689属。其中九州台原核生物种类在门、纲、目和科上的数目皆少于任家坡,而菌属种类大于任家坡。
在门水平,任家坡和九州台分别检出46个和39个菌门。任家坡土壤中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、GAL15、己科河菌门(Rokubacteria)是高丰度的优势菌门(相对丰度 > 5%),九州台土壤中变形菌门和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为高丰度的优势菌门(相对丰度 > 10%);酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)为两地共有的优势菌门(相对丰度 > 1%)。此外,变形菌门在任家坡RS5层位相对丰度 > 90%,在九州台JL1和JL3层位相对丰度 > 70%。由于变形菌门的相对丰度高,使其在原核生物群落中占据了优势生态位,特异性最强,导致β多样性检验中这3个层位的群落组成较相似但与其他层位的差异较大(图4A)。
由两地土壤的优势菌门差异检验可知(图5),GAL15和己科河菌门丰度在两地土壤中差异极显著,其中任家坡土壤丰度高,而且黄土中的丰度均高于古土壤,九州台土壤中丰度却很低(相对丰度低于0.1%)。放线菌门和拟杆菌门丰度在两地土壤中的差异也表现出极显著,九州台均高于任家坡。浮霉菌门丰度在两地的古土壤中差异显著,任家坡古土壤中较低。
两地黄土原核生物的线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)效应大小(LDA effect size, LefSe)分析(LDA阈值为3.9)结果见图6A,共有46个细菌和古菌类群具有显著差异。任家坡RL1层位差异类群最多,其主要分布在门水平的GAL15、酸杆菌门和己科河菌门,纲水平的Subgroup_6、NC10,目水平的甲基溴化目(Methylomirabilales)、甲烷球菌目(Methanomassiliicoccales)和己科河菌目(Rokubacteriales),科水平的甲基溴化科(Methylomirabilaceae),以及属水平的MIZ17和一些未分类的物种;相比之下,任家坡RL3和RL5差异类群最少,均仅有1个,分别为纲水平的TK10和亚硝化球菌纲(Nitrososphaeria)下的未分类菌目。此外,九州台JL1层位有5个差异类群的LDA值大于5,它们皆属于变形菌门下的γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)和伍斯菌属(Woeseia)。
两地古土壤原核生物共有74个细菌和古菌类群具有显著差异(LDA阈值为4,图6B),其中九州台JS1层位差异类群最多,其主要分布在门水平的拟杆菌门和放线菌门,纲水平的酸微菌纲(Acidimicrobila)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、芽单胞菌纲(Gemmatimonadetes)、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidia)和不整囊菌纲(Nitriliruptoria),目水平的Microtrichales、海洋螺菌目(Oceanospirillales)、亚硝化球菌目(Nitrosococcales)、芽单胞菌目(Gemmatimonadales)、假诺卡氏菌目(Pseudonocardiales)、放线菌目(Actinomarinales)、类固醇杆菌目(Steroidobacterales)、根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)和丙酸杆菌目(Propionibacteriales),科水平的亚硝化球菌科(Nitrosococcaceae)、盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)、伍斯菌科(Woeseiaceae)、芽单胞菌科(Gemmatimonadaceae)、鞘脂杆菌科(Sphingobacteriaceae)和腈基降解菌科(Nitriliruptoraceae),以及属水平的盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、伍斯菌属(Woeseia)、糖霉菌属(Glycomyces)和一些未分类的物种;相比之下,九州台JS5差异类群最少,为芽单胞菌门、0319_7L14菌纲、β-变形菌目(Betaproteobacteriales)和MND1菌属。此外,任家坡RS5层位所有差异类群的LDA值均大于5,为变形菌门、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)和埃希氏杆菌属-志贺氏杆菌(Escherichia-Shigella)。
