Article(id=1241357437568086840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230501, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690646400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1696867200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-10, onlineDate=1773892276422, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892276422, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892276422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892276422, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=745, endPage=754, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357438671188808, articleId=1241357437568086840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening of efficient PET-degrading enzymes based on hydrolysis circle of phospholipase, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Since the accumulation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste causes a major threat to the health of the natural environment, the degradation of PET has become a global hot issue. Enzymatic degradation of PET has garnered considerable attention because of its eco-friendly properties. However, due to the low catalytic activity, natural PET-degrading enzymes remain to be modified according to specific needs. Directed evolution enables the rapidly enhancement of the catalytic activities of PET-degrading enzymes, in which screening methods are the key for obtaining high-performance mutants. This study develops a novel, efficient, and sensitive screening method and applies it to direct modification ofThermobifida fusca cutinase Tfu-0883 to obtain the mutants with improved PET-degrading activity. [Methods] A mutant library constructed by error-prone PCR was coated on phospholipid plates. The mutant with improved PET-degrading activity was screened out based on the size of the hydrolytic circle. The enzymatic properties of the mutant were determined, and the rational modification sites were identified. Finally, a forward mutant was obtained. [Results] The single colony with the largest hydrolysis circle, mutant H10 (N2D/D94H/A149E), was selected from the phospholipid plate, with the PET-degrading activity 1.5 times that of the wild type. The mutant H10 exhibited the best performance at 60 ℃ and pH 8.0. The residues at positions 2 and 149 in the mutant H10 were distantly located from the substrate-binding groove, and any mutation in the residues would result in decreased enzyme stability. The residue at position 94 was situated near the substrate-binding groove, where it underwent a change from negatively charged Asp to positively charged His. This alteration facilitated adsorption onto the negatively charged PET surface and played a crucial role in enhancing the degradation ability of mutant H10. With the wild type as a template, the 94th amino acid residue was mutated to His, Lys, and Arg, which possess positive charges but exhibit reduced steric hindrance. The mutants D94H, D94K, and D94R all exhibited enhanced PET-degrading ability. Notably, among these mutants, D94K demonstrated a 3.6-fold higher rate of PET degradation than the wild type. [Conclusion] We developed a method for screening PET-degrading enzymes based on the phospholipase cycle and obtained the mutants with enhanced PET-degrading activity. The 94th residue of the cutinase Tfu-0883 is demonstrated as the first to possess the potential for enhancing the PET-degrading activity.

, correspAuthors=Sheng CHEN, Zhengfei YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CHEN Sheng, E-mail:;
YAN Zhengfei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Han XU, Yimei CAI, Xiaoqian CHEN, Qingsong HUANG, Jing WU, Sheng CHEN, Zhengfei YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241357440151778231, articleId=1241357437568086840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=基于磷脂酶水解圈定向筛选高效聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯降解酶, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】目前自然环境中聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)废弃物的积累严重威胁生态健康,因此PET的降解问题已成为全球性的热点问题。生物酶法降解PET技术以其绿色环保而备受关注,但天然PET降解酶的催化活性普遍偏低,亟待进一步定向改造。现阶段定向进化为快速提高PET降解酶催化性能提供了可能,其中筛选方法是成功获得高性能突变体的关键所在。本研究旨在提出一种新型高效灵敏的筛选方法并应用于褐色喜热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca)来源角质酶Tfu-0883的定向改造,以期快速获得PET降解活性提高的突变体。【方法】基于易错PCR构建突变体文库,涂布于卵黄磷脂平板,以水解圈的大小作为筛选指标获得PET降解活性提高的突变体;对突变体进行酶学定性并筛选出潜在的分子改造位点,最终获得高性能突变体。【结果】从卵黄磷脂平板中挑取水解圈直径最大的单菌落,即突变体H10(N2D/D94H/A149E),其PET降解能力是野生型的1.5倍,最适温度与pH分别为60 ℃和8.0。突变体H10中第2位和第149位氨基酸残基远离底物结合凹槽,其突变会导致酶蛋白稳定性下降;第94位氨基酸残基则位于底物结合凹槽附近,由负电荷氨基酸Asp突变为正电荷氨基酸His,有利于吸附在带负电荷的PET表面,是突变体H10降解能力提升的关键因素;随后将野生型的第94位氨基酸残基Asp分别突变为His及同为正电荷且空间位阻更小的Lys和Arg,突变体D94H、D94K和D94R对PET降解能力均有提升,其中,突变体D94K降解PET能力是野生型的3.6倍。【结论】本研究基于磷脂酶水解圈构建了一种新的PET降解酶定向筛选方法,以此获得了降解活性提高的突变体,并证实角质酶Tfu-0883第94位氨基酸残基位点具有提升其PET降解活性的潜在能力。

