Article(id=1241376210693976624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230770, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702396800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1708531200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-22, onlineDate=1773896752283, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1714752000000, pubDateStr=2024-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773896752283, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773896752283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773896752283, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241376204247331313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='5', pageStart='1331', pageEnd='1682', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773896750747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897643611, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241379949253284790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241379949253284791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1607, endPage=1625, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241376215299322567, articleId=1241376210693976624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects ofBt andBar transformation on microbial community composition and potential functions in different tissues of rice plants, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] The microecological effects of transgenic plants withBt andBar genes are an important aspect of environmental safety assessment. However, few studies concern the impacts of rice genotypic alterations induced byBt andBar transformation on the microbial community composition and potential functions in different tissues of rice plants. [Methods] High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS was performed to analyze the microbial community structure and potential functions in the rhizosphere soil, roots, stems, and leaves ofBt andBar transgenic rice T1C-1 and its parent Minghui63 (control) at the heading stage. [Results] The bacterial and fungal diversity varied among different tissues in rice plants, being significantly higher in the underground niches (rhizosphere soil and roots) than in the aboveground parts (leaves and stems). T1C-1 significantly affected the Shannon index and Simpson index of endophytic fungi in leaves but had no significant effect on the microbial diversity in the stems, roots, or rhizosphere soil. The endophytic fungiAspergillus andTalaromyces showed increased relative abundance in the leaves of T1C-1, which suggested their involvement in processes such as carbon metabolism, energy metabolism, and transcription. The average clustering coefficient and average degree of the microbial communities in T1C-1 were significantly higher than those in Minghui63, indicating that T1C-1 increased the complexity of the microbial community network. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt2) was employed to predict the functional enzyme genes of endophytic fungi in the leaves, which showed that T1C-1 significantly altered the pathways such as carbon metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy metabolism compared with Minghui63. [Conclusion] The community composition and potential functions of endophytic fungi in leaves were more sensitive to T1C-1 than those in the rhizosphere soil, while T1C-1 did not decrease the diversity of endophytic fungi in leaves. More attention should be paid to the diversity changes of endophytic microorganisms in different ecological niches of plant tissues in the evaluation of the microecological effects of transgenic plants.

, correspAuthors=Peng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Peng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lei GE, Luyao WANG, Guanqing GUO, Lili SONG, Cui WANG, Xiaofu WANG, Chanjuan MAO, Peng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241376217518109591, articleId=1241376210693976624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=BtBar基因转化对水稻不同组织生态位微生物群落组成及潜在功能影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】Bt基因和Bar基因植物的微生态效应是环境安全评价的重要因素,但关于Bt基因和Bar基因转化引起的水稻基因型改变对水稻不同组织生态位微生物群落组成和潜在功能的影响还无系统研究。【方法】以转Bt基因和Bar基因水稻T1C-1及其亲本对照Minghui63为研究对象,基于细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌ITS高通量测序技术,分析抽穗期T1C-1和Minghui63根际土壤微生物以及根、茎、叶内生菌的群落结构和潜在功能。【结果】细菌和真菌群落多样性在水稻不同组织生态位之间发生显著变化,地下部分组织生态位(根际土壤和根系)微生物多样性显著高于地上部分(叶和茎)。T1C-1显著影响叶片内生真菌的香农指数和辛普森指数,而对茎和根的内生菌以及根际土壤微生物多样性无显著影响。叶片内生真菌曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)和篮状菌属(Talaromyces)相对丰度在T1C-1显著增加,推测其参与碳素代谢、能量代谢和转录作用酶合成等过程。T1C-1和Minghui63微生物群落关联网络分析表明,T1C-1的平均聚类系数和平均度显著高于Minghui63,因而T1C-1提高了相关微生物群落网络复杂程度。通过重建未观测状态对群落进行系统发育研究(phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states, PICRUSt2),对叶片内生真菌功能酶基因进行功能预测,相对于Minghui63,T1C-1显著改变了碳素代谢、脂类代谢和能量代谢等途径。【结论】相较于根际土壤,叶片内生真菌的群落组成和潜在功能对T1C-1更敏感。尽管如此,T1C-1并未导致叶片内生真菌的多样性指数降低。为了更准确地评估转基因植物的微生态效应,我们需要加强对不同组织生态位内生菌多样性的关注。

