Article(id=1241357434971804129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230558, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693411200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1702224000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-11, onlineDate=1773892275803, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892275803, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892275803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892275803, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=869, endPage=881, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357435315737086, articleId=1241357434971804129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=H4K5 deacetylation regulates cell wall integrity pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to nickel stress, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Nickel (Ni) is one of the heavy metal pollutants to which humans are widely exposed, and nickel exposure activates the cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway, which lowers the level of intracellular histone acetylation. However, whether the CWI pathway is regulated by histone acetylation under nickel stress remains to be fully understood. [Methods] We used the histone-targeted mutant strain H4K5R (mimicking the deacetylated state) to study the regulation of the CWI pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae by H4K5 deacetylation under nickel stress, aiming to lay a foundation for unveiling the regulatory role of histone modifications in eukaryotes in response to heavy metal stress. [Results] Compared with the wildtype strain, H4K5R had strong nickel resistance, being able to grow in the presence of 5.0 mmol/L NiCl2. The results of Western blotting and qRT-PCR showed that the CWI pathway of the wildtype strain BY4741 was activated under 5.0 mmol/L NiCl2, with the expression ofMnn9 (encoding α-1,6-mannosyl transferase) andFks1 (encoding glucan synthase) being up-regulated by 3.13 folds and 1.49 folds, respectively. Moreover, the content of mannan and β-glucan were increased, which indicated that the wildtype strain activated the CWI pathway to increase the content of cell wall component. The activation of the CWI pathway in H4K5R was mild under the stress of 5.0 mmol/L NiCl2. Although the expression ofMnn9 andFks1 was up-regulated, the changes in mannan content were not significant, and the increase in β-glucan content was less than that of the wildtype strain. [Conclusion] Under 5.0 mmol/L NiCl2 stress, the deacetylation of H4K5 in the mutant strain regulated the CWI pathway, which affected the changes in cell wall components.

, correspAuthors=Xiujuan ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHAO Xiujuan, E-mail:
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【目的】金属镍(nickel, Ni)是人类广泛接触的重金属污染物之一,镍暴露会激活细胞内的细胞壁完整性(cell wall integrity, CWI)信号通路,也会导致细胞内组蛋白乙酰化水平降低,但CWI途径在镍胁迫时是否受组蛋白乙酰化调控尚不完全清楚。【方法】利用组蛋白定点突变型菌株H4K5R (模拟去乙酰化状态),分析镍胁迫下H4K5去乙酰化对酿酒酵母CWI途径的调控作用。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,定点突变型菌株H4K5R具有较强的镍抗性:在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下,定点突变型菌株仍能生长良好;Western blotting与qRT-PCR结果表明,野生型菌株BY4741在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下细胞壁完整性途径被激活,甘露聚糖与葡聚糖调控基因Mnn9表达量显著上调3.13倍、Fks1表达量显著上调1.49倍,甘露聚糖、β-葡聚糖的含量也增加,说明此时野生型菌株激活了CWI途径,细胞壁成分含量增加;定点突变型菌株H4K5R在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下CWI途径激活程度较轻,虽然Mnn9Fks1表达量上调,但甘露聚糖含量变化并不显著,而相较于野生型菌株β-葡聚糖含量增加幅度较小。【结论】在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下,定点突变型菌株H4K5位点的去乙酰化调控CWI途径,进而影响细胞壁组分的变化。

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actin cytoskeleton[J].Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology,1998,14:305-338., articleTitle=Signaling to the actin cytoskeleton, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241444393132019878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, awardId=21767020, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(21767020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444393253654698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, awardId=21767020, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(21767020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444393392066739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, awardId=BR22-15-05, language=EN, fundingSource=Fundamantal Research Funds for Autonomous Region Directly Affiliated Universities(BR22-15-05), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444393530478777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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A: