Article(id=1241357437198988086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230532, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692201600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1702224000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-11, onlineDate=1773892276333, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892276333, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892276333, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892276333, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=809, endPage=825, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357439107396464, articleId=1241357437198988086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Distribution and functions of methanotrophs in the sediments of Aha Lake Reservoir, Guizhou Province, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Methanotrophs can utilize methane as the only carbon source and energy, and they can survive and participate in material circulation and energy flow in ecosystems. [Objective] To unveil the structure and functions of methanotrophs community in the sediments from the Aha Lake Reservoir (referred to as the Reservoir), a typical karst lake reservoir in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province. [Methods] We used metagenomics to analyze the sediments collected from the edge and the center of the Reservoir. [Results] The dominant aerobic methanotrophs wereMethylobacter (0.37%) andMethylomonas (0.12%), and the dominant anaerobic methanotrophs wereCandidatus_Methylomirabilis (0.12%), being NC10 denitrifying anaerobic methanotrophs. The genepmoA encoding particulate methane monooxygenase of aerobic methanotrophs had the relative abundance of 6.16×107 copies/g and the 16S rRNA gene had the relative abundance of 2.84×107 copies/g in denitrifying anaerobic methanotrophs. The diversity of four metabolic functional genes followed a trend of nitrogen metabolism > carbon metabolism > sulfur metabolism > methane metabolism. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) annotation revealed six functions and 18 complete pathways involving carbon (including methane), nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed huge discrepancies in the distribution and functions of methanotrophs between sediments from the edge and the center of the Reservoir. Moreover, redox potential, conductivity, and sulfate were primary environmental factors affecting methanotroph distribution. [Conclusion] Type I aerobic methanotrophs dominated the Reservoir with abundant metabolic pathways. Types I and II methanotrophs exhibited huge discrepancies in terms of their adaptability to O2. All these fundings are expected to provide theoretical support for lake water environment conservation and microbial utilizationation.

, correspAuthors=Yancheng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Yancheng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ruonan ZHAO, Jia AI, Yancheng LI, Lele WANG, Jiang LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241357443414945841, articleId=1241357437198988086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=贵州阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌分布与功能, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