, correspAuthors=李鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=poOLsY8XF4OfSs6yhWxvfg==, magXml=D9n4P+DeR8zO5PYne6VtrQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WDPOgfR4NPfJGhtW/X9DtQ==, pdfFileSize=2003670, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9+Q9mnRXti/ct5U99biiTg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jFHrkxZ9t8qUXrL58eg2tQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=葛蕾, 王璐瑶, 郭官清, 宋丽莉, 王翠, 汪小福, 毛婵娟, 李鹏)}, authors=[Author(id=1241446118802903383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210693976624, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241446119004229987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210693976624, authorId=1241446118802903383, language=EN, stringName=Lei GE, firstName=Lei, middleName=null, lastName=GE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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A: The community composition of endophytic bacteria in leaves. B: The community composition of endophytic bacteria in stems. C: The community composition of endophytic bacteria in roots. D: The community composition of rhizosphere soil bacteria. E: The community composition of endophytic fungi in leaves. F: The community composition of endophytic fungi in stems. G: The community composition of endophytic fungi in roots. H: Community composition of rhizosphere soil fungi., figureFileSmall=hQkiXkETZ57BGzyvpodLCg==, figureFileBig=xkwykbIDYFITgCcankLnWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446125006279273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210693976624, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水稻不同组织生态位的微生物群落组成 A:叶内生细菌的群落组成. B:茎内生细菌的群落组成. C:根内生细菌的群落组成. D:根际土壤细菌的群落组成. E:叶内生真菌的群落组成. F:茎内生真菌的群落组成. G:根内生真菌的群落组成. 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B:水稻不同组织生态位的相关性网络分析, figureFileSmall=e1ZB5v8Jz+PbcJqwKqNnuQ==, figureFileBig=5ZURNvRuXJI4l1wqetnySg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446128202339001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210693976624, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Relative abundance of predicting fungal function enzyme in rice leaves. *: 0.01 <P≤0.05; **: 0.001 <P≤0.01; ***:P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=gZFpv/YsEah1Q0TE74vKnQ==, figureFileBig=mCWABqyKbYWUPCeXleEzyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446128290419392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210693976624, language=CN, label=图8, caption=水稻叶片真菌功能酶相对丰度, figureFileSmall=gZFpv/YsEah1Q0TE74vKnQ==, figureFileBig=mCWABqyKbYWUPCeXleEzyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446128453997259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210693976624, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Topology index of network

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分组
Group
节点
Node

Link
平均聚类系数
Average clustering coefficient
平均度
Average degree
模块性
Modularity
正相关比例
Positive correlation proportion (%)
负相关比例
Negative correlation proportion (%)
T1C-1912860.8566.2860.704 6100.000.00
1.23
Minghui63932430.7665.2260.722 198.77
叶Leaf652700.9028.3080.619 297.412.59
茎Stem663490.94510.5760.358 693.126.88
根Root571550.8755.4390.614 4100.000.00
根际土
Rhizosphere soil
40370.4581.8500.790 483.7816.22
), ArticleFig(id=1241446128604992207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210693976624, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

网络拓扑指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组
Group
节点
Node

Link
平均聚类系数
Average clustering coefficient
平均度
Average degree
模块性
Modularity
正相关比例
Positive correlation proportion (%)
负相关比例
Negative correlation proportion (%)
T1C-1912860.8566.2860.704 6100.000.00
1.23
Minghui63932430.7665.2260.722 198.77
叶Leaf652700.9028.3080.619 297.412.59
茎Stem663490.94510.5760.358 693.126.88
根Root571550.8755.4390.614 4100.000.00
根际土
Rhizosphere soil
