Article(id=1241376211117592684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230806, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703692800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1706976000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-04, onlineDate=1773896752384, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1714752000000, pubDateStr=2024-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773896752384, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773896752384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773896752384, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241376204247331313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='5', pageStart='1331', pageEnd='1682', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773896750747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897643611, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241379949253284790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241379949253284791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1654, endPage=1667, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241376214967963866, articleId=1241376211117592684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Diversity and functions of endophytic bacteria in protocorms ofEpidendrum sp., columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the community structure, diversity, and plant-growth-promoting functions of endophytic bacteria in the protocorms ofEpidendrum sp. and mine the core bacterial groups associated with the seed germination. [Methods] We collected five samples including three types of protocorms (germinated on MS1 medium, pine bark, and rotten oak leaves) and two types of substrates (pine bark and rotten oak leaves). High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was employed to compare the diversity and community composition of bacterial communities under different germination conditions. The conventional method was used to isolate the endophytic bacteria from the protocorms germinated on pine bark and rotten oak leaves (i.e., from symbiotic seed germination), and the growth-promoting potential of the isolates was evaluated. [Results] A total of 2 735 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from the five samples, belonging to 876 genera, 453 families of 41 phyla, among whichProteobacteria andActinobacteria were the dominant phyla. The results of principal coordinates analysis showed that there were differences in the bacterial community structure between the protocorms ofEpidendrum sp. and the substrates, and the community structure of endophytic bacteria in the protocorms germinated on the MS1 medium was closest to that on pine bark. Functional prediction indicated that the endophytic bacteria in the protocorms germinated on rotten oak leaves had higher nitrogen-fixing ability than that in other types of protocorms. Nineteen isolates were obtained from protocorms geminated on pine bark and rotten oak leaves, belonging to 16 species of 12 genera.Tumebacillus flagellatus,Bradyrhizobium cenepequi, andWeizmannia ginsengihumi were the common species in the protocorms germinated on pine bark and rotten oak leaves.Pseudomonas koreensis andW.ginsengihumi had the potential of solubilizing phosphorus and producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores. [Conclusion] TheEpidendrum sp. protocorms germinated in different environments harbor rich endophytic bacteria. The endophytic bacteria isolated from the protocorms from symbiotic seed germination had plant growth-promoting functions, such as fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, and producing IAA and siderophores. This study provides a scientific basis for mining the microbial resources related to seed germination of orchids and studying the interactions between orchids and microorganisms.

, correspAuthors=Xiaolu CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CAO Xiaolu, E-mail:
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【目的】通过分析树兰原球茎内生细菌群落组成、多样性特征和促生功能,探究树兰种子萌发相关的核心细菌类群及生物学功能。【方法】以树兰原球茎(树兰种子在树皮基质上共生萌发、在树叶基质上共生萌发、在MS1培养基上非共生萌发)和共生萌发基质(松树皮、腐熟树叶)共5个样本为研究材料,采用高通量测序技术分析不同萌发条件下原球茎内生细菌的16S rRNA基因多样性,比较分析细菌群落多样性和物种组成特征,通过传统的内生细菌分离方法获得共生萌发原球茎内生细菌菌株,并进行促生潜力评价。【结果】从5个研究样本中共获得2 735个可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU),属于41门453科876属,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为优势门。主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)结果表明,树兰原球茎与萌发基质细菌群落结构存在差异,非共生萌发原球茎与在树皮基质上共生萌发原球茎内生细菌群落结构最为接近。功能预测表明,在树叶基质上共生萌发的原球茎内生细菌固氮功能显著高于其他萌发条件。通过分离培养,共获得内生细菌19株,分属12属16种,其中鞭毛膨胀芽孢杆菌(Tumebacillus flagellatus)、Bradyrhizobium cenepequi和人参腐殖土魏茨曼氏菌(Weizmannia ginsengihumi)为共生萌发原球茎共有种;韩国假单胞菌(Pseudomonas koreensis)和W.ginsengihumi兼具有溶磷、产吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)和铁载体的潜在能力。【结论】在不同环境中萌发的树兰原球茎均有丰富的内生细菌群落定殖;从共生萌发原球茎中分离的内生细菌具有固氮、溶磷、产IAA和铁载体等促生功能。本研究为兰科植物种子萌发相关微生物资源挖掘及兰科植物与微生物互作研究提供科学依据。

