Article(id=1241376210643636328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230619, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1708531200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-22, onlineDate=1773896752272, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1714752000000, pubDateStr=2024-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773896752272, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773896752272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773896752272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241376204247331313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='5', pageStart='1331', pageEnd='1682', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773896750747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897643611, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241379949253284790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241379949253284791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1436, endPage=1454, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241376213609009282, articleId=1241376210643636328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Streptococcus thermophilus capable of metabolizing galactose: mutagenesis and application in production of fermented milk, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Streptococcus thermophilus is widely used in the dairy industry as a common starter for fermented dairy products such as yogurt and cheese. Most strains ofS.thermophilus are galactose-negative (Gal) and unable to metabolize galactose and excrete it extracellularly, which results in an increase in the galactose content in fermented milk.S.thermophilus can be treated by chemical mutagenesis to metabolize galactose and then used to develop the fermented milk products with low galactose content. [Methods] We used nitrosoguanidine (NTG) to induce the mutation ofS.thermophilus IMAU80846. Furthermore, we measured the activities of β-galactosidase (β-Gal), galactokinase (GalK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and glucokinase (GK) in the wild-type and mutant strains ofS.thermophilus IMAU80846 and analyzed the amino acid sequences encoding these enzymes.S.thermophilus IMAU80846Y that could metabolize galactose was obtained. We performed whole genome sequencing of the mutant strain and measured the content of lactic acid, lactose, galactose, and glucose in the fermented milk products produced with the wild-type strain and the mutant strain. We then compounded the wild-type strain and the mutant strain withLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus IMAU20450, respectively, and characterized the two groups of fermented milk products during fermentation and storage. Finally, we prepared a fermented milk product with low galactose content. [Results] S.thermophiles IMAU80846Y had higher activities of β-Gal and GalK and lower activities of PK and GK than the wild-type strain. The amino acid sequences and whole genome sequences showed that the mutant strain had mutations in the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The HPLC results showed that the fermented milk produced with the mutant strain had lower content of lactose and galactose and higher content of lactic acid and glucose than that produced with the wild-type strain. Compared with the compound group with the wild-type strain, the compound group with the mutant strain improved the titration acidity, viable cell count, viscosity, and water holding capacity of fermented milk. [Conclusion] The mutagenesis with NTG changed the ability ofS.thermophilus IMAU80846 to metabolize galactose, and the mutant strain could be used to produce the fermented milk with low galactose content.

, correspAuthors=Tong DAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*DAN Tong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanyan HE, Jiahui TAI, Wenhui LU, Xinrui CUI, Tong DAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241376217224499622, articleId=1241376210643636328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=可代谢半乳糖嗜热链球菌的诱变选育及其在发酵乳生产中的应用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)作为酸奶、奶酪等发酵乳制品的常用发酵剂,在乳品工业中应用广泛。大多数嗜热链球菌为半乳糖阴性(Gal)菌株,不能代谢半乳糖而将其排出到胞外,导致发酵乳中半乳糖含量增加。因此可通过化学诱变的方法处理嗜热链球菌,使其可代谢半乳糖,开发一种低半乳糖含量的发酵乳。【方法】利用亚硝基胍(nitrosoguanidine, NTG)对嗜热链球菌IMAU80846进行诱变处理,测定野生株嗜热链球菌IMAU80846与突变株β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase, β-Gal)、半乳糖激酶(galactokinase, GalK)、丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase, PK)和葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase, GK)活性,分析编码这些酶的氨基酸序列,得到一株可代谢半乳糖的嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y,同时对突变株进行全基因组测序,并检测野生株和突变株发酵乳中乳酸、乳糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖的含量,最后将野生株和突变株分别与德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种IMAU20450进行复配发酵,测定两组发酵乳在发酵与贮藏期间的发酵特性,制备一款低半乳糖含量的发酵乳。【结果】突变株嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y的β-Gal、GalK活性高于野生株,PK和GK活性低于野生株,氨基酸序列与全基因组测序结果表明突变株与糖代谢有关基因发生突变,HPLC检测结果表明突变株发酵乳中乳糖、半乳糖的含量均低于野生株,而乳酸、葡萄糖的含量高于野生株。发酵特性的分析结果表明,与野生株复配组相比,突变株复配组发酵乳具有良好的滴定酸度、活菌数、黏度以及持水力。【结论】嗜热链球菌IMAU80846经NTG诱变后,菌株代谢半乳糖的能力发生了变化,利用该突变株可生产一款低半乳糖含量的发酵乳。

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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241446114373718132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, companyId=1241446114356940913, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=内蒙古农业大学 乳品生物技术与工程教育部重点实验室 农业农村部奶制品加工重点实验室 内蒙古自治区乳品生物技术与工程重点实验室, 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241446119000035683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=OD600 ofStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846 and mutant strains cultured in M17 and galactose M17 medium for 24 h. A, B, C, and D indicates the difference ofOD600 inStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846 and different mutant strains., figureFileSmall=RuY3kuYiTeSqF+vpnoSG9g==, figureFileBig=xWHzlZ9fp+Ys4wJfaDpY9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446119125864812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图1, caption=嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株在M17与M17半乳糖培养基中培养24 h时的OD600, figureFileSmall=RuY3kuYiTeSqF+vpnoSG9g==, figureFileBig=xWHzlZ9fp+Ys4wJfaDpY9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446119369134457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Comparison ofStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846 and mutant strains β-Gal (A), GalK (B), GK (C), PK (D) enzyme activity. