Article(id=1241357436423041812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230637, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697472000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1703001600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-20, onlineDate=1773892276149, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892276149, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892276149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892276149, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=938, endPage=952, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357436808917802, articleId=1241357436423041812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=A novel antimicrobial peptide A2M3 derived from human alpha-2-macroglobulin inhibitsStaphylococcus aureus, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the inhibitory effect and mechanism of an antimicrobial peptide (A2M3) derived from alpha-2-macroglobulin identified in the human nasal cavity againstStaphylococcus aureus. [Methods] The mass spectrometry results of the human nasal liquid were analyzed, on the basis of which bioinformatic tools were used for the screening of potential antimicrobial peptides. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill curve of A2M3 againstS.aureus were determined by the microdilution method and plate colony counting method. Then, transmission electron microscopy, PI uptake assay, flow cytometry, and determination of nucleic acid protein leakage were employed to study the effects of A2M3 on the membrane integrity and permeability ofS.aureus. Finally, the effect of A2M3 on the genomic DNA ofS.aureus was investigated by the gel retardation assay and fluorescence spectroscopy. [Results] A2M3 showed an MIC of 125.0 µg/mL againstS.aureus and killed the bacteria completely within 3 h. A2M3 increased the cell membrane permeability to penetrate intoS.aureus cells, leading to leakage of nucleic acids and proteins as well as insertion into DNA base pairs to interfere with the gene function, resulting in the death of the cells. [Conclusion] The inhibitory mechanism of A2M3 againstS.aureus involves multiple targets. The antimicrobial peptide alters the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane and affects the gene function, thus exerting the inhibitory activity. The findings reveal that antimicrobial peptides could be screened and isolated from human body fluids for potential application.

, correspAuthors=Rong LIN, Shen YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LIN Rong, E-mail:;
YANG Shen, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuenan FAN, Rong LIN, Ritian JIN, Duo LIANG, Xujian QIU, Shen YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241357440361493444, articleId=1241357436423041812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一种源自人α-2-巨球蛋白的抗菌肽A2M3及其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】在人的鼻腔中鉴定出一种源自α-2-巨球蛋白的抗菌肽(命名为A2M3),并探究其对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的抑菌作用和机制。【方法】结合生物信息学技术对人类鼻液的质谱结果进行分析,并筛选潜在抗菌肽;通过微量稀释法和平板涂布法分别分析A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)和时间杀伤曲线(time-kill curve);采用透射电镜、碘化丙锭(propidium iodide, PI)摄取实验、流式细胞术和核酸蛋白质泄露实验分析A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌膜完整性、膜通透性的影响;通过凝胶阻滞实验和荧光光谱实验探究A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA的影响。【结果】利用生物信息学技术筛选出源自α-2-巨球蛋白的潜在抗菌肽A2M3,其对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为125.0 µg/mL,且能在3 h内完全杀灭细菌。A2M3通过增加细胞膜的通透性,促使核酸和蛋白质泄漏,继而穿过细胞膜嵌入DNA的碱基对,影响细菌的基因功能,从而导致菌体死亡。【结论】A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制涉及多靶点协同作用,能够改变细菌细胞膜的通透性,影响细菌的基因功能。这一发现揭示了从人体体液中筛选和分离抗菌功能肽的潜在应用价值。

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2 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