40370.4581.8500.790 483.7816.22
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BtBar基因转化对水稻不同组织生态位微生物群落组成及潜在功能影响
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葛蕾 1, 2 , 王璐瑶 1, 2 , 郭官清 2 , 宋丽莉 2 , 王翠 2 , 汪小福 3 , 毛婵娟 4 , 李鹏 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(5): 1607-1625
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(5): 1607-1625
BtBar基因转化对水稻不同组织生态位微生物群落组成及潜在功能影响
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葛蕾1, 2, 王璐瑶1, 2, 郭官清2, 宋丽莉2, 王翠2, 汪小福3, 毛婵娟4, 李鹏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海海洋大学水产与生命学院, 上海 201306
  • 2 上海市农业科学院生物技术研究所 上海市农业遗传育种重点实验室, 上海 201106
  • 3 浙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 浙江 杭州 310022
  • 4 上海师范大学生命科学学院, 上海 200233
Effects ofBt andBar transformation on microbial community composition and potential functions in different tissues of rice plants
Lei GE1, 2, Luyao WANG1, 2, Guanqing GUO2, Lili SONG2, Cui WANG2, Xiaofu WANG3, Chanjuan MAO4, Peng LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
  • 3 Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
  • 4 College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200233, China
出版时间: 2024-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230770
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【目的】Bt基因和Bar基因植物的微生态效应是环境安全评价的重要因素,但关于Bt基因和Bar基因转化引起的水稻基因型改变对水稻不同组织生态位微生物群落组成和潜在功能的影响还无系统研究。【方法】以转Bt基因和Bar基因水稻T1C-1及其亲本对照Minghui63为研究对象,基于细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌ITS高通量测序技术,分析抽穗期T1C-1和Minghui63根际土壤微生物以及根、茎、叶内生菌的群落结构和潜在功能。【结果】细菌和真菌群落多样性在水稻不同组织生态位之间发生显著变化,地下部分组织生态位(根际土壤和根系)微生物多样性显著高于地上部分(叶和茎)。T1C-1显著影响叶片内生真菌的香农指数和辛普森指数,而对茎和根的内生菌以及根际土壤微生物多样性无显著影响。叶片内生真菌曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)和篮状菌属(Talaromyces)相对丰度在T1C-1显著增加,推测其参与碳素代谢、能量代谢和转录作用酶合成等过程。T1C-1和Minghui63微生物群落关联网络分析表明,T1C-1的平均聚类系数和平均度显著高于Minghui63,因而T1C-1提高了相关微生物群落网络复杂程度。通过重建未观测状态对群落进行系统发育研究(phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states, PICRUSt2),对叶片内生真菌功能酶基因进行功能预测,相对于Minghui63,T1C-1显著改变了碳素代谢、脂类代谢和能量代谢等途径。【结论】相较于根际土壤,叶片内生真菌的群落组成和潜在功能对T1C-1更敏感。尽管如此,T1C-1并未导致叶片内生真菌的多样性指数降低。为了更准确地评估转基因植物的微生态效应,我们需要加强对不同组织生态位内生菌多样性的关注。

内生菌  /  生态位  /  根际微生物  /  Bt基因  /  微生物群落网络

[Objective] The microecological effects of transgenic plants withBt andBar genes are an important aspect of environmental safety assessment. However, few studies concern the impacts of rice genotypic alterations induced byBt andBar transformation on the microbial community composition and potential functions in different tissues of rice plants. [Methods] High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS was performed to analyze the microbial community structure and potential functions in the rhizosphere soil, roots, stems, and leaves ofBt andBar transgenic rice T1C-1 and its parent Minghui63 (control) at the heading stage. [Results] The bacterial and fungal diversity varied among different tissues in rice plants, being significantly higher in the underground niches (rhizosphere soil and roots) than in the aboveground parts (leaves and stems). T1C-1 significantly affected the Shannon index and Simpson index of endophytic fungi in leaves but had no significant effect on the microbial diversity in the stems, roots, or rhizosphere soil. The endophytic fungiAspergillus andTalaromyces showed increased relative abundance in the leaves of T1C-1, which suggested their involvement in processes such as carbon metabolism, energy metabolism, and transcription. The average clustering coefficient and average degree of the microbial communities in T1C-1 were significantly higher than those in Minghui63, indicating that T1C-1 increased the complexity of the microbial community network. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt2) was employed to predict the functional enzyme genes of endophytic fungi in the leaves, which showed that T1C-1 significantly altered the pathways such as carbon metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy metabolism compared with Minghui63. [Conclusion] The community composition and potential functions of endophytic fungi in leaves were more sensitive to T1C-1 than those in the rhizosphere soil, while T1C-1 did not decrease the diversity of endophytic fungi in leaves. More attention should be paid to the diversity changes of endophytic microorganisms in different ecological niches of plant tissues in the evaluation of the microecological effects of transgenic plants.

