Article(id=1241376207732797943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230776, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702569600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1708272000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-19, onlineDate=1773896751577, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1714752000000, pubDateStr=2024-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773896751577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773896751577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773896751577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241376204247331313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='5', pageStart='1331', pageEnd='1682', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773896750747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773897643611, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241379949253284790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241379949253284791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241376204247331313, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1626, endPage=1640, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241376209888670228, articleId=1241376207732797943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Diversity of culturable microorganisms in pathosphere ofPlasmopara viticola and screening of potential biocontrol strains, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the diversity of bacteria and fungi in the pathosphere ofPlasmopara viticola and screen out the strains with potential biocontrol effects on grape downy mildew. [Methods] The leaves infected byP.viticola were collected from seven representative grape-producing regions in northern and southern China in two consecutive years. The collected leaves were cultured in a humid environment, and the newly growing downy mildew was aseptically picked by forceps to prepare the sporangial suspensions ofP.viticola. The strains were isolated by the conventional culture method and identified based on the morphological characteristics, BOX-PCR fingerprints, and molecular sequences. Furthermore, the clustering analysis of different strains was conducted. Sporangial inhibition was tested with equal volumes of strain suspension or fermentation mixed with the sporangial suspension ofP.viticola, and the control effects of isolates and their sterile fermentation against grape downy mildew were tested on detached grape leaves. [Results] A total of 90 bacterial strains and 110 fungal strains were isolated, belonging to eight bacterial genera and 14 fungal genera, respectively. The pathosphere ofP.viticola in the same province and the same year exhibited similar microbial community composition. Notably, strains ofPseudomonas spp. andCladosporium spp. exhibited stable populations on grape cultivars collected from different provinces. A majority (over 80.0%) of strains with stable populations in two consecutive years demonstrated significant biocontrol effects against grape downy mildew. SixAcremonium strains with ubiquitous distribution demonstrated the biocontrol effect up to 100.0%. Sterile fermentation of the fungal strainsAspergillus niger NX2F,Thecaphora amaranthi BJ1G, andRhizopus stolonifer BM1L showed the control effects of 100.0% against grape downy mildew. [Conclusion] The culturable bacterial and fungal communities in the pathosphere ofP.viticola were mainly affected by geographical factors in different provinces, and most of the culturable microorganisms presented stable and strong biocontrol effects on grape downy mildew. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first comprehensive report thatAcremonium spp. were epibiotic fungi and consistently associated withP.viticola, providing rich and valuable biocontrol resources for grape downy mildew.

, correspAuthors=Longxian RAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*RAN Longxian, E-mail:
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【目的】揭示葡萄生单轴霉(Plasmopara viticola)菌围可培养细菌和真菌的多样性特征,筛选对葡萄霜霉病有较强稳定防治效果的生防菌。【方法】连续两年从我国南北方具有代表性的7个葡萄产区采集葡萄霜霉病叶,镊子夹取经保湿培养获得的新鲜霉层并配制孢子囊悬浮液,采用传统分离培养法,结合形态分类、BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析以及分子鉴定结果,对葡萄生单轴霉菌围的可培养细菌和真菌进行聚类分析;采用菌株及其发酵液与病原菌孢子囊悬浮液等体积混合培养测定其对孢子囊的抑制作用,离体叶片接种法检测该菌株及其发酵液对霜霉病的防治效果。【结果】分离获得了90株细菌和110株真菌,分别归属于8个细菌属和14个真菌属,且相同地区不同葡萄品种葡萄生单轴霉菌围的细菌和真菌在同年处于同一分支。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和枝孢属(Cladosporium)稳定存在于各地区不同品种葡萄霜霉病叶上葡萄生单轴霉菌围;在两年间稳定存在的菌株占比多数在80.0%以上且均具有较高的生防作用;其中,广泛分布的6株枝顶孢属(Acremonium)真菌对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果均较好,最高可达100.0%;防治效果较高的11个菌株的无菌发酵液中,黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) NX2F、苋楔孢黑粉菌(Thecaphora amaranthi) BJ1G和匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer) BM1L的无菌发酵液防治效果均为100.0%。【结论】葡萄生单轴霉菌围的可培养细菌和真菌群落主要受地区因素影响,有较高的稳定性和生防作用,揭示了枝顶孢属真菌在我国葡萄主要产区葡萄生单轴霉菌围附生的普遍性,为葡萄霜霉病的防治提供了丰富和宝贵的资源。

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Mediterranea, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BURRUANO S, ALFONZO A, LO PICCOLO S, CONIGLIARO G, MONDELLO V, TORTA L, MORETTI M, ASSANTE G.Interaction betweenAcremonium byssoides andPlasmopara viticola inVitis vinifera[J].Phytopathologia Mediterranea,2008,47:122-131., articleTitle=Interaction betweenAcremonium byssoides andPlasmopara viticola inVitis vinifera, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241446127216685999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, awardId=201203035, language=EN, fundingSource=Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201203035), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241446127388652475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, awardId=201203035, language=CN, fundingSource=国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203035), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241446127585784767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, 