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2 集美大学 福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
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WANG JY, WANG RC, ZHANG BW, BO LT, CHEN ZS, YANG H, SUN LM.Antimicrobial peptides for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections[J].Drug Resistance Updates,2023,68:100954., articleTitle=Antimicrobial peptides for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241444405190644031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, doi=10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20201105-056, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=19, pageStart=114, pageEnd=121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=食品科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨昆, 王欢, 高洁, 李钰芳, 赵琼, 施娅楠, 黄艾祥.抗菌肽BCp12对大肠杆菌壁膜及DNA损伤的作用机制[J].食品科学,2021,42(19):114-121., articleTitle=抗菌肽BCp12对大肠杆菌壁膜及DNA损伤的作用机制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241444405320667460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, doi=10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20201105-056, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=19, pageStart=114, pageEnd=121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=Food Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG K, WANG H, GAO J, LI YF, ZHAO Q, SHI YN, HUANG AX.Mechanism by which antimicrobial peptide BCp12 acts on the cell wall and membrane ofEscherichia coli cells and induces DNA damage[J].Food Science,2021,42(19):114-121 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Mechanism by which antimicrobial peptide BCp12 acts on the cell wall and membrane ofEscherichia coli cells and induces DNA damage, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241444388216295444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, awardId=2023N5008, language=EN, fundingSource=Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2023N5008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444388312764442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, 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purification process of peptide A2M3., figureFileSmall=4qcyOeMApVHih5Oxqf4dew==, figureFileBig=4lwSBkFbVvIlgVk1pNniVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382319104865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=CN, label=图2, caption=肽A2M3的合成纯化过程, figureFileSmall=4qcyOeMApVHih5Oxqf4dew==, figureFileBig=4lwSBkFbVvIlgVk1pNniVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382470099819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Time-kill curve of peptide A2M3 againstStaphylococcus aureus. 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Arrow 1: Cell membrane with blurred edges and irregular shape; Arrow 2: Cell membranes ruptured and contents released., figureFileSmall=QxCxM3zZJfm+ICRnJiKw7A==, figureFileBig=lZJXk5QdOVhaV7X45NQ6LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382801449864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=CN, label=图4, caption=金黄色葡萄球菌的透射电镜图像, figureFileSmall=QxCxM3zZJfm+ICRnJiKw7A==, figureFileBig=lZJXk5QdOVhaV7X45NQ6LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382897918866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Changes of intracellular membrane permeability ofStaphylococcus aureus treated with peptide A2M3., figureFileSmall=gGmMvml0ORxgng2Y622r0Q==, figureFileBig=6W+CDBYTnRl0hzvpNjNTRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444384894407575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=CN, label=图5, caption=肽A2M3处理后金黄色葡萄球菌细胞内透膜通透性的变化, figureFileSmall=gGmMvml0ORxgng2Y622r0Q==, figureFileBig=6W+CDBYTnRl0hzvpNjNTRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444385007653793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Permeability