endophytic microorganisms  /  ecological niche  /  rhizosphere microorganism  /  Bt gene  /  microbial community network
葛蕾, 王璐瑶, 郭官清, 宋丽莉, 王翠, 汪小福, 毛婵娟, 李鹏. BtBar基因转化对水稻不同组织生态位微生物群落组成及潜在功能影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (5) : 1607 -1625 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230770
Lei GE, Luyao WANG, Guanqing GUO, Lili SONG, Cui WANG, Xiaofu WANG, Chanjuan MAO, Peng LI. Effects ofBt andBar transformation on microbial community composition and potential functions in different tissues of rice plants[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (5) : 1607 -1625 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230770
转基因作物自1996年在全球范围内大规模商业化种植以来,其种植面积显著增加,在2021年达到1.955亿hm2,与1996年相比增长了约112倍,其中具有抗虫和抗除草剂(转BtBar基因)复合性状的转基因作物在全球种植面积最大,我国抗虫和抗除草剂转基因作物种植面积达290万hm2[1]。2010年,在科学评估、依法管理的基础上,我国积极稳妥有序推进转基因生物新品种产业化应用。Bt基因和Bar基因是植物基因工程及转基因育种中应用最为广泛的抗虫和抗除草剂基因,已被成功导入水稻、烟草、玉米和棉花等多种植物,获得了一大批具有良好抗虫和抗除草剂性状的转基因植物品种或种质资源。随着转基因作物的大规模种植,其对环境生态系统的影响及其潜在生态风险受到高度关注。微生物是生态环境中最活跃的群体,植物与土壤微生物存在共生关系[2],微生物直接或间接参与植物生长发育过程,如水分和养分获取[3]、应激反应[4]以及抑制病原菌[5]等,因而微生物多样性已成为评价转基因植物生态效应的重要指标[6-8],转基因植物对微生物群落结构和功能多样性的影响是目前国内外研究的前沿热点[9-11]。为了加强转基因生物及其产品的安全监管,我国对转基因植物实施安全性评价制度[12],只有经过安全性评价的转基因植物才能进行大田种植和大规模商业化生产。2017年修订的《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》[13]和2022年修订的《农业转基因生物安全评价管理办法》[12]对转基因植物环境安全评价主要集中在受体植物和靶标生物,但是对非靶标生物,特别是微生物生态效应评价尚无相关研究内容和技术标准。
微生物可以直接或间接与植物相互作用进而影响宿主植物的生长、抗病和胁迫耐受力(如干旱等非生物胁迫)等,这些微生物统称为植物的第二基因组或扩展基因组[2]。微生物几乎在植物的所有组织生态位中定殖,包括土壤-根界面(根系表面)和植物组织内部(根、茎和叶内层)。目前单一植物生态位的微生物群落组成和构建研究取得了许多进展[2,14-17],但是以植物不同器官和组织为代表的不同生态位的微生物群落组成及相互关系研究较少。水稻是当今世界最重要的粮食作物之一,全球一半以上的人口以稻米为主要食物来源[18]。水稻是第一个完成全基因组测序的作物,具有较短的生命周期、简单的组织培养和高效的遗传转化,是功能基因组研究的模式植物,因此研究水稻宿主基因组信息和微生物遗传多样性之间的关联作用,有助于解析植物和微生物之间的互作机制。Bar基因来源于土壤吸水链霉菌(Streptomyce hygroscopicus),编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶(phosphinthricin acetylytransferase, PAT),是广泛应用于基因工程育种的除草剂抗性基因,也是遗传转化中重要的标记基因[19]Bt基因表达Bt杀虫毒素,对害虫有很强的杀虫效果[20]。我国已经培育出多个具有商业化前景的抗除草剂和抗虫复合性状转基因水稻,其微生态效应受到高度关注。陈晓雯等[21]、关潇等[22]、Lee等[23]、Li等[24]和宋亚娜等[25]分析了转Bt基因水稻对根际土壤微生物及根系内生菌的影响;肖国樱等[26]、段发平等[27]和何美丹[28]分析了转Bar基因水稻的遗传特性以及对土壤微生物的影响,但是由Bt基因和Bar基因转化引起的水稻基因型改变以及从地下到地上水稻不同组织生态位对微生物群落组成和潜在功能的影响还无系统研究。
本研究以转Bt基因和Bar基因水稻作为模式评价植物,采用细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌ITS高通量测序技术,分析根际土壤细菌以及根系、茎和叶内生细菌群落和功能多样性对转BtBar基因水稻的响应规律;构建土壤细菌群落的物种关联网络图,解析细菌群落物种之间互作关系及核心物种,系统阐明转Bt基因和Bar基因水稻的微生态效应,为转基因植物的环境安全评价提供理论基础和参考策略。