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Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KLEPA MS, HELENE LCF, O HARA G, HUNGRIA M.Bradyrhizobium cenepequi sp. nov.,Bradyrhizobium semiaridum sp. nov.,Bradyrhizobium hereditatis sp. nov. andBradyrhizobium australafricanum sp. nov., symbionts of different leguminous plants of western Australia and south Africa and definition of three novel symbiovars[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,2022,72(7, articleTitle=Bradyrhizobium cenepequi sp. nov.,Bradyrhizobium semiaridum sp. nov.,Bradyrhizobium hereditatis sp. nov. andBradyrhizobium australafricanum sp. nov., symbionts of different leguminous plants of western Australia and south Africa and definition of three novel symbiovars, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241446124721075077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, awardId=CAFYBB2019ZA001, language=EN, fundingSource=Basal Research Fund of Central Public-interest Scientific 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protocorms ofEpidendrum sp. A: The inflorescence ofEpidendrum sp. B: The seed ofEpidendrum sp. C: Protocormsex situ germinated on pine bark. D: Protocormsex situ germinated on rotten oak leaf., figureFileSmall=2wUEeOU2iiUhGuUJO2vODQ==, figureFileBig=Xqm98rr2Kntn6JCHHi4T4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123274040116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=CN, label=图1, caption=树兰的花序(A)、种子(B)和共生萌发原球茎(C, D), figureFileSmall=2wUEeOU2iiUhGuUJO2vODQ==, figureFileBig=Xqm98rr2Kntn6JCHHi4T4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123420840768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The rarefaction curve and the bacterial community compositions of the protocorms and substrates. A: The Shannon curves on OTU level. B: Bacterial community compositions of protocorms and substrates on phylum level. C: Bacterial community compositions of protocorms and substrates on genus level. Epi: Protocormsin vitro germinated on MS1 medium; Epibark: Protocormsex situ germinated on pine bark; Epileaf: Protocormsex situ germinated on rotten oak leaf; Bark: Pine bark substrate; Leaf: Rotten oak leaf substrate., figureFileSmall=D6kKUCnOoYxow7lY4m8pqg==, figureFileBig=D6mf/oPnMSsuYNo9XgDLIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123538281285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=CN, label=图2, caption=原球茎和基质样品稀释曲线和细菌群落结构, figureFileSmall=D6kKUCnOoYxow7lY4m8pqg==, figureFileBig=D6mf/oPnMSsuYNo9XgDLIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123626361680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The diversity of bacterial community of the protocorms and substrates. A: Sobs index on OTU level. B: Shannon index on OTU level. C: Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots of bacterial community structures at the OTU level. D: Hierarchical clustering tree of the samples on OTU level. *:P < 0.05; **:P < 0.01; ***:P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=BrZeZbu/r0YmkV0VmUUw9Q==, figureFileBig=opA+4gwBw7ZRn93W73jf1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123718636375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=CN, label=图3, caption=树兰原球茎和基质样品细菌群落多样性, figureFileSmall=BrZeZbu/r0YmkV0VmUUw9Q==, figureFileBig=opA+4gwBw7ZRn93W73jf1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123827688285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Bacterial groups shared among different protocorms and substrates. A: Bacterial genera shared among three types of protocorms. B and C: Bacterial OTUs shared among protocormsex situ germinated on substrate, protocormsin vitro germinated on MS1 medium, and the substrate. D: Bacterial OTUs shared among bark, leaf, epibark, and epileaf., figureFileSmall=zqxbBxuJ/NOvfq2xJwUUZw==, figureFileBig=asuUjORXQTgxB4NW5I2fGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123932545890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同原球茎和基质共有细菌类群, figureFileSmall=zqxbBxuJ/NOvfq2xJwUUZw==, figureFileBig=asuUjORXQTgxB4NW5I2fGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446124096123754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Functional difference of endophytic bacterial community among three types of protocorms. A: Functions with significant differences. B: Nitrogen fixation. *:P < 0.05; **:P < 0.01., figureFileSmall=llnMEIMcH2/eTHkC9wRpiQ==, figureFileBig=bu8zcTxiPI2IApVAwhTL8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446124180009836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三种萌发条件下获得的原球茎内生细菌群落组间功能差异检验, figureFileSmall=llnMEIMcH2/eTHkC9wRpiQ==, figureFileBig=bu8zcTxiPI2IApVAwhTL8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446124276478837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plant growth-promoting properties of the isolated strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainSubstrateTaxonomySimilarity (%)NCBI accession numberIPSOPSIPSPNF
IPS: Inorganic phosphorus solubilizing; OPS: Organic phosphorus solubilizing; IP: IAA producing; SP: Siderophore producing; NF: Nitrogen fixation. The qualitative assays of selected strains, + represents a visible production of related substances, − represents no production of related substances.