甲烷氧化菌是一类能够以甲烷作为唯一碳源和能量维持生存的微生物,其活动与生态系统中物质循环及能量流动密切相关。【目的】了解阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌群落结构及代谢功能。【方法】采用宏基因组技术对环湖沉积物和湖心沉积物进行研究。【结果】水库沉积物中主要的好氧甲烷氧化菌是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter) (0.37%)和甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas) (0.12%),主要的厌氧甲烷氧化菌是Candidatus_Methylomirabilis (0.12%),属于NC10门细菌中的亚硝酸盐反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌,其中好氧甲烷氧化菌的pmoA基因为6.16×107 copies/g,反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌的16S rRNA基因为2.84×107 copies/g。4种代谢的功能基因多样性表现为氮代谢 > 碳代谢 > 硫代谢 > 甲烷代谢,基于京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)基因库进行注释得到6大类功能,发现18条与碳(包括甲烷)、氮、硫代谢有关的完整代谢途径。主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)显示环湖沉积物与湖心沉积物之间的甲烷氧化菌种类和功能存在显著差异。影响甲烷氧化菌分布的主要环境因子为氧化还原电位、电导率和硫酸根。【结论】阿哈湖水库甲烷氧化菌以Ⅰ型好氧甲烷氧化菌为主,甲烷氧化菌群落代谢途径丰富,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌在对O2的适应性上有显著差异。相关研究可为湖泊水生态环境的保护和微生物资源的开发利用等方面提供一定的理论支撑。

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A: Aerobic methanotrophs. B: Denitrifying methanotrophs of the NC10 phylum. The standard deviation in the figure reflects the dispersion of methanotrophs genes in Aha Lake., figureFileSmall=brx+3kD7qVCzPld9YrbmHQ==, figureFileBig=URieA7cxEb7aseGuWtnmsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382457524539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437198988086, language=CN, label=图2, caption=阿哈湖好氧甲烷氧化菌pmoA (A)和反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌16S rRNA基因(B)的丰度, figureFileSmall=brx+3kD7qVCzPld9YrbmHQ==, figureFileBig=URieA7cxEb7aseGuWtnmsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382591742277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437198988086, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Community structure of bacteria and methanotrophs in Aha Lake. A: Bacteria. B: Methanotrophs., figureFileSmall=kgO2YUOpDl5567AlqfjEnQ==, figureFileBig=s2LOXusFRnDxvAVblTcVFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382704988493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437198988086, language=CN, label=图3, caption=阿哈湖中细菌和甲烷氧化菌的群落结构特征

A:细菌. B:甲烷氧化菌

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HH:环湖沉积物;HX:湖心沉积物

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Physical and chemical properties of overlying water and sediments of different types in Aha Lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SitesAltitude (m)Overlying waterSediments
pHORP (mV)pHEC (μS/cm)TN (mg/kg)TP (mg/kg)SOM (g/kg)NO3 (mg/L)SO42− (mg/L)
AH11 1208.430.608.00218.01 717.06313.3858.970.615.86
AH21 0908.430.587.9385.01 837.08377.5145.870.133.32
AH31 1108.590.578.1379.21 832.46420.8664.800.173.46
AH41 1008.410.598.18118.32 173.48358.5744.850.191.95
AH51 0999.000.577.87219.02 183.54478.9764.130.211.30
AH61 1008.100.606.92179.42 152.88410.6337.250.0929.63
AH71 1208.280.627.74308.01 119.94363.6546.970.4445.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241444387016733067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437198988086, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

阿哈湖不同采样点上覆水以及沉积物的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SitesAltitude (m)Overlying waterSediments
pHORP (mV)pHEC (μS/cm)TN (mg/kg)TP (mg/kg)SOM (g/kg)NO3 (mg/L)SO42− (mg/L)
AH11 1208.430.608.00218.01 717.06313.3858.970.615.86
AH21 0908.430.587.9385.01 837.08377.5145.870.133.32
AH31 1108.590.578.1379.21 832.46420.8664.800.173.46
AH41 1008.410.598.18118.32 173.48358.5744.850.191.95
AH51 0999.000.577.87219.02 183.54478.9764.130.211.30
AH61 1008.100.606.92179.42 152.88410.6337.250.0929.63
AH71 1208.280.627.74308.01 119.94363.6546.970.4445.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241444387138367892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437198988086, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Spearman correlation between environmental factors and methanotrophs gene abundance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Functional geneCoefficientORPpHECTPTNSOMNO3SO42−