Sanger sequencing. B: H4K5 acetylation level of BY4741. C: H4K5 acetylation level of H4K5R., figureFileSmall=gMlvwGzWQO57nrjKTLTpeQ==, figureFileBig=nu6wrwS1bWdQ2xZFD6h2sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444388962881602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=CN, label=图1, caption=H4K5R定点突变位点及乙酰化水平的检测, figureFileSmall=gMlvwGzWQO57nrjKTLTpeQ==, figureFileBig=nu6wrwS1bWdQ2xZFD6h2sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444389252288588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The phenotype ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 and histone site-directed mutagenesis strains under different concentrations of nickel stress. A: YPD+0 mmol/L NiCl2. B: YPD+2.5 mmol/L NiCl2. C: YPD+3.5 mmol/L NiCl2. D: YPD+5.0 mmol/L NiCl2., figureFileSmall=A/3EsJ21QVU5bD4royWz2g==, figureFileBig=cz07m7HKY1pYjTrC/7YX9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444389491363926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浓度氯化镍胁迫下酿酒酵母BY4741及组蛋白定点突变型菌株的生长表型, figureFileSmall=A/3EsJ21QVU5bD4royWz2g==, figureFileBig=cz07m7HKY1pYjTrC/7YX9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444389709467737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Growth curve ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae under nickel stress with different concentrations. A: Growth curve of BY4741. B: Growth curve of H4K5R. Average values and standard deviations from three independent experiments are shown., figureFileSmall=5v/TAD36QCgvoiHWv2+ReA==, figureFileBig=k3kaHb+TzlDCCzOnQWP5LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391223611487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同浓度氯化镍胁迫下酿酒酵母生长曲线, figureFileSmall=5v/TAD36QCgvoiHWv2+ReA==, figureFileBig=k3kaHb+TzlDCCzOnQWP5LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391483658345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Detection of phosphorylation level of transcription factor SLT2. A: Wild type strain BY4741 transcription factor SLT2 phosphorylation levels. B: Site-directed mutant strain H4K5R transcription factor SLT2 phosphorylation levels., figureFileSmall=mFnmb0zJPed9zPu0bar2kA==, figureFileBig=IKVRXe7sRHxgoxW8UP6e/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391596904559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=CN, label=图4, caption=转录因子SLT2磷酸化水平检测, figureFileSmall=mFnmb0zJPed9zPu0bar2kA==, figureFileBig=IKVRXe7sRHxgoxW8UP6e/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391718539384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Relative expression of key genes in CWI pathway. A: Relative expression levels of BY4741 and H4K5R. B: Relative expression levels of BY4741. C: Relative expression levels of H4K5R. Average values and standard deviations from three independent experiments are shown. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences from the corresponding control as analyzed by one-way ANOVA (*:P < 0.05;**:P≤0.01)., figureFileSmall=wcd6qxZ2/Ka8BqL5Rn++QQ==, figureFileBig=dbNlX83rTsNIs4EPID72Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391907283070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CWI途径关键基因相对表达量, figureFileSmall=wcd6qxZ2/Ka8BqL5Rn++QQ==, figureFileBig=dbNlX83rTsNIs4EPID72Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392012140671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Main components inSaccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. A: β-glucan content. B: Mannosan content. C: Chitin content. Average values and standard deviations from three independent experiments are shown. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences from the corresponding control as analyzed by one-way ANOVA (**:P≤0.01)., figureFileSmall=AUZyQDDHcgZramEmyjprTw==, figureFileBig=MVzIyP1vwXOSNAUh7e746w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392205078660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=CN, label=图6, caption=酿酒酵母细胞壁主要成分含量测定, figureFileSmall=AUZyQDDHcgZramEmyjprTw==, figureFileBig=MVzIyP1vwXOSNAUh7e746w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392339296394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Mechanism diagram of deacetylation at H4K5 locus of point mutant strain to regulate CWI pathway., figureFileSmall=Mhx3gVAFDHWettOaWPIV4A==, figureFileBig=M0mhKc4xvryN2T9ACrDlwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392658063504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=CN, label=图7, caption=点突变型菌株H4K5位点的去乙酰化调控CWI途径机制图, figureFileSmall=Mhx3gVAFDHWettOaWPIV4A==, figureFileBig=M0mhKc4xvryN2T9ACrDlwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392746143894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence (5′→3′)