Epi0928-17LeafBacillus mycoides100.00OR999871+
Epi0908-2LeafBacillus tequilensis99.93OR999881
Epi0928-21LeafBacillus toyonensis100.00OR999869
Epi0928-16LeafBradyrhizobium cenepequi99.70PP024262++
Epi0928-11BarkBradyrhizobium cenepequi99.71OR999874++
Epi0825-2BarkCohnella zeiphila98.96OR999885++
Epi0825-8LeafCupriavidus pauculus99.93OR999883++
Epi0825-1BarkMycolicibacterium aichiense99.22OR999886++
Epi0928-18LeafPaenibacillus favisporus99.93OR999870++
Epi0928-2BarkPaenibacillus taihuensis98.87OR999877+
Epi0928-6BarkPriestia aryabhattai99.93OR999876+++
Epi0825-7LeafPseudomonas koreensis99.78OR999602+++++
Epi0825-5BarkRhizobium dioscoreae98.52OR999884+++
Epi0908-9LeafRhizobium favelukesii99.48OR999880+
Epi0928-8BarkTumebacillus flagellatus99.62OR999875+++
Epi0928-13LeafTumebacillus flagellatus99.71OR999873++
Epi0908-13LeafVariovorax paradoxus99.07OR999878+++
Epi0908-1LeafWeizmannia ginsengihumi100.00OR999882++++
Epi0928-14BarkWeizmannia ginsengihumi100.00OR999872++++
), ArticleFig(id=1241446124435862397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376211117592684, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分离培养菌株促生能力筛选

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainSubstrateTaxonomySimilarity (%)NCBI accession numberIPSOPSIPSPNF
IPS: Inorganic phosphorus solubilizing; OPS: Organic phosphorus solubilizing; IP: IAA producing; SP: Siderophore producing; NF: Nitrogen fixation. The qualitative assays of selected strains, + represents a visible production of related substances, − represents no production of related substances.
Epi0928-17LeafBacillus mycoides100.00OR999871+
Epi0908-2LeafBacillus tequilensis99.93OR999881
Epi0928-21LeafBacillus toyonensis100.00OR999869
Epi0928-16LeafBradyrhizobium cenepequi99.70PP024262++
Epi0928-11BarkBradyrhizobium cenepequi99.71OR999874++
Epi0825-2BarkCohnella zeiphila98.96OR999885++
Epi0825-8LeafCupriavidus pauculus99.93OR999883++
Epi0825-1BarkMycolicibacterium aichiense99.22OR999886++
Epi0928-18LeafPaenibacillus favisporus99.93OR999870++
Epi0928-2BarkPaenibacillus taihuensis98.87OR999877+
Epi0928-6BarkPriestia aryabhattai99.93OR999876+++
Epi0825-7LeafPseudomonas koreensis99.78OR999602+++++
Epi0825-5BarkRhizobium dioscoreae98.52OR999884+++
Epi0908-9LeafRhizobium favelukesii99.48OR999880+
Epi0928-8BarkTumebacillus flagellatus99.62OR999875+++
Epi0928-13LeafTumebacillus flagellatus99.71OR999873++
Epi0908-13LeafVariovorax paradoxus99.07OR999878+++
Epi0908-1LeafWeizmannia ginsengihumi100.00OR999882++++
Epi0928-14BarkWeizmannia ginsengihumi100.00OR999872++++
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树兰原球茎内生细菌群落多样性及功能分析
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姚娜 1 , 王涛 2 , 陈燕 2 , 曹晓璐 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(5): 1654-1667
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(5): 1654-1667
树兰原球茎内生细菌群落多样性及功能分析
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姚娜1, 王涛2, 陈燕2, 曹晓璐1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国林业科学研究院林业研究所 国家林业和草原局林木培育重点实验室 林木遗传育种国家重点实验室, 北京 100091
  • 2 国家植物园(北园) 植物迁地保护国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100093
Diversity and functions of endophytic bacteria in protocorms ofEpidendrum sp.