*: The correlation was significant at level 0.05 (two-tailed).
pmoACorrelation coefficient0.636−0.4290.714−0.286−0.5000.1430.6070.643
Significance (two-tailed)0.1240.3370.0710.5350.2530.7600.1480.119
16S rRNA of NC10 methanotrophsCorrelation coefficient−0.7270.321−0.1430.3930.5360.3210.000−0.857*
Significance (two-tailed)0.0640.4820.7600.3830.2150.4821.0000.014
), ArticleFig(id=1241444387289362845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437198988086, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

环境因子与甲烷氧化菌基因丰度的Spearman相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Functional geneCoefficientORPpHECTPTNSOMNO3SO42−
*: The correlation was significant at level 0.05 (two-tailed).
pmoACorrelation coefficient0.636−0.4290.714−0.286−0.5000.1430.6070.643
Significance (two-tailed)0.1240.3370.0710.5350.2530.7600.1480.119
16S rRNA of NC10 methanotrophsCorrelation coefficient−0.7270.321−0.1430.3930.5360.3210.000−0.857*
Significance (two-tailed)0.0640.4820.7600.3830.2150.4821.0000.014
), ArticleFig(id=1241444387394220456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437198988086, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mental correlation of environmental factors to species and function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypeCoefficientORPpHECTPTNSOMNO3SO42−
Speciesr0.164−0.347−0.1090.1410.1580.0420.1580.001
p0.5310.8870.5420.1630.1590.2660.2000.358
Functionr−0.025−0.239−0.4510.0300.3160.106−0.0050.045
p0.3020.7920.9210.1790.0570.1660.3120.174
), ArticleFig(id=1241444387507466671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357437198988086, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

环境因子对物种和功能的Mental相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypeCoefficientORPpHECTPTNSOMNO3SO42−
Speciesr0.164−0.347−0.1090.1410.1580.0420.1580.001
p0.5310.8870.5420.1630.1590.2660.2000.358
Functionr−0.025−0.239−0.4510.0300.3160.106−0.0050.045
p0.3020.7920.9210.1790.0570.1660.3120.174
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贵州阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌分布与功能
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赵若男 1 , 艾佳 1, 3 , 李彦澄 1, 2, * , 王乐乐 1 , 李江 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(3): 809-825
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(3): 809-825
贵州阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌分布与功能
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赵若男1, 艾佳1, 3, 李彦澄1, 2, * , 王乐乐1, 李江1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院 喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2 贵州喀斯特环境生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站, 贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 3 黔南生态环境监测中心, 贵州 都匀 558013
Distribution and functions of methanotrophs in the sediments of Aha Lake Reservoir, Guizhou Province
Ruonan ZHAO1, Jia AI1, 3, Yancheng LI1, 2, * , Lele WANG1, Jiang LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
  • 2 Guizhou Karst Environment Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
  • 3 Qiannan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Duyun 558013, Guizhou, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230532