上述研究结果表明,在暖湿气候下发育的古土壤微生物群落竞争性更强、差异种更多。此外,任家坡RL1和九州台JS1层位土壤原核生物群落分化出的差异类群数量最多,使其α多样性最大;任家坡RS5和九州台JL1、JL3层位LDA值大于5的差异类群占比较大(> 30%),而且均属于变形菌门,因此其β多样性差异显著。
基于FAPROTAX方法进行原核生物群落的功能预测(图4B),任家坡和九州台分别获得56种和53种功能。任家坡黄土、古土壤分别检出55种和51种功能,有50种功能是二者共有的,而且黄土比古土壤具有更丰富的硫元素循环功能。九州台黄土和古土壤均检出45种功能,其中有37种功能是二者共有,古土壤比黄土具有较丰富的碳、氢、硫、氮元素转化功能。两地相比,任家坡古土壤除了具有九州台古土壤所有功能外,还另有氢营养甲烷生成、甲烷生成、H2还原甲基化合物的甲烷生成、氯酸盐还原、芳香烃降解和厌氧氨氧化功能,即具有更多样的碳、氢、氯、氮元素循环功能。在两地的黄土中,有44种功能为共有,但任家坡比九州台多11种功能。总体上,土壤原核生物群落的功能多样性在任家坡古土壤中最大,九州台黄土中最小。
为探索两地黄土-古土壤功能丰度的差异,将两地同一层位原核生物群落功能丰度进行Kruskal-Wallis检验(表3),结果表明S1层位检出的差异功能数量最多,氢营养甲烷生成、甲烷生成和H2还原甲基化合物的甲烷生成这3种功能的差异极显著(P < 0.01):这3种功能在任家坡丰度较高,但在九州台黄土-古土壤中均未出现H2还原甲基化合物的甲烷生成功能,另外2种功能仅在九州台黄土JL1层位中以极低丰度存在。化能异养、发酵和硝酸盐还原功能在两地的L5、S1和S5层位差异显著(P < 0.05),其丰度均表现为任家坡大于九州台。好氧化能异养、碳氢化合物降解、硝化作用和好氧氨氧化在两地的L5、S1和S5层位差异显著(P < 0.05),其丰度均为九州台大于任家坡。光营养和光能自养功能在两地的古土壤层S1、S3和S5中差异显著(P≤0.05),其丰度均为任家坡小于九州台。
为探究两地土壤中功能差异的原因,将两地原核生物群落功能丰度与菌门的相对丰度进行Pearson相关性分析(图7),结果表明,生命产能功能(energy-source)中化能异养和发酵在所有土壤样中均有极高丰度,而且与变形菌门、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)呈极显著正相关,与同力菌门(Synergistetes)呈显著正相关。有研究表明,此三菌门主导着各类有机质的分解与合成,可配合植被稳定共生,进行养分循环及吸收光能为微生物的生命活动产能[31-32]。有氧光合自养、自养型、光异养、好氧_厌氧_光合作用功能与蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria)呈极显著正相关,该功能菌门通过固定土壤环境中的CO2和高效利用有机质为生命活动赋能[33]
碳氢循环(C-H-cycle)功能中,H2还原甲基化合物的甲烷生成、氢营养甲烷生成和甲烷生成这3种功能在任家坡黄土-古土壤中均具有较高丰度,但这3种功能在九州台土壤中几乎没有表达。有研究表明,GAL15和己科河菌门丰度的增高,可促进碳功能与碳周转能力[34],此二菌门与酸杆菌门、广古菌门、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、蓝藻菌门等负责甲烷生成的细菌和古菌在任家坡土壤中丰度明显较高,因此使其具有更丰富的碳循环功能[35-37]。此外,纤维素分解和木聚糖分解由芽单胞菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、硝化螺旋菌门和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus- Thermus)主导,厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门下的放线菌纲是承担这2种功能的关键类群,而九州台土壤中此三类菌门的丰度明显高于任家坡,进而导致这2种功能在九州台要强于任家坡[35-37]