β-actinF: ACTTTCAACGTTCCAGCCTTC
R: CGTAAATTGGAACGACGACGTGAGTA
Wsc2F: GATGCTGACGCTAACCCTGT
R: AATAGAATCTCTGCCGCCCG
Mid2F: TCGTCTACCAGCATTGCCTC
R: TGCGGATGTCGAAGAGATGG
Rho1F: TGAGAAACGACCCACAAACC
R: CAATGAAGCTCTAGTGGCGG
Slt2F: TCCAAGAGAAATTGCGGTGC
R: TCCACGGAATAGGCGTCTTA
Chs3F: GTGCGATTGTGGCTTTCCTG
R: TTGTATACCGGAACGCGAGG
Mnn9F: CCGCCTAAGAAAGAACCCGT
R: GTGTGCCCATTTGTGTTGGG
Fks1F: GGTAACGGGCAAAGTCAGGA
R: CTTCAGTACCAGCAGCGACA
), ArticleFig(id=1241444392842612892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434971804129, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence (5′→3′)
β-actinF: ACTTTCAACGTTCCAGCCTTC
R: CGTAAATTGGAACGACGACGTGAGTA
Wsc2F: GATGCTGACGCTAACCCTGT
R: AATAGAATCTCTGCCGCCCG
Mid2F: TCGTCTACCAGCATTGCCTC
R: TGCGGATGTCGAAGAGATGG
Rho1F: TGAGAAACGACCCACAAACC
R: CAATGAAGCTCTAGTGGCGG
Slt2F: TCCAAGAGAAATTGCGGTGC
R: TCCACGGAATAGGCGTCTTA
Chs3F: GTGCGATTGTGGCTTTCCTG
R: TTGTATACCGGAACGCGAGG
Mnn9F: CCGCCTAAGAAAGAACCCGT
R: GTGTGCCCATTTGTGTTGGG
Fks1F: GGTAACGGGCAAAGTCAGGA
R: CTTCAGTACCAGCAGCGACA
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H4K5去乙酰化对镍胁迫下酿酒酵母细胞壁完整性途径的调控作用
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包娜娜 1, 2 , 郭艳飞 1 , 刘冬冬 1 , 赵秀娟 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(3): 869-881
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(3): 869-881
H4K5去乙酰化对镍胁迫下酿酒酵母细胞壁完整性途径的调控作用
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包娜娜1, 2, 郭艳飞1, 刘冬冬1, 赵秀娟1, *
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古科技大学生命科学与技术学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 包头市肿瘤医院, 内蒙古 包头 014030
H4K5 deacetylation regulates cell wall integrity pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to nickel stress
Nana BAO1, 2, Yanfei GUO1, Dongdong LIU1, Xiujuan ZHAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 2 Baotou Cancer Hospital, Baotou 014030, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230558
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【目的】金属镍(nickel, Ni)是人类广泛接触的重金属污染物之一,镍暴露会激活细胞内的细胞壁完整性(cell wall integrity, CWI)信号通路,也会导致细胞内组蛋白乙酰化水平降低,但CWI途径在镍胁迫时是否受组蛋白乙酰化调控尚不完全清楚。【方法】利用组蛋白定点突变型菌株H4K5R (模拟去乙酰化状态),分析镍胁迫下H4K5去乙酰化对酿酒酵母CWI途径的调控作用。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,定点突变型菌株H4K5R具有较强的镍抗性:在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下,定点突变型菌株仍能生长良好;Western blotting与qRT-PCR结果表明,野生型菌株BY4741在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下细胞壁完整性途径被激活,甘露聚糖与葡聚糖调控基因Mnn9表达量显著上调3.13倍、Fks1表达量显著上调1.49倍,甘露聚糖、β-葡聚糖的含量也增加,说明此时野生型菌株激活了CWI途径,细胞壁成分含量增加;定点突变型菌株H4K5R在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下CWI途径激活程度较轻,虽然Mnn9Fks1表达量上调,但甘露聚糖含量变化并不显著,而相较于野生型菌株β-葡聚糖含量增加幅度较小。【结论】在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下,定点突变型菌株H4K5位点的去乙酰化调控CWI途径,进而影响细胞壁组分的变化。

组蛋白去乙酰化  /  镍胁迫  /  酿酒酵母  /  细胞壁完整性途径

[Objective] Nickel (Ni) is one of the heavy metal pollutants to which humans are widely exposed, and nickel exposure activates the cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway, which lowers the level of intracellular histone acetylation. However, whether the CWI pathway is regulated by histone acetylation under nickel stress remains to be fully understood. [Methods] We used the histone-targeted mutant strain H4K5R (mimicking the deacetylated state) to study the regulation of the CWI pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae by H4K5 deacetylation under nickel stress, aiming to lay a foundation for unveiling the regulatory role of histone modifications in eukaryotes in response to heavy metal stress. [Results] Compared with the wildtype strain, H4K5R had strong nickel resistance, being able to grow in the presence of 5.0 mmol/L NiCl2. The results of Western blotting and qRT-PCR showed that the CWI pathway of the wildtype strain BY4741 was activated under 5.0 mmol/L NiCl2, with the expression ofMnn9 (encoding α-1,6-mannosyl transferase) andFks1 (encoding glucan synthase) being up-regulated by 3.13 folds and 1.49 folds, respectively. Moreover, the content of mannan and β-glucan were increased, which indicated that the wildtype strain activated the CWI pathway to increase the content of cell wall component. The activation of the CWI pathway in H4K5R was mild under the stress of 5.0 mmol/L NiCl2. Although the expression ofMnn9 andFks1 was up-regulated, the changes in mannan content were not significant, and the increase in β-glucan content was less than that of the wildtype strain. [Conclusion] Under 5.0 mmol/L NiCl2 stress, the deacetylation of H4K5 in the mutant strain regulated the CWI pathway, which affected the changes in cell wall components.