of peptide A2M3 toStaphylococcus aureus cell membranes assessed by flow cytometry., figureFileSmall=jxukYxzLXOA/+Phcl/zJyw==, figureFileBig=LeWRg+tDU3YgbNIxZnNT2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444385137677223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=CN, label=图6, caption=通过流式细胞仪评估肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜的渗透性, figureFileSmall=jxukYxzLXOA/+Phcl/zJyw==, figureFileBig=LeWRg+tDU3YgbNIxZnNT2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444385259312045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Leakage of nucleic acid and protein in bacterial cells after peptide A2M3 treatment. A: Leakage of intracellular nucleic acids at 260 nm. B: Leakage of intracellular proteins at 280 nm. Data shown represent one of three independent experiments and the values represent mean±SD (n=3); *:P < 0.05; ***:P < 0.001; ****:P < 0.000 1., figureFileSmall=oqJOoYpI8O+Kd4y8weHxZg==, figureFileBig=kmY8lAyVnXVqm+OukiGv9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444386765067189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=CN, label=图7, caption=肽A2M3处理后细菌细胞中核酸和蛋白质的泄漏, figureFileSmall=oqJOoYpI8O+Kd4y8weHxZg==, figureFileBig=kmY8lAyVnXVqm+OukiGv9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444386899284928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=3D structure prediction of peptide A2M3., figureFileSmall=ohzRKYQY3RqzkoTtm/hoWQ==, figureFileBig=PFAQkRF6xEEA4A4YlXx9tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387033502666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=CN, label=图8, caption=肽A2M3的三维结构预测, figureFileSmall=ohzRKYQY3RqzkoTtm/hoWQ==, figureFileBig=PFAQkRF6xEEA4A4YlXx9tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387159331798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Gel retardation analysis of the interaction between peptide A2M3 and DNA ofStaphylococcus aureus. Lane 1: DNA marker; Lane 2−7: Peptide A2M3 mass ratios of 100:1, 50:1, 25:1, 25:2, 25:4, 0., figureFileSmall=aPqwwyXqWkgAATEf8emm+w==, figureFileBig=kdEt1+FjPFHzOXrNaksgDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387285160926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=CN, label=图9, caption=凝胶阻滞分析肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌DNA的相互作用, figureFileSmall=aPqwwyXqWkgAATEf8emm+w==, figureFileBig=kdEt1+FjPFHzOXrNaksgDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387385824230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Fluorescence spectra of peptide A2M3 competing with EB for binding to DNA ofStaphylococcus aureus., figureFileSmall=+x2Fr/BFJdCjexrm1t9tkQ==, figureFileBig=ClvOsTF9vKktd1i8Q7BXfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387490681835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=CN, label=图10, caption=肽A2M3与EB竞争性结合金黄色葡萄球菌DNA的荧光光谱, figureFileSmall=+x2Fr/BFJdCjexrm1t9tkQ==, figureFileBig=ClvOsTF9vKktd1i8Q7BXfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387608122357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357436423041812, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of potential antimicrobial peptides of alpha-2-macroglobulin

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Peptide sequencesLength (AA)Net chargeHydrophobic ratio (%)Mw (Da)Domain
AAQVTIQSSGTFSSK15+133.001 511.2
AFALAGNQDK10050.001 034.1
AVDQSVLLMKPDAELSASSVYNLLPEK27−244.002 918.4A2M_N_2
AVLPTGDVIGDSAK14−143.001 342.5A2M_N_2
DLTGFPGPLNDQDNEDCINRHNVYINGITYTPVSSTNEK39−423.004 352.7
DMYSFLEDMGLK12−242.001 448.7
DTVIKPLLVEPEGLEK16−238.001 780.1
FEVQVTVPK9044.001 046.2
FQVDNNNR8025.001 006.1
GHFSISIPVK10140.001 084.3A2M_N_2
GPTQEFK7014.00805.9
GTHGLLVK8138.00824.0A2M_N_2
GYLNTGYQR9+111.001 071.2