Na YAO1, Tao WANG2, Yan CHEN2, Xiaolu CAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Ex Situ Conservation, China National Botanical Garden (North Garden), Beijing 100093, China
出版时间: 2024-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230806
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【目的】通过分析树兰原球茎内生细菌群落组成、多样性特征和促生功能,探究树兰种子萌发相关的核心细菌类群及生物学功能。【方法】以树兰原球茎(树兰种子在树皮基质上共生萌发、在树叶基质上共生萌发、在MS1培养基上非共生萌发)和共生萌发基质(松树皮、腐熟树叶)共5个样本为研究材料,采用高通量测序技术分析不同萌发条件下原球茎内生细菌的16S rRNA基因多样性,比较分析细菌群落多样性和物种组成特征,通过传统的内生细菌分离方法获得共生萌发原球茎内生细菌菌株,并进行促生潜力评价。【结果】从5个研究样本中共获得2 735个可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU),属于41门453科876属,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为优势门。主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)结果表明,树兰原球茎与萌发基质细菌群落结构存在差异,非共生萌发原球茎与在树皮基质上共生萌发原球茎内生细菌群落结构最为接近。功能预测表明,在树叶基质上共生萌发的原球茎内生细菌固氮功能显著高于其他萌发条件。通过分离培养,共获得内生细菌19株,分属12属16种,其中鞭毛膨胀芽孢杆菌(Tumebacillus flagellatus)、Bradyrhizobium cenepequi和人参腐殖土魏茨曼氏菌(Weizmannia ginsengihumi)为共生萌发原球茎共有种;韩国假单胞菌(Pseudomonas koreensis)和W.ginsengihumi兼具有溶磷、产吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)和铁载体的潜在能力。【结论】在不同环境中萌发的树兰原球茎均有丰富的内生细菌群落定殖;从共生萌发原球茎中分离的内生细菌具有固氮、溶磷、产IAA和铁载体等促生功能。本研究为兰科植物种子萌发相关微生物资源挖掘及兰科植物与微生物互作研究提供科学依据。

兰科  /  种子  /  共生萌发  /  植物促生细菌

[Objective] To investigate the community structure, diversity, and plant-growth-promoting functions of endophytic bacteria in the protocorms ofEpidendrum sp. and mine the core bacterial groups associated with the seed germination. [Methods] We collected five samples including three types of protocorms (germinated on MS1 medium, pine bark, and rotten oak leaves) and two types of substrates (pine bark and rotten oak leaves). High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was employed to compare the diversity and community composition of bacterial communities under different germination conditions. The conventional method was used to isolate the endophytic bacteria from the protocorms germinated on pine bark and rotten oak leaves (i.e., from symbiotic seed germination), and the growth-promoting potential of the isolates was evaluated. [Results] A total of 2 735 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from the five samples, belonging to 876 genera, 453 families of 41 phyla, among whichProteobacteria andActinobacteria were the dominant phyla. The results of principal coordinates analysis showed that there were differences in the bacterial community structure between the protocorms ofEpidendrum sp. and the substrates, and the community structure of endophytic bacteria in the protocorms germinated on the MS1 medium was closest to that on pine bark. Functional prediction indicated that the endophytic bacteria in the protocorms germinated on rotten oak leaves had higher nitrogen-fixing ability than that in other types of protocorms. Nineteen isolates were