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A: Relationship between PET degradation activity of cutinase and its phospholipase activity. B: Scheme of directed evolution of cutinase. Mutation libraries of cutinase were generatedvia epPCR and were screened by phospholipid plates. The improved mutants were obtaied by determination of hydrolysis circle and estimated in PET degradation by analysis of released monomers. Finally, the degradation mechanism has been elucidated which provides guideline for rational design reversely., figureFileSmall=a7eq5X+WDeNmohKFz5g+hw==, figureFileBig=puok28xRnOKJ3NunfMGd+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444385267708277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437568086840, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PET降解酶定向改造的筛选方法示意图, figureFileSmall=a7eq5X+WDeNmohKFz5g+hw==, figureFileBig=puok28xRnOKJ3NunfMGd+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444386790240638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437568086840, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of temperature and pH on the activity (A and C) and stability (B and D) of mutant H10. The maximal activity was taken as 100%. Each test was repeated three times in parallel, and the data was expressed as "mean±standard deviation (SD)"., figureFileSmall=NdY8tnyDci/52aWO0FlX3Q==, figureFileBig=J18OMj85dGdKgSL9J9frlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444386899292548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437568086840, language=CN, label=图2, caption=温度和pH对突变体H10酶活及稳定性的影响, figureFileSmall=NdY8tnyDci/52aWO0FlX3Q==, figureFileBig=J18OMj85dGdKgSL9J9frlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387020927373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437568086840, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Catalytic mechanism analysis of mutant H10. A: Molecular docking between mutant H10 and 5PET. B: The distance between the oxygen atomo of the catalytic amino (Ser) of mutant H10 and wild type 2M and the carbon atom of the ester bond of PET. C: RMSD of mutant H10. D: RMSF of mutant H10. E: Effects of temperature and pH on the stability of mutant N2D/A149E. F: Effects of temperature and pH on the stability of mutant D94H. Each test was repeated three times in parallel, and the data was expressed as "mean±standard deviation (SD)"., figureFileSmall=nVj86Gsog9Xj/ihQCp73Wg==, figureFileBig=bNLa1naIzni0EIKZ0tYvcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387142562196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437568086840, language=CN, label=图3, caption=突变体H10催化机制的解析, figureFileSmall=nVj86Gsog9Xj/ihQCp73Wg==, figureFileBig=bNLa1naIzni0EIKZ0tYvcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387289362843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437568086840, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of the 94th amino acid residue site on PET degradation. A: PET degradation analysis by different mutants. B: HPLC analysis curves of hydrolysates by using different mutants. C: RMSD of mutant D94K. 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基于磷脂酶水解圈定向筛选高效聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯降解酶
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徐翰 1, 2, 3 , 蔡忆梅 1, 2, 3 , 陈晓倩 1, 2, 3 , 黄青松 1, 2, 3 , 吴敬 1, 2, 3 , 陈晟 1, 2, 3, * , 颜正飞 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(3): 745-754
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(3): 745-754
基于磷脂酶水解圈定向筛选高效聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯降解酶