histone deacetylation  /  nickel stress  /  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  /  cell wall integrity pathway
包娜娜, 郭艳飞, 刘冬冬, 赵秀娟. H4K5去乙酰化对镍胁迫下酿酒酵母细胞壁完整性途径的调控作用. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 869 -881 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230558
Nana BAO, Yanfei GUO, Dongdong LIU, Xiujuan ZHAO. H4K5 deacetylation regulates cell wall integrity pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to nickel stress[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 869 -881 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230558
镍作为人类机体活动中一类必需的微量元素,不论在生活还是工业领域都得到了广泛的应用,然而由于其特殊的性质,长期(大量)接触镍及其化合物容易导致机体损伤[1]。尤其是工业生产中的镍化合物,如氯化镍、氧化镍和硫酸镍等,具有强致病性和致癌性[2]。随着对镍的深入了解,有研究表明镍离子能够通过降低哺乳动物细胞和酵母细胞内的组蛋白乙酰化水平,进而调控基因表达[3]
酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)拥有完整的细胞壁,其质量占整个干重的15%−30%,主要由甘露聚糖(31%)、β-葡聚糖(29%−64%)以及几丁质(1%−2%)组成,这些成分之间通过多种方式进行交联,酿酒酵母细胞壁的外层富含O-和N-甘露糖化蛋白,在电子显微镜下呈现为电子致密部分,在酿酒酵母中,甘露糖蛋白被证明携带多达200个甘露糖残基,每个N-连接的多糖约占细胞壁干质量的40%[4]。质膜附近的细胞壁主要由β-1,6键分支的β-1,3-葡聚糖和少量几丁质组成,几丁质将葡聚糖聚合物和其他壁上化合物连接成承载基质[5-6]。β-1,3-葡聚糖是酵母细胞壁的主要成分,由β-1,3-葡聚糖合成酶合成,β-1,3-葡聚糖合成酶由至少两个亚单位组成,即FKS1和FKS2[7]。FKS基因的破坏导致体外β-1,3-葡聚糖合成酶活性降低,从而降低细胞壁中β-1,3-葡聚糖的水平[8],而同时删除这2个基因是致命的,这表明β-1,3-葡聚糖合成对真菌存活具有重要意义。FKS1/FKS2亚单位受RHO1 GTPase调节,RHO1 GTPase也是生存所必需的[7]。几丁质可以通过连接β-1,6-葡聚糖或者β-1,3-葡聚糖,有效地降低β-1,3-葡聚糖的可溶性,帮助细胞壁提升机械强度, 酿酒酵母内有3种主要的几丁质合成酶,分别是CHSl、CHS2和CHS3, 其中CHS3为酵母细胞的主要几丁质合成酶,大多数几丁质的合成主要由CHS3完成[9]
酿酒酵母的细胞壁是一种坚固而有弹性的结构,不仅对维持酿酒酵母的形状和完整性具有不可或缺的作用,而且对细胞外应激信号的传导也是必不可少的。在Levin[10]的研究中,通过使用多糖结合剂,如硫代荧光白、刚果红、氨基糖苷类抗生素和十二烷基硫酸钠,或通过突变丧失制造细胞壁组分的能力削弱细胞壁,从而使细胞受到胁迫。这种胁迫会有效地激活细胞壁完整性途径(cell wall integrity, CWI),并导致细胞壁的补偿性合成。细胞外应激信号传导的过程主要受细胞壁完整性信号通路的调控。