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甲烷氧化菌是一类能够以甲烷作为唯一碳源和能量维持生存的微生物,其活动与生态系统中物质循环及能量流动密切相关。【目的】了解阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌群落结构及代谢功能。【方法】采用宏基因组技术对环湖沉积物和湖心沉积物进行研究。【结果】水库沉积物中主要的好氧甲烷氧化菌是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter) (0.37%)和甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas) (0.12%),主要的厌氧甲烷氧化菌是Candidatus_Methylomirabilis (0.12%),属于NC10门细菌中的亚硝酸盐反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌,其中好氧甲烷氧化菌的pmoA基因为6.16×107 copies/g,反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌的16S rRNA基因为2.84×107 copies/g。4种代谢的功能基因多样性表现为氮代谢 > 碳代谢 > 硫代谢 > 甲烷代谢,基于京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)基因库进行注释得到6大类功能,发现18条与碳(包括甲烷)、氮、硫代谢有关的完整代谢途径。主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)显示环湖沉积物与湖心沉积物之间的甲烷氧化菌种类和功能存在显著差异。影响甲烷氧化菌分布的主要环境因子为氧化还原电位、电导率和硫酸根。【结论】阿哈湖水库甲烷氧化菌以Ⅰ型好氧甲烷氧化菌为主,甲烷氧化菌群落代谢途径丰富,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌在对O2的适应性上有显著差异。相关研究可为湖泊水生态环境的保护和微生物资源的开发利用等方面提供一定的理论支撑。

甲烷氧化菌  /  阿哈湖  /  群落结构  /  功能基因  /  代谢途径

Methanotrophs can utilize methane as the only carbon source and energy, and they can survive and participate in material circulation and energy flow in ecosystems. [Objective] To unveil the structure and functions of methanotrophs community in the sediments from the Aha Lake Reservoir (referred to as the Reservoir), a typical karst lake reservoir in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province. [Methods] We used metagenomics to analyze the sediments collected from the edge and the center of the Reservoir. [Results] The dominant aerobic methanotrophs wereMethylobacter (0.37%) andMethylomonas (0.12%), and the dominant anaerobic methanotrophs wereCandidatus_Methylomirabilis (0.12%), being NC10 denitrifying anaerobic methanotrophs. The genepmoA encoding particulate methane monooxygenase of aerobic methanotrophs had the relative abundance of 6.16×107 copies/g and the 16S rRNA gene had the relative abundance of 2.84×107 copies/g in denitrifying anaerobic methanotrophs. The diversity of four metabolic functional genes followed a trend of nitrogen metabolism > carbon metabolism > sulfur metabolism > methane metabolism. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) annotation revealed six functions and 18 complete pathways involving carbon (including methane), nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed huge discrepancies in the distribution and functions of methanotrophs between sediments from the edge and the center of the Reservoir. Moreover, redox potential, conductivity, and sulfate were primary environmental factors affecting methanotroph distribution. [Conclusion] Type I aerobic methanotrophs dominated the Reservoir with abundant metabolic pathways. Types I and II methanotrophs exhibited huge discrepancies in terms of their adaptability to O2. All these fundings are expected to provide theoretical support for lake water environment conservation and microbial utilizationation.

methanotrophs  /  Aha Lake  /  community structure  /  functional gene  /  metabolic pathway
赵若男, 艾佳, 李彦澄, 王乐乐, 李江. 贵州阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌分布与功能. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 809 -825 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230532
Ruonan ZHAO, Jia AI, Yancheng LI, Lele WANG, Jiang LI. Distribution and functions of methanotrophs in the sediments of Aha Lake Reservoir, Guizhou Province[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 809 -825 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230532
甲烷是一种温室气体,造成的温室效应约为二氧化碳的25倍[1],对全球变暖的贡献率约为22%[2]。据统计,全球每年向大气释放的甲烷总量约600 Tg[3]。甲烷氧化是抵消甲烷向大气排放的关键过程[4],甲烷氧化菌是该过程中最为关键的微生物。甲烷氧化菌是一种革兰氏阴性细菌,能够利用甲烷作为唯一的碳源和能量来源[5],是生态系统中甲烷排放的天然消减器,可利用氧气作为电子受体的是好氧甲烷氧化菌,不可利用氧气作为电子受体的就是厌氧甲烷氧化菌,按系统发育好氧甲烷氧化菌可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ这3种类型[6]