Bt-Cry1C基因和Bar基因的转基因水稻T1C-1及其亲本明恢63 (Minghui63)由上海市农业生物基因中心提供[20,29]。T1C-1和Minghui63于2023年5月16日种植于上海市农业科学院华漕院区实验大棚(31°13′18′′N, 121°19′10′′E)。水稻种植采用单因素随机区组法,每个处理3次重复,采用常规田间栽培管理措施。大棚土壤为水稻土。
水稻抽穗期是水稻生长发育过程中一个关键时期,是水稻从营养生长期到生殖生长期的转变过程[30]。华桦[31]和Li等[11]研究表明转Bt基因水稻在抽穗期通过根系释放的Bt蛋白含量最高,推测抽穗期是转Bt基因水稻与亲本根系代谢水平差异最大的生长期。因此本研究在水稻抽穗期(2023年8月21日)采集根际土壤微生物及根茎叶的内生菌。根际土壤采样时去除土壤表面杂草,按五点取样法将带土根系取出后,抖掉离根系较远的散土,用镊子轻轻刮取根系表面土壤,距离根系组织2 mm以内的土壤被视为根际土壤[32]。过筛除去杂物,装入保鲜袋中带回实验室,土壤放于−20 ℃保存[10,24]。T1C-1和Minghui63各3个土壤根际土样本,用于后续根际土壤微生物DNA提取以及细菌和真菌核糖体RNA基因高通量测序分析。在提取水稻叶、茎、根组织样品内生菌之前,植物组织样本需要表面灭菌,其具体操作为:无菌水洗涤样本30 s,75%乙醇洗涤1 min,2% NaOCl洗涤3 min,75%乙醇洗涤1 min,无菌水洗涤30 s。T1C-1和Minghui63各5个叶、茎、根组织样品,−80 ℃保存,用于后续内生菌DNA提取。
根际土壤微生物和叶、茎、根等不同组织生态位的微生物DNA提取参照Beckers等[2]和Cregger等[33]的研究方法进行。委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司基于Illumina MiSeq PE300/ NovaSeq PE250平台,分别对36个样本的细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌ITS基因扩增测序。细菌16S rRNA基因的V5–V7高变区采用引物799F (5′-AACMGGATTAGATACCCKG-3′)和1193R (5′-ACGTCATCCCCACCTTCC-3′)扩增。真菌ITS区域采用引物ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTA GAGGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS2R (5′-GCTGCGTTCT TCATCGATGC-3′)扩增。具体测序步骤参见李玉洁等[34]的方法。细菌和真菌原始序列已经提交至NCBI SRA (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/),登录号分别为SRP473814和SRP473825。Illumina测序得到的PE reads进行样本拆分后,根据测序质量对双端reads进行质控和过滤,同时根据双端reads之间的overlap关系进行拼接,获得质控拼接之后的优化数据。然后使用序列降噪方法(DADA2/Deblur等)处理优化数据,获得扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)代表序列和丰度信息。
基于ASV代表序列及丰度信息,进行物种分类学分析、群落多样性分析,以及物种差异分析、相关性分析、系统发育分析和功能预测分析等一系列的统计学或可视化分析。首先将得到数据按照97%相似度对非重复序列进行ASV聚类,用于不同样本中微生物的多样性分析。通过Mothur软件进行α多样性分析,评估微生物群落中物种的丰富度、多样性。分别运用Student’st检验和Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验的方法检测两组或多组之间的α多样性指数值是否具有显著性差异。基于Bray-Curtis距离算法和相似性分析(analysis of similarities, ANOSIM)进行主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA),可视化呈现不同样本中群落分布的差异程度。
利用Python (version 2.7)软件绘制群落Bar图,展示不同样本在属水平上的群落结构组成情况。分别采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验和Student’st检验评价多组或两组样本之间物种在属水平上的差异性。通过R语言,采用Pearson方法计算各个物种之间的相关系数,利用Gephi软件根据物种之间的相互关联性绘制相关性网络图,仅显示相关性为极显著且相关系数大于0.8以上的相互作用(|R|≥0.8,P < 0.01)。采用关联网络分析寻找微生物在不同水稻基因型和组织生态位的共现或互斥的固有模式,并据此寻找维持整个微生物群落稳定的核心物种。本研究在属分类水平将不同生态位微生物数据整合,选取总丰度排名前50的物种,通过计算物种之间的Pearson相关系数,反映物种之间的相关性。选取相关系数|R|≥0.8、P < 0.01的物种构建相关性网络。对水稻叶、茎、根内生菌和根际土壤微生物进行物种相关性网络分析。选取微生物属水平细菌物种丰度排名前20和真菌物种丰度排名前50,计算物种之间的相关系数。选取相关系数|R|≥0.8、P < 0.01的物种构建相关性网络。图中节点的颜色代表不同的模块,节点的大小取决于度的大小;连线的颜色表示正负相关性,红色表示正相关,绿色表示负相关;线越多表示该物种与其他物种之间的联系越密切。