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徐翰1, 2, 3, 蔡忆梅1, 2, 3, 陈晓倩1, 2, 3, 黄青松1, 2, 3, 吴敬1, 2, 3, 陈晟1, 2, 3, * , 颜正飞1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 江南大学生物工程学院 工业生物技术教育部重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 2 江南大学食品科学与资源挖掘全国重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 3 江南大学教育部食品安全国际合作联合实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
Screening of efficient PET-degrading enzymes based on hydrolysis circle of phospholipase
Han XU1, 2, 3, Yimei CAI1, 2, 3, Xiaoqian CHEN1, 2, 3, Qingsong HUANG1, 2, 3, Jing WU1, 2, 3, Sheng CHEN1, 2, 3, * , Zhengfei YAN1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 3 International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230501
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【目的】目前自然环境中聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)废弃物的积累严重威胁生态健康,因此PET的降解问题已成为全球性的热点问题。生物酶法降解PET技术以其绿色环保而备受关注,但天然PET降解酶的催化活性普遍偏低,亟待进一步定向改造。现阶段定向进化为快速提高PET降解酶催化性能提供了可能,其中筛选方法是成功获得高性能突变体的关键所在。本研究旨在提出一种新型高效灵敏的筛选方法并应用于褐色喜热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca)来源角质酶Tfu-0883的定向改造,以期快速获得PET降解活性提高的突变体。【方法】基于易错PCR构建突变体文库,涂布于卵黄磷脂平板,以水解圈的大小作为筛选指标获得PET降解活性提高的突变体;对突变体进行酶学定性并筛选出潜在的分子改造位点,最终获得高性能突变体。【结果】从卵黄磷脂平板中挑取水解圈直径最大的单菌落,即突变体H10(N2D/D94H/A149E),其PET降解能力是野生型的1.5倍,最适温度与pH分别为60 ℃和8.0。突变体H10中第2位和第149位氨基酸残基远离底物结合凹槽,其突变会导致酶蛋白稳定性下降;第94位氨基酸残基则位于底物结合凹槽附近,由负电荷氨基酸Asp突变为正电荷氨基酸His,有利于吸附在带负电荷的PET表面,是突变体H10降解能力提升的关键因素;随后将野生型的第94位氨基酸残基Asp分别突变为His及同为正电荷且空间位阻更小的Lys和Arg,突变体D94H、D94K和D94R对PET降解能力均有提升,其中,突变体D94K降解PET能力是野生型的3.6倍。【结论】本研究基于磷脂酶水解圈构建了一种新的PET降解酶定向筛选方法,以此获得了降解活性提高的突变体,并证实角质酶Tfu-0883第94位氨基酸残基位点具有提升其PET降解活性的潜在能力。

定向进化  /  PET降解  /  水解圈  /  热稳定性  /  分子改造

[Objective] Since the accumulation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste causes a major threat to the health of the natural environment, the degradation of PET has become a global hot issue. Enzymatic degradation of PET has garnered considerable attention because of its eco-friendly properties. However, due to the low catalytic activity, natural PET-degrading enzymes remain to be modified according to specific needs. Directed evolution enables the rapidly enhancement of the catalytic activities of PET-degrading enzymes, in which screening methods are the key for obtaining high-performance mutants. This study develops a novel, efficient, and sensitive screening method and applies it to direct modification ofThermobifida fusca cutinase Tfu-0883 to obtain the mutants with improved PET-degrading activity. [Methods] A mutant library constructed by error-prone PCR was coated on phospholipid plates. The mutant with improved PET-degrading activity was screened out based on the size of the hydrolytic circle. The enzymatic properties of the mutant were determined, and the rational modification sites were identified. Finally, a forward mutant was obtained. [Results] The single colony with the largest hydrolysis circle, mutant H10 (N2D/D94H/A149E), was selected from the phospholipid plate, with the PET-degrading activity 1.5 times that of the wild type. The mutant H10 exhibited the best performance at 60 ℃ and pH 8.0. The residues at positions 2 and 149 in the mutant H10 were distantly located from the substrate-binding groove, and any mutation in the residues would result in decreased enzyme stability. The residue at position 94 was situated near the substrate-binding groove, where it underwent a change from negatively charged Asp to positively charged His. This alteration facilitated adsorption onto the negatively charged PET surface and played a crucial role in enhancing the degradation ability of mutant H10. With the wild type as a template, the 94th amino acid residue was mutated to His, Lys, and Arg, which possess positive charges but exhibit reduced steric hindrance. The mutants D94H, D94K, and D94R all exhibited enhanced PET-degrading ability. Notably, among these mutants, D94K demonstrated a 3.6-fold higher rate of PET degradation than the wild type. [Conclusion] We developed a method for screening PET-degrading enzymes based on the phospholipase cycle and obtained the mutants with enhanced PET-degrading activity. The 94th residue of the cutinase Tfu-0883 is demonstrated as the first to possess the potential for enhancing the PET-degrading activity.