有研究表明,CWI途径通过细胞壁感受器WSC1、WSC2、WSC3、MID2和MTL1的N末端区域与细胞壁相互作用,这些传感器与PIP2一起刺激RHO1上的核苷酸交换,RHO1激活5个效应因子,其中PKC1 MAP激酶级联核心模块由丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶(mitosolysis activates protein kinase kinase kinase, MAPKKK)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶(MAPK kinase kinase, MEKK/BCK1)、MAPKK激酶(MKK1/MKK2)以及MAPK SLT2组成,MAPK级联既用于放大细胞表面启动的小信号,又用于将分级输入转换为高度灵敏的、类似开关的响应。MAPK激酶级联不会由低幅度或低持续时间的信号触发,但会对达到激活阈值的刺激做出快速和充分的反应。激活CWI信号可以调节细胞壁各种碳水化合物聚合物,比如几丁质、甘露聚糖或者是葡聚糖等物质的产生和合成,以对抗细胞壁应力[11-13]
当酵母细胞受到重金属胁迫时会激活细胞内的细胞壁完整性信号通路[14],也会导致胞内组蛋白乙酰化水平降低[15],但CWI途径是否受组蛋白乙酰化调控尚不完全清楚。在本研究中,基于组蛋白定点突变型菌株H4K5R (组蛋白H4第5位Lys替换为Arg),模拟细胞内H4K5位点去乙酰化的状态[16],检测其在NiCl2胁迫下菌株的生长情况,同时观测与酵母细胞壁完整性途径具有相关性的基因表达,分析NiCl2胁迫下酿酒酵母CWI途径受H4K5位点去乙酰化的具体调控作用机制,为理解表观遗传修饰调控细胞对重金属胁迫的响应机制提供实验依据。
酿酒酵母野生型菌株BY4741 (MATa;his3Δ1;leu2Δ0;met15Δ0;ura3Δ0)及定点突变型菌株H4K5R (组蛋白H4第5位Lys替换为Arg)[17]均为本实验室保存。
将实验室保存的原始菌悬液采用连续划线法在酵母膏胨葡萄糖琼脂固体培养基(yeast peptone dextrose, YPD)上接种,置于30 ℃恒温箱培养18−24 h后,选择大小合适的单菌落,将其转接入无菌液体YPD培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min进行活化,待其生长至对数生长末期(OD600为1.95左右)取出并用于后续试验。
收集NiCl2处理后对数生长末期(OD600为1.95)的野生型菌株BY4741与定点突变型菌株H4K5R的细胞;使用高速冷冻离心机于4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心5 min后,弃去上清液,称量湿重;洗涤所得细胞2次,加入缓冲液对其进行重悬,浓度为0.1 g/mL;使用超声破碎仪(50%功率) (SONICS)进行破碎,超声时间为30 s一次,间隔为30 s,单个样本共计超声时间为9 min,所有的操作均在冰上进行;随后,按照1:100的比例加入蛋白酶抑制剂,分装后于−20 ℃冷冻保存。提取的蛋白样品在15% SDS‐PAGE蛋白胶上分离,并通过电泳迁移转移到聚偏二氟乙烯膜(polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF)膜上。将膜封闭在5%牛奶/TBST(0.9%氯化钠,10 mmol/L Tris‐HCl,0.05% Tween 20,pH 7.5)缓冲液中,并分别与一抗Tublin (1:1 000, Abcam)、H4K5ac (1:2 000, Abcam) 4 ℃过夜。用TBST缓冲液洗涤3次后,将膜浸入含有辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP)结合的二抗(1:12 000, Abcam)室温放置1 h。
使用离心机8 000 r/min离心3 min后收集细胞,无菌PBS洗涤并重悬,采用倍比稀释法,依次按照107、106、105、104、103 CFU/mL调整细胞数,操作完成取3 μL点样于含NiCl2的固体YPD培养基上,固体培养基中NiCl2的浓度依次为0、2.5、3.5、5.0 mmol/L,30 ℃倒置培养48 h。
将活化后的野生型菌株BY4741及定点突变型菌株H4K5R分别转接至液体YPD培养基进行活化培养,培养至对数生长期为止,再转接至含有0、2.5、3.5、4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0、7.0、7.5 mmol/L NiCl2的液体YPD培养基中进行培养。为保证试验数据的真实性,每组共设置3个生物学重复、3个技术重复。在培养的过程中,恒温摇床温度设定为30 ℃,转速为200 r/min。每间隔2 h,使用紫外可见分光光度计对OD600值进行一次检测,并详细记录。