HVEEPHTETVR11−218.001 333.5
HYDGSYSTFGER12−18.001 418.5
IAQWQSFQLEGGLK14043.001 604.9
KDNSVHWER9022.001 170.3
KPQYMVLVPSLLHTETTEK19032.002 214.6
LHTEAQIQEEGTVVELTGR19−332.002 110.3
LLLQQVSLPELPGEYSMK18−139.002 045.4
LPPNVVEESAR11−136.001 210.4
LSFSPSQSLPASHAHLR17+135.001 835.1A2M_N_2
PFFGQVR7+143.00850.0
PQLQQYEMHGPEGLR15−120.001 783.0
QFSFPLSSEPFQGSYK16025.001 849.0
QQNAQGGFSSTQDTVVALHALSK23035.002 387.6
QTVSWAVTPK10+140.001 116.3
RTTVMVK7+243.00834.1
SASNMAIVDVK11055.001 134.3A2M-recep
SLNEEAVK8−138.00889.0
SSSNEEVMFLTVQVK15−140.001 698.0
TAQEGDHGSHVYTK14−114.001 529.6
TEHPFTVEEFVLPK14−236.001 672.9
TEVSSNHVLIYLDK14−136.001 617.9A2M-recep
VGFYESDVMGR11−136.001 259.4
VSVQLEASPAFLAVPVEK18−156.001 884.2
VVSMDENFHPLNELIPL17−347.001 967.3
AFQPFFVEL9−167.001 097.3A2M
DLKPAIVK8+150.00883.1A2M-recep
GVPIPNK7+129.00723.9
NQGNTWLTAF10040.001 151.2
SGFIPLKPTVK11+236.001 186.5A2M-recep
VLNYLPK7+143.00846.0A2M
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源自α-2-巨球蛋白中潜在抗菌肽的理化参数

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Peptide sequencesLength (AA)Net chargeHydrophobic ratio (%)Mw (Da)Domain
AAQVTIQSSGTFSSK15+133.001 511.2
AFALAGNQDK10050.001 034.1
AVDQSVLLMKPDAELSASSVYNLLPEK27−244.002 918.4A2M_N_2
AVLPTGDVIGDSAK14−143.001 342.5A2M_N_2
DLTGFPGPLNDQDNEDCINRHNVYINGITYTPVSSTNEK39−423.004 352.7
DMYSFLEDMGLK12−242.001 448.7
DTVIKPLLVEPEGLEK16−238.001 780.1
FEVQVTVPK9044.001 046.2
FQVDNNNR8025.001 006.1
GHFSISIPVK10140.001 084.3A2M_N_2
GPTQEFK7014.00805.9
GTHGLLVK8138.00824.0A2M_N_2
GYLNTGYQR9+111.001 071.2
HVEEPHTETVR11−218.001 333.5
HYDGSYSTFGER12−18.001 418.5
IAQWQSFQLEGGLK14043.001 604.9
KDNSVHWER9022.001 170.3
KPQYMVLVPSLLHTETTEK19032.002 214.6
LHTEAQIQEEGTVVELTGR19−332.002 110.3
LLLQQVSLPELPGEYSMK18−139.002 045.4
LPPNVVEESAR11−136.001 210.4
LSFSPSQSLPASHAHLR17+135.001 835.1A2M_N_2
PFFGQVR7+143.00850.0
PQLQQYEMHGPEGLR15−120.001 783.0
QFSFPLSSEPFQGSYK16025.001 849.0
QQNAQGGFSSTQDTVVALHALSK23035.002 387.6
QTVSWAVTPK10+140.001 116.3
RTTVMVK7+243.00834.1
SASNMAIVDVK11055.001 134.3A2M-recep
SLNEEAVK8−138.00889.0
SSSNEEVMFLTVQVK15−140.001 698.0
TAQEGDHGSHVYTK14−114.001 529.6
TEHPFTVEEFVLPK14−236.001 672.9
TEVSSNHVLIYLDK14−136.001 617.9A2M-recep
VGFYESDVMGR11−136.001 259.4
VSVQLEASPAFLAVPVEK18−156.001 884.2
VVSMDENFHPLNELIPL17−347.001 967.3
AFQPFFVEL9−167.001 097.3A2M
DLKPAIVK8+150.00883.1A2M-recep
GVPIPNK7+129.00723.9
NQGNTWLTAF10040.001 151.2
SGFIPLKPTVK11+236.001 186.5A2M-recep
VLNYLPK7+143.00846.0A2M
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Results of MIC determination forStaphylococcus aureus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration (μg/mL)Staphylococcus aureus
A2M3LL-37
MIC125.031.3
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金黄色葡萄球菌MIC的测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration (μg/mL)Staphylococcus aureus
A2M3LL-37
MIC125.031.3
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一种源自人α-2-巨球蛋白的抗菌肽A2M3及其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制
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范学楠 1 , 林蓉 1, 2, 3, * , 金日天 1, 2, 3 , 梁铎 1, 3 , 邱绪健 1, 3 , 杨燊 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(3): 938-952
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(3): 938-952
一种源自人α-2-巨球蛋白的抗菌肽A2M3及其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制
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范学楠1, 林蓉1, 2, 3, * , 金日天1, 2, 3, 梁铎1, 3, 邱绪健1, 3, 杨燊1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院, 福建 厦门 361021
  • 2 集美大学 福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
  • 3 大连工业大学 海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心, 辽宁 大连 116034
A novel antimicrobial peptide A2M3 derived from human alpha-2-macroglobulin inhibitsStaphylococcus aureus