据估计,湖泊产生且排放的甲烷有30%−99%能被甲烷氧化菌氧化消耗掉[7],这表明甲烷氧化菌对降低自然源中的甲烷浓度具有十分重要的作用。Mayr等[8]、Gentzel[9]、Khmelenina等[10]和Thomas等[11]不同国家的研究者均对湖泊甲烷氧化菌有深入研究。虽然我国对湖泊中甲烷氧化菌的研究起步较晚,但是近年来国内对湖泊甲烷氧化菌的研究取得了较大进展。例如,Zhang等[12]探究了内蒙古高原湖泊中不同类型甲烷氧化菌的影响因素,发现Ⅱ型和Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌分别在高盐度和低盐度水体中占优势。Deng等[13]研究发现青藏高原湖泊沉积物中以Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌为主,在淡水湖中相对多样化。有研究发现三峡库区万州段中Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌甲基胞囊菌属(Methylocystis)和Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)是优势菌属[14]。Liu等[15]利用宏基因组学方法揭示了nxrABnarGHInasABpmo-amoABCmmo基因的协同作用具有完整的甲烷和氮代谢途径。由此可知,目前对湖泊中甲烷氧化菌的研究主要集中在环境因素对甲烷氧化菌群落多样性和丰度的影响等方面,而针对甲烷氧化菌的代谢功能的研究相对较少。
因此,本研究选择贵州省贵阳市阿哈湖水库沉积物作为研究对象,采集环湖沉积物、湖心沉积物及上覆水,分析基本理化性质,利用宏基因组学技术和实时荧光定量PCR研究沉积物中的甲烷氧化菌的群落结构,分析与碳(包括甲烷)、氮、硫代谢有关的代谢途径,为该类型湖泊在水生态安全、水资源利用和水环境保护等方面提供理论支撑,并对后续甲烷氧化菌的利用提供数据支撑。
阿哈湖水库位于贵阳市南明河支流小车河上游,属长江流域乌江水系,正常水位1 110 m,最大水深24 m,平均水深13 m,水面面积4.31 km2,流域面积190 km2,库容0.54亿m3,湖水寄宿时间为0.44年[16]。阿哈湖水库是贵阳市重要的水源保护地,与人们日常生活息息相关,由于受到人类活动的影响,导致阿哈湖水库环湖沉积物和湖心沉积物中的微生物存在较大差异,因此本研究分别采集了环湖和湖心的沉积物进行分析,在研究沉积物中微生物的分布特征的同时,对比分析环湖和湖心沉积物中微生物之间的差异。
采样阿哈湖水库环湖和湖心沉积物,每个样点选取0.5 m×0.5 m作为1个样方,每个样方内随机选择1−2个点样品,所有的沉积物均为0−10 cm的表层沉积物,然后将其混合,共采集7个样品,其中环湖沉积物样品5个(AH1−AH5),湖心样品2个(AH6−AH7) (图1)。每个样品分装为2份,一份装入50 mL灭菌离心管后立即放入干冰桶(−80 ℃)中,用于宏基因组学分析;另一份装入自封袋中,冷藏(4 ℃)带回实验室,用于理化指标分析。
上履水的酸碱度(pH)、氧化还原电位(oxidation-reduction potential, ORP)使用便携式多参数测定仪(哈希公司)进行现场测定。沉积物的pH值以及电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)则按照贺蓓等[17]的方法进行测定分析,将冷冻干燥之后的沉积物过2 mm的土壤筛,然后和去离子水按照1:5的质量比混合提取5 h,采用便携式多参数测定仪进行测定。总氮(total nitrogen, TN)参考《土壤质量全氮的测定凯氏法(HJ 717—2014)》[18]进行分析;总磷(total phosphorus, TP)参考《土壤总磷的测定碱熔-钼锑抗分光光度法(HJ 632—2011)》[19]进行分析。有机质参考鲍士旦《土壤农化分析(第3版)》[20]重铬酸钾法进行分析。阴离子根据杨叶琴等[21]的方法利用离子色谱(ICS-1100)对阴离子种类和浓度进行分析。
将采集到的沉积物送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司,通过实时荧光定量PCR分析好氧甲烷氧化菌pmoA基因和反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌16S rRNA基因,引物分别为A189F/mb661R[22]和p1F/p1R[23],测试过程中采用荧光定量PCR仪(Applied Biosystems)。
将采集到的沉积物送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司,使用FastDNATM Spin Kit For Soil试剂盒(MP Bio)提取样品的总DNA,并利用NanoDrop 2000法和Quantus Fluorometer (Picogreen)法分别检验DNA的纯度和浓度,利用1%的琼脂糖胶对适量样品的DNA的完整性进行检测,然后对检测合格并且纯化后的片段进行大约400 bp的剪切,然后进行接头连接,使用磁珠筛选去除接头自连片段,利用PCR扩增进行文库模板的富集,磁珠回收PCR产物得到最终的文库,文库构建之后就进行桥式PCR和高通量测序(测序平台:Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台)。测序后得到的数据使用fastp进行质量控制,获得高质量的质控数据,然后使用Megahit软件[24]针对不同测序深度序列进行拼接组装,对拼接结果中的contigs使用MetaGene[25]进行开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)预测,将其翻译为氨基酸序列。使用CD-HIT软件对所有样品中预测出来的基因序列进行聚类(默认参数值为:90% identity,90% coverage),构建非冗余基因集。然后使用DIAMOND[26-27]将非冗余基因集与非冗余(non-redundant, NR)数据库、京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)数据库进行比对(BLAST比对参数设置期望值e-value为le−5),以获得各个分类学水平上物种在各个样本中的丰度;使用KOBAS 2.0[28]进行KEGG功能注释,然后基于KEGG直系同源(KEGG orthology, KO)、pathway、酶通路(enzyme pathways, EC)、Module对应的基因丰度综合计算该功能类别的丰度。
基于物种类型建立两个基因集,第一个是阿哈湖水库沉积物细菌基因集,该基因集包括本研究样本中所有细菌基因,用于分析阿哈湖水库沉积物整体细菌群落结构。另一个是阿哈湖水库沉积物甲烷氧化菌基因集,该基因集仅包含本研究样本中所有甲烷氧化菌基因,用于分析阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌的群落结构及其功能。基于R语言对样本进行主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA),用于分析不同采样点之间甲烷氧化菌群落和功能之间的差异;利用IBM SPSS Statistic软件对甲烷氧化菌基因丰度与环境因子进行Spearman相关性分析,环境因子对甲烷氧化菌的物种和功能进行Mental相关性分析,用于分析对甲烷氧化菌群落有显著影响的环境因子。
阿哈湖水库上覆水及沉积物的理化性质如表1所示,上覆水的pH平均值为8.46,ORP平均值为0.59,各采样点相差不大。环湖沉积物的pH、EC、TN、TP、有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)、硝酸盐(nitrate, NO3)和硫酸盐(sulfate, SO42−)的平均值分别为8.02、143.9 μS/cm、1 948.72 mg/kg、389.86 mg/kg、55.72 g/kg、0.26 mg/L和3.18 mg/L。湖心沉积物的pH、EC、TN、TP、SOM、NO3和SO42−的平均值分别为7.33、243.7 μS/cm、1 636.41 mg/kg、387.14 mg/kg、42.11 g/kg、0.27 mg/L和37.78 mg/L。由此可知,湖心沉积物的SO42−浓度高于环湖沉积物,而湖心沉积物的SOM低于环湖沉积物。湖心沉积物的SO42−浓度明显高于环湖沉积物的原因可能有:(1) 湖心处水深大于湖边,厌氧程度高于湖边;(2) 湖边的硫酸盐随着水流汇入湖心,在湖心处沉降至湖心沉积物处;(3) 湖心沉水植物的微生物厌氧降解时间比湖边长,导致硫酸盐积累更多。