氮循环(N-cycle)功能中,硝化作用、好氧氨氧化、好氧亚硝酸盐氧化功能菌门是放线菌门、酸杆菌门、奇古菌门、浮霉菌门、疣微菌门、硝化螺旋菌门等,其共同完成各类氮循环功能[38-41]。变形菌门是主导硝酸盐还原、硝化作用等氮循环功能的关键类群,本研究中土壤氮循环强度与变形菌门的丰度也表现为显著正相关,与前人研究结果[33]一致。
锰循环(Mn-cycle)功能中,锰氧化功能菌门是变形菌门和厚壁菌门[42],在中性或偏碱性的环境中更利于细菌利用锰元素进行生化反应[43],本研究中锰氧化功能丰度与土壤pH表现出显著正相关,说明土壤pH是锰元素循环的控制因素。铁循环(Fe-cycle)中铁呼吸功能仅在任家坡黄土RL1层位检测出,该层位中高丰度的酸杆菌门对铁元素循环起到了重要作用[44]。硫循环(S-cycle)中硫酸盐呼吸和含硫化合物呼吸作用功能菌门主要是GAL15、酸杆菌门、己科河菌门、泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota),GAL15和己科河菌门等在酸杆菌门作用下产生酸性条件,协同完成硫元素循环功能[45]。氯循环(Cl-cycle)中氯酸盐还原功能微生物是变形菌门下的脱氯单胞菌属(Dechloromonas) (由FAPROTAX测出)、绿弯菌门、装甲菌门(Armatimonadetes)及一些低丰度菌门,脱氯单胞菌属是该功能的关键类群[46],其丰度高低决定了土壤中氯循环强弱。
Mantel test分析表明(图8),在气候代用指标与土壤理化因子的关系中,MS在任家坡古土壤中与NH4+-N呈极显著正相关,与δ15N、NO3-N呈极显著负相关;在九州台古土壤中和pH、TN呈显著负相关。δ15N、δ13C在任家坡和九州台黄土-古土壤中基本都呈现极显著负相关。在任家坡黄土-古土壤中Rb/Sr与SWC、δ15N呈正相关,与pH、δ13C呈负相关。SWC在任家坡古土壤中与pH、δ13C呈极显著负相关,与δ15N呈极显著正相关,但在九州台黄土中其相关性规律与之相反。
土壤理化因子与功能特征关系表现为任家坡黄土中生命产能、碳氢、氮、锰元素循环功能均与δ15N、δ13C、SOC和TN呈显著正相关或极显著正相关(Mantel’sP≤0.05或0.01),这4类功能在任家坡黄土中丰度最高,表明SOC和TN是表征和影响任家坡黄土微生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子。其中,主导碳氢硫元素循环的GAL15、己科河菌门和酸杆菌门丰度最高,而且均与TN、SOC呈显著或极显著正相关,这3类关键功能微生物对TN、SOC的高效利用,进而主导其元素循环功能。
任家坡古土壤中生命产能、碳氢、氮和锰元素循环功能均与δ13C、SWC、NO3-N显著正相关或极显著正相关,说明SWC和NO3-N是其古土壤微生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子。此外,任家坡古土壤中TN、NH4+-N、δ15N含量都要高于黄土,主导氮循环的关键类群变形菌门也具有较高丰度(> 55%),这些共同导致任家坡古土壤原核生物群落具有最强的氮循环功能。任家坡古土壤中锰元素循环功能与CaCO3、Rb/Sr、δ13C、NO3-N呈显著正相关或极显著正相关,两地古土壤中铁锰元素循环功能都要强于黄土,证明古土壤发育的暖湿气候增强了原核生物群落进行铁锰类金属元素的反应。
九州台黄土中生命产能和氮循环功能均与Rb/Sr、SOC、TN和NH4+-N呈显著正相关;碳氢循环仅与δ13C呈显著相关,这也证明了九州台黄土中碳循环功能相对较弱;硫循环与δ13C和CaCO3呈显著正相关。九州台古土壤中生命产能和碳氢氮元素循环功能均与pH、δ15N、NH4+-N呈显著正相关,此外,生命产能功能还与SOC显著相关,碳氢循环还与SOC、TN显著正相关,锰铁元素循环与Rb/Sr、TN、NH4+-N显著正相关。相比之下,九州台黄土-古土壤序列中的元素循环明显弱于任家坡。