obtained from protocorms geminated on pine bark and rotten oak leaves, belonging to 16 species of 12 genera.Tumebacillus flagellatus,Bradyrhizobium cenepequi, andWeizmannia ginsengihumi were the common species in the protocorms germinated on pine bark and rotten oak leaves.Pseudomonas koreensis andW.ginsengihumi had the potential of solubilizing phosphorus and producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores. [Conclusion] TheEpidendrum sp. protocorms germinated in different environments harbor rich endophytic bacteria. The endophytic bacteria isolated from the protocorms from symbiotic seed germination had plant growth-promoting functions, such as fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, and producing IAA and siderophores. This study provides a scientific basis for mining the microbial resources related to seed germination of orchids and studying the interactions between orchids and microorganisms.

Orchidaceae  /  seed  /  symbiotic seed germination  /  plant growth-promoting bacteria
姚娜, 王涛, 陈燕, 曹晓璐. 树兰原球茎内生细菌群落多样性及功能分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (5) : 1654 -1667 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230806
Na YAO, Tao WANG, Yan CHEN, Xiaolu CAO. Diversity and functions of endophytic bacteria in protocorms ofEpidendrum sp.[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (5) : 1654 -1667 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230806
兰科是被子植物中的一个大科,具有较高的观赏价值和生态价值[1]。兰科植物种子细小,不具胚乳,自然条件下萌发需要菌根真菌为之提供营养[2]。兰科植物的根内和根际定殖了丰富的微生物群落,为植株生长提供营养[3]。对于多数植物而言,除菌根真菌外,在根际[4]、根内[5]、菌丝际[6]甚至真菌内部[7]还有丰富的功能性细菌定殖;它们作为微生物生态系统的重要组成部分,在调节植物微生态平衡、促进植株生长和菌根真菌定殖、提高植物抗逆性等方面发挥着重要作用。因此,明确植物微生态系统中细菌群落结构,以及它们与菌根真菌的协同作用,对于解析植物-微生物之间的相互作用机制,筛选和开发功能菌株具有重要科学价值[8-9]
与兰科植物菌根真菌相比,兰科植物内生细菌群落与功能解析的研究尚未引起足够重视。前期研究主要集中在根际或植物内生可培养细菌多样性分析、功能菌株筛选等;关于兰科植物共生萌发原球茎内生细菌群落结构研究鲜见报道。目前,兰科植物内生细菌常见的优势类群为:芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)、泛菌属(Pantoea)及肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)等[10-12];其中,类芽孢杆菌属、贪噬菌属(Variovorax)、芽孢杆菌属中部分菌株具有分泌吲哚乙酸、产生铁载体、抑制病原真菌等功能[13-17]。在石斛内生细菌群落研究中,高通量测序结果表明假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)和小短杆菌属(Brachybacterium)为优势类群;而在细菌分离培养中,芽孢杆菌属和短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)相对丰度较高[18]。因此,在兰科植物相关微生物研究中,为了更加全面地获得群落结构信息,进行功能微生物资源挖掘,需要结合高通量测序和分离培养技术。
树兰属(Epidendrum L.)广泛分布于美洲地区,其花色丰富、花序醒目,具有较高的观赏价值,在我国常作切花或盆花栽培[19]。本研究模拟了树兰种子在不同基质上共生萌发过程,比较分析不同萌发条件下原球茎内生细菌群落结构,明确种子萌发过程从环境中招募的主要细菌类群;通过对原球茎内生细菌的分离培养和功能筛选,确定其在共生萌发中的潜在作用。本研究为兰科植物功能菌剂的开发提供微生物资源,也为开展濒危兰科植物种子萌发过程中植物与环境微生物群落互作研究,构建健康的种子萌发微生态环境,提高种子萌发效率,提升植株环境应性提供科学依据。
树兰栽培于中国林业科学研究院科研温室,栽培基质为松树皮基质(OrchiataTM)。树兰植株健康,栽培时间5−8年,温室栽培可全年开花(图1A)。花期通过人工授粉获得树兰种子,授粉后约120 d种子成熟(图1B);2021年5月收集来自不同母株的未开裂成熟硕果用于种子萌发。
树兰种子共生萌发基质为:松树皮基质(树皮基质,bark)和蒙古栎腐熟树叶基质(树叶基质,leaf)。松树皮基质为树兰常用栽培基质[20],用于种子共生萌发的松树皮基质收集自中国林业科学研究院科研温室,收集前已作为树兰栽培基质使用2−3年;蒙古栎为北方地区野生兰科植物的伴生物种之一[21],用于种子共生萌发的树叶基质为腐熟的蒙古栎落叶,收集自吉林省长白山。所有基质于2021年5月收集,收集后置于无菌袋中,冰上保存运输至实验室。