针对好氧甲烷氧化菌的pmoA基因和反硝化型甲烷氧化菌的16S rRNA基因进行定量PCR分析,以表征两类甲烷氧化菌的丰度。结果显示(图2),阿哈湖水库沉积物中好氧甲烷氧化菌的丰度范围为1.89×106−2.80×108 copies/g,环湖沉积物中基因丰度最大的是AH1 (2.80×108 copies/g),湖心沉积物中基因丰度最大的是AH7 (4.57×107 copies/g),丰度平均值为6.16×107 copies/g。反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌的丰度范围为1.53×106−6.96×107 copies/g,环湖沉积物中基因丰度最大的是AH5 (6.96×107 copies/g),湖心沉积物中基因丰度最大的是AH7 (2.53×106 copies/g),丰度平均值为2.84×107 copies/g。
沉积物样品(AH1−AH7)的reads经过过滤处理后,共获得了319 140 648条clean reads,每个样品的reads数目范围为41 523 508−48 567 300。质控之后的reads占原始数据reads的平均百分比为98.7%。对contigs进行评估发现,contigs平均N50和N90分别为498 bp和332 bp,说明组装结果及序列长度可用。
基于阿哈湖水库沉积物细菌基因集,将阿哈湖水库不同类型水体沉积物中的微生物进行物种注释。结果显示,注释到的细菌分为124门166纲422目804科2 206属12 474种。在属水平上(图3A),环湖沉积物中的优势菌属为脱氯单胞菌属(Dechloromonas, 1.85%)、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium, 1.72%)、类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacter, 1.43%)和土壤红色杆形菌属(Solirubrobacter, 1.02%)。湖心沉积物中的优势菌属为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter, 1.29%)、脱氯单胞菌属(Dechloromonas, 0.94%)和类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacter, 0.69%)。
基于阿哈湖水库沉积物甲烷氧化菌基因集,阿哈湖水库沉积物中的甲烷氧化菌在AH1−AH7中的占比分别为2.42%、0.56%、0.55%、0.63%、0.58%、0.76%和0.87%。对于甲烷氧化菌来说,环湖沉积物中AH1的甲烷氧化菌的相对丰度较大,其余几个样本的相对丰度相差不大。将阿哈湖水库不同类型水体沉积物中的甲烷氧化菌进行物种注释。结果显示,注释到的甲烷氧化菌分为3门4纲4目6科14属52种。由于AH1点的特殊性,将其单独列出计算。在属水平下(图3B),AH1的优势甲烷氧化菌为甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter, 0.26%),甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas, 0.05%)和甲烷八叠球菌属(Methylosarcina, 0.04%)。环湖沉积物(除AH1点位外的AH2、AH3、AH4和AH5)中的优势甲烷氧化菌为反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌(Candidatus_Methylomirabilis, 0.06%)、甲基孢囊菌属(Methylocystis, 0.03%)和甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas, 0.03%)。湖心沉积物中的优势甲烷氧化菌为甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter, 0.07%)、甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas, 0.04%)和反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌(Candidatus_Methylomirabilis, 0.04%),丰度较小。水库沉积物中主要的好氧甲烷氧化菌是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter) (0.37%)和甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas) (0.12%),主要的厌氧甲烷氧化菌是Candidatus_Methylomirabilis (0.12%)。上述结果说明阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌主要是Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌,其氧化甲烷的过程主要是好氧氧化。
基于阿哈湖水库生境甲烷氧化菌基因集,将其与KEGG的基因数据库进行比对,BLAST比对参数设置期望值(e-value)为le−5。结果显示,阿哈湖水库生境甲烷氧化菌基因集中,与甲烷代谢相关的功能基因共2种,分别为甲醇脱氢酶(细胞色素)亚基mxaF (K14028)和甲烷/氨单加氧酶亚基ApmoA (K10944);与碳代谢相关的功能基因共10种,分别为乙酰辅酶A羧化酶羧基转移酶α亚基accA (K01962)、乌头酸水合酶基因acnA (K01681)、二氢硫辛酰胺脱氢酶基因pdhD (K00382)、Ⅰ类富马酸水合酶基因fumA (K01676)、Ⅱ类富马酸水合酶基因fumC (K01679)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NAD+)基因IDH3 (K00030)、苹果酸脱氢酶基因mdh (K00024)、2-氧戊二酸脱氢酶基因sucA (K00164)、核酮糖-1, 5-二磷酸羧(化)酶Ⅰ大亚基rbcL (K01601)、富马酸还原酶基因frdA (K00239);与氮代谢相关的功能基因共19种,分别为羟胺氧化酶亚基hao (K10535),周质异化硝酸盐还原酶亚基AnapA (K02567),膜结合硝酸盐还原酶α、β、γ亚基narGnarHnarI (K00370、K00371、K00374),硝酸盐还原酶2, α、β、γ亚基narZnarYnarV (K00370、K00371、K00374),亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶α、β亚基nxrAnxrB (K00370、K00371),同化硝酸还原酶催化亚基nasA (K00372),固氮酶钼铁蛋白α、β亚基nifDnifH (K02586、K02588),固氮酶铁蛋白亚基nifK (K02591),亚硝酸盐还原酶(NADH)亚基B、DnirBnirD (K00362、K00363),含铜亚硝酸盐还原酶基因nirK (K00368),一氧化氮还原酶亚基B、CnorBnorC (K04561、K02305);与硫代谢相关的功能基因共5种,分别为亚硫酸盐还原酶基因cysJ (K00380)、腺苷硫酸盐合成酶基因cysC (K00860)、硫酸腺苷酸转移酶基因cysD (K00957)、硫酸盐转运系统ATP结合蛋白酶基因cysA (K02045)和硫醌氧化还原酶sqr (K17218)。以上结果说明阿哈湖湿地甲烷氧化菌基因集中,甲烷代谢功能基因主要与甲烷氧化有关,碳代谢功能基因主要与三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA)、卡尔文循环(Calvin cycle)有关,氮代谢功能基因与固氮、硝化、反硝化和同化硝酸盐还原过程有关,硫代谢功能基因与同化硫酸盐还原、硫酸盐运输和硫酸盐异化还原有关。