Rb/Sr、CaCO3、MS和粒度作为黄土-古土壤序列中最常用的古气候代用指标,其变化及差异特征可以很好地推测历史时期的气候变迁[8]。本研究通过对两地黄土-古土壤理化因子差异对比分析发现,在古土壤发育阶段气候较为暖湿,黄土发育阶段气候较为干冷;在同一时期,九州台较任家坡更为干冷。受该气候模式影响,九州台CaCO3含量很高,在黄土和古土壤中变化差异较小且表现为古土壤略大于黄土(JS > JL),这是由于九州台位于黄土高原西北部,积累了更多从沙漠、戈壁区随风尘搬运沉积而来的原生碳酸盐[12],同时有研究表明,古土壤S2、S3、S4、S5沉积时期,夏季风难以抵达黄土高原西北内部[47],所以九州台受到东亚冬季风的作用更加强烈,降水量小,土壤中保留了较多的CaCO3。此外,九州台S3层位的CaCO3含量明显增大,而该层位MS和Rb/Sr值与其他古土壤层相比也较小,进一步支持了这一结果。九州台由L1到S5,TN、NH4+-N和δ13C总体上呈增加趋势,这可能由于地表植被条件的差异,导致δ13C的富集和TN、NH4+-N营养物质的增多,同时也为九州台黄土α多样性能在更久远年代的L5地层中变大提供了环境支持。
气候暖湿和冷干之间的转变,深刻影响着地表植被、土壤微生物和土壤理化因子三者之间的互作关系[48]。如图9所示,整体上两地的古气候代用指标(Rb/Sr、MS)与土壤营养物质(TN、SWC、δ15N、NH4+-N、SOC)的变化规律一致,皆表现为古土壤 > 黄土(RS > RL和JS > JL),这说明在古土壤发育的暖湿时期,地表植被更加繁盛,TN、SOC等营养物质在土壤中积累更多。由于绝大多数的土壤微生物依靠分解有机质来获取养分和生命产能[49],所以土壤微生物群落结构受到土壤养分含量的影响[50],并随之而改变。本研究发现任家坡土壤中TN、SOC、NH4+-N等物质是影响土壤原核生物群落结构稳定的重要因素,较高的碳氮营养底物和暖湿适宜气候,更利于微生物的生长繁殖[51-53],这也是导致两地古土壤中原核生物群落功能种类和丰度均高于黄土的原因。此外,任家坡和九州台地处黄土高原,其土壤细菌群落优势菌门组成较为相似,主要为变形菌门、放线菌门、GAL15、酸杆菌门、己科河菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门等,这与许多干旱区土壤细菌群落组成一致[53-55]。然而,同时期任家坡的气候较九州台更为温暖,这导致酸杆菌门、泉古菌门、绿弯菌门这类具有嗜热嗜温特性的菌门丰度比九州台更高;九州台比任家坡更干旱,使得放线菌门、厚壁菌门、芽单胞菌门、广古菌门、异常球菌-栖热菌门这类耐旱、适宜极端环境中生存的菌门丰度更高[56-58]。差异种数目和高贡献度差异种(LDA值> 5)占比是原核生物群落结构多样性差异的具体体现,LEfSe分析中九州台土壤原核生物群落结构多样性更高,产生这一现象的原因可能是九州台气候较任家坡更为干冷,生物群落需要进化出更高的多样性来适应恶劣环境[59]。此外,九州台CaCO3和Rb/Sr这2个古气候代用指标的整体趋势较任家坡更为平缓,说明九州台温度、降水、季风强度等气候因子的变迁是渐变型[46],这为九州台原核生物群落高多样性的维持和演化提供了环境支持。
气候变化会改变黄土-古土壤发育过程中的化学风化和成壤改造作用,深刻影响着土壤生物地球化学环境[14-15],而土壤生境的细微变化会直接或间接地对土壤原核生物群落结构和多样性产生显著改变,进而在整体群落功能上产生差异[60-61]。本研究通过FAPROTAX数据库预测了每个层位土壤中原核生物群落功能的种类及丰度,并将这些功能分为生命产能[62]、碳氢循环、氮循环、锰循环、硫循环、铁循环和氯循环7类,发现气候变化会对土壤原核生物群落结构和多样性产生影响,进而驱使了群落功能的种类和丰度对气候变化的适应和响应。任家坡古土壤发育时期,土壤环境最温暖湿润,其原核生物群落检测出最多的功能种类。其中生命产能、碳氢、氮、锰元素循环功能均与含水率和NO3-N呈显著或极显著相关,说明二者决定着土壤原核生物群落结构和生命活动的稳定,而且高含水率和高碳、氮等营养物质影响了功能微生物的种类和丰度[3],为其分化出更多样的功能种类,为群落具有更旺盛的生命活动提供了支持。此外,变形菌门作为两地黄土-古土壤中第一优势菌门,其承担着大多数群落功能。