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05). The same below., figureFileSmall=fmhE7HLYB60t2zZjbjr4Fw==, figureFileBig=E1TNu5wg42nNS5jPEoGy1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446119507546498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图2, caption=嗜热链球菌IMAU80846和突变株β-Gal (A)、GalK (B)、GK (C)、PK (D)活性的比较, figureFileSmall=fmhE7HLYB60t2zZjbjr4Fw==, figureFileBig=E1TNu5wg42nNS5jPEoGy1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446119629181322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Genetic variant mapping ofStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846Y. The outermost circle is the position coordinates of the reference sequence, from the outside to the inside, which are the gene location on the reference genome, the G+C content of the reference genome, the sequencing depth of the sample, the SNP number distribution of the sample, the InDel distribution of the sample, and the G+C skew of the reference genome., figureFileSmall=V2atmW0qfRjod9oErntVMQ==, figureFileBig=PEhXat/Uckjhy0lMB3eDnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446119746621839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图3, caption=嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y基因变异图谱, figureFileSmall=V2atmW0qfRjod9oErntVMQ==, figureFileBig=PEhXat/Uckjhy0lMB3eDnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446119855673755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=SNP mutant gene KEGG annotation ofStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846Y., figureFileSmall=mPDncu8qCFlyxbCHJcwVZA==, figureFileBig=PVyFYMTM8J/8zAx7L+dtYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446119977308579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图4, caption=嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y SNP突变基因KEGG注释, figureFileSmall=mPDncu8qCFlyxbCHJcwVZA==, figureFileBig=PVyFYMTM8J/8zAx7L+dtYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446120094749097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=SNP (A) and InDel (B) mutant gene GO annotation ofStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846Y., figureFileSmall=V6U7UNo9gH5v8JEYWioE+Q==, figureFileBig=wjbvnvfwTFdDQVk3UMEr+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446120187023790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图5, caption=嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y SNP (A)和InDel (B)突变基因GO注释, figureFileSmall=V6U7UNo9gH5v8JEYWioE+Q==, figureFileBig=wjbvnvfwTFdDQVk3UMEr+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446120287687095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Comparison results of amino acid codons of β-Gal and GalK inStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846 and IMAU80846Y., figureFileSmall=RcV+mLBLmHEyh26MFhIRpg==, figureFileBig=cFWAb/h+j0uYBSQCperGLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446120413516224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图6, caption=嗜热链球菌IMAU80846和IMAU80846Y中β-Gal、GalK氨基酸密码子比对结果, figureFileSmall=RcV+mLBLmHEyh26MFhIRpg==, figureFileBig=cFWAb/h+j0uYBSQCperGLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446120535151047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Changes in the activity ofStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846Y in each generation of β-Gal (A), GK (B), GalK (C) and PK (D) when they were subcultured in M17 medium for 10 consecutive generations., figureFileSmall=Gim4lpVxeUO/YBGvZQ1QHg==, figureFileBig=FfPEy6Mgy2QagDGo/hquSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446120665174479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图7, caption=嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y在M17培养基中连续传代培养10代,各代的β-Gal (A)、GK (B)、GalK (C)、PK (D)活性变化情况, figureFileSmall=Gim4lpVxeUO/YBGvZQ1QHg==, figureFileBig=FfPEy6Mgy2QagDGo/hquSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446120803586518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Changes in pH and titration acidity of fermented milk in the compound group with the wild-type strain and the compound group with the mutant strain during fermentation (A) and storage (B)., figureFileSmall=SB0oGUHA2Fe4aw4i56sm1A==, figureFileBig=fzLxUDl3fYtRDtbB48Um1A==, 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figureFileSmall=syDkOmU7Ti97NXc0YbPMuA==, figureFileBig=HPRD2y1p4w/7Du2hU3PiMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446122753937904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Changes in water holding capacity of fermented milk of the compound group with the wild-type strain and the compound group with the mutant strain during fermentation (A) and storage (B)., figureFileSmall=Wjpj1IZhpkTaCAxXn86J5A==, figureFileBig=hQNX2vc0375wLn//CH3img==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446122896544245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图10, caption=在发酵(A)和贮藏(B)期间野生株复配组与突变株复配组发酵乳持水力的变化情况, figureFileSmall=Wjpj1IZhpkTaCAxXn86J5A==, figureFileBig=hQNX2vc0375wLn//CH3img==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123018179068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Changes in the viable cell counts of fermented milk of the compound group with the wild-type strain and the compound group with the mutant strain during fermentation (A) and storage (B)., figureFileSmall=/x5tdzl5tV5aVMgpGscmgw==, figureFileBig=NOX7rqQNC7yCUECg1cghgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123144008200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图11, caption=在发酵(A)和贮藏(B)期间野生株复配组与突变株复配组发酵乳活菌数的变化情况, figureFileSmall=/x5tdzl5tV5aVMgpGscmgw==, figureFileBig=NOX7rqQNC7yCUECg1cghgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123278225932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Pathways of sugar metabolism inStreptococcus thermophilus. Arrow indicates a reaction, multiple enzymatic processes are shown by dashed arrows, double-headed arrow indicates a bidirectional reaction., figureFileSmall=WBkjycXAU+75d0yakDeHfA==, figureFileBig=Od8QNjL9zo8CC+yn/h5yqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123412443672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=图12, caption=嗜热链球菌中糖的代谢途径, figureFileSmall=WBkjycXAU+75d0yakDeHfA==, figureFileBig=Od8QNjL9zo8CC+yn/h5yqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446123496329761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5′→3′)Product size (bp)
lacZ1FCTATTATGGATACGGTGC200
lacZ1RATGCTTTATTAAGTGCGG
galK3CCGGAAGGACGTTACCTC386
galR1CCGATGTCTAGTATCCTC
pyk3FCATGGTAACCACGCTGAG842
pyk4RAGCATTGTCGCATCAGTA
glcK4FTCGGTGGTGGTGTTTCTG641
glcK4RGAGGCATTGTCCCTTCAT
), ArticleFig(id=1241446123580215847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5′→3′)Product size (bp)
lacZ1FCTATTATGGATACGGTGC200
lacZ1RATGCTTTATTAAGTGCGG
galK3CCGGAAGGACGTTACCTC386
galR1CCGATGTCTAGTATCCTC
pyk3FCATGGTAACCACGCTGAG842
pyk4RAGCATTGTCGCATCAGTA
glcK4FTCGGTGGTGGTGTTTCTG641
glcK4RGAGGCATTGTCCCTTCAT
), ArticleFig(id=1241446123676684844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The lethality of NTG mutagenesis in the treatment ofStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration of NTG (μg/mL)Viable cell counts (CFU/mL)Lethality (%)
The lowercase letters in the table indicate the significance of the difference in lethality at different concentrations (P<0.05).