基于KEGG数据库对阿哈湖水库生境甲烷氧化菌基因集进行注释(图4),结果显示阿哈湖水库生境甲烷氧化菌基因集共注释到6大类功能。其中,丰度最大的功能是代谢(67.51%),其次是遗传信息处理(9.83%)、环境信息处理(9.45%)、人类疾病(5.89%)、细胞过程(4.91%)和组织系统(2.42%)。对于代谢中的甲烷代谢、碳代谢、氮代谢和硫代谢的完整途径进行了进一步分析,发现存在2条与甲烷代谢相关的完整路径,分别为丝氨酸途径同化甲醛(M00346)和单磷酸核酮糖途径同化甲醛(M00345);存在11条与碳代谢相关的完整途径,分别为糖酵解(Embden-Meyerhof途径) (M00001)、涉及三碳化合物核心模块的糖酵解(M00002)、丙酮酸氧化(M00307)、柠檬酸盐循环(citrate cycle)(M00009)、第一次碳氧化的柠檬酸盐氧化(M00010)、第二次碳氧化的柠檬酸盐氧化(M00011)、磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway) (M00004)氧化相的磷酸戊糖通路(M00006)、非氧化相的磷酸戊糖通路(M00007)、Entner-Doudoroff途径(M00008);存在4条与氮代谢相关的完整途径,分别为固氮(M00175)、二同化硝酸盐还原(M00530)、硝化(M00528)、完全硝化和共混(M00804);存在1条与硫代谢相关的完整途径,为同化硫酸盐还原(M00176)。
在属水平下,利用Bray Curtis算法对阿哈湖水库沉积物中的甲烷氧化菌进行物种(图5A)和功能(图5B)的PCoA分析。采样点在PCoA图上空间距离越近,意味着其微生物群落结构越相似[29]。AH1和湖心沉积物AH6、AH7与其余4个点在物种与功能图上均相距甚远,说明这3个点与其余采样点在甲烷氧化菌群落结构与功能上都存在显著差异。AH2−AH5这4个点在物种与功能图上距离较近,并且在物种图上AH3与AH5几近完全重叠,在功能图上AH2与AH3几近完全重叠,说明AH3与AH5的甲烷氧化菌群落结构相似度很高,AH2与AH3的甲烷氧化菌功能相似度很高。
在属水平下,进一步分析阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌的相对丰度与环境因子(ORP、pH、EC、TP、TN、SOM、NO3、SO42−)之间的关系(图6)。由图6可知pH、EC、TN和SOM与甲烷氧化菌种类之间的相关性较低,ORP、NO3和SO42−均与Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌:甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)、甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)、甲基八叠球菌属(Methyloscarcina)、甲基嗜热菌属(Methylocaldum)、甲基需盐菌属(Methylomicrobium)、甲基球菌属(Merthylococcus)、甲基盐菌属(Methylohalobius)、厌氧甲烷氧化菌Candidatua_Methylomirabilis和疣微菌门甲烷氧化菌(Methylacidiphilum)呈正相关,与部分Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌:甲基弯曲菌属(Methylosinus)、甲基荚膜菌属(Methylocapsa)、甲基胞菌属(Methylocella)、Methyloferula呈负相关。TP与Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌呈正相关,NO3仅与Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌呈显著正相关,ORP和SO42−与疣微菌门甲烷氧化菌呈显著正相关。因此,显著影响阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌分布的主要环境因子为ORP、TP、NO3和SO42−
表2可知,好氧甲烷氧化菌的丰度与SOM、TP相关性较低,与ORP、EC、NO3和SO42−呈正相关,与pH、TN呈负相关;厌氧甲烷氧化菌与EC相关性较低,与NO3无相关性,与pH、TP、TN和SOM呈正相关,与ORP呈负相关,与SO42−呈显著负相关。
表3可知,ORP、EC、TP、TN、NO3、SO42−、SOM与物种相关性较低,pH与物种呈负相关;ORP、pH、TP、NO3、SO42−、SOM与功能相关性较低,TN与功能呈正相关,EC功能呈负相关。
好氧甲烷氧化菌氧化甲烷的主要过程是利用细胞中的甲烷单加氧酶催化大气中的甲烷氧化成甲醇,然后甲醇被甲醇脱氢酶氧化生成甲醛,最后通过丝氨酸途径(Ⅱ型)或单磷酸核酮糖途径(Ⅰ型)将甲醛转化成细胞物质[30]。好氧甲烷氧化菌可分成3类,Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型以及其他(极端嗜甲酸菌)[31]。本研究发现阿哈湖水库沉积物中好氧甲烷氧化菌的丰度为0.90%,以Ⅰ型为主。据研究报道,在许多淡水湖泊沉积物中Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌占主导地位,如Mårn湖[甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)]、Illersjön湖[甲基微菌属(Methylomicrobium)]和Lillsjön湖[甲基八叠球菌属(Methylosarcina)][32],布歇尔湖[深水区是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter),浅水区是甲基球菌属(Methylococcus)][33],Alinen-Mustajärvi湖和Mekkojärvi湖[甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)][34]。亚北极解冻湖泊Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌特别是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)占主导地位[35]。贫营养淡水湖(Lake Constance, Germany)中甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)占主导地位[36];富营养化湖泊中占主导地位的是I型(Methylococcus)和Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌[37],芬兰一个富营养化淡水湖也存在类似的甲烷氧化菌群落组成[38]。贝加尔湖滨海温泉沉积物中以Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌(MethylocystisMethylosinus)为优势菌属[39]。综上所述,本文的研究结果进一步证明了Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌是淡水湖泊的优势好氧甲烷氧化菌。
反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌甲烷氧化的主要过程是在厌氧条件下以NO2/NO3为电子受体,将CH4氧化成CO2的同时完成脱氮[40]。在阿哈湖水库沉积物中均检测出了反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌的存在。这种菌因为生长缓慢、细胞倍增时间长,很难获得纯培养物,但是随着微生物学及分子检测技术的发展,发现并证实了在湖泊[41]、河流[42]、稻田[43]和深海冷泉[44]等环境中反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌的广泛存在。反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌不仅能消耗NO2/NO3和甲烷,还能参与生态系统中的碳、氮和硫循环,说明反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌是参与物质循环和微生物消耗NO2/NO3与甲烷的一种重要微生物。