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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, companyId=1241446119629189791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河北经贸大学 教学评估与教师教学发展中心, 河北 石家庄 050061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241446124083540839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Number of culturable bacterial and fungal strains in the pathosphere ofPlasmopara viticola. Number 1 and 2 under the horizontal axis represent the years of 2017 and 2018, respectively., figureFileSmall=jTfTwIey4kNfTl98wzUN3A==, figureFileBig=LJe8/RKr0Ir/n+4S8iqjeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446124180009840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=CN, label=图1, caption=葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌和真菌的株数, figureFileSmall=jTfTwIey4kNfTl98wzUN3A==, figureFileBig=LJe8/RKr0Ir/n+4S8iqjeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446124284867446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Clustering and abundance analysis of culturable bacteria and fungi in the pathosphere ofPlasmopara viticola. A: Bacteria. B: Fungi., figureFileSmall=oRx4/Q/xVcYQgqqWFKg62A==, figureFileBig=x86XpwmB89DhzEruFe+Tww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446124427473786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=CN, label=图2, caption=葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌和真菌的聚类及丰度, figureFileSmall=oRx4/Q/xVcYQgqqWFKg62A==, figureFileBig=x86XpwmB89DhzEruFe+Tww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446124637188994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Composition of culturable bacteria and fungi in the pathosphere ofPlasmopara viticola and stability analysis of these strains. A: Composition and clustering charts at the genus level for culturable bacteria. B: Composition and clustering charts at the genus level for culturable fungi. C: The bubble chart shows the stable presence of genera and their abundance, and bar chart shows the total percentage of stable presence of genera., figureFileSmall=qdIuAC8fRiQqJQg5es+GHA==, figureFileBig=mKxujNvLXRY0eKBHidGBsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446124721075078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=CN, label=图3, caption=葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌和真菌的组成及其菌株稳定性分析, figureFileSmall=qdIuAC8fRiQqJQg5es+GHA==, figureFileBig=mKxujNvLXRY0eKBHidGBsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446124838515593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Inhibition effect of microbial strains on sporangial germination ofPlasmopara viticola and biocontrol effect against grape downy mildew (GDM) on detached leaves. A: Bacterial strains. B: The top 4 bacteria with the best biocontrol effects. C: Fungal strains. D: The top 8 fungi with the best biocontrol effects. E: Fungal strains ofAcremonium spp. with better biocontrol effects. F: Symptoms of GDM on detached grape leaves in control. G: Symptoms of GDM on detached grape leaves treatment withAcremonium strain SJ1E. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference atP<0.05 level by Duncan's new multiple range test (the same below)., figureFileSmall=OxVj4rivA27l3m4aBQIHng==, figureFileBig=CWKqpye1JwWSZ7DBfQoVJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446125010482066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊萌发抑制作用及其对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果, figureFileSmall=OxVj4rivA27l3m4aBQIHng==, figureFileBig=CWKqpye1JwWSZ7DBfQoVJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241446125207614356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cultivars and sources of grapes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsLocationsCultivarsYears of cultivationSoil texture classificationCoordinates
2017 a2018 a
/: Not available.
LJ1LJ2辽宁北镇Beizhen, LiaoningKyohō3−4Silty loam41°24′38′′N, 121°72′40′′E
BJ1BJ2河北保定Baoding, HebeiKyohō5−6Silty loam38°48′21′′N, 115°25′39′′E
BM1BM2Manicure fingers
BH1BH2Hongru
NX1NX2河南新乡Xinxiang, HenanSummer black3−4Silty loam35°17′14′′N, 113°56′39′′E
HC1HC2湖南衡阳Hengyang, HunanSpine grape13−14Silty loam26°52′46′′N, 112°30′29′′E
SJ1SJ2四川宜宾Yibin, SicuanKyohō4−5Silty loam28°47′44′′N, 104°42′0′′E
SX1SX2Centennial seedless
GH1GH2甘肃兰州Lanzhou, GansuRed globe4−5Silty loam36°6′21′′N, 103°41′40′′E
XX1/新疆乌鲁木齐Urumqi, XinjiangSummer black7−8Silty loam44°18′35′′N, 86°3′52′′E
), ArticleFig(id=1241446125295694744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试葡萄品种及来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsLocationsCultivarsYears of cultivationSoil texture classificationCoordinates
2017 a2018 a
/: Not available.
LJ1LJ2辽宁北镇Beizhen, LiaoningKyohō3−4Silty loam41°24′38′′N, 121°72′40′′E
BJ1BJ2河北保定Baoding, HebeiKyohō5−6Silty loam38°48′21′′N, 115°25′39′′E
BM1BM2Manicure fingers
BH1BH2Hongru
NX1NX2河南新乡Xinxiang, HenanSummer black3−4Silty loam35°17′14′′N, 113°56′39′′E
HC1HC2湖南衡阳Hengyang, HunanSpine grape13−14Silty loam26°52′46′′N, 112°30′29′′E
SJ1SJ2四川宜宾Yibin, SicuanKyohō4−5Silty loam28°47′44′′N, 104°42′0′′E
SX1SX2Centennial seedless
GH1GH2甘肃兰州Lanzhou, GansuRed globe4−5Silty loam36°6′21′′N, 103°41′40′′E
XX1/新疆乌鲁木齐Urumqi, XinjiangSummer black7−8Silty loam44°18′35′′N, 86°3′52′′E
), ArticleFig(id=1241446125404746654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Inhibition effects of sterile fermentation of different strains on sporangial germination ofPlasmopara viticola and biocontrol effects against GDM on detached leaves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsSpeciesInhibition effect (%)Biocontrol effect (%)
Data were presented as mean±SE. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference atP<0.05 level by Duncan’ s new multiple range test.