directed evolution  /  PET degradation  /  hydrolysis circle  /  thermostability  /  molecular modification
徐翰, 蔡忆梅, 陈晓倩, 黄青松, 吴敬, 陈晟, 颜正飞. 基于磷脂酶水解圈定向筛选高效聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯降解酶. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 745 -754 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230501
Han XU, Yimei CAI, Xiaoqian CHEN, Qingsong HUANG, Jing WU, Sheng CHEN, Zhengfei YAN. Screening of efficient PET-degrading enzymes based on hydrolysis circle of phospholipase[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 745 -754 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230501
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)是由对苯二甲酸(terephthalic acid, TPA)和乙二醇(ethylene glycol, EG)缩聚而成的聚酯塑料,占据了合成塑料总量的70%以上[1]。PET废弃物广泛分布于土壤与江河湖海,时刻威胁着生态环境,已成为较严峻的环境问题之一。废PET塑料常用的处理方法有填埋和焚烧,不但侵占土地资源、还会二次污染土壤、水以及大气环境。目前生物法降解PET技术因其绿色环保而备受关注,其中酶法以其高效性而受到越来越多学者的青睐[2]。Ronkvist等发现酯酶和角质酶可断裂PET主链上的酯键,促使PET断裂并降解[3]。Sulaiman等从落叶堆肥中发现一种角质酶(leaf-branch compost cutinases, LCC),在70 ℃、24 h可降解25%的PET[4]。随后PET降解酶陆续被鉴定,如热裂溶纤维素菌(Thermobifida cellulosilytica)来源的角质酶TcCut1和TcCut2[5]、弯曲高温单胞菌(Thermomonospora curvata)来源的角质酶Tcur1278和Tcur0390[6]、大阪堺菌(Ideonella sakaiensis)来源的PETase[7]及食油微杆菌(Microbacterium oleivorans) JWG-G2来源的Lip19-8[8]
现阶段天然PET降解酶往往存在催化活性低的问题,故定向改造提升其催化强度已迫在眉睫。定向进化是集随机突变和高效筛选为一体的酶分子改造技术,然而最大瓶颈在于缺乏高效、敏感的筛选方法[9]。因此,选择合适的筛选方法是快速获得优势突变体的关键所在。常见的筛选方法有琼脂平板、96微孔板、微流控和流式筛选法[10]。Shi等设计了一种对苯二甲酸双(2-羟乙基)酯衍生物[bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, BHET-OH],其被PETase水解即可生成带有荧光信号的TPA-OH,基于此筛选到的高荧光突变体DepoPETase表现出优异的PET降解性能[11]。Liu等提出双荧光高通量筛选(high-throughput screening, HTS)方法用于PETase的定向进化,即在96孔板中包埋淬灭荧光探针的PET膜及酶的荧光蛋白标记,实现产物与酶的高通量检测,最终获得6个突变体,其PET降解活性较野生型PETase提高了1.3–4.9倍[12]。然而,这种将单细胞的基因型与表型偶联往往需要精密的芯片及复杂的仪器设备,成本较高且操作周期长,不利于大规模推广[10]