利用通过重建未观测状态对群落进行系统发育研究(phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states, PICRUSt2)软件对ITS扩增子测序结果进行酶功能预测。通过PICRUSt2对Minghui63和T1C-1叶片中真菌的功能进行预测分析。首先将ASV序列与其内部的参考序列比对,把ASV置入相应的参考树中,推断每个ASV基因家族(gene family)的拷贝数,预测每个ASV的基因含量(gene content),确定每个样本基因家族的丰度;将基因家族信息与KEGG酶功能数据库进行比对,获得每个样本中对应的酶功能信息。采取Student’st检验分析相对丰度前50的真菌酶的差异性。
通过Illumina MiSeq对总计36个样本进行微生物核糖体RNA基因测序,抽穗期T1C-1和Minghui63的不同组织生态位的细菌群落组成如图1A1D所示。Minghui63叶片内生细菌的优势物种为unclassified_f__Alcaligenaceae和微杆菌属(Microbacterium),相对丰度分别为75.6%和5.6%。T1C-1叶片内生细菌的优势物种为unclassified_f__Alcaligenaceae和罗氏菌属(Romboutsia),相对丰度分别为48.9%和16.7%;Minghui63和T1C-1的茎内生细菌的相对丰度最高的物种均为unclassified_f__Alcaligenaceae,相对丰度分别为88.9%和70.0%;Minghui63和T1C-1根系内生细菌优势物种为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、unclassified_f__Alcaligenaceae、缓生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)等;T1C-1根际土壤优势物种芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)相对丰度比Minghui63降低66%和48%。
抽穗期T1C-1和Minghui63的不同组织生态位的真菌群落组成如图1E1H所示。T1C-1和Minghui63叶内生真菌的优势物种是帚枝霉属(Sarocladium)和Apiotrichum;T1C-1和Minghui63茎内生真菌的优势物种是SarocladiumMeyerozyma;相对于Minghui63,T1C-1根系内生真菌unclassified_f__Lasiosphaeriaceae的相对丰度增加229%;T1C-1和Minghui63根际土壤的优势真菌物种是被孢霉属(Mortierella)和螺旋聚孢霉属(Clonostachys),并且这2种真菌相对丰度在不同基因型水稻间无显著差异。
本研究采用香农(Shannon)指数、辛普森(Simpson)指数、观察丰富度(the observed richness, Sobs)指数和Chao1 estimator (Chao)指数表征微生物α多样性。不同组织生态位的细菌α多样性指数在2个不同水稻基因型Minghui63和T1C-1之间无显著差异。土壤真菌群落多样性指数分析结果表明,相对于Minghui63,T1C-1对不同组织生态位的真菌多样性指数产生显著影响(图2A2D)。T1C-1和Minghui63的根际土壤真菌和茎、根内生真菌的香农指数、辛普森指数、Sobs指数和Chao指数无显著差异(图2B2D),但是T1C-1和Minghui63叶内生真菌的香农指数和辛普森指数出现显著变化;相对于Minghui63,T1C-1叶内生真菌的香农指数显著增加(图2A)。
水稻不同组织生态位细菌α多样性分析结果表明(图3A),根际土壤中的内生细菌Chao指数显著高于根、茎、叶内生细菌。根际土壤细菌和根系内生细菌的Ace、Shannon和Simpson指数无显著差异,表明根际土壤细菌和根系内生细菌群落组成更为相似;不同生态位的真菌α多样性结果说明(图3B),根际土壤真菌Ace、Chao、Shannon和Simpson指数显著高于其他组织生态位的内生真菌。此外,内生细菌和真菌α多样性指数在水稻茎和叶2个组织生态位之间无显著差异。
本研究基于Bray-Curtis距离和ANOSIM组间差异检验进行主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA)以表征水稻不同生态位细菌和真菌群落的β多样性,结果如图4A4B所示。不同颜色点代表不同分组的样本,样本点越接近,表明样本物种组成越相似。在细菌群落PCoA分析中,T1C-1和Minghui63根际土壤和叶、茎、根内生菌各样本聚集在一起,样本间空间距离较小,说明微生物群落结构相似(图4A)。真菌群落的PCoA分析结果表明,根际土壤真菌和茎、根内生真菌在T1C-1和Minghui63之间的群落无显著的差异性,但是叶内生真菌在T1C-1和Minghui63之间的群落具有显著差异(P < 0.05) (图4B),表明转基因水稻T1C-1对叶片内生真菌群落结构产生显著影响。