BJ1dC.herbarum50.6±0.8d96.3±1.3a
NX2FA.niger87.3±6.6a100.0±0.0a
BJ1GT.amaranthi58.3±6.0cd100.0±0.0a
BM1LR.stolonifer87.8±6.4a100.0±0.0a
BJ1E1A.sclerotigenum52.5±5.4cd98.8±2.4a
HC1AC.cladosporioides81.7±5.5ab97.5±1.9a
NX1AC.cladosporioides86.3±2.0a92.5±1.1ab
SJ1EAcremonium sp.49.6±7.9d86.3±1.3b
NX1JA.alternata84.3±4.6a76.3±1.0c
HC1IPenicillium sp.66.9±6.2bc76.3±6.6c
HC1EAcremonium sp.88.0±3.2a63.8±1.9d
), ArticleFig(id=1241446125484438438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241376207732797943, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同菌株无菌发酵液对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊萌发的抑制作用及其在离体叶片上对霜霉病的生防作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsSpeciesInhibition effect (%)Biocontrol effect (%)
Data were presented as mean±SE. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference atP<0.05 level by Duncan’ s new multiple range test.
BJ1dC.herbarum50.6±0.8d96.3±1.3a
NX2FA.niger87.3±6.6a100.0±0.0a
BJ1GT.amaranthi58.3±6.0cd100.0±0.0a
BM1LR.stolonifer87.8±6.4a100.0±0.0a
BJ1E1A.sclerotigenum52.5±5.4cd98.8±2.4a
HC1AC.cladosporioides81.7±5.5ab97.5±1.9a
NX1AC.cladosporioides86.3±2.0a92.5±1.1ab
SJ1EAcremonium sp.49.6±7.9d86.3±1.3b
NX1JA.alternata84.3±4.6a76.3±1.0c
HC1IPenicillium sp.66.9±6.2bc76.3±6.6c
HC1EAcremonium sp.88.0±3.2a63.8±1.9d
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葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养微生物多样性及潜在生防菌研究
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史晓梦 1 , 申红妙 2 , 王亚聪 1 , 冉隆贤 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(5): 1626-1640
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(5): 1626-1640
葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养微生物多样性及潜在生防菌研究
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史晓梦1, 申红妙2, 王亚聪1, 冉隆贤1, *
作者信息
  • 1 河北农业大学林学院 河北省林木种质资源与森林保护重点实验室, 河北 保定 071000
  • 2 河北经贸大学 教学评估与教师教学发展中心, 河北 石家庄 050061
Diversity of culturable microorganisms in pathosphere ofPlasmopara viticola and screening of potential biocontrol strains
Xiaomeng SHI1, Hongmiao SHEN2, Yacong WANG1, Longxian RAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Forest Germplasm Resources and Forest Protection in Hebei Province, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
  • 2 Center for Evaluation and Faculty Development, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang 050061, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2024-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230776
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【目的】揭示葡萄生单轴霉(Plasmopara viticola)菌围可培养细菌和真菌的多样性特征,筛选对葡萄霜霉病有较强稳定防治效果的生防菌。【方法】连续两年从我国南北方具有代表性的7个葡萄产区采集葡萄霜霉病叶,镊子夹取经保湿培养获得的新鲜霉层并配制孢子囊悬浮液,采用传统分离培养法,结合形态分类、BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析以及分子鉴定结果,对葡萄生单轴霉菌围的可培养细菌和真菌进行聚类分析;采用菌株及其发酵液与病原菌孢子囊悬浮液等体积混合培养测定其对孢子囊的抑制作用,离体叶片接种法检测该菌株及其发酵液对霜霉病的防治效果。【结果】分离获得了90株细菌和110株真菌,分别归属于8个细菌属和14个真菌属,且相同地区不同葡萄品种葡萄生单轴霉菌围的细菌和真菌在同年处于同一分支。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和枝孢属(Cladosporium)稳定存在于各地区不同品种葡萄霜霉病叶上葡萄生单轴霉菌围;在两年间稳定存在的菌株占比多数在80.0%以上且均具有较高的生防作用;其中,广泛分布的6株枝顶孢属(Acremonium)真菌对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果均较好,最高可达100.0%;防治效果较高的11个菌株的无菌发酵液中,黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) NX2F、苋楔孢黑粉菌(Thecaphora amaranthi) BJ1G和匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer) BM1L的无菌发酵液防治效果均为100.0%。【结论】葡萄生单轴霉菌围的可培养细菌和真菌群落主要受地区因素影响,有较高的稳定性和生防作用,揭示了枝顶孢属真菌在我国葡萄主要产区葡萄生单轴霉菌围附生的普遍性,为葡萄霜霉病的防治提供了丰富和宝贵的资源。

生物防治  /  可培养微生物  /  多样性  /  葡萄  /  葡萄生单轴霉

[Objective] To investigate the diversity of bacteria and fungi in the pathosphere ofPlasmopara viticola and screen out the strains with potential biocontrol effects on grape downy mildew. [Methods] The leaves infected byP.viticola were collected from seven representative grape-producing regions in northern and southern China in two consecutive years. The collected leaves were cultured in a humid environment, and the newly growing downy mildew was aseptically picked by forceps to prepare the sporangial suspensions ofP.viticola. The strains were isolated by the conventional culture method and identified based on the morphological characteristics, BOX-PCR fingerprints, and molecular sequences. Furthermore, the clustering analysis of different strains was conducted. Sporangial inhibition was tested with equal volumes of strain suspension or fermentation mixed with the sporangial suspension ofP.viticola, and the control effects of isolates and their sterile fermentation against grape downy mildew were tested on detached grape leaves. [Results] A total of 90 bacterial strains and 110 fungal strains were isolated, belonging to eight bacterial genera and 14 fungal genera, respectively. The pathosphere ofP.viticola in the same province and the same year exhibited similar microbial community composition. Notably, strains ofPseudomonas spp. andCladosporium spp. exhibited stable populations on grape cultivars collected from different provinces. A majority (over 80.0%) of strains with stable populations in two consecutive years demonstrated significant biocontrol effects against grape downy mildew. SixAcremonium strains with ubiquitous distribution demonstrated the biocontrol effect up to 100.0%. Sterile fermentation of the fungal strainsAspergillus niger NX2F,Thecaphora amaranthi BJ1G, andRhizopus stolonifer BM1L showed the control effects of 100.0% against grape downy mildew. [Conclusion] The culturable bacterial and fungal communities in the pathosphere ofP.viticola were mainly affected by geographical factors in different provinces, and most of the culturable microorganisms presented stable and strong biocontrol effects on grape downy mildew. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first comprehensive report thatAcremonium spp. were epibiotic fungi and consistently associated withP.viticola, providing rich and valuable biocontrol resources for grape downy mildew.