前期研究发现褐色喜热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca)来源的角质酶Tfu-0883具有磷脂酶活性[13],其磷脂酶活力与PET降解能力呈正相关。因此,本研究以角质酶Tfu-0883突变体D204C/E253C(2M)为初始模板[14],利用易错PCR构建突变体文库,涂布于卵黄磷脂平板,以水解圈的大小作为筛选指标,获得性能优异的PET降解酶,这为PET降解酶的定向改造提供了一种新的筛选方法。
Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)以及pET-24a(+)_2M质粒均为本实验室保藏。无定型PET膜(结晶度7.6%)购自顾特服剑桥有限公司;对苯二甲酸(terephthalic acid, TPA)购自Sigma-Aldrich (上海);卵黄乳液购自海博生物公司(青岛);质粒提取试剂盒购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;蛋白质快速凝胶电泳试剂盒(SDS-PAGE)购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;其他常用试剂均购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
LB液体培养基(g/L):NaCl 10.0,酵母粉5.0,蛋白胨10.0。卵黄磷脂筛选培养基:LB液体培养基添加2% (质量体积分数)的琼脂粉和2% (质量体积分数)的卵黄乳液。TB液体培养基(g/L):甘油5.0,蛋白胨12.0,酵母粉24.0,KH2PO4 2.3,K2HPO4 12.5。不同pH的磷酸盐缓冲液:100 mmol/L K2HPO4 (用100 mmol/L KH2PO4调pH分别到6.0、7.0、8.0和9.0)。
采用Ramrakhiani等的方法以磷脂酰乙醇胺为底物测定磷脂酶活性[15]。采用Billig等的方法以对硝基苯丁酸酯(p-nitrophenylbutyrate,pNPB)为底物测定酯酶活性[16]
采用考马斯亮蓝法测定蛋白浓度[17]
参照冯慧玲等的方法[18],以pET-24a(+)_2M质粒为模板,通过易错PCR获得2M基因突变片段;再通过全质粒大引物PCR (megaprimer PCR of whole plasmid, Megawhop)将其与pET24a(+)载体连接,并利用Dpn I酶过夜消除模板;消化后的PCR产物经化学转化法导入Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,构建重组菌,形成突变体文库。
上述重组菌涂布于终浓度为30 μg/mL卡那霉素及0.1 mmol/L诱导剂IPTG的卵黄磷脂筛选培养基,于37 ℃条件下培养24 h,观察单菌落及其形成的水解圈大小,水解圈直径大于野生型的突变体即为正向突变体。
取正向突变体的单菌落接入5 mL LB液体培养基(含30 μg/mL卡那霉素),于37 ℃、200 r/min培养过夜,以5%的接种量转接至TB培养基中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养2−3 h后,加入终浓度为0.1 mmol/L的IPTG,25 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h。4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心获得上清液,并通过镍柱纯化获得纯酶。取5 mg纯酶和100 mg PET混合加入35 mL 100 mmol/L pH 8.0磷酸盐缓冲液中,在60 ℃、200 r/min条件下反应96 h,取上清进行HPLC分析。
取反应液1 mL,12 000 r/min离心8 min,上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤进行HPLC检测。HPLC色谱柱为Welch Ultimate XB-C18,流动相为色谱级甲醇和1% (质量体积分数)的乙酸水溶液按35:65 (体积比)混合,流速为0.5 mL/min,在240 nm处对降解产物TPA进行定量分析。