在酿酒酵母的培养当中,按照1.2中标准收集对数生长期的菌液,采用改良热酚法[18]提取酿酒酵母总RNA,并进行反转录,反转录步骤详见试剂盒说明书(PrimeScriptTM RT Reagent Kit, TaKaRa),反转录产物−20 ℃保存。
根据参考酿酒酵母标准菌株S288C基因组的Wsc2Mid2Rho1Slt2Chs3Fks1Mnn9基因序列,通过NCBI数据库中的Primer-BLAST软件进行引物设计,所选内参基因为β-actin[19]。引物合成自GENEWIZ公司,具体引物序列见表1
qRT-PCR反应体系:OX Reference DyeⅡ 0.8 μL,TB GreenTM PremixEx TaqⅡ 10 μL,cDNA 2 μL,上下游引物0.4 μL,无菌水6.8 μL。qRT-PCR扩增程序:95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 30 s,60 ℃ 34 s,循环40次。定量PCR仪购自赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司。
在进行上述步骤后,使用SPSS 19.0对相关的数据进行统计分析,使用Origin 8.5进行绘图。两组之间的数据比较采用单因素方差分析,其中,P < 0.05表示差异显著;P < 0.01表示差异极显著。
蛋白提取详细步骤参考1.3。将提取出的蛋白样品分别与一抗Tublin (1:1 000, Abcam)、SLT2 (1:2 000, Abcam, ab 124 636)、p-SLT2 (1:1 000, Abcam, ab124 637) 4 ℃过夜。用TBST洗涤3次后,将膜浸入含有辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)结合的二抗(1:12 000, Abcam)室温放置1 h。
葡聚糖、甘露聚糖检测试剂盒均购自南京钻恒试剂公司,具体操作步骤参考试剂盒说明书。
对野生型菌株BY4741和定点突变型菌株H4K5R进行活化,将其转接到液体YPD培养基中,培养至对数生长末期为止。取活化好的酿酒酵母细胞于1.5 mL EP管中,8 000 r/min离心2 min后去除上清,收集菌体沉淀。向荧光增白剂中加入一定量的蒸馏水,制备成浓度为5 mmol/L的母液备用。对荧光增白剂母液进行稀释,一直到终浓度为25 µmol/L为止,制备出染液工作液。取染液工作液500 µL,加入酵母细胞涡旋振荡。30 ℃避光孵育45 min后,8 000 r/min离心2 min,去除上清液,收集细胞。对收集好的细胞进行洗涤,洗涤液TE缓冲液(主要成分为浓度为10 mmol/L Tris-HCL和EDTA,pH 8.0)量为1 mL。8 000 r/min离心2 min后再次去除上清液,收集细胞。最后用1 mL TE缓冲液重悬细胞,取200 µL使用荧光酶标仪在黑色酶标板中进行荧光值测定[20]
通过测序手段对定点突变型菌株H4K5R的突变位点进行验证,试验结果如图1A所示,组蛋白H4第5位密码子由AAG (编码赖氨酸K) 变为AGA (编码精氨酸R),说明突变株在H4K5位点发生突变;再采用Western blotting对该位点的乙酰化水平进行检测,已有研究表明,H4K5位点由赖氨酸突变为精氨酸后可以模拟细胞内去乙酰化状态[16],我们对此也进行了验证,野生株BY4741在正常情况下H4K5位点未发生突变,乙酰化状态如图1B所示,定点突变型菌株H4K5R乙酰化状态如图1C所示,H4K5位点由赖氨酸突变为精氨酸后,未发生乙酰化,故可以用该菌株模拟H4K5位点去乙酰化状态,进行后续的试验。
采用倍比稀释表型分析法,检测组蛋白定点突变型菌株及野生型菌株在不同NiCl2浓度胁迫下菌株的生长情况。由图2AC可见,在浓度为0、2.5、3.5 mmol/L NiCl2的YPD培养基上,野生型菌株与定点突变型菌株的生长情况基本一致,差异不大。当NiCl2浓度增加至5.0 mmol/L时(图2D),BY4741生长受到抑制,而H4K5R几乎不受影响。