biocontrol  /  culturable microorganisms  /  diversity  /  grape (Vitis vinifera)  /  Plasmopara viticola
史晓梦, 申红妙, 王亚聪, 冉隆贤. 葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养微生物多样性及潜在生防菌研究. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (5) : 1626 -1640 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230776
Xiaomeng SHI, Hongmiao SHEN, Yacong WANG, Longxian RAN. Diversity of culturable microorganisms in pathosphere ofPlasmopara viticola and screening of potential biocontrol strains[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (5) : 1626 -1640 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230776
植物-微生物、微生物-微生物形成的多元互作网络维持着微生物的稳态和植物的健康[1]。当病原菌侵染打破原有的平衡后,不仅会介导有益微生物的重组,还要面对植物“呼救”策略聚集的特异性微生物变化[2-3]。在长期互作过程中,许多植物病原菌会附生重寄生菌和其他有益微生物[4],特别是一些专性寄生的病原菌,如白粉菌目(Erysiphales)、锈菌目(Uredinales)和霜霉目(Peronosporales)等[5-7],这些病原菌菌围的微生物是天然的植物病害防治资源。
已有研究显示,葡萄生单轴霉(Plasmopara viticola)菌围存在有潜力的生防菌株,Shen等[7]从生长异常的葡萄霜霉层上分离获得的羊毛状单生轮枝菌(Simplicillium lanosoniveum) F2能够通过缠绕作用引起葡萄生单轴霉的孢囊梗和孢子囊变形,降低孢子囊的数量,阻碍霜霉病菌的蔓延。层生镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum) F3对葡萄生单轴霉不仅表现出覆盖、缠绕的重寄生现象,其发酵液对葡萄霜霉病还具有显著的预防控制作用[8]。因此葡萄生单轴霉菌围的生防菌株能够直接作用于葡萄生单轴霉,具有较强的生物防治效果[7-8]。葡萄生单轴霉菌围微生物的研究对该病害生物防治资源的发掘有重大意义。
目前,由于植物-微生物-病原物互作的多元性,葡萄霜霉病的生防菌株选用方式存在一定的局限,亟待改进。首先,生防菌株在复杂的自然条件下的定殖稳定性是发挥生防作用的关键因素[9],因此选择与植物或病原菌紧密相关的微生物可能是获得稳定高效生防菌的有效途径。其次,菌围生防菌的优势在于重寄生菌和附生有益菌能够驱动自上而下级联效应,但级联效应是否是单一菌株的作用尚无定论[4],揭示菌围微生物群落结构仍是有效生防菌筛选的基础。最后,不同区域葡萄生单轴霉遗传分化现象显著[10],单一区域和品种的葡萄生单轴霉菌围微生物难以具有广谱的防治效果。由此可见,揭示不同葡萄品种的葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养微生物群落变化规律是获得具有广谱性和稳定性防治效果的生防菌组合的基础。目前尚未见相关的报道。
本研究应用分离、形态分类、BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析以及分子鉴定相结合,连续两年对我国7个地区主栽葡萄品种的葡萄生单轴霉菌围细菌和真菌群落差异进行了分析,并通过室内混合培养和离体叶片接种法测定了各菌株对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果,以期探明不同地区、不同品种、不同年份葡萄生单轴霉菌围细菌和真菌群落的变化规律,同时获得对葡萄霜霉病具有稳定防治效果的生物防治资源,并为其他病害的生物防治提供新的思路。
葡萄霜霉病叶:于2017和2018年的8–9月选择栽培3年及以上的不同地区和品种的葡萄,采集霜霉病新鲜发病叶片,用于葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养微生物的分离;以河北农业大学标本园中的“巨峰”葡萄品种上的葡萄生单轴霉作为目标病原菌。采集品种的相关信息如表1所示。
培养基:KB (King’s B agar)培养基[11];马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基;马铃薯葡萄糖(PD)培养液。
葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊悬浮液的配制:在无菌环境中,取出不同地区葡萄霜霉病新鲜发病叶片,用无菌棉签蘸取适量无菌水对叶片进行清洗后,置于无菌培养皿中20 ℃保湿培养2 d,待病斑长出新鲜霉层后,用无菌的镊子在不接触叶片的情况下以五点法夹取霉层于无菌水中,用无菌的单层镜头纸过滤后调整葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊悬浮液的浓度至1.0×106个/mL,备用。
葡萄生单轴霉菌围微生物的分离和纯化:将上述制备好的不同地区葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊悬浮液用无菌水梯度稀释10、102、103和104倍,分别吸取100 μL各浓度稀释液于制备好的PDA和KB培养基上,涂布并晾干后用封口膜封口,分别放入25 ℃和28 ℃的生化培养箱中培养3–7 d,每个浓度重复3次。待菌落长出后,分别对真菌和细菌的种类进行计数,并用单孢分离法和划线稀释法分别对真菌和细菌进行纯化培养,备用。