阿哈湖水库沉积物好氧甲烷氧化菌丰度平均值为6.16×107 copies/g,与内蒙古湖泊沉积物中好氧甲烷氧化菌的丰度大致相同[45],反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌的丰度平均值为2.84×107 copies/g,该丰度远高于三峡库区消落带反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌的丰度[46]。除去AH1这个采样点是好氧甲烷氧化菌的丰度远高于反硝化型甲烷氧化菌的丰度外,环湖沉积物的其余四点都是反硝化型高于好氧型,这可能是因为AH2−AH5这4个采样点靠近附近居民的菜地,受到了一些人为污染,而AH1这个采样点附近少居民居住,基本上没有人为污染。
经过对阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌的功能注释,发现存在的代谢途径包括甲烷代谢(2条)、碳代谢(11条)、氮代谢(4条)和硫代谢(1条)。有研究发现深层沉积物中甲烷的厌氧氧化可能由厌氧甲烷氧化古菌与硫酸盐还原细菌联合的硫酸盐型厌氧甲烷氧化过程实现,同时还能对硫酸盐进行还原[47-48],证实了甲烷氧化菌有参与硫代谢的潜力。Chistoserdova等[49]和Yang等[50]的研究中提到甲烷氧化菌参与碳同化,证实了甲烷氧化菌有参加碳循环并起着重要作用。疣微菌门甲烷氧化菌Methylacidiphilum菌株SolV具有固氮作用[51]并参与氨氧化和亚硝酸盐还原过程[52],都与氮循环有关。本研究中对PCoA结果分析发现,环湖沉积物中甲烷氧化菌的物种和功能代谢与湖心沉积物存在很大差异,其原因是沿湖的人为活动会对水体中的甲烷循环以及与其相关的微生物群落造成影响。此外,湖心沉积物中甲烷氧化菌的物种和功能代谢也可能受到了氧浓度的影响[33,53]。例如,比利时Dendre石坑湖在春冬两季(水中溶解氧浓度较高)就是以好氧氧化为主,而到了夏秋两季(水中溶解氧浓度较低)则几乎完全是厌氧氧化[54],夏品华等[55]研究发现水位梯度的变化会对好氧甲烷氧化菌的群落结构造成一定的影响。相关研究结论进一步证实甲烷氧化菌参与了各类微生物代谢,并与代谢过程联系紧密。
通过阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌与环境因子的相关性分析,可以发现ORP、TP、NO3和SO42−显著影响甲烷氧化菌的分布。阿哈湖水库是一个与人类生活区域紧密联系的湖泊,附近居民日常生活产生的人为污染流入湖泊中,水体受到污染影响水中溶解氧浓度,使水体的ORP受到影响。在氧跃层底部氧浓度低的地方好氧氧化菌的活性最高[56],Chowdhury等[57]研究中提到专性好氧甲烷氧化菌的活性受到强氧化土壤中有效氧的限制。相较于Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌而言,Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌在同化甲醛的过程中需要较多磷,所以磷浓度增加时Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌的相对丰度也会增加,因此总磷会影响Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌的群落结构[58-59]。有研究表明,硝酸盐会抑制甲烷氧化菌氧化甲烷速率[60],Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌具有固定分子氮的能力,在氮浓度较高的情况,Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌生长速率较Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌慢,因此NO3含量是影响甲烷氧化菌的重要环境因素。湖泊沉积物中甲烷的厌氧氧化存在电子受体SO42−[61-63],缺氧条件下,硫酸盐(SO42−)依赖的厌氧甲烷氧化(SO42−-AOM)[64]可以消耗甲烷[65],硫酸盐浓度显著影响了甲烷氧化菌活性[66]及其氧化速率[61],并且一定浓度的硫酸盐可以显著影响硝酸盐-反硝化甲烷厌氧氧化(硝酸盐-DAMO)的反硝化速率[67]
(1) 阿哈湖水库沉积物的AH1、环湖沉积物与湖心沉积物中的好氧甲烷氧化菌以Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌中的甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter) (AH1:0.26%、湖心:0.07%)和甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas) (AH1:0.05%、环湖:0.03%、湖心:0.04%)为主。
(2) 在阿哈湖水库沉积物的甲烷氧化菌基因集中,共注释到6大类功能,其中甲烷代谢、碳代谢、氮代谢和硫代谢的完整途径和功能基因的数量分别为2、11、4和1条以及2、10、19和5种。
(3) 阿哈湖水库沉积物中Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌和疣微菌门甲烷氧化菌与ORP呈显著正相关,Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌与ORP呈负相关,说明阿哈湖水库生境中Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌与Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌在对O2的适应性上有显著差异。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42267064)
  • 贵州省科技计划(黔科中引地[2022]4022)
  • 贵州省教育厅高等学校科技创新团队(黔教技[2023]056)
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2024年第64卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230532
  • 接收时间:2023-08-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-17
  • 录用日期:2023-12-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42267064)
国家自然科学基金(42267064)
Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Development Project(QKZYD[2022]4022)
贵州省科技计划(黔科中引地[2022]4022)
Science and Technology Innovation Team of Education Agency of Guizhou Province(Qian Jiao Ji [2023]056)
贵州省教育厅高等学校科技创新团队(黔教技[2023]056)
作者信息
    1 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院 喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵州 贵阳 550025
    2 贵州喀斯特环境生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站, 贵州 贵阳 550025
    3 黔南生态环境监测中心, 贵州 都匀 558013

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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