树兰原球茎:在树皮基质上共生萌发的原球茎(epibark) (图1C)、在树叶基质上共生萌发的原球茎(epileaf) (图1D)和在MS1培养基上非共生萌发的原球茎(epi)。
主要试剂及仪器:E.Z.N.A.® High Performance植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒,Omega Bio-Tek公司;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;PCR扩增引物,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;PCR试剂2×EasyTaq PCR SuperMix,北京全式金生物技术有限公司。PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;超微量紫外-可见分光光度计,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;Illumina MiSeq PE300平台,上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司。
基质准备:240 mL玻璃培养瓶中加入100 mL蒸馏水,高温高压(1×105 Pa,60 min)灭菌2次;在洁净的环境中,分别将树皮和树叶基质转移至培养瓶中,与无菌水充分混合后除去多余水分,湿润的基质用于树兰种子共生萌发。
种子消毒:对树兰果皮进行表面消毒后(75%乙醇30 s,无菌蒸馏水漂洗30 s,有效氯1%的次氯酸钠溶液浸泡5 min,无菌蒸馏水漂洗5次后用无菌滤纸吸干果皮表面水分),在超净工作台内用无菌手术刀将树兰果皮切开,收集成熟种子进行表面消毒(75%乙醇30 s,无菌蒸馏水冲洗5次,无菌滤纸吸干种子表面水分)。
播种:将树兰种子播种在基质表面,每种基质播种100瓶。另取部分种子播种在MS1培养基上(1/4 MS+0.4 mg/L 6-BA+10.0 g/L蔗糖+ 6.0 g/L琼脂,pH 6.3)。种子在(25±2) ℃的人工气候室内萌发,光照16 h/d。
播种约10周后,树兰种子可萌发至4−5阶段(图1C1D)[22]。从每个处理(在树皮基质上共生萌发、在树叶基质上共生萌发、在MS1培养基上非共生萌发)中随机选择30瓶,收集处于4−5阶段的原球茎约5.0 g,并进行表面消毒(75%乙醇30 s,无菌蒸馏水漂洗30 s,有效氯1%的次氯酸钠溶液浸泡5 min,无菌蒸馏水漂洗5次后用无菌滤纸吸干原球茎表面水分),2.0 g原球茎用于细菌分离培养;3.0 g原球茎分装储存于无菌离心管中,−80 ℃保存,用于细菌群落高通量测序。收集种子萌发基质,充分混匀,储存于无菌离心管中,−80 ℃保存,作为环境样本测定萌发基质细菌群落结构。每个样本重复3次。
使用E.Z.N.A.® High Performance植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒,从所有样品中提取基因组DNA。用超微量紫外-可见分光光度计测定DNA浓度和纯度。用引物799F (5′-AACMGGA TTAGATACCCKG-3′)和1193R (5′-ACGTCATCC CCACCTTCC-3′)扩增细菌16S rRNA V5−V7区[18]。委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行PCR扩增及产物纯化,并基于Illumina MiSeq平台进行高通量测序,测序结果上传至NCBI数据库(PRJNA1055733)。
使用Uparse (v.11)在97%相似度下进行分类操作单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)聚类;使用Mothur (v.1.30.2)进行α多样性分析;使用Qiime (v.1.9.1)进行β多样性分析;使用FAPROTAX对细菌群落数据进行功能注释预测。
称取1 g表面消毒的原球茎研磨,加入9 mL无菌水,150 r/min振荡30 min后,采用稀释涂布平板法分离内生细菌,取悬浮液10、100和1 000倍稀释液各100 μL分别涂布于R2A培养基平板上,28 ℃倒置培养3−5 d。挑取不同形态、颜色及大小的单菌落划线纯化,挑取纯化后的单菌落,使用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取细菌基因组DNA,参照王珊珊等[18]描述的方法,以27F (5′-AGAGTTTGA TCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TACGGCTAC CTTGTTACGACTT-3′)为扩增引物,进行16S rRNA基因PCR扩增,PCR反应条件参照孙磊等[15]描述,PCR扩增产物送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序,测序结果与EzBioCloud数据库进行比对,确定菌株的分类学地位并提交16S rRNA基因序列信息至GenBank数据库。
使用Ashby培养基[23]筛选固氮菌;使用PKO培养基[24]和蒙金娜培养基[25]分别筛选降解无机磷和有机磷的菌株;使用CAS检测培养基[15]筛选产铁载体菌株;使用Salkowski比色法[26]对菌株分泌吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)能力进行定性筛选。
测序结果经过过滤,去除嵌合体和植物序列后,共获得841 570条高质量16S rRNA片段序列,其中包括2个基质样品(树皮基质和树叶基质)和3个原球茎样品(在树皮基质上共生萌发、在树叶基质上共生萌发、在MS1培养基上非共生萌发),每个样品重复3次。各样品含有35 160 (树叶基质)条至89 467 (在树叶基质上共生萌发原球茎)条序列。根据最少序列数样品进行抽平,获得2 735个相似性大于97%的OTU,属于41门453科876属。在OTU水平所有样品Shannon曲线均达到平台期,表明每个样品的测序深度均可反映细菌群落结构信息(图2A)。