对细菌菌株,依据革兰氏染色和菌落在培养皿上的形态特征,利用《Taxonomic Outline of the Prokaryotes,Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology》和《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》进行初步分类[12-13]。对真菌菌株,应用插片培养法,观察菌丝及分生孢子的形态,同时观察并记录菌落在培养皿上的形态特征,如形态、质地、颜色和大小等,再结合《真菌鉴定手册》进行初步分类[14]
细菌:将供试菌株分别接种于KB培养液中,30 ℃、150 r/min振荡培养至对数期后期或稳定期,菌液浑浊。每个菌株分别取2 mL菌液于离心管中,12 000 r/min离心2 min,弃上清液,向离心管中加入500 μL无菌水,用液氮将离心管冷冻后,置于99 ℃水浴5 min,取出后涡旋30 s,重复上述操作1次,12 000 r/min离心2 min,以上清液作为模板[15]
真菌:参照吴发红等[16]改良的CTAB法对真菌DNA进行提取,备用。
采用BOX-PCR通用引物(5′-CTACGGCAA GGCGACGCTGACG-3′)对7个地区葡萄生单轴霉菌围微生物进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系:10×PCR buffer 2.5 μL,DNA模板1 μL,dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L,引物50 pmol,Taq酶2.0 U,补双蒸水至25 μL。PCR扩增程序:95 ℃预变性7 min;94 ℃变性1 min,53 ℃退火1 min,62 ℃延伸8 min,共35个循环;65 ℃延伸15 min,4 ℃保存。取PCR扩增产物5 μL于1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离后,经紫外凝胶成像分析仪观察并拍照。
取纯化好的细菌和真菌(同地区的相同菌株选择一株),分别用无菌水配成悬浮液后,用分光光度计调整细菌菌悬液的浓度至1.0×108 CFU/mL,用血球计数法调整真菌分生孢子悬浮液的浓度至1.0×107个/mL,备用。
细菌挑单菌落于100 mL KB培养液中,真菌菌落边缘打2个菌落块接种于100 mL PD培养液中,密封后,细菌于28 ℃条件下180 r/min振荡培养3 d,真菌于25 ℃条件下160 r/min振荡培养7 d,12 000 r/min离心5 min后用直径为0.22 μm的细菌过滤器过滤获取无菌发酵液,备用。
按照1.2中的方法配制葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊悬浮液,并用血球计数法调整浓度至1.0×106个/mL,备用。
将制备好的细菌菌悬液和真菌分生孢子悬浮液以及细菌和真菌的无菌发酵液分别与葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊悬浮液等体积混合均匀,20 ℃遮光培养4 h,分别吸取50 μL的混合液镜检,以等体积的无菌水加孢子囊悬浮液混合作为对照,每次计数100个孢子囊,每个处理重复4次,记录孢子囊萌发和未萌发的个数并计算菌株悬浮液对孢子囊萌发的抑制效果[17] (公式1,公式2)。
选取大小一致的新鲜健康葡萄叶片,洗净并晾干后,置于带有湿润纱布的大培养皿中,将制备好的细菌菌悬液和真菌分生孢子悬浮液以及细菌和真菌的无菌发酵液分别与葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊悬浮液等体积混合均匀,以等体积无菌水与病原菌孢子囊悬浮液的混合液为对照,用点接法将其接种于叶背,即以主叶脉为界,两侧分别点接20个点,重复4次,密封后置于20 ℃人工气候培养箱中,光暗12 h交替培养6–8 d,待其长出孢子囊后每天观察,接种点部位出现肉眼可见的白色“霜状霉层”[7],记录发病点数,计算不同菌株悬浮液在离体葡萄叶片上对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果[17] (公式3,公式4)。
依据形态和BOX-PCR指纹图谱的分类结果以及菌株的防治效果,选择具有代表性的10株细菌和16株真菌进行DNA的提取,用细菌16S rRNA基因的V4区域扩增通用引物和真菌ITS的ITS1区域扩增通用引物进行扩增并测序,将所得的基因序列在GenBank上利用BLAST进行相似性比对,选取与菌株序列一致性在99%以上的序列,构建系统发育树并根据系统发育树中的组群关系和形态学观察结果确定菌株的种类。
将纯化好的细菌菌株分别配成浓度为1.0×108 CFU/mL和1.0×109 CFU/mL的菌悬液,真菌菌株配成浓度为1.0×107个/mL和1.0×108个/mL的分生孢子悬浮液,用离体叶片接种法,分别接种于健康葡萄叶片背面,置于25 ℃,12 h光暗交替的人工气候培养箱中保湿培养,每天观察记录叶片的发病情况。
采用Quantity One软件对葡萄生单轴霉菌围微生物进行BOX-PCR凝胶分析,用NTSYS-pc软件进行聚类分析,构建BOX-PCR聚类分析图,分析7个地区葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌和真菌群落的差异性。采用Excel 2019软件和SPSS 22.0软件对试验数据进行统计分析,应用邓肯氏新复极差法对数据进行差异显著性检验。
在2017−2018年两个年份中,从来自辽宁、河北、河南、甘肃和新疆5个北方地区和湖南、四川2个南方地区的葡萄生单轴霉菌围分别分离细菌和真菌,所获得的菌株数量如图1所示,共分离出200个菌株,其中细菌90株,真菌110株,两年间葡萄生单轴霉菌围真菌分离数量均为55株,细菌数量分别为41株和49株。总体来看,真菌的数量在两年间均多于细菌,尤其是湖南的刺葡萄品种葡萄生单轴霉菌围的细菌数量两年间均为2株,而真菌数量均为10株。