通过做出标准溶液浓度与峰面积的标准曲线进而对样品中的TPA进行定量检测。PET的降解率按如下公式进行计算:
式中,m1代表TPA质量(mg);M是PET单元的相对分子质量;166.131为TPA的相对分子质量;m0代表PET初始质量(mg)。
基于前期获得的角质酶Tfu-0883突变体[19],经检测发现其对PET降解的活性与其磷脂酶活性呈正相关,同时,磷脂酶可在卵黄磷脂平板上形成水解圈(图1A)。因此以磷脂酶水解圈大小为指标,构建出PET降解酶快速筛选方法(图1B)。相对于现有的96微孔板、液滴微流控等多级多轮筛选方法,本筛选方法在获得单菌落的同时即完成了筛选工作,其操作过程简单高效。将易错PCR构建的突变体文库并涂布于卵黄磷脂平板,37 ℃培养24 h。相对于野生型2M (0.52 cm),选取水解圈直径最大(1.02 cm)的单菌落,即突变体H10(N2D/D94H/A149E)。突变体H10在96 h内可降解11.2%的PET膜,是野生型2M的1.5倍。
结果表明,突变体H10最适温度为60 ℃,当高于60 ℃时,其酶活开始下降,在70 ℃时相对酶活为最高酶活的70% (图2A)。在50 ℃和55 ℃下,突变体H10酶活半衰期大于96 h;60 ℃条件下温浴24 h,突变体H10相对酶活下降至起始酶活的20%,然后维持在一个较低的范围内;而当温度高于65 ℃时突变体H10酶活迅速下降(图2B)。如图2C所示,突变体H10在pH 6.0−9.0条件下均表现出催化活性,其最适pH为8.0。突变体H10在pH 6.0−9.0条件下温浴96 h酶活下降趋势一致,温浴24 h后酶活迅速下降然后维持在较低的范围内,其中突变体H10在pH 6.0的条件下温浴酶活下降幅度较小,在pH 9.0的条件下温浴酶活下降幅度大(图2D)。
突变体H10与PET五聚体配体的分子对接结果如图3A所示,仅第94位氨基酸残基位点位于酶底物结合凹槽附近,该残基位点由带负电荷的Asp突变为带正电荷的His,有利于吸附在带负电荷的PET表面,从而提高其对PET的降解能力。与野生型2M (4.3 Å)相比,突变体H10的催化残基丝氨酸(Ser)与底物PET分子中酯键上碳原子的距离仅为3.7 Å,此亲核进攻距离更短且集中,更加有利于催化残基Ser的亲核攻击,形成酰基-酶中间体,提高突变体的降解能力(图3B)。突变体H10在均方根偏差(root meansquare deviation, RMSD)的10 ns后波动变大且明显(图3C),表明突变体H10的稳定性低于野生型2M。经均方根波动(root mean square deviation, RMSF)分析发现,突变体H10的第2位和第149位的RMSF比野生型2M分别提升5.866 7 Å和0.004 3 Å,这可能是导致突变体H10稳定性下降的主要因素(图3D)。为了验证上述推测,在野生型2M上分别构建出第2位和第149位氨基酸残基双突变体(N2D/A149E)和第94位氨基酸残基单突变体(D94H)。突变体N2D/A149E的热稳定性显著低于突变体D94H,分别在60、65 ℃与pH 8.0、9.0下温浴96 h后酶活下降至初始酶活的40%以下(图3E)。而突变体D94H在50−65 ℃温浴96 h后酶活仍未到达半衰期,且突变体D94H在pH 6.0−9.0的条件下温浴96 h后相对酶活均在初始酶活的70%以上。相较而言,突变体D94H的热稳定性与pH稳定性显著优于突变体H10和突变体N2D/A149E (图3F)。
综上可知,突变体H10的第2位和第149位氨基酸残基的改变影响蛋白整体稳定性,而第94位氨基酸残基则是使突变体H10降解能力有所提升的关键因素。截至目前,国内外尚未有文献报道角质酶Tfu-0883的第94位氨基酸残基位点是提升其PET降解性能的潜在位点。为进一步验证该猜测,将野生型2M第94位氨基酸残基分别突变为正电荷氨基酸残基His、Arg和Lys,即突变体D94H、D94K和D94R。如图4A4B所示,突变体D94H、D94K和D94R对PET降解能力较野生型2M有显著提升。突变体D94H对PET降解效率最低,其原因可能是His残基在pH 8.0条件下解离程度小,所带正电荷较少。而突变体D94K的降解效率最高,96 h可降解18%的PET,其速率是野生型的3.6倍。进一步研究发现,突变体D94K的RMSD和RMSF与野生型2M类似,其稳定性并未有明显下降(图4C4D)。