在门水平(图2B),所有样本中优势细菌类群主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 28.47%−78.20%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 14.37%−35.28%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 0.40%−15.96%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 0.36%−14.49%)。不同共生萌发环境的原球茎优势细菌类群存在差异,树叶基质上共生萌发的原球茎以变形菌门为优势细菌类群(70.11%),而树皮基质上萌发的原球茎优势类群为放线菌门(35.28%)。
在属水平(图2C),分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium, 26.68%)、地圆形菌属(Terriglobus, 6.56%)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides, 5.55%)为树皮共生萌发原球茎的优势属;贪噬菌属(Variovorax, 26.96%)、分枝杆菌属(14.67%)和Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium (7.33%)为叶片共生萌发原球茎的优势属;非共生萌发原球茎优势属为丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas, 8.54%)、拟杆菌属(8.38%)和玫瑰单胞菌属(Roseomonas, 7.34%)。
为评估不同样本细菌群落的多样性,统计细菌群落α多样性和β多样性。细菌群落α多样性在OTU水平上,树叶基质的细菌群落丰富度极显著高于其他样本(P<0.001) (图3A),3种萌发条件的原球茎之间内生细菌群落丰富度差异不显著。这表明树叶基质细菌群落丰富度的优势,并未导致在此环境中共生发芽原球茎内生细菌群落丰富度的升高。在群落多样性方面(图3B),共生萌发原球茎之间内生细菌群落多样性差异不显著,但是在叶片基质上共生萌发原球茎的内生细菌群落多样性显著低于萌发基质(P<0.001)和非共生萌发原球茎(P<0.01)。
细菌群落β多样性方面,OTU水平的PCoA图(图3C)显示,树皮共生萌发原球茎和非共生萌发原球茎之间的距离较近,表明在这两种萌发条件下原球茎内生细菌群落组成相近;而植物材料和环境样本的细菌群落组成具有明显差异。样本层级聚类分析表明(图3D),在OTU水平植物样本与环境样本分别位于2个大支,不同萌发条件的原球茎内生细菌群落结构具有较高的相似性,两种基质细菌群落结构相近,但植物样本与环境样本之间差异较大;对于植物材料,树皮共生萌发原球茎和非共生萌发原球茎内生细菌群落聚为1个小支。
在3种萌发条件下形成的原球茎中,有299个内生细菌共有属(图4A),主要为分枝杆菌属(15.31%)、贪噬菌属(10.17%)、拟杆菌属(5.67%)、丛毛单胞菌属(5.49%)和假单胞菌属(3.23%)。
仅树皮基质上萌发的原球茎与树皮基质共有OTU 106个(图4B),主要为:OTU117 [9.50%,黄色杆菌科(Xanthobacteraceae)]、OTU2635 [5.94%,慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)]、OTU2580 [4.96%,嗜酸杆菌属(Acidibacter)]、OTU224 [(4.94%,不黏柄菌属(Asticcacaulis)]和OTU188 [4.92%,微消化菌科(Micropepsaceae)];仅树叶基质上萌发的原球茎与树叶基质共有OTU 266个(图4C),主要为:OTU2635 (6.38%,Bradyrhizobium)、OTU2557 [4.56%,根际柄杆菌(Caulobacter rhizosphaerae)]、OTU1390 [4.33%,土壤红色杆形菌科(Solirubrobacteraceae)]、OTU2587 [3.36%,根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)]和OTU2045 [2.95%,鼠杆状菌科(Muribaculaceae)]。仅共生萌发原球茎与萌发基质之间共有OTU 37个(图4D),主要为OTU2635 (15.68%,Bradyrhizobium)、OTU117 (10.72%,Xanthobacteraceae)、OTU2580 (8.56%,Acidibacter)、OTU1390 (7.43%,Solirubrobacteraceae)和OTU969 [5.69%,莱朗杆菌属(Reyranella)]。
利用FAPROTAX对3种原球茎内生细菌群落组成进行生态功能预测和组间功能差异检验,结果表明差异显著功能主要集中在:化能异养、需氧化能异养、塑料降解、固氮、亚硝酸氨化作用、壳聚糖分解和暗硫化物氧化作用等(P<0.05) (图5A)。其中,叶片共生萌发原球茎内生细菌固氮功能显著高于树皮共生萌发和非共生萌发原球茎(图5B)。功能预测结果文件显示,与固氮作用相关的功能主要来自慢生根瘤菌属和固氮螺形菌属(Azospira)。
从树兰共生萌发原球茎中共分离出46株内生细菌,经16S rRNA基因序列分析和EzBioCloud数据库比对后,归为12属16种(表1);其中,芽孢杆菌属包含3个种;类芽孢杆菌属和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)各包含2个种。排除重复菌株后获得19株细菌,从树皮共生萌发原球茎中分离获得8株,从树叶共生萌发原球茎中分离获得11株;其中,鞭毛膨胀芽孢杆菌(Tumebacillus flagellatus)、豆薯慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium jicamae)和人参腐殖土魏茨曼氏菌(Weizmannia ginsengihumi)为两类共生萌发原球茎可培养内生细菌共有种。蕈状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mycoides) (OTU1561)、特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis) (OTU1899)、Bradyrhizobium cenepequi (OTU69)、鞭毛膨胀芽孢杆菌(OTU1680)和争论贪噬菌(Variovorax paradoxus) (OTU2451)在高通量测序中均检测到一致性达100.00%的代表性OTU序列。