图2A所示,对分离获得的90株细菌进行BOX-PCR指纹图谱检测,经聚类分析,以75%的相似度为标准划分为13个类群,依据菌株形态特征、革兰氏染色和分子鉴定结果,将90株细菌划分为8个属,分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、甲基红色杆菌属(Methylorubrum)、鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)、短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、亮杆菌属(Leucobacter)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia),且同一地区不同品种和不同年份的相同菌属大多数处于同一分支且亲缘关系极近,但不同地区相同菌属大多数亲缘关系较远甚至被划分至不同的类群,表明不同地区是导致葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌差异的主要因素。
从丰度上来看,浓度为1.0×106个/mL的葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊悬浮液中,菌围细菌菌株的丰度在1–105 CFU/mL的占34.4%,105–106 CFU/mL的占61.1%,106 CFU/mL以上的占比4.4%,丰度最高的4株细菌分别为河北和四川巨峰葡萄生单轴霉菌围的假单胞菌属、四川白鸡心葡萄生单轴霉菌围的鞘氨醇杆菌属和辽宁巨峰葡萄生单轴霉菌围的芽孢杆菌属,多数细菌的丰度处于5.0×104–5.0×105 CFU/mL。
图2B所示,依据菌株形态特征、BOX-PCR指纹图谱检测和分子鉴定结果,将分离获得的110株葡萄生单轴霉菌围真菌划分为14个属,分别为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、蜡蚧菌属(Lecanicillium)、单生轮枝菌(Simplicillium)、镰孢属(Fusarium)、帚枝霉属(Sarocladium)、枝顶孢属(Acremonium)、根霉属(Rhizopus)、拟层孔菌属(Fomitopsis)、楔孢黑粉菌属(Thecaphora)、红酵母属(Rhodotorula)、拟青霉属(Paecilomyces)、青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和链格孢属(Alternaria),从菌株形态上来看,同一地区不同品种和不同年份的相同菌属变化较小,但不同地区相同菌属大多数形态差异较大,表明不同地区也是葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养真菌差异的主要因素。
从丰度上来看,浓度为1.0×106个/mL的葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊悬浮液中,菌围真菌菌株的丰度在1–105 CFU/mL的占51.8%,105–106 CFU/mL的占46.4%,106 CFU/mL以上的占比1.8%,丰度最多的2株真菌分别为四川巨峰葡萄生单轴霉菌围的红酵母属和河南夏黑葡萄生单轴霉菌围的帚枝霉属,多数真菌的丰度处于5×104–5×105 CFU/mL之间。
葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌群落结构如图3A所示,葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌中假单胞菌属在不同地区和不同品种中均为优势属,占比最低仍达到13.6%,最高可达83.1%,其次为短小杆菌属、甲基红色杆菌属和鞘氨醇杆菌属。属水平的组成及聚类结果显示,两年中甘肃、湖南、河南和辽宁葡萄生单轴霉菌围的可培养细菌群落处于同一分支,群落组成相似度较高,四川和河北的不同品种葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌群落在同年处于同一分支,群落组成较为相似,不同年份稍有差异,表明不同地区是导致葡萄生单轴霉菌围细菌群落差异的主要因素。
葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养真菌群落结构如图3B所示,其中枝孢属在大多数地区和不同品种中均为优势属,占比最低为2.1%,最高可达61.5%,其次红酵母属、镰孢属和枝顶孢属。帚枝霉属在第一年的河南和甘肃葡萄生单轴霉菌围占到绝对优势,占比分别为63.5%和76.7%。两年中,湖南、辽宁和甘肃葡萄生单轴霉菌围的可培养真菌群落处于同一分支,群落组成相似度较高,河南两年中处于不同的分支,组成差异较大,四川和河北的不同品种葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养真菌群落在同年均处于同一分支,群落组成较相似,但不同年份有一定差异,表明不同年份和地区对葡萄生单轴霉菌围真菌群落组成影响较大。因此,综合分析促使葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌和真菌群落变化的影响因素,地理位置是关键驱动因素,其次是年份和品种。
两年间稳定存在于葡萄生单轴霉菌围的细菌和真菌菌株及其比例如图3C所示,不同地区不同品种的葡萄生单轴霉样品共9组,气泡图显示,同一地区不同品种不同年份稳定存在的菌株丰度也较为稳定,多数为105 CFU/mL,在9组样品中稳定存在的菌属包括细菌和真菌属各1类,分别为假单胞菌属和枝孢属;其次稳定存在于7组和8组样品中的细菌和真菌属也各1类,分别为短小杆菌属和枝顶孢属,表明两年间稳定存在的细菌和真菌分布相对均匀,且真菌属多于细菌属。