本研究以T.fusca角质酶Tfu-0883对PET降解活性与其磷脂酶活性的正相关性为基础,以卵黄磷脂平板水解圈为准则,构建出PET降解酶定向改造的高效筛选方法。相对于现有的96微孔板、液滴微流控等多级多轮筛选方法,本筛选方法更为简单高效,可在获得单菌落的同时完成筛选工作,在极短的时间内可获得PET降解活性提高的突变体H10,其亲核攻击的距离从野生型2M的约4.3 Å减少到3.7 Å,说明亲核攻击距离的缩短是导致突变体H10催化效率提高的一个重要原因。PETase催化残基Ser130中氧原子与PET苯环相连的羰基上的碳原子之间的亲核攻击距离同样是影响其降解效率的关键因素[20]。Chen等获得的角质酶突变体4Mz,亲核攻击距离从野生型的4.6 Å减少到3.8 Å,其PET降解能力是野生型的30倍[19]。突变体H10第2位和第149位氨基酸残基的双突变,可能是通过削弱酶的刚性,使蛋白稳定性下降。Ge等发现PETase蛋白结构维持在一定刚性范围,可通过减小PET分子链嵌入酶底物结合凹槽的空间位阻以有效提高PET降解效率[21]。Sun等也发现氨基酸骨架呈刚性有利于形成并维持酶蛋白质空间结构稳定,而结合凹槽的灵活性则是其结合和释放底物所必需的[22]
本研究发现角质酶Tfu-0883的第94位氨基酸残基位点是影响PET降解性能的关键位点。将底物结合凹槽附近的第94位氨基酸残基突变成正电荷氨基酸残基,有利于突变体吸附在带负电荷的PET表面,增强PET降解能力,这与Sagong等发现嗜软根杆菌(Rhizobacter gummiphilus)来源的PET降解酶底物结合凹槽给予正电荷修饰可显著提高PET的降解率的结论相一致[23]。Nakamura等也发现PETase降解PET的能力明显优于其他酶的关键在于其酶蛋白表面整体多为正电荷[24]。本研究获得的最优突变体D94K能够以0.036 mg/(h·mg)的速率降解PET,高于野生型2M [0.010 mg/(h·mg)]及南极念珠菌(Candida antarctica)来源的CaL [4.76×10−4 mg/(h·mg)][25],但低于目前文献报道最优PET降解酶ICCG [30 mg/(h·mg)][26]。本研究发现的新改造位点(如第94位氨基酸残基位点)也可叠加到现有优势突变体上,进一步提升其PET降解能力。
本研究基于磷脂酶水解圈构建的筛选方法,可为PET降解酶定向改造提供了一种新的筛选思路。以野生型2M为模板,能够在短时间内可获得PET降解活性提高的酶突变体N2D/D94H/A149E。首次发现94位残基位点的突变能够影响突变体的PET降解活性,最终获得PET降解速率是野生型3.6倍的突变体D94K。
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230501
  • 接收时间:2023-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-30
  • 录用日期:2023-10-10
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    1 江南大学生物工程学院 工业生物技术教育部重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
    2 江南大学食品科学与资源挖掘全国重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
    3 江南大学教育部食品安全国际合作联合实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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