0(4.61±0.14)×1090a
100(2.77±0.17)×10939.91b
300(1.85±0.11)×10959.87c
500(1.63±0.13)×10964.64c
700(0.52±0.04)×10988.72d
900(0.07±0.01)×10998.48e
), ArticleFig(id=1241446123815096884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NTG诱变处理嗜热链球菌IMAU80846的致死率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration of NTG (μg/mL)Viable cell counts (CFU/mL)Lethality (%)
The lowercase letters in the table indicate the significance of the difference in lethality at different concentrations (P<0.05).
0(4.61±0.14)×1090a
100(2.77±0.17)×10939.91b
300(1.85±0.11)×10959.87c
500(1.63±0.13)×10964.64c
700(0.52±0.04)×10988.72d
900(0.07±0.01)×10998.48e
), ArticleFig(id=1241446123940926010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Lactose, galactose, glucose and lactic acid content in fermented milk ofStreptococcus thermophilus IMAU80846 and mutant strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TimeLactose (g/100 g)Galactose (g/100 g)Glucose (g/100 g)Lactic acid (g/100 g)
IMAU80846IMAU80846YIMAU80846IMAU80846YIMAU80846IMAU80846YIMAU80846IMAU80846Y
− indicates undetected; Lowercase letters indicate the significance of differences of the same substance at the same time (P<0.05).
0 h4.85±0.015b4.89±0.017a0.18±0.001a0.16±0.001b0.12±0.002b0.24±0.003a
3 h4.40±0.013a4.17±0.012b0.36±0.002b0.39±0.002a0.26±0.004b0.40±0.006a0.44±0.006b0.49±0.008a
6 h3.43±0.010a3.24±0.009b0.41±0.003b0.46±0.004a0.24±0.003b0.48±0.007a0.58±0.010b0.64±0.013a
0 d3.23±0.009a2.78±0.007b0.46±0.007a0.45±0.006b0.55±0.0090.71±0.013b0.75±0.016a
1 d3.03±0.008a2.54±0.006b0.47±0.007a0.40±0.005b0.53±0.0080.78±0.015b0.83±0.017a
3 d2.88±0.008a2.32±0.005b0.49±0.009a0.37±0.003b0.80±0.016b0.86±0.018a
7 d2.80±0.007a2.29±0.005b0.50±0.010a0.36±0.003b0.81±0.017b0.88±0.020a
14 d2.79±0.007a2.12±0.003b0.51±0.120a0.27±0.002b0.82±0.019b0.90±0.023a
), ArticleFig(id=1241446124096115266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376210643636328, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株发酵乳中乳糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、乳酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TimeLactose (g/100 g)Galactose (g/100 g)Glucose (g/100 g)Lactic acid (g/100 g)
IMAU80846IMAU80846YIMAU80846IMAU80846YIMAU80846IMAU80846YIMAU80846IMAU80846Y
− indicates undetected; Lowercase letters indicate the significance of differences of the same substance at the same time (P<0.05).
0 h4.85±0.015b4.89±0.017a0.18±0.001a0.16±0.001b0.12±0.002b0.24±0.003a
3 h4.40±0.013a4.17±0.012b0.36±0.002b0.39±0.002a0.26±0.004b0.40±0.006a0.44±0.006b0.49±0.008a
6 h3.43±0.010a3.24±0.009b0.41±0.003b0.46±0.004a0.24±0.003b0.48±0.007a0.58±0.010b0.64±0.013a
0 d3.23±0.009a2.78±0.007b0.46±0.007a0.45±0.006b0.55±0.0090.71±0.013b0.75±0.016a
1 d3.03±0.008a2.54±0.006b0.47±0.007a0.40±0.005b0.53±0.0080.78±0.015b0.83±0.017a
3 d2.88±0.008a2.32±0.005b0.49±0.009a0.37±0.003b0.80±0.016b0.86±0.018a
7 d2.80±0.007a2.29±0.005b0.50±0.010a0.36±0.003b0.81±0.017b0.88±0.020a
14 d2.79±0.007a2.12±0.003b0.51±0.120a0.27±0.002b0.82±0.019b0.90±0.023a
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可代谢半乳糖嗜热链球菌的诱变选育及其在发酵乳生产中的应用
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何艳艳 , 邰佳慧 , 卢纹慧 , 崔欣蕊 , 丹彤 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(5): 1436-1454
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(5): 1436-1454
可代谢半乳糖嗜热链球菌的诱变选育及其在发酵乳生产中的应用
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何艳艳, 邰佳慧, 卢纹慧, 崔欣蕊, 丹彤*
作者信息