稳定存在于葡萄生单轴霉菌围的细菌和真菌菌株的比例均在40.0%以上,9组的18个样品中,稳定存在的菌株总占比在80.0%以上的有12个,总占比在95.0%以上的有8个,表明葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌和真菌具有较高的稳定性。
依据上述聚类分析将获得的90株细菌和110株真菌进行归类,选取两年间同一地区的不同的细菌菌株39株,真菌菌株47株,检测其对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊萌发的抑制作用及其对霜霉病在离体叶片上的防治效果。
图4A所示,不同地区不同品种的葡萄生单轴霉菌围细菌均对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊萌发有较好的抑制作用,抑制率在40.0%以上的细菌有33株,占比达到84.6%,其中根际假单胞菌(P.rhizosphaerae) BJ1a抑制率最高,达79.1%;不同地区不同品种的葡萄生单轴霉菌围细菌对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果在40.0%以上的占34.2%,其中防治效果最好的为姜黄短小杆菌(C.herbarum) BJ1d,防治效果为87.5%,显著高于其他菌株(图4B)。
图4C所示,不同地区不同品种的葡萄生单轴霉菌围真菌均对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊萌发有较好抑制作用,抑制率在40.0%以上的真菌有33株,占比达到70.2%,其中分别来自于河南和河北的帚枝霉属真菌NX1D和镰孢属真菌BM1C对孢子囊萌发的抑制率较高,分别为73.2%和72.6%;不同地区不同品种的葡萄生单轴霉菌围真菌对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果在40.0%以上的占42.6%,其中,防治效果为100.0%的有两株真菌,分别是苋楔孢黑粉菌(T.amaranthi) BJ1G和菌核生枝顶孢霉(A.sclerotigenum) BJ1E1,其次,防治效果较好的还有NX2F、BM1L、NX1J、SJ1E和NX1A,它们分别属于曲霉属、根霉属、链格孢属、枝顶孢属和枝孢属,防治效果均在70.0%以上(图4D)。从菌株属水平分析(图4E),普遍存在于辽宁、河北、河南、湖南和四川这5个地区不同品种上的6株枝顶孢属真菌有5株对葡萄霜霉病防治效果在50.0%以上。
室内离体叶片上,清水对照和枝顶孢属菌株SJ1E处理后葡萄叶片霜霉病发病情况如图4F4G所示,保湿培养4–5 d后,葡萄叶片点接处即可观察到稀疏的白色霉层,培养8 d后发病点数稳定,清水对照病原菌接种部位均发病,且病斑均匀,直径为5–8 mm (图4F),而生防菌SJ1E处理接种部位出现大小不等的白色霜霉状物,霜霉病斑稀疏,直径仅为1–3 mm (图4G)。
从室内防治效果在50.0%以上的4株细菌和15株真菌菌株中,依据形态、分类和地区差异选择1株细菌和10株真菌,分别为BJ1d、HC1A、NX1A、BJ1E1、SJ1E、HC1E、NX2F、BJ1G、HC1I、NX1J和BM1L,其无菌发酵液对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊萌发抑制率及其对霜霉病的防治效果如表2所示,11株菌的无菌发酵液均对孢子囊萌发有较高的抑制作用,真菌SJ1E对孢子囊萌发抑制率为49.6%,其余10个菌株的孢子囊萌发抑制率均在50.0%以上,真菌菌株HC1A、NX1A、HC1E、NX2F、NX1J和BM1L的孢子囊萌发抑制率均在80.0%以上,抑制率最高的为枝顶孢属真菌HC1E,达88.0%;室内防治效果显示,11株菌的无菌发酵液对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果均在60.0%以上,3株真菌NX2F、BJ1G和BM1L防治效果均为100.0%,细菌菌株BJ1d和真菌菌株BJ1E1、HC1A、NX1A防治效果也与以上3株无显著差异,分别为96.3%、98.8%、97.5%和92.5%。
不同浓度的不同菌株分别接种在健康葡萄叶片背面,25 ℃保湿培养6–8 d后,叶片均表现正常,表明筛选出的细菌和真菌菌株对葡萄叶片均无致病性。
葡萄霜霉病的生防菌包括放线菌、细菌和真菌。如绿孢链霉菌(Streptomyces viridosporus) HH1能够提高葡萄产量并诱导葡萄抗霜霉病[19];分离自葡萄叶片的内生枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis) JL4可在葡萄叶片表面和内部定殖,从而防治葡萄霜霉病[17];哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum) T39可产生挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)诱导葡萄对霜霉病产生抗性[20],且该菌株已形成相关制剂Trichodex (Makhteshim Ltd.),但未广泛应用于葡萄霜霉病的防治[21]。新的生防资源的发现、改良和应用尚需深入的系统研究。
自然界中植物并不是单独的有机体,而是大量微生物的载体,这些微生物与植物形成复杂的共生网络,并在促进植物生长和维持植物健康方面发挥着重要作用[22-23]。因此,病原菌的侵染不仅要打破植物本身的防御,还要克服病原菌原有微生物的调控以及植物和微生物的共生网络互作所聚集的特定微生物的“围剿”,这些微生物可能与病原菌致病力直接相关[3,24]。已有报道显示,葡萄生单轴霉菌围的微生物中存在防治效果显著的菌株,对其无影响的抗生素的应用会复壮弱化的葡萄生单轴霉的致病力[8,25-26],进一步表明葡萄生单轴霉菌围可能聚集了对其致病性有较强抑制作用的微生物。因此本研究综合探索了连续两年间不同地区、不同品种葡萄霜霉病发病叶片的葡萄生单轴霉菌围细菌和真菌的群落结构和变化规律。表明葡萄生单轴霉菌围聚集的大部分菌株均对其致病力有较强的抑制作用,对葡萄生单轴霉繁殖和霜霉病的发生有较强生防作用。