Xuenan FAN1, Rong LIN1, 2, 3, * , Ritian JIN1, 2, 3, Duo LIANG1, 3, Xujian QIU1, 3, Shen YANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
  • 2 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
  • 3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Key Technologies of Deep Processing of Marine Food, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230637
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【目的】在人的鼻腔中鉴定出一种源自α-2-巨球蛋白的抗菌肽(命名为A2M3),并探究其对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的抑菌作用和机制。【方法】结合生物信息学技术对人类鼻液的质谱结果进行分析,并筛选潜在抗菌肽;通过微量稀释法和平板涂布法分别分析A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)和时间杀伤曲线(time-kill curve);采用透射电镜、碘化丙锭(propidium iodide, PI)摄取实验、流式细胞术和核酸蛋白质泄露实验分析A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌膜完整性、膜通透性的影响;通过凝胶阻滞实验和荧光光谱实验探究A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA的影响。【结果】利用生物信息学技术筛选出源自α-2-巨球蛋白的潜在抗菌肽A2M3,其对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为125.0 µg/mL,且能在3 h内完全杀灭细菌。A2M3通过增加细胞膜的通透性,促使核酸和蛋白质泄漏,继而穿过细胞膜嵌入DNA的碱基对,影响细菌的基因功能,从而导致菌体死亡。【结论】A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制涉及多靶点协同作用,能够改变细菌细胞膜的通透性,影响细菌的基因功能。这一发现揭示了从人体体液中筛选和分离抗菌功能肽的潜在应用价值。

鼻液  /  α-2-巨球蛋白  /  金黄色葡萄球菌  /  抗菌肽  /  抑菌机制

[Objective] To study the inhibitory effect and mechanism of an antimicrobial peptide (A2M3) derived from alpha-2-macroglobulin identified in the human nasal cavity againstStaphylococcus aureus. [Methods] The mass spectrometry results of the human nasal liquid were analyzed, on the basis of which bioinformatic tools were used for the screening of potential antimicrobial peptides. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill curve of A2M3 againstS.aureus were determined by the microdilution method and plate colony counting method. Then, transmission electron microscopy, PI uptake assay, flow cytometry, and determination of nucleic acid protein leakage were employed to study the effects of A2M3 on the membrane integrity and permeability ofS.aureus. Finally, the effect of A2M3 on the genomic DNA ofS.aureus was investigated by the gel retardation assay and fluorescence spectroscopy. [Results] A2M3 showed an MIC of 125.0 µg/mL againstS.aureus and killed the bacteria completely within 3 h. A2M3 increased the cell membrane permeability to penetrate intoS.aureus cells, leading to leakage of nucleic acids and proteins as well as insertion into DNA base pairs to interfere with the gene function, resulting in the death of the cells. [Conclusion] The inhibitory mechanism of A2M3 againstS.aureus involves multiple targets. The antimicrobial peptide alters the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane and affects the gene function, thus exerting the inhibitory activity. The findings reveal that antimicrobial peptides could be screened and isolated from human body fluids for potential application.

nasal cavity  /  alpha-2-macroglobulin  /  Staphylococcus aureus  /  antimicrobial peptide  /  antibacterial mechanism
范学楠, 林蓉, 金日天, 梁铎, 邱绪健, 杨燊. 一种源自人α-2-巨球蛋白的抗菌肽A2M3及其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 938 -952 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230637
Xuenan FAN, Rong LIN, Ritian JIN, Duo LIANG, Xujian QIU, Shen YANG. A novel antimicrobial peptide A2M3 derived from human alpha-2-macroglobulin inhibitsStaphylococcus aureus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 938 -952 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230637
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)是临床重要的革兰氏阳性菌,也是一种条件致病菌,它能够定殖在人和动物的皮肤表面和鼻黏膜,引起各种感染性疾病,如心内膜炎、败血症和坏死性肺炎[1-2]。一般情况下,巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞可以将金黄色葡萄球菌清除[3],但细菌逃脱免疫清除后导致免疫细胞死亡,造成脓肿,并通过血液传播到其他免疫器官[4-5]。因此,金黄色葡萄球菌的感染是一个高度动态的过程,能够广泛传播和反复转移[6]。此外,金黄色葡萄球菌是一种适应性很强的菌株,能够形成生物被膜,而生物被膜是造成气管插管和留置鼻饲管等生物材料污染并危及生命的主要原因[7-8]。根据美国医院协会(American Hospital Association, AHA)的调查数据,美国每年因使用医疗器械而导致的医院感染会造成约10万人死亡,并造成240亿美元的经济损失[9]。目前,针对金黄色葡萄球菌的感染有多种抗生素可供选择进行治疗,包括利福平、庆大霉素、万古霉素,但长期使用抗生素容易导致微生物产生耐药性[10]。因此,寻找一种抑菌效果显著且安全无耐药性的新型方法,是现今社会所迫切需要的。
抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptide, AMPs)是一类广泛存在于自然界生物体中的小肽类物质,是机体先天免疫系统的重要组成部分[11]。抗菌肽具有水溶性好、对高等动物毒性低、无耐药性等特点,被认为是抗生素的潜在替代品,在医药行业和食品添加剂等领域具有良好的应用前景[12]。鼻腔是葡萄球菌主要的聚集地,如金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血性葡萄球菌[13]。在正常情况下鼻腔中的葡萄球菌能与机体达到一个平衡的状态,其主要原因是机体能够分泌具有防御功能的因子,如溶菌酶、乳铁蛋白和分泌性白细胞蛋白酶抑制剂(secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, SLPI)等抗菌多肽[14]。宿主防御是鼻分泌物的一个突出功能[15]。有研究发现,将阳离子抗菌多肽从鼻液中除去,会降低鼻液对大肠杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌活性[16]。事实上,鼻黏膜通过阳离子多肽能够直接对细菌的攻击作出反应,选择性破坏细菌细胞壁和膜,这可能也是当鼻内感染病原菌时机体保持健康的原因之一[17]
本研究从人体鼻液中鉴定出一种源自α-2-巨球蛋白的肽(命名为A2M3),并探索了它对鼻腔中常见金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性和作用机制,这些发现将促进抗菌肽的开发,以及其在医学和其他相关领域的潜在应用。
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) NBRC 100910由本实验室收藏,在营养肉汤培养基中于37 ℃生长;正常人肝细胞(LO2细胞)从厦门大学生命科学学院获得,并在37 ℃和5% CO2中培养;肽A2M3由北京中科亚光生物科技有限公司合成;营养肉汤培养基(nutrient broth, NB)和琼脂购自厦门兰博利德生物技术有限公司;细菌DNA提取试剂盒(DP302)购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;碘化丙啶(propidium iodine, PI)、核酸染料、DNA上样缓冲液和Annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)细胞凋亡检测试剂盒购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
超滤膜,Millipore公司;超高效液相色谱仪,Waters公司;H-7650透射电子显微镜,Hitachi公司;质谱仪、多功能酶标仪,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;流式细胞仪,Beckman Coulter有限公司;GelDoc XR凝胶成像系统,Bio-Rad公司。
收集10名健康志愿者[(20±4)岁]的新鲜鼻液样本。所有参与者都提供了书面知情同意书。首先,使用鼻腔冲洗器用无菌水冲洗志愿者鼻腔,将鼻液收集到无菌容器中。然后,将鼻液(1.5 mL)以10 000 r/min的转速离心15 min,上清液经3 kDa超滤膜过滤后在−20 ℃下保存。其次,使用超高效液相色谱-质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrome-try, UPLC-MS)联用技术对鼻液中的多肽序列进行鉴定[18]。结合搜库软件(MAXQUANT v1.6.5.0)搜UniProt Homo sapiens (Human)蛋白库对所得肽段进行序列比对。
使用在线软件APD3 (https://aps.unmc.edu/)计算获得肽的电荷和疏水性,然后,在SMARTBLAST网站预测肽所在的蛋白质结构域(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/smartblast/smartBlast.cgi)。多肽采用固相合成法合成,使用具有Agela C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm)的反相高效液相色谱纯化[19]。通过超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS)测定纯化后肽的纯度。冻干后储存在−20 ℃下。
按Yuan等[20]报道的方法,将金黄色葡萄球菌在20 mL营养肉汤培养基(NB)中37 ℃培养12 h,以达到对数生长期。将细菌悬液在磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS,0.01 mol/L,pH 7.2;下同)中稀释至105−106 CFU/mL,再将肽稀释至不同浓度(1 000.0、500.0、250.0、125.0、62.5、31.3和15.7 µg/mL)。使用96孔板进行实验,每孔分别取50 µL稀释后的菌液和不同浓度的肽等体积混合加入到96孔板。每孔再分别加入100 µL的新鲜营养肉汤培养基(NB),37 ℃孵育12 h。使用等体积的PBS和人源抗菌肽LL-37分别作为阴性对照和阳性对照,重复实验3次,取平均值。最低抑菌浓度(MIC)定义为在37 ℃孵育12 h的96孔板中无可见细菌生长的最低浓度[19]
使用平板菌落计数法测定肽A2M3的时间杀伤曲线,按参考文献[21]方法并加以改进。将金黄色葡萄球菌在37 ℃培养12 h至对数生长期,在无菌PBS中稀释至105−106 CFU/mL。取1×MIC和2×MIC浓度的肽,与菌液等体积混合后于37 ℃孵育3 h。每隔30 min取样涂平板,37 ℃倒置培养24 h后,记录菌落总数。使用等体积的PBS作为空白对照。
透射电子显微镜能够观察肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜的影响。将105−106 CFU/mL的细菌在37 ℃下,用2×MIC的肽A2M3处理3 h,然后2 700 r/min离心10 min,并用PBS洗涤两次;1%的锇酸固定后,乙醇脱水;丙酮处理20 min;样品在70 ℃下烘烤24 h,超薄切片、染色。在H-7650透射电子显微镜下观察和捕获超微结构[22]
取50 μL 105−106 CFU/mL的菌悬液加入到无菌的1.5 mL离心管中,然后加入等体积不同浓度的肽溶液(1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC和4×MIC),以等体积的PBS作为空白为对照。置于37 ℃下培养3 h后加入100 μL碘化丙锭(propidium iodide, PI) (终浓度10 μmol/L)避光孵育15 min。使用多功能酶标仪测定样品在激发波长为550 nm和发射波长为560−750 nm范围内的荧光光谱,检测PI荧光强度。
按参考文献[23]方法,流式细胞术用于测定细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)细胞膜的通透性。将金黄色葡萄球菌在37 ℃培养12 h至对数生长期,取1 mL菌液于1.5 mL离心管中12 000 r/min离心1 min,除去上清液,重悬至1 mL无菌PBS中。将浓度为1×MIC和2×MIC的肽A2M3与菌液等比例混合(> 200 µL),然后放入37 ℃生化培养箱,分别处理1、2、3 h,以PBS作为空白对照组。接下来,将处理过的细菌在室温下用Annexin V-FITC和碘化丙锭(PI)黑暗中染色15 min,采用流式细胞仪进行检测。
为了测定细菌胞内核酸和蛋白质的泄漏量,取−20 ℃保存的金黄色葡萄球菌200 µL接种至NB中,37 ℃、160 r/min摇床培养12 h至细菌的对数生长期,取1 mL菌液于1.5 mL离心管中12 000 r/min离心1 min,除去上清液,重悬至1 mL无菌PBS中。使用0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液稀释菌液与1×MIC、2×MIC浓度的肽等比例混合,在3 h内,每隔1 h在多功能酶标仪上分别测定OD260OD280的吸光度。本实验以等量0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液与细菌等比例混合作为空白对照。