  • 内蒙古农业大学 乳品生物技术与工程教育部重点实验室 农业农村部奶制品加工重点实验室 内蒙古自治区乳品生物技术与工程重点实验室, 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010018
Streptococcus thermophilus capable of metabolizing galactose: mutagenesis and application in production of fermented milk
Yanyan HE, Jiahui TAI, Wenhui LU, Xinrui CUI, Tong DAN*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2024-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230619
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【目的】嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)作为酸奶、奶酪等发酵乳制品的常用发酵剂,在乳品工业中应用广泛。大多数嗜热链球菌为半乳糖阴性(Gal)菌株,不能代谢半乳糖而将其排出到胞外,导致发酵乳中半乳糖含量增加。因此可通过化学诱变的方法处理嗜热链球菌,使其可代谢半乳糖,开发一种低半乳糖含量的发酵乳。【方法】利用亚硝基胍(nitrosoguanidine, NTG)对嗜热链球菌IMAU80846进行诱变处理,测定野生株嗜热链球菌IMAU80846与突变株β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase, β-Gal)、半乳糖激酶(galactokinase, GalK)、丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase, PK)和葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase, GK)活性,分析编码这些酶的氨基酸序列,得到一株可代谢半乳糖的嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y,同时对突变株进行全基因组测序,并检测野生株和突变株发酵乳中乳酸、乳糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖的含量,最后将野生株和突变株分别与德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种IMAU20450进行复配发酵,测定两组发酵乳在发酵与贮藏期间的发酵特性,制备一款低半乳糖含量的发酵乳。【结果】突变株嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y的β-Gal、GalK活性高于野生株,PK和GK活性低于野生株,氨基酸序列与全基因组测序结果表明突变株与糖代谢有关基因发生突变,HPLC检测结果表明突变株发酵乳中乳糖、半乳糖的含量均低于野生株,而乳酸、葡萄糖的含量高于野生株。发酵特性的分析结果表明,与野生株复配组相比,突变株复配组发酵乳具有良好的滴定酸度、活菌数、黏度以及持水力。【结论】嗜热链球菌IMAU80846经NTG诱变后,菌株代谢半乳糖的能力发生了变化,利用该突变株可生产一款低半乳糖含量的发酵乳。

嗜热链球菌  /  亚硝基胍诱变  /  半乳糖代谢  /  发酵乳

[Objective] Streptococcus thermophilus is widely used in the dairy industry as a common starter for fermented dairy products such as yogurt and cheese. Most strains ofS.thermophilus are galactose-negative (Gal) and unable to metabolize galactose and excrete it extracellularly, which results in an increase in the galactose content in fermented milk.S.thermophilus can be treated by chemical mutagenesis to metabolize galactose and then used to develop the fermented milk products with low galactose content. [Methods] We used nitrosoguanidine (NTG) to induce the mutation ofS.thermophilus IMAU80846. Furthermore, we measured the activities of β-galactosidase (β-Gal), galactokinase (GalK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and glucokinase (GK) in the wild-type and mutant strains ofS.thermophilus IMAU80846 and analyzed the amino acid sequences encoding these enzymes.S.thermophilus IMAU80846Y that could metabolize galactose was obtained. We performed whole genome sequencing of the mutant strain and measured the content of lactic acid, lactose, galactose, and glucose in the fermented milk products produced with the wild-type strain and the mutant strain. We then compounded the wild-type strain and the mutant strain withLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus IMAU20450, respectively, and characterized the two groups of fermented milk products during fermentation and storage. Finally, we prepared a fermented milk product with low galactose content. [Results] S.thermophiles IMAU80846Y had higher activities of β-Gal and GalK and lower activities of PK and GK than the wild-type strain. The amino acid sequences and whole genome sequences showed that the mutant strain had mutations in the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The HPLC results showed that the fermented milk produced with the mutant strain had lower content of lactose and galactose and higher content of lactic acid and glucose than that produced with the wild-type strain. Compared with the compound group with the wild-type strain, the compound group with the mutant strain improved the titration acidity, viable cell count, viscosity, and water holding capacity of fermented milk. [Conclusion] The mutagenesis with NTG changed the ability ofS.thermophilus IMAU80846 to metabolize galactose, and the mutant strain could be used to produce the fermented milk with low galactose content.