菌株的归类结果显示,真菌的株数和丰富度均高于细菌。然而,前人的研究结果普遍显示,叶围附着的大量微生物中,细菌丰富度最高,丰度可达104–105 CFU/mm2,真菌丰度虽远低于细菌,但它们可能参与了主要的生理生态功能[27-28]。葡萄叶围微生物研究也表明,叶围细菌的操作性分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)数目显著高于真菌[29]。葡萄生单轴霉着生于叶围,但微生物群落组成却与葡萄叶围微生物研究结果相反,进一步表明葡萄生单轴霉菌围的微生物群落并非随机产生,菌围聚集的有益菌群在葡萄生单轴霉侵染、霜霉病发生和发展的过程中起到了重要的作用。因此,本研究分析了葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养微生物群落的变化规律。
虽然本研究出于筛选生防菌的终目的仅研究了葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养的微生物,但有研究表明可培养微生物的集合体类似于其同源寄主器官上的天然微生物群,也具有较高的定殖能力[30-31]。同时,基于“微生物风土” (microbial terroir)的理念[32],本研究涉及了7个地区的主栽品种和相同品种以及单个地区的不同品种。最终葡萄生单轴霉菌围微生物的研究结果显示,不同地区的葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养细菌和真菌亲缘关系较近且结构相似度较高,其次为不同年份,影响最小的为品种因素。因此,葡萄生单轴霉菌围微生物群落结构变化的驱动因素为环境 > 时间 > 品种。该结论与目前植物叶围微生物驱动因素的研究结果基本一致。环境差异是一个复杂而综合的概念,它包括地理位置影响的生物和非生物因素的环境差异。生物因素和非生物因素的共同影响对植物微生物组尤其是暴露在环境中的叶围微生物组的变化起了重要作用[33-34]。处于同一环境中的不同植物的附生微生物更易受所处区域的生物因素的影响,因此,具有较高环境适应性和更高密度的微生物将占据更大的梯度和跨度,这也是“微生物风土”形成的原因[32,35]。因此,相较于品种和时间因素,不同地区栽培所导致的环境因素是植物叶围微生物的主要驱动因素,葡萄生单轴霉菌围可培养微生物也受栽培地区因素影响最大。
同时,具有较高生防作用的微生物在不同地区广泛分布,如枝顶孢属,有研究显示枝顶孢属真菌是葡萄的天然定殖者,也可以重寄生于葡萄生单轴霉菌围[36]。表明枝顶孢属真菌可能是葡萄霜霉病广泛性、稳定性和专一性的生防菌株,该属菌株的研究有益于葡萄霜霉病生防资源的开发和生物防治稳定性研究的推进。在本研究中,枝顶孢属的3株菌BJ1E1、SJ1E和HC1E的发酵液对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊的抑制作用和对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果具有较大的差异,但3个菌株的形态相同,图谱一致,处于同一分支。出现这种现象的原因可能与下列两个因素相关:其一,菌株的生防差异可能与其有效代谢成分有关;其二,不同地区来源的枝顶孢属真菌可能与葡萄生单轴霉存在协同进化作用。本研究为了保证葡萄生单轴霉的活性和试验结果的一致性,菌株的防治效果测定统一选用河北地区的葡萄生单轴霉测定,未应用不同地区葡萄生单轴霉做对应的检测,这可能也是河北地区葡萄生单轴霉菌围菌株防治效果普遍较高的原因。然而,不同地区葡萄生单轴霉存在遗传和致病力分化[10],从相应地区分离获得的葡萄生单轴霉菌围的生防菌是否对本区霜霉病有较高的防治效果仍有待进一步探索。
除枝顶孢属真菌外,其他高效生防菌的分布规律显示不同地区葡萄生单轴霉菌围聚集的可培养微生物中起到主要生防作用的菌株具有一定的差异,不同菌株对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果的一致性仍需深入研究。我们推测,葡萄生单轴霉在自然条件下的弱化和霜霉病病斑异常的现象可能来源于多种菌围微生物的共同作用[8,26]。多菌株组合可能更有利于提高生防菌的环境适应性以及对该病害的防治效果,因此,本研究获得的多株生防菌株的生防机制和施用方式仍待进一步探索。
  • 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203035)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0201300)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230776
  • 接收时间:2023-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-15
  • 录用日期:2024-02-19
基金
Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201203035)
国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203035)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0201300)
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0201300)
作者信息
    1 河北农业大学林学院 河北省林木种质资源与森林保护重点实验室, 河北 保定 071000
    2 河北经贸大学 教学评估与教师教学发展中心, 河北 石家庄 050061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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