该菌门在任家坡古土壤中丰度最高,并且在高TN、NH4+-N等含氮物质的支持下,伴随着高丰度的己科河菌门、放线菌门、浮霉菌门等优势菌门,使得任家坡古土壤中氮循环功能最强,这也导致了δ15N、δ13C的明显富集。此外,土壤养分和水分含量对微生物生长繁殖具有正向促进作用[63],这也使得变形菌门可在任家坡古土壤中分化出可利用氯、铁的功能微生物,进行氯、铁元素循环,体现出群落功能多样性。九州台黄土-古土壤中原核生物群落具有更高的多样性,在LEfSe分析中,虽然其中检测出的差异种数目也最多,但各元素循环功能种类和丰度均低于任家坡,这是由于九州台较任家坡地理位置更偏西北,受到来自西伯利亚的东亚冬季风影响更强烈,其土壤原核生物群落需要更高的物种多样性来抵抗极端环境,因此耐寒耐旱物种相对丰度增大。当气候更加极端时,如在最干冷的九州台黄土中,原核生物群落需要更多样的物种协同维持群落生存和稳定,生命产能功能在此时丰度最高,但群落功能多样性最低。
在同一历史时期,任家坡比九州台气候更加温暖湿润,并且九州台的冷暖转变属于渐变型。由于气候的差异,九州台黄土-古土壤序列中的元素循环明显弱于任家坡,后者古土壤中生命产能、氮循环、锰循环和铁循环功能丰度最高,黄土中碳循环和硫循环功能丰度最高,氯循环功能仅存在于任家坡土壤中,而且丰度很低,这些循环引起δ15N、δ13C不同程度富集。功能差异与两地土壤微生物群落结构和功能微生物有关,而群落各生态功能的正常进行,依赖于土壤环境因子的调控,任家坡微生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子是SOC、SWC、TN和NO3-N,而TN、SOC、pH和NH4+-N是影响九州台微生物群落和功能稳定的关键环境因子。温湿期微生物群落可分化出更多的功能种类,其群落生命活动更加旺盛,而干冷期微生物群落通过提高物种多样性来完成主要的生命活动功能,维持群落的生存和稳定来适应环境胁迫。本研究不仅从微生物群落功能变化的视角加深对古气候环境形成过程的理解,也可为认识气候变化对土壤生态环境及其生物地球化学作用演化过程提供重要依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42372288)
  • 陕西林业科技创新专项(SXLK2022-06-3)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(300102292904)
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2024年第64卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230795
  • 接收时间:2023-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-25
  • 录用日期:2024-03-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372288)
国家自然科学基金(42372288)
Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shaanxi Province(SXLK2022-06-3)
陕西林业科技创新专项(SXLK2022-06-3)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(300102292904)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(300102292904)
作者信息
    1 长安大学水利与环境学院, 陕西 西安 710054
    2 旱区地下水与生态效应教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710054
    3 陕西省土地工程建设集团有限责任公司, 陕西 宝鸡 721004
    4 榆林市水利局河湖水库与移民工作中心, 陕西 榆林 719000
    5 陕西省林业科学研究院国家林业局黄土高原水土保持与生态恢复重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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