Streptococcus thermophilus  /  mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine  /  galactose metabolism  /  fermented milk
何艳艳, 邰佳慧, 卢纹慧, 崔欣蕊, 丹彤. 可代谢半乳糖嗜热链球菌的诱变选育及其在发酵乳生产中的应用. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (5) : 1436 -1454 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230619
Yanyan HE, Jiahui TAI, Wenhui LU, Xinrui CUI, Tong DAN. Streptococcus thermophilus capable of metabolizing galactose: mutagenesis and application in production of fermented milk[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (5) : 1436 -1454 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230619
嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)作为酸奶、奶酪等发酵乳制品的常用发酵剂,在乳品工业中应用广泛[1-2]。嗜热链球菌能够代谢多种碳水化合物,但更偏向于乳糖,它可以通过糖酵解途径将乳糖迅速转化为乳酸[3-4]。Leloir途径是嗜热链球菌利用半乳糖的唯一途径[5],大多数嗜热链球菌为半乳糖阴性(Gal)菌株,在乳糖被β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase, β-Gal)转运和裂解后,优先代谢其中的葡萄糖,而半乳糖则被排出到胞外[6],发酵乳制品中半乳糖含量的增加会降低产品的质量。
根据诱变剂的性质,诱变可分为物理诱变和化学诱变[7]。化学诱变具有成本低、使用方便、诱变作用专一性强等特点,目前已广泛应用于细菌[8-10]。化学诱变剂亚硝基胍(nitrosoguanidine, NTG)是烷化剂的一种,具有“超诱变剂”之称,它主要在DNA链的复制区引起GC→AT的转换,在致死率很低的条件下也可使微生物产生高频率的突变[11]。Benateya等[12]利用NTG处理嗜热链球菌菌株CNRZ302后筛选出3个半乳糖阳性(Gal+)突变体,其中A70突变体代谢乳糖能力明显高于野生株。高兆建等[13]采用NTG和微波辐照诱变嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(Bacillus stearothermophilus) XG24,获得一株高产β-Gal菌株XGN52,其产酶量比野生株提高了115.92%,最大产酶量达到31.59 U/mL。
本研究以一株发酵特性良好的嗜热链球菌IMAU80846为野生株[14],利用适当浓度的NTG进行诱变处理,通过测定野生株和突变株中β-Gal、半乳糖激酶(galactokinase, GalK)、葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase, GK)、丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase, PK)的活性,并对编码这些酶的氨基酸序列进行比对分析,筛选出可代谢半乳糖的突变株。在此基础上,以嗜热链球菌IMAU80846和突变株为发酵剂生产发酵乳,分析在发酵和贮藏期间产品中乳糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和乳酸的含量。最后,利用嗜热链球菌IMAU80846和突变株分别与德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种IMAU20450复配发酵生产发酵乳,探讨牛乳发酵和贮藏期间pH值、滴定酸度、黏度、持水力和活菌数的变化趋势,为生产低半乳糖含量的发酵乳制品提供理论依据。
本研究所用菌株由内蒙古农业大学乳品生物技术与工程教育部重点实验室乳酸菌菌种资源库(Lactic Acid Bacteria Collection Center, LABCC)提供。
M17培养基(g/L):大豆蛋白胨5.0,细菌学蛋白胨2.5,酪蛋白胨2.5,酵母浸粉2.5,牛肉膏5.0,乳糖5.0,硫酸镁0.25,L-抗坏血酸钠0.5,β-甘油磷酸二钠五水合物19.0,121 ℃灭菌15 min。
M17半乳糖培养基:在M17培养基基础上将0.5%乳糖替换为1%半乳糖。
生理盐水:0.85%氯化钠与蒸馏水混合配制而成,121 ℃灭菌15 min。
β-Gal、PK活性检测试剂盒,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;GalK、GK活性检测试剂盒,江苏酶免实业有限公司;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司。
电子天平,奥豪斯仪器(上海)有限公司;高压蒸汽灭菌锅,TOMY公司;电热恒温培养箱,上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;多功能酶标仪,美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;PCR仪,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;高效液相色谱仪,Agilent Technologies公司;高压均质机,上海申鹿均质机有限公司;高速离心机,Eppendorf公司。
以2%接种量将于−80 ℃保藏的嗜热链球菌IMAU80846接种于M17液体培养基中,42 ℃静置培养24 h,连续传代培养3次,使菌株活力达到最高。
准确称取NTG 50 mg,按照NTG: 丙酮= 10 mg: 1 mL加入丙酮进行溶解,得到10 mg/mL的NTG丙酮溶液。
取上述NTG丙酮溶液1 mL,以NTG丙酮溶液: 磷酸缓冲液=1 mL: 9 mL加入0.1 mol/mL pH 6.0的无菌磷酸缓冲液,制得1 mg/mL NTG母液。