为了筛选出最适镍胁迫的浓度,本文对不同浓度NiCl2处理的野生型菌株和定点突变型菌株进行了比对分析,并绘制了生长曲线。由图3A可知,在2.5 mmol/L NiCl2处理下,野生型菌株未受到影响,但是随着NiCl2浓度的逐渐升高,BY4741的生长受到显著抑制;由图3B可知,在NiCl2浓度小于5.0 mmol/L时,H4K5R生长未受到抑制,随着NiCl2浓度升高至6.0 mmol/L时,H4K5R生长才受到抑制。根据以上试验结果,选择5.0 mmol/L NiCl2作为胁迫浓度。
SLT2磷酸化是CWI途径激活的标志,采用Western blotting检测转录因子SLT2磷酸化水平,确定CWI途径是否被激活。如图4A所示,野生型菌株BY4741在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下,SLT2发生磷酸化,在7.5 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下,结合图3A生长曲线可以看到野生型菌株BY4741几乎不生长,因此SLT2未发生磷酸化。如图4B所示,定点突变型菌株在7.5 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下,SLT2发生磷酸化。说明野生型菌株BY4741在5.0 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下CWI途径被激活,定点突变型菌株H4K5R在7.5 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下激活CWI途径。
采用荧光定量PCR对CWI途径关键基因的表达水平进行检测,如图5A所示,在无重金属胁迫下,定点突变型菌株H4K5R与野生型菌株BY4741相比较,除Mid2和Slt2上调不显著外,CWI途径关键基因表达量均显著高于野生株;如图5B所示,野生型菌株BY4741在NiCl2胁迫下Wsc2上调17.4倍,Rho1上调1.55倍,Slt2上调18.91倍,Mnn9上调3.13倍,Fks1上调1.49倍;如图5C所示,定点突变型菌株H4K5R在NiCl2胁迫后Mid2显著上调2.07倍,Wsc2显著下调2.1倍,Slt2上调2.67倍,Fks1上调2.07倍,Mnn9上调4.16倍。在NiCl2胁迫下,定点突变型菌株H4K5R的CWI途径下游效应因子Mnn9Fks1上调倍数高于野生型菌株BY4741,而转录因子Slt2上调倍数低于野生型菌株。
图6所示,在5.0 mmol/L氯化镍胁迫下,野生型菌株BY4741中β-葡聚糖含量升高至0.11 mg/g,甘露聚糖含量升高至28.4 µg/mL,几丁质含量下降53.16 (荧光值);定点突变型菌株H4K5R中β-葡聚糖含量升高至0.096 mg/g,甘露聚糖含量升高至12.21 µg/mL,几丁质含量下降65.89 (荧光值)。结果表明在镍胁迫下,野生型菌株BY4741与定点突变型菌株H4K5R中β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖含量均升高,但定点突变型菌株升高程度低于野生型菌株,且甘露聚糖含量变化并不显著,几丁质含量均下降。
在现代工业生产中,镍的冶炼、电镀、镍镉电池及其镍化合物受到广泛的应用[21],但是由于其属于重污染类物质,所以镍固体废物的燃烧或者是化合物的制造,会导致工作场所以及周围环境的空气污染,影响人体健康[22]。目前,随着对镍暴露导致的表观遗传效应研究的深入,学者们发现镍引起的表观遗传效应可能是镍致病与致癌的原因之一[2,23-27],其中组蛋白修饰与染色体的功能状态与决定细胞命运和细胞生长的过程均紧密相关,且发挥着重要的作用[28]。组蛋白翻译后修饰的形式多样,包括甲基化与去甲基化、乙酰化与去乙酰化、泛素化与去泛素化等。因赖氨酸化学结构的特殊性,其可被乙酰化酶催化,将乙酰辅酶A的乙酰基转移到赖氨酸的εNH3+中和掉1个正电荷,使组蛋白与DNA之间的相互作用减弱,促使参与转录调控的蛋白因子与特异的DNA序列结合,而将H4K5之一位点的赖氨酸替换为精氨酸正是通过阻止这一过程来模拟去乙酰化的状态[14]。在酵母和哺乳动物细胞中,镍是组蛋白乙酰化的有效抑制剂。Zoroddu等[29]的研究结果也验证了镍在体内与H4的组氨酸18结合的假设,镍通过阻止乙酰基添加到附近的赖氨酸残基上,建立了被抑制的染色质状态,从而实现基因表达调控。上述研究明确了NiCl2对真核细胞内组蛋白乙酰化的影响,然而组蛋白乙酰化在真核生物响应重金属镍胁迫中的调控作用还不清楚。