肽A2M3的结构使用在线软件I-TASSER (https://zhanggroup.org/I-TASSER/)进行预测,并利用PyMol 2.5软件进行编辑修改,得到肽A2M3的三维结构。
为了确定所鉴定的肽和细菌基因组DNA之间的潜在相互作用,使用细菌DNA提取试剂盒提取金黄色葡萄球菌的基因组DNA。金黄色葡萄球菌在50 mL营养肉汤培养基(NB)中37 ℃培养12 h,用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA。通过测量260 nm和280 nm处的光密度比值(1.70≤OD260/OD280≤1.90)来评估提取的基因组DNA的纯度。接下来,将10 µL DNA (110 ng/µL)与连续量的肽A2M3在37 ℃下混合孵育90 min (肽: DNA=100:1、50:1、25:1、25:2、25:4、0),再与1 µL的10×DNA上样缓冲液混合,混合后吸取8 µL上样,在1%琼脂糖凝胶上进行电泳(电压110 V)。使用GelDoc XR凝胶成像系统在紫外线照射下曝光20 s,观察DNA凝胶阻滞现象。
溴化乙锭(ethidium bromide, EB)竞争性结合DNA的荧光光谱实验能够分析肽A2M3与金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA的作用方式,根据Zhang等的方法进行适当的改进[24]。用TE缓冲液将金黄色葡萄球菌的基因组DNA (110 ng/μL)稀释为50 ng/mL。向96孔板中加入50 μL的DNA溶液和10 μL 100 µg/mL的EB溶液,37 ℃下避光孵育10 min,然后再加入50 μL的肽溶液(1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC和4×MIC),空白对照用50 μL的PBS代替,混匀后放入37 ℃生化培养箱中,避光孵育30 min。使用多功能酶标仪测定样品在激发波长535 nm及发射波长610−770 nm范围内的荧光光谱。
所有实验重复进行3次,所得的3次独立实验数据均以平均值±标准差(standard deviation, SD)表示。数据使用SPSS Statistics 26软件对实验结果进行分析,采用单因素分析法检验差异显著性比较,P < 0.05表示差异显著。
在人类鼻液的质谱分析中,发现了1 700个肽段,其中43个肽段均来自α-2-巨球蛋白(表1),并利用生物信息学技术对其结构域进行预测(图1)。对鉴定出的43个肽段进行进一步筛选,发现这些肽长度为7–39个氨基酸,净电荷为−4–+2,疏水性范围为8.00%–67.00%。在43种α-2-巨球蛋白衍生肽中,一种1 186.5 Da的11个氨基酸的肽(SGFIPLKPTVK)被命名为A2M3,它的疏水性为36.00%,净电荷为+2,表明它具有良好的抗菌潜力,因此被选中做进一步性能表征。
肽A2M3采用固相合成法合成,结果表明,产物的色谱基线非常稳定,主峰具有足够的对称性。肽A2M3的色谱纯化过程如图2所示。然后对A2M3的产物进行溶解,质谱分析肽A2M3的纯度,纯度达到99.43%。
为了研究肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性,使用化学合成的肽A2M3来测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),为125.0 µg/mL (表2)。从时间杀伤曲线(图3)更能明显地看出,与空白对照组相比,加肽A2M3后的金黄色葡萄球菌的数量显著减少。肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌在1 h开始有明显效果,当浓度为1×MIC时,金黄色葡萄球菌的数量减少了约15.15%;随后继续呈下降趋势,在3 h后,将细菌全部杀灭。研究结果表明,肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果随着作用时间的增加而显著增强。
透射电镜(TEM)能够直观地观察肽A2M3处理后金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜的变化情况。如图4所示,使用PBS处理的细菌,菌体形态正常且饱满,细胞壁及细胞膜的结构完整清晰。2×MIC的肽A2M3处理3 h后,细菌的细胞膜边缘模糊,细胞的形状变得不规则,部分细菌细胞膜破裂,内容物流出,表明抗菌肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞膜具有破坏作用。
为了进一步确定肽A2M3对细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)的影响,先用肽A2M3和对照组处理细菌,然后用碘化丙啶(PI)染色并测定其荧光强度。如图5所示,与对照组相比,肽A2M3处理后的金黄色葡萄球菌的PI荧光信号明显增加,且在较低的浓度下依然会引起明显的荧光增强。使用Annexin V-FITC和PI双染,通过流式细胞术进一步表征肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的作用。不同浓度的肽A2M3 (1×MIC和2×MIC)使细菌细胞的活细胞比例逐渐下降,而死细胞的百分比呈浓度依赖性逐渐增加(图6)。培养1 h后,对照组的活细胞率为99.08%,而1×MIC和2×MIC的活细胞率分别为86.14%和82.88%,孵育3 h后,1×MIC和2×MIC的活细胞率分别降至20.76%和6.26%。研究结果进一步证实,肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞膜通透性产生影响,导致细菌死亡。
通过测定菌悬液离心后的上清在260 nm和280 nm处吸光度的变化,进一步探究细菌细胞膜的通透性。如图7所示,未加肽A2M3的空白组上清液中核酸和蛋白质含量处于一个较低且无明显变化的范围;随着作用时间的延长,实验组的核酸及蛋白质泄露的含量对肽A2M3表现出一定的浓度依赖性。这表明肽A2M3通过增加金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜的通透性,引起胞内的核酸和蛋白质泄露。
因此,根据以上实验结果结合生物信息学预测阳离子肽A2M3的二级结构(图8)可以得出,肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜的通透性产生影响,造成细胞膜破裂,胞内的核酸和蛋白质泄露。
通过DNA凝胶阻滞实验研究肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌DNA的作用。如图9所示,不同质量比的肽A2M3 (100:1、50:1、25:1、25:2、25:4、0)作用于金黄色葡萄球菌的DNA后,菌体DNA条带的亮度发生明显变化。当肽A2M3的质量比增加到100:1时,DNA条带的亮度完全消失;肽A2M3与DNA的比为25:1时,DNA条带的亮度依然比对照组的亮度低。随着肽A2M3质量的减少,DNA条带明显变亮也越清晰。
为了进一步探究肽A2M3与金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA的相互作用,分析了肽A2M3与EB竞争性结合DNA的荧光光谱。当EB被肽A2M3取代,以相同的方式嵌插入DNA,其荧光强度下降。如图10所示,加入肽A2M3的试验组,其荧光强度随着A2M3浓度的升高而降低,且A2M3的浓度越高,其下降趋势越明显。说明肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌DNA的作用方式也是嵌插入DNA的碱基对中,从而影响其正常的生理功能,最终导致菌体死亡。
尽管抗菌肽在来源(天然/合成)、作用机制、结构和理化特性以及治疗领域方面有所不同,但在抗菌肽的开发上仍然有许多共性[25]。一般来说,净电荷范围在+2–+9 (即阳离子)的多肽具有良好的抑菌活性,这是因为阳离子抗菌肽能够与细菌细胞膜上带负电荷的脂多糖静电结合[26]。肽的疏水性氨基酸残基对其抑菌活性也起着关键作用,通常疏水氨基酸的百分比≥30.00%[27]。虽然高的疏水性抗菌肽能够增加与微生物膜的结合亲和力,但疏水性过高会导致肽二聚化,从而削弱其抗菌活性[28]。因此,结合生物信息学分析发现序列A2M3 (SGFIPLKPTVK)具有典型的抗菌肽特征。