以2%接种量将嗜热链球菌IMAU80846扩培至500 mL,42 ℃静置培养至对数期末期,4 ℃、4 000×g离心5 min收集菌泥,并用PBS缓冲液清洗2遍,称取菌泥1 g加入9 mL PBS缓冲液制得0.1 g/mL菌悬液,并等分为6份。将制备好的NTG母液加入上述菌悬液中,使其终浓度分别为0、100、300、500、700、900 μg/mL。将样品置于摇床中,42 ℃、100 r/min避光培养60 min,随后使用PBS缓冲液清洗2遍,加入5 mL M17液体培养基42 ℃静置培养2 h,采用梯度稀释法计数,计算致死率(公式1)。选择致死率为80%−90%的菌悬液于M17半乳糖固体培养基进行平板划线,挑取40个形态大小不一的单菌落,进行后续试验。
将嗜热链球菌IMAU80846与1.4.2中挑取的40个突变株分别以2%接种量接种于M17和M17半乳糖液体培养基中,42 ℃静置培养24 h,连续传代3次使活力达到最高,测定OD600
将嗜热链球菌IMAU80846与突变株连续传代培养3次后4 ℃、4 000×g离心5 min,并用PBS缓冲液清洗2遍,收集菌泥,采用β-Gal、PK、GalK和GK活性检测试剂盒检测菌株β-Gal、PK、GalK和GK活性。
将嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株扩培至40 mL并于42 ℃培养,当培养液OD600达到0.4−0.6时,4 ℃、4 000×g离心5 min收集菌泥,用PBS缓冲液清洗2遍后,将收集的菌泥送至上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司进行全基因组测序分析。
将野生株与突变株连续传代培养2次,4 ℃、4 000×g离心5 min,并用PBS缓冲液清洗2遍,收集菌泥,按照细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒说明书进行DNA提取。
根据NCBI中已公布的嗜热链球菌全基因组序列设计引物(表1),以野生株和突变株中提取的DNA为模板,利用PCR对上述目的基因进行扩增。PCR反应体系(50 μL):10×PCR buffer 5 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 4 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1.5 μL,EasyTaq DNA Polymerase (5 U/μL) 0.5 μL,DNA模板2 μL,无菌ddH2O 35.5 μL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性1 min,55 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,30个循环;72 ℃延伸10 min。
根据凝胶电泳鉴定PCR结果,选择条带明亮且单一的PCR产物送至上海派森诺生物科技有限公司进行测序,并对测序结果进行比对分析。
将筛选出的突变株以2%接种量接种于M17液体培养基中,42 ℃静置培养24 h,连续传代10次,测定每代菌株β-Gal、GalK、GK和PK活性。
蒸馏水加热至50 ℃,加入全脂乳粉(11.5%)进行搅拌溶解,待乳粉混合均匀后加入蔗糖(0.1%),65 ℃水合30 min。随后对全脂复原乳进行2次均质(65 ℃,低压15 MPa,高压35 MPa)。95 ℃杀菌5 min后迅速冷却至4 ℃待用。
将活化后的嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株以5×107 CFU/mL接种量接种于全脂乳中,42 ℃静置培养,分别在培养0、3、6 h及贮藏0、1、3、7、14 d时取样待测。
采用HPLC测定嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株在发酵及贮藏期间样品中乳糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖及乳酸含量,每个时间点各取3组样品,检测结果取平均值。
样品前处理:准确称量发酵乳样品1 g于25 mL容量瓶中,加入20 mL超纯水,振荡30 s后定容,超声30 min,8 000×g离心10 min后取上清液,使用0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后置于样品瓶中待测。
HPLC仪器方法:色谱柱为Aglient氨基柱(5 µm, 250 mm×4.6 mm),柱温35 ℃;检测器为示差检测器,检测器温度35 ℃;流动相为乙腈与超纯水的混合液,二者体积比为70:30,流速1 mL/min;进样量为10 μL。
样品前处理:准确称量发酵乳样品0.5 g于10 mL容量瓶中,加入浓度为0.1 mol/L的硫酸溶液8 mL,振荡30 s后定容,8 000×g离心10 min后取上清液,使用0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后置于样品瓶中待测。
HPLC仪器方法:色谱柱为Zorbax SB-Aq色谱柱(5 μm, 4.6 mm×150 mm),柱温35 ℃;检测器为紫外检测器,检测波长210 nm;流动相为甲醇与0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 2.0),体积比3:97,流速0.5 mL/min;进样量为10 μL。
将嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株分别与德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种IMAU20450以1:1比例进行复配制备发酵乳,接种量为5×107 CFU/mL,测定两组发酵乳的发酵特性。
使用pH计测定发酵乳样品的pH值。
称取5 g发酵乳样品于150 mL锥形瓶中,加入40 mL蒸馏水和3滴酚酞,充分混匀后,用0.1 mol/L NaOH标准溶液滴定至微红色且在30 s内不褪色,记录消耗NaOH标准溶液的体积,计算(公式2)测定结果。
式中:X为样品的酸度,c为NaOH标准溶液的物质的量浓度,V为滴定时消耗NaOH标准溶液的体积,m为样品的质量,0.1为酸度理论定义NaOH的物质的量浓度。
使用黏度计测定发酵乳样品黏度。
准确称量15 g发酵乳样品,倒入放有滤纸的漏斗中放置2 h,称量滤液质量,计算持水力(公式3)。
采用梯度稀释法计算活菌数,取500 μL发酵乳样品于无菌生理盐水中,振荡均匀,进行梯度稀释,采用M17固体培养基进行倾注,42 ℃静置培养48 h后计算平板菌落数量。
本文采用Excel 2016、SPSS19.0进行数据处理;采用Origin 2019进行图表绘制。
使用不同浓度NTG处理嗜热链球菌IMAU80846后,致死率如表2所示。随着NTG浓度的增加,菌株致死率逐渐升高,当NTG终浓度为700 μg/mL时,菌株致死率达到88.72%。据报道,当使用化学诱变剂对菌株进行诱变时,致死率在80%−90%时,正突变率较高[15]。因此,选取700 μg/mL的NTG处理嗜热链球菌IMAU80846,将处理后的菌悬液在M17半乳糖平板上划线,42 ℃培养48 h后,挑取40个大小不同,形态各异的单菌落,分别标记为IMAU80846-1−IMAU80846-40。
嗜热链球菌IMAU80846和2.1节筛选出的40株突变株在M17和M17半乳糖培养基中培养24 h时的OD600图1所示,突变株IMAU80846-1、IMAU80846-10、IMAU80846-13、IMAU80846-15、IMAU80846-18、IMAU80846-21、IMAU80846-34和IMAU80846-39在M17与M17半乳糖培养基中的OD600高于野生株与其他突变株,生长情况良好,选择这些菌株进行下一步试验。