在微生物属分类水平,本研究采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验的方法,对水稻不同生态位细菌(图5A)和真菌(图5B)进行物种差异分析。根际土壤细菌BacillusSphingomonas相对丰度显著高于根、茎、叶组织(P < 0.001);根系内生细菌StreptomycesBradyrhizobiumLechevalieriaSteroidobacter相对丰度显著高于其他组织生态位(P < 0.05)。叶内生细菌Microbacterium相对丰度显著高于茎(P < 0.05) (图5A)。不同生态位真菌物种差异分析结果说明,ApiotrichumCladosporium在叶片组织中相对丰度最高;SarocladiumMeyerozyma在茎组织中相对丰度最高;MortierellaTrichodermaStriaticonidiumClonostachys在根际土中相对丰度极显著高于其他组织(P < 0.001) (图5B)。
鉴于叶内生真菌在T1C-1和Minghui63之间的群落具有显著差异(图6),本研究在微生物的属分类水平,采用Student’st检验的方法对T1C-1和Minghui63叶片内生真菌相对丰度进行差异分析。结果表明T1C-1叶片内生真菌Sarocladium相对丰度极显著低于Minghui63 (P < 0.01),AspergillusTalaromyces的相对丰度则显著高于Minghui63 (P < 0.05) (图6)。
T1C-1微生物关联网络有91个节点,286条边;Minghui63微生物关联网络有93个节点,243条边。T1C-1的平均度和平均聚类系数大于Minghui63。基于网络度的大小筛选T1C-1和Minghui63的核心菌群。T1C-1微生物群落核心物种为假散囊菌属(Pseudeurotium)、新赤壳属(Neocosmospora)、嗜热链球菌属(Mycothermus)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)和赛多孢子菌属(Scedosporium)。T1C-1微生物群落核心物种为篮状菌属(Talaromyces)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)、假散囊菌属(Pseudeurotium)、赛多孢子菌属(Scedosporium)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。其中Bacillus在Minghui63相关网络中度的大小为13,而在T1C-1的网络中度的大小为1,发生显著变化(图7A表1)。不同生态位微生物关联网络分析结果表明(图7B表1),茎内生菌的相关性网络平均度和平均聚类系数最高,其次是叶片内生菌。相较于其他生态位,根际土壤微生物网络中的负相关比例最高。叶片内生菌群落核心物种为青霉属(Penicillium)、假霉样真菌属(Pseudallescheria)、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1、嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)。茎内生菌群落核心物种为耐热囊菌属(Thermoascus)、假霉样真菌属(Pseudallescheria)、嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)和青霉属(Penicillium)。根内生菌群落核心物种为被孢霉属(Mortierella)、赛多孢子菌属(Scedosporium)、HumicolaScytalidium和镰孢菌属(Fusarium)。根际土壤微生物群落核心物种为芽殖球菌属(Blastococcus)、类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)。值得注意的是,假霉样真菌属(Pseudallescheria)、嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)、青霉属(Penicillium)均为叶和茎内生菌群落核心物种。
T1C-1和Minghui63叶片内生真菌的PICRUSt2功能预测分析结果表明,18个真菌功能基因编码酶丰度具有差异;相对于Minghui63,T1C-1真菌酶显著增加的有11个,显著降低的有7个(图8)。其中参与碳素代谢[l-阿拉伯糖异构酶(EC: 5.3.1.4)、葡聚糖1, 4-α-葡糖苷酶(EC: 3.2.1.3)、α-唾液酸酶(EC: 3.2.1.18)]、转录作用[聚(A)特异性核糖核酸酶(EC: 3.1.13.4)、DNA指导性RNA聚合酶(EC: 2.7.7.6)、组蛋白乙酰转移酶(EC: 2.3.1.48)]和能量代谢[H+-转运双区ATP酶(EC: 3.6.3.14)]、喹啉细胞色素c还原酶(EC: 1.10.2.2)的真菌功能基因编码酶相对丰度在T1C-1显著增加;参与碳素代谢[甘露寡糖1, 2-α甘露糖苷酶(EC: 3.2.1.113)]、能量代谢[外源性转运ATP酶(EC: 3.6.3.44)]、脂质代谢[溶血磷脂酶(EC: 3.1.1.5)]的真菌功能基因编码酶的相对丰度在T1C-1显著降低。