从19株细菌菌株中,筛选获得降解无机磷菌株3株、降解有机磷菌株4株、产IAA菌株12株、产铁载体菌株14株和固氮菌9株。其中韩国假单胞菌(Pseudomonas koreensis)和人参腐殖土魏茨曼氏菌(Weizmannia ginsengihumi)同时具有溶磷、产IAA和铁载体的功能。
种子萌发是植物完成生活史的一个重要过程,影响着植物的繁衍和生物多样性[27],微生物在种子萌发过程中也发挥着重要作用[28];近年来,对种子内生微生物组的研究逐渐增加[29-30]。对于兰科植物,这类依赖真菌共生萌发的植物,自然状态下种子萌发尤其需要从环境中招募有益微生物,来获取养分促进萌发[31]、抑制病原菌生长[32]。由于获得自然萌发的兰科植物幼苗或原球茎困难,可通过原位共生萌发获得原球茎的兰科植物也十分有限,且萌发效率较低[33-34];因此关于兰科植物种子萌发过程招募微生物的类群、生态功能,以及与种子内生微生物组之间的关系的报道较少。本研究采用高通量测序技术,分析了异位共生萌发的树兰原球茎内生细菌群落结构及生物多样性,并对可培养内生细菌进行了功能筛选。
高通量测序结果表明,3种不同萌发环境下收获的树兰原球茎内均定殖了丰富的内生细菌,然而萌发环境细菌群落丰富度的显著差异,并未导致原球茎内生细菌群落丰富度的显著差异;样本层级聚类结果显示,在OTU水平3种原球茎聚为一支,这意味着在不同环境中萌发的树兰原球茎细菌群落结构是相对保守的,且受环境微生物群落影响较小,这与树兰种子共生萌发过程中招募真菌群落结果一致[35]。在玉米内生细菌群落分析中也有相似结果,即在不同基因型和不同环境条件下,玉米木质部能够稳定地招募特异性细菌类群[36];在水稻相关微生物组研究中也发现,不同地区的稻田散土对水稻内生细菌群落影响较小[30]。因此,推测树兰种子萌发过程中从环境招募细菌是有选择性的;在植物根际/根内微生物组研究中,这种植物对环境微生物有选择性地招募可通过植物产生根系分泌物、识别根际微生物释放的信号物质等途径来实现[5,37]
在细菌群落组成方面,树兰种子在不同环境下共生萌发的原球茎内生细菌优势类群存在差异,但多为兰科植物常见内生细菌类群。树皮共生萌发原球茎的优势属为分枝杆菌属,该属也是石斛茎内生细菌优势属之一[18],具备固氮、产IAA和铁载体,以及金属抗性等功能[38]。树叶共生萌发原球茎的优势属为贪噬菌属,该属也为春兰根内可产生铁载体的优势菌属[15],同时贪噬菌属可通过调控生长素浓度影响植物根际微生物群落,维持植物根部健康生长[39];本研究中,从树叶共生萌发原球茎中分离获得贪噬菌属菌株,经功能筛选发现,该菌株具有固氮、产生IAA和铁载体等功能,与前期报道一致[40]
在萌发过程中,部分细菌为共生萌发原球茎和萌发基质共有类群,而在非共生萌发原球茎中未检测到,主要包括不同萌发环境下仅共生萌发原球茎与萌发基质共有的OTU (树皮萌发环境:106个OTU;树叶萌发环境:266个OTU),以及仅共生萌发原球茎和萌发基质共有OTU (37个),表明这些共有细菌类群能够适应不同的生态位,包括不同来源和类型的基质,以及植物内部;由于这些细菌类群在非共生萌发原球茎中未被检测到,推测这些在共生萌发原球茎内富集的类群来源于萌发基质,即萌发过程中种子从环境中招募细菌类群,然后定殖在原球茎内。
仅共生萌发原球茎和萌发基质共有的37个OTU占原球茎从树皮基质中招募OTU数量的34.91% (37/106),占原球茎从树叶基质中招募OTU数量的13.91% (37/266),慢生根瘤菌属为其中的优势类群之一;在细菌群落功能预测中,固氮功能也主要来自慢生根瘤菌属;在分离培养中从两种共生萌发原球茎中均分离出慢生根瘤菌属菌株,且具有固氮和产生铁载体的能力。慢生根瘤菌属是多分离自豆科植物[41]的固氮菌,在兰科植物内生细菌中报道较少,兰科植物种子无胚乳,携带营养物质较少,共生萌发过程中对固氮菌的招募有助于种子获得更多营养。
本文结合高通量测序与传统内生细菌分离技术,对在不同基质上共生萌发的树兰原球茎内生细菌群落结构和功能进行了比较分析。结果显示,3种不同萌发条件的树兰原球茎内均有丰富的内生细菌群落定殖,但树兰原球茎与基质细菌群落结构存在差异。从树兰共生萌发原球茎中分离筛选出兼具有溶磷、产IAA和铁载体能力的菌株2株;固氮菌9株,其中包括树兰共生萌发原球茎内生细菌优势类群——慢生根瘤菌属。本研究为兰科植物种子萌发相关微生物资源开发,以及兰科植物与微生物互作分析提供科学依据。
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项基金(CAFYBB2019ZA001)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31800523)
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2024年第64卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230806
  • 接收时间:2023-12-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-28
  • 录用日期:2024-02-04
基金
Basal Research Fund of Central Public-interest Scientific Institution(CAFYBB2019ZA001)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项基金(CAFYBB2019ZA001)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800523)
国家自然科学基金(31800523)
作者信息
    1 中国林业科学研究院林业研究所 国家林业和草原局林木培育重点实验室 林木遗传育种国家重点实验室, 北京 100091
    2 国家植物园(北园) 植物迁地保护国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100093

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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