检测嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及上述筛选出的8株突变株的β-Gal、GalK、PK和GK活性,结果如图2所示。β-Gal具有转半乳糖基化活性,可催化半乳糖形成低聚半乳糖[16]。GalK在半乳糖代谢中可催化d-半乳糖生成半乳糖-1-磷酸[17]。PK是糖酵解过程中的限速酶之一,可催化磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸分子高能磷酸基团转移给ADP,生成ATP,调节糖酵解终产物的生成。在乳糖被β-Gal分解为葡萄糖后,GK可使其磷酸化为葡萄糖-6-磷酸通过糖酵解进一步代谢。与嗜热链球菌IMAU80846相比,嗜热链球菌IMAU80846-13的β-Gal活性提高81.26%,GalK活性提高33.86%,PK与GK活性下降80.00%、23.21%,因此选择嗜热链球菌IMAU80846-13进行下一步试验,并将其命名为IMAU80846Y。
以嗜热链球菌IMAU80846为参考,使用Illumina NovaSeq测序平台对突变株嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y全基因序列进行比对,结果如图3所示。平均测序深度为422.16×,Q20和Q30分别为98.94%和96.75%,组装后得到的contig和Scaffolds数目分别为157和141。突变株全基因序列对比率为99.58%,共发生140个单核苷酸多态性位点(single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNP)突变,其中基因间和编码区SNP各有4个和76个(包括32个同义突变,41个非同义突变,1个导致获得终止密码子的SNP,2个导致丢失终止密码子的SNP)。插入缺失位点(InDel)检测结果表明突变株插入和缺失片段分别有3个和4个。
KEGG和GO注释结果如图4图5所示。SNP突变基因KEGG注释结果表明,突变株发生3种与代谢相关突变,分别为萜类化合物和聚酮类的代谢、核苷酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢突变。SNP和InDel突变基因在GO注释中也分别注释到有18个和2个与代谢过程相关基因发生突变。
对嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及IMAU80846Y中和半乳糖代谢相关酶的基因进行测序,并整理为氨基酸密码子序列,结果如图6所示。β-Gal氨基酸密码子在51位点和52位点由“MI”突变为“IK”。GalK氨基酸密码子在56位点由“T”突变为“F”。
嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y连续传代培养10代,检测各代的β-Gal、PK、GalK和GK活性,结果如图7所示。在传代过程中,β-Gal的活性始终维持在0.119−0.121 nmol/(h·104 cell),PK的活性始终维持在0.555−0.575 mU/104 cell,GalK和GK活性维持在16.331−17.012 IU/L和9.732−10.021 IU/L之间,结果无显著性差异(P>0.05)。这表明在传代过程中β-Gal、PK、GalK和GK活性稳定,该突变株具有良好的遗传稳定性。
采用HPLC测定嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株在发酵0、3、6 h与贮藏0、1、3、7、14 d时发酵乳中乳糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和乳酸的含量,结果如表3所示。在发酵和贮藏期间嗜热链球菌IMAU80846与突变株发酵乳中乳糖含量呈下降趋势,分别由开始(发酵0 h) 4.85 g/100 g和4.89 g/100 g下降至2.79g/100 g和2.12 g/100 g (贮藏14 d)。嗜热链球菌IMAU80846发酵乳中有42.47%乳糖被代谢,突变株发酵乳中有56.65%乳糖被代谢,相较于嗜热链球菌IMAU80846,突变株代谢乳糖能力提高了14.18%。
嗜热链球菌IMAU80846发酵乳中半乳糖含量随着发酵和贮藏时间的延长逐渐增加,在14 d时达到最高,为0.51 g/100 g,而突变株发酵乳中半乳糖含量在贮藏14 d时为0.27 g/100 g,其半乳糖累积量较野生株下降了47.06%。这表明与嗜热链球菌IMAU80846相比,突变株发酵乳中有更多的半乳糖被代谢,导致产品半乳糖含量降低。推测造成这种结果的原因是乳糖在被β-Gal水解为半乳糖后经GalK磷酸化为半乳糖-1-磷酸进入Lelior途径[18],而突变株GalK酶活性高于嗜热链球菌IMAU80846,使更多半乳糖被磷酸化,导致突变株发酵乳中半乳糖含量减少。
嗜热链球菌IMAU80846发酵乳在贮藏0 d时未检测到葡萄糖残余,说明葡萄糖在0 d已被完全代谢,而突变株发酵乳在贮藏1 d时仍能检测到葡萄糖残余,这与突变株GK活性低于野生株测定结果(图2)相符。
嗜热链球菌通过糖酵解途径(Embden- Meyerhof-Paras pathway, EMP)将糖发酵为丙酮酸,丙酮酸通过乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)转化为乳酸[19-20]。嗜热链球菌IMAU80846与突变株发酵乳均在发酵3 h时才检测到乳酸,贮藏14 d后嗜热链球菌IMAU80846发酵乳中乳酸含量由最初的0.44 g/100 g增加到0.82 g/100 g,突变株发酵乳由0.49 g/100 g增加到0.90 g/100 g,与野生株相比突变株发酵乳中乳酸含量增加9.76%。说明与野生株相比,突变株能代谢生成更多的乳酸。
嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株与德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种IMAU20450复配在牛乳发酵和贮藏期间pH值、滴定酸度的变化情况如图8所示。在发酵过程中,发酵乳pH值的变化主要由乳酸含量引起[21]。发酵6 h时野生株复配组发酵乳pH降至4.73,突变株复配组降至4.59,突变株复配组的pH值较野生株复配组相比降低0.14。贮藏14 d后野生株复配组pH为4.09,突变株复配组为4.05。发酵期间二者滴定酸度相近,随着贮藏时间延长,滴定酸度逐渐增加,贮藏0 d时野生株复配组滴定酸度为74 °T,突变株复配组为76 °T,14 d时野生株复配组为91 °T,突变株复配组为100 °T。
发酵乳黏度的变化是因为乳酸菌在发酵过程中产酸使产品pH值下降,在达到酪蛋白等电点时形成沉淀,另一方面是由于产黏菌株在发酵过程中分泌黏性多糖,使发酵乳的黏度增加[21]。发酵2 h时,嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株与德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种IMAU20450复配组发酵乳黏度变化不明显,4−6 h时随着菌株繁殖速度增加,发酵乳黏度随之上升,发酵4 h与6 h时野生株复配组发酵乳黏度分别为241.6 mPa·s和655.2 mPa·s,突变株复配组发酵乳为316.9 mPa·s和793.4 mPa·s。贮藏0−3 d时野生株复配组黏度持续上升,由758.9 mPa·s增加至1 592 mPa·s,3 d后黏度开始下降,14 d时降至1 467 mPa·s,突变株复配组在贮藏0−7 d时持续上升,由929 mPa·s增加至1 994 mPa·s,7 d后黏度开始下降,贮藏14 d时降至1 688 mPa·s,较野生株复配组黏度提高221 mPa·s (图9)。