α-2-巨球蛋白(A2M)家族蛋白是一种重要的多功能蛋白,通常由多个结构域组成,在后生动物(包括古细菌和细菌)中高度保守[29]。对质谱分析中鉴定出的43种α-2-巨球蛋白衍生肽的分析表明,来自于A2M-N-2和A2M结构域的肽段分别有5个和2个,该结构域位于α-巨球蛋白家族的N末端和C末端,没有形成具体的构象。而有4个肽段(包括A2M3)来自A2M-recep,是α-2-巨球蛋白家族的受体结构域(receptor domains, RBD),由多个β-片层组成的β夹心结构域[30]。RBD与受体——低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, LRP)紧密结合后起信号传导作用,触发结构转变以捕获蛋白酶,发挥蛋白酶抑制剂的功能[31]。肽的两亲性(α-螺旋,β-折叠片)构型在形成细胞膜的孔洞中起着至关重要的作用,因为疏水性残基与磷脂膜相互作用,而亲水性残基则形成通道的内腔从而对细菌细胞膜造成损害[32]
众所周知,20%−30%的人是金黄色葡萄球菌的鼻携带者,这些金黄色葡萄球菌在携带留置装置或免疫功能低下的患者中引起感染[13,33]。抗菌肽作为免疫系统的关键组成之一,可以有效地抑制病原微生物感染的发病机制,保护宿主免受伤害[34]。人源抗菌肽LL-37对细菌、真菌、病毒甚至寄生虫都表现出广谱的抗微生物活性,在生物和医药领域应用广泛[35]。在本研究中,人源抗菌肽LL-37对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为31.3 µg/mL。从源自人鼻液的α-2-巨球蛋白中筛选出的抗菌肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度是125.0 µg/mL。尽管人源抗菌肽LL-37的MIC低于肽A2M3,但对于合成肽来说,长的肽序列会增加合成的成本,为了解决这个缺点,一些研究人员会选择较短序列的肽段替代它们,如来源于LL-37的抗菌肽KR-12-3 (KRIVKWIKKFLR)对戈氏链球菌具有抗菌活性,其MIC为156.25 μg/mL,具有口腔护理产品活性成分的潜力[36]。抗菌肽的长短还影响其细胞毒性,开发新型抗菌肽的低毒性也是要考虑的问题[32]。因此,肽A2M3不仅可以有效地杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌,还可以降低合成肽的成本,无耐药性。
探究肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制,透射电镜的结果显示,肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞膜能够造成损伤。本研究中PI的荧光强度随着肽A2M3浓度的增加不断增强,证实了肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞膜通透性产生影响。流式细胞术和蛋白质核酸泄露实验进一步表明,随着作用时间和浓度的增加,金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞膜通透性产生变化,胞膜破裂,致使金黄色葡萄球菌死亡。正常情况下,细胞膜在调控细胞渗透压及信号介导等方面起重要作用,但在遭到破坏时会导致胞内的物质外泄,胞外的物质借此进入细胞,影响细胞的正常生理功能造成细胞死亡[37]。此外,Nie等通过生物信息学设计和原核表达4种新的抗菌肽-溶素嵌合体,其中P362和P372通过增加沙门氏菌外膜的渗透性和特异性溶解细胞壁,释放出核酸和蛋白质,导致细菌死亡[38]
结合生物信息学预测阳离子肽A2M3的二级结构并分析其作用机制,肽A2M3的组成氨基酸中有2个脯氨酸(P),有利于肽形成无规则结构。虽然常见的抗菌肽二级结构为α螺旋,但越来越多无规则卷曲的抗菌肽被鉴定。例如,来自凡纳滨对虾的抗菌肽PV13是一种富含脯氨酸的阳离子抗菌肽,能够增加细菌细胞膜内膜通透性,并穿过副溶血性弧菌的细胞膜在胞内与DNA相结合,从而达到杀菌效果[39]。此外,肽A2M3中带正电的赖氨酸(K)残基可能对其抑菌性有所贡献。赖氨酸与带负电的磷脂头基之间的静电相互作用,有助于无规则结构的肽A2M3与细菌细胞膜的脂质层表面进行初始结合,而疏水氨基酸残基(即苯丙氨酸F、亮氨酸L、异亮氨酸I、缬氨酸V和脯氨酸P)增强肽A2M3与细菌膜之间的作用,以促进肽A2M3进入细菌的磷脂双层,使膜去极化和破坏,并导致细菌死亡[40]
研究表明,抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides, AMPs)可以直接破坏细菌细胞膜,影响细菌细胞膜通透性造成胞内物质泄漏,从而引发细菌死亡[41]。或抗菌肽能够在细胞膜上形成孔洞,穿过细胞膜后作用于细胞内靶标,如DNA和蛋白质,抑制其功能从而导致细菌死亡[42]。与只有一个靶标的传统抗生素不同,AMPs可以在多个靶标上消灭病原体,大大减少耐药细菌的出现[43]。通过DNA凝胶阻滞实验和与EB的竞争实验探究肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌DNA的作用。在凝胶电泳中,随着肽A2M3浓度的增加,电泳条带的亮度逐渐降低。说明肽A2M3能够阻滞细菌DNA的迁移,这可能是因为肽A2M3与金黄色葡萄球菌的DNA结合,从而竞争了核酸染料与DNA的结合位点,阻滞其在凝胶电泳中迁移并使DNA的条带变暗。肽A2M3与EB的竞争实验结果进一步表明肽A2M3能够以较高亲合力将EB取代,以相同的方式插入到DNA的碱基对中,使整个体系的荧光强度下降。同样,杨昆等[44]也得出相似的结论,抗菌肽NZ2114能够与EB竞争结合其位点,并嵌入停乳链球菌的DNA碱基对。由此可知,肽A2M3也是以嵌插的方式与EB竞争性地结合DNA,进而影响DNA的正常功能,使菌体的生长繁殖受到抑制达到抑菌的目的。
在本研究中,从源自人鼻液的α-2-巨球蛋白中筛选出的抗菌肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制涉及多靶点协同。金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞膜是抗菌肽A2M3主要的靶点之一,随着作用时间和浓度的增加,肽A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞膜通透性产生影响,细胞膜破裂;此外,抗菌肽A2M3还可以穿透细胞膜嵌入DNA的碱基对,影响细菌的基因功能,从而导致菌体死亡。因此,从人鼻液中筛选具有抗菌活性的肽A2M3并对其作用机制进行研究,为医学和微生物病原体带来挑战的其他领域的应用提供了理论基础。
  • 福建省高校产学合作项目(2023N5008)
  • 厦门市科技补助项目(2023CXY0305)
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2024年第64卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230637
  • 接收时间:2023-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-17
  • 录用日期:2023-12-20
基金
Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2023N5008)
福建省高校产学合作项目(2023N5008)
Xiamen Science and Technology Subsidy Project(2023CXY0305)
厦门市科技补助项目(2023CXY0305)
作者信息
    1 集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院, 福建 厦门 361021
    2 集美大学 福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
    3 大连工业大学 海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心, 辽宁 大连 116034

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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