BtBar基因植物的微生态效应,是评价其生态环境风险的重要内容[24,35-36]。目前转基因植物的微生态效应研究主要集中在转基因植物对根际土壤微生物多样性影响,BtBar基因转化对植物不同组织生态位微生物群落组成和潜在功能的影响还不清楚。植物相关微生物的群落组装过程是由生态位理论(特别是植物遗传因素[37]、通过组织水平选择)和中性过程理论[38]驱动的。本研究结果表明,细菌和真菌群落多样性在水稻不同基因型和不同组织生态位之间发生显著变化(图2图3);BtBar基因转化引起的水稻基因型改变,只是导致叶片内生真菌的香农指数和辛普森指数出现显著变化(图2),而对茎和根的内生菌以及根际土壤微生物多样性无显著影响。因此,相对于基因型,细菌和真菌群落多样性变化受到组织生态位影响更大。导致上述结果的原因可能是微生物定殖生长的不同生态位环境条件选择(例如根系土壤受到根系分泌物影响、叶片和茎受到浇水和水分蒸发影响),以及不同微生物生活史差异而导致的生态位分化[33]。华桦[31]的研究表明转Bt基因水稻根、茎、叶均可以表达Bt蛋白,Bt蛋白在水稻孕穗期的叶片含量最高,根系和茎秆中Bt蛋白含量远低于叶片。李小宇等[39]发现转Bar基因抗除草剂大豆叶片中PAT蛋白的含量显著高于茎和根。因而我们推测,相对于Minghui63,T1C-1叶片内生真菌暴露于更高含量的Bt蛋白和PAT蛋白中,这些真菌可能通过多糖水解、糖酵解和有机酸代谢等碳素利用途径参与到Bt蛋白和PAT蛋白的碳素转化过程中,进而引起真菌的群落组成显著变化。然而微生物的群落组成对外源基因在不同作物转化的响应是不同的。转Bar基因小麦的根际真菌多样性显著高于常规品种,可能是Bar基因改变了小麦根系分泌物,使根际环境发生变化,从而改变小麦根际真菌多样性[40]。转Bar基因的甘蔗的土壤微生物数量和对照相比未表现出一定的规律性[41]。Griffiths等[42-43]对大田的研究发现,转Bt基因玉米的土壤微生物数量与非转基因玉米无明显差异。Shen等[44]研究了转Bt棉花对根际微生物影响,发现Bt棉和非Bt棉根际土壤微生物群落的功能多样性无差异。Santos-Medellín等[45]的研究表明环境胁迫导致水稻相关微生物群落的重新组装,相对于根际土壤微生物,根系内生菌对环境胁迫更敏感。因此基于本研究结果,我们建议对转基因植物微生态效应的评估应该要关注对其不同生态位内生菌的影响。值得注意的是,虽然T1C-1与Minghui63的叶片内生真菌群落组成发生显著改变(图4B),但是T1C-1未导致叶片内生真菌多样性指数降低。
植物内生菌来自外界,通过不同方式进入到植物体内发挥作用,因此其遗传与代谢功能都是与宿主在长期共同进化过程中形成的[46]。本研究发现叶片内生真菌SarocladiumAspergillusTalaromyces相对丰度在T1C-1和Minghui63之间有显著差异(图6)。Sarocladium是造成水稻叶鞘腐败病的植物病原菌,该病原菌不仅在水稻各生育期发生危害,还能侵害叶鞘、谷粒、叶片中脉等[47]。相对于Minghui63,T1C-1叶片组织中的Sarocladium相对丰度显著降低。Talaromyces参与碳素循环,能产生高活性的木质纤维素酶类,是自然界中重要的分解者,部分物种能够促进植物对矿物质吸收,增强抗病、抗逆和促进生长的作用[48-49]Aspergillus广泛分布于植物性产品和土壤中,可生产淀粉酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶等和参与多糖降解途径[50]TalaromycesAspergillus不仅可以表达天冬氨酸蛋白酶[51],也可以降解角蛋白[52]。因此,我们推测TalaromycesAspergillus参与了Bt蛋白和PAT蛋白的碳素转化过程,进而引起真菌群落组成的显著变化。本研究中T1C-1叶片组织中的TalaromycesAspergillus相对丰度显著高于Minghui63,Sarocladium相对丰度显著低于Minghui63。探索微生物潜在功能对转Bt基因和Bar基因作物种植的响应规律,成为评价转基因作物微生态效应的新切入点[34]。本研究的PICRUSt2功能预测结果表明,相对于Minghui63,T1C-1显著改变了碳素代谢、脂类代谢和能量代谢等途径(图8),表明叶片内生真菌群落的物种多样性和潜在多功能性对转BtBar基因作物种植的响应是一致的。
本研究解析了水稻不同组织生态位微生物群落组成及潜在功能对外源Bt基因和Bar转化的响应规律,转BtBar基因水稻T1C-1对叶片内生真菌群落组成产生显著影响,但是T1C-1未导致叶片内生真菌多样性指数降低。基于本研究结果,对转基因植物微生态效应的评估需要关注对其不同生态位内生菌的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32071657)
  • 上海市农业科学院攀高计划(PG23211)
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2024年第64卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230770
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
  • 录用日期:2024-02-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071657)
国家自然科学基金(32071657)
Talent Project of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences(PG23211)
上海市农业科学院攀高计划(PG23211)
作者信息
    1 上海海洋大学水产与生命学院, 上海 201306
    2 上海市农业科学院生物技术研究所 上海市农业遗传育种重点实验室, 上海 201106
    3 浙江省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 浙江 杭州 310022
    4 上海师范大学生命科学学院, 上海 200233

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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