持水力是判断发酵乳质地是否稳定的物理特性之一[22]。发酵初期野生株复配组和突变株复配组发酵乳持水力变化不明显,2 h后发酵乳持水力逐渐增加,发酵2、4、6 h时野生株复配组发酵乳持水力分别为42.6%、45.2%、48.1%,突变株复配组发酵乳持水力为43.5%、46.1%、48.7% (图10A)。贮藏0、1、3 d时野生株复配组发酵乳持水力分别为50.4%、54.3%、56.2%,7 d与14 d时降至55.7%、53.8%,突变株复配组发酵乳在贮藏0−7 d时持水力持续增加,由51.2%增加至57.6%,贮藏7 d后持水力下降,在14 d时降至56.4%,突变株复配组持水力高于野生株复配组(图10B)。类似的变化趋势在黏度变化曲线(图9)中也有发现。
嗜热链球菌IMAU80846及突变株与德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种IMAU20450复配组发酵乳活菌数变化情况如图11所示。在发酵前2 h时野生株复配组发酵乳活菌数较高,2 h后突变株复配组发酵乳活菌数逐渐增加并超过野生株复配组,在6 h时野生株复配组发酵乳活菌数为1.66×109 CFU/mL,突变株复配组为2.70×109 CFU/mL。进入贮藏期后发酵乳中活菌数逐渐减少,在贮藏3 d前突变株复配组中活菌数开始低于野生株复配组,随贮藏时间延长野生株复配组中活菌数由最初的1.95×109 CFU/mL减少至3.55×108 CFU/mL,突变株复配组由最初的3.02×109 CFU/mL减少至2.24×108 CFU/mL。
大多数乳酸链球菌通过特定的磷酸烯醇丙酮酸依赖的磷酸转移酶(phosphoenolpyruvate- phosphotransferases, PEP-PTS)系统利用乳糖,在该系统中,乳糖水解产物葡萄糖和半乳糖同时代谢为乳酸,而嗜热链球菌缺乏磷酸转移酶活性,具有乳糖渗透酶活性,在乳糖被β-Gal摄取和裂解后,葡萄糖部分通过糖酵解被利用,半乳糖则被大多数菌株排泄到培养基中;大多数嗜热链球菌无法在半乳糖上生长是因为缺乏GalK,一些研究表明,半乳糖阴性菌株相对于半乳糖阳性菌株的GalK活性较低[23-26],该酶可将α-d-半乳糖转化为α-d-半乳糖-1-磷酸[20],GK是糖酵解的第一步反应所需要的酶,PK是糖酵解最后一步需要的酶,也是糖酵解关键的限速酶之一。本研究通过利用NTG诱变嗜热链球菌IMAU80846,获得突变株嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y,该突变株中β-Gal、GalK活性提高81.26%、33.86%,GK、PK活性降低80.00%、23.21%。突变株嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y中β-Gal和GalK氨基酸序列发生突变,同时其酶活性提高,推测这种变化与氨基酸序列的改变有关[27]。对发酵乳代谢产物进行测定后,确认突变株较野生株相比更有效代谢半乳糖,全基因序列比对结果也证明突变株中与代谢过程有关的基因发生了突变。
嗜热链球菌利用PEP-PTS将乳糖转运到细胞中后,乳糖被6-磷酸-β-半乳糖苷酶水解为葡萄糖(通过糖酵解途径代谢)和半乳糖-6-磷酸(通过塔格糖-6-磷酸途径代谢),或水解为葡萄糖和半乳糖(通过Leloir途径代谢)[20] (图12)。本研究主要讨论Leloir途径对糖的代谢。嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y中β-Gal活性的提高使突变株相较于野生株发酵乳中乳糖代谢能力提升14.18%,并且突变株发生可代谢半乳糖能力的突变,使发酵乳中半乳糖含量降低,与野生株发酵乳相比降低47.06%。葡萄糖被GK磷酸化为葡萄糖-6-磷酸后通过糖酵解途径进一步代谢,而GK活性的降低,使被磷酸化的葡萄糖含量减少,从而有更多无法被代谢的葡萄糖被排出胞外,造成发酵乳中葡萄糖含量增加。与此同时,突变株对乳糖与半乳糖利用能力增加导致糖酵解途径终产物乳酸含量增加,与野生株相比突变株发酵乳增加9.76%。
凝乳时间是影响发酵乳质量的重要因素之一。酸奶发酵过程中的快速酸化对于稳定生产、降低成本和防止环境微生物污染非常重要,但在贮藏过程中会因酸度过高而出现抑制乳酸菌生长、产生不良风味、乳清脱水收缩、缩短产品保质期等现象[28]。商业酸奶的最佳pH值范围在4.00−4.40[29],本研究中所生产的发酵乳在贮藏期间的pH范围为4.40−4.05,符合该要求。足够的活菌数是有机酸的生成和pH值降低不可缺少的因素,影响最终产品的感官特性和保质期[30]。由于对糖的利用能力更强,发酵2 h后突变株复配组发酵乳中的活菌数逐渐高于野生株复配组发酵乳,进入贮藏期后两组发酵乳中活菌数逐渐减少,低pH往往更容易导致菌体死亡,突变株乳酸生成量更高,因此在贮藏期间突变株复配组发酵乳中的活菌数减少速度大于野生株复配组发酵乳,并在3 d前活菌数开始低于野生株复配组,整体变化趋势符合低pH导致的活菌数减少。持水力可以从侧面反映出发酵乳的质地,乳中凝胶网络结构的密度较高时,乳清析出较少[31]。黏度是发酵乳的重要指标之一,黏度变化主要反映发酵乳在剪切过程中产生流动阻力大小,可体现发酵乳质地和结构差异[31]。有研究表明酸奶凝乳主要是由蛋白质互相连接形成复杂的三维凝胶网络结构造成的[32]。当发酵乳pH降至酪蛋白的等电点时,酪蛋白变性生成大分子凝聚物,并且随着贮藏时间的延长,乳酸积累量逐渐增加,使发酵乳黏度上升。本研究中突变株复配组发酵乳的黏度高于野生株复配组,这可能和突变株在发酵过程中的乳酸产量始终高于野生株有关。发酵乳贮藏7 d后黏度缓慢下降,原因可能是发酵乳的继续酸化使结合在酪蛋白上的钙和磷游离出来,使酪蛋白束的物理性质发生改变从而反映在发酵乳的黏度变化上[33-34]。与野生株相比,突变株IMAU80846与德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种IMAU20450复配作为发酵剂生产的发酵乳拥有更强的发酵特性。
总之,本研究利用NTG诱变选育出一株可代谢半乳糖的嗜热链球菌IMAU80846Y,该菌株在半乳糖代谢途径中的一些和半乳糖代谢相关氨基酸序列发生突变,全基因测序结果表明突变株与代谢相关基因发生突变,使其可以更好地代谢半乳糖,降低乳制品中半乳糖含量,提高发酵乳品质,HPLC和发酵特性的分析结果也证实了这一结论。
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金面上项目(2022MS03013)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32072235)
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2024年第64卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230619
  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
  • 录用日期:2024-02-22
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2022MS03013)
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金面上项目(2022MS03013)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072235)
国家自然科学基金(32072235)
作者信息
    内蒙古农业大学 乳品生物技术与工程教育部重点实验室 农业农村部奶制品加工重点实验室 内蒙古自治区乳品生物技术与工程重点实验室, 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010018

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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