细胞壁完整性信号通路作为一条真菌中最经典的信号通路,能够通过细胞膜感受器检测到细胞外界的刺激并及时作出应答。CWI途径包括:细胞膜感受器WSCl、WSC2、WSC3、MID2和MTL1等;调节因子RHO1、蛋白激酶PKC1等;MAPKs级联系统(BCK1, MKKl/2, SLT2)及其下游的效应器等。PKCl激活核心组分MAPKs中的MAPKKK-BCK1,进而磷酸化MAPKK-MKK1/2,最终磷酸化MAPK-SLT2的Thr190和Tyr192位点,表明SLT2被激活。磷酸化的SLT2激活下游的转录因子,调控基因的表达,进而改变细胞壁成分,对外界环境刺激作出应答。这种信号传导系统不仅可以将细胞表面的信号进行放大,还可以把信号转化成梯度形式再输出,起到类似开关的作用。
细胞壁的内层主要由β-葡聚糖(β-1,3-葡聚糖和β-1,6-葡聚糖)和几丁质微纤维组成,少量甘露糖化蛋白质分布于整个内层[30]。β-葡聚糖(β-1,3-葡聚糖)和几丁质(β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖)是细胞壁的主要结构多糖,β-1,3-葡聚糖形成了可与柔性钢丝弹簧相媲美的三维网络,这解释了细胞壁的弹性性质,并为β-1,6-葡聚糖和几丁质的附着提供了平台[31]。几丁质与β-1,3-葡聚糖网络共价交联,有助于真菌细胞壁的刚性和物理强度[32]。甘露糖蛋白的合成始于α-1,6-连接的甘露糖骨架[33]。该反应由M-Pol I催化,M-Pol I是由甘露糖基转移酶MNN9和VAN1形成的异二聚体复合物[34-37]。异五聚体甘露糖基转移酶复合物M-PolⅡ进一步延伸骨架,形成α-1,6-连接的甘露糖残基[38]。α-1,2-或α-1,3-连接的甘露糖和磷酸甘露糖的分支被添加到这个骨架上[39-40]。最后,甘露糖蛋白被运输到细胞外空间,并与β-葡聚糖结合或共价连接,形成真菌细胞壁的外层。
本实验中,在无重金属胁迫下,定点突变型菌株H4K5R与野生型菌株BY4741相比较,除MID2和SLT2上调不显著外,CWI途径关键基因表达量均显著高于野生株;野生型菌株BY4741在5.0 mmol/L氯化镍胁迫下,转录因子SLT2发生磷酸化,CWI途径被激活,野生株细胞壁感受器Mid2显著下调、Wsc2显著上调,CWI途径主要调控基因Slt2Mnn9Fks1上调,且甘露聚糖含量与β-葡聚糖含量显著升高;定点突变型菌株H4K5R中细胞壁感受器Mid2显著上调、Wsc2显著下调,Slt2Fks1Mnn9上调,β-葡聚糖含量与野生型菌株相比增加程度较小,甘露聚糖含量变化不显著。以上结果说明在5.0 mmol/L氯化镍胁迫下野生型菌株BY4741,通过上调Mnn9Fks1的表达量,大量合成β-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖。葡聚糖主要为真菌细胞壁提供弹性支承,并为β-1,6葡聚糖和几丁质的附着提供平台,而其含量的增加正说明在5.0 mmol/L氯化镍胁迫下,野生型菌株BY4741通过增加细胞壁组分的方式提升自身抵御外界刺激的能力。突变型菌株H4K5R激活CWI途径,促进了细胞壁组分含量的增加,虽然其细胞壁含量增加程度与野生型菌株相比较小,但它的细胞壁感受器基因之一Mid2的表达量显著上调,这一结果与野生型菌株截然相反。Ketela等[41]的研究表明MID2是诱导细胞壁应激合成的部分必需因子。MID2和PKC1-MPK1途径元件之间的遗传相互作用,以及在各种应激条件下诱导MPK1酪氨酸磷酸化过程中对MID2的需求,也共同提示了MID2在PKC1-MPK1细胞壁完整性途径上游的作用。由此推测,H4K5这一位点的突变使得定点突变型菌株在应对外界刺激时CWI途径的传导速度更快,这可能是其具有镍耐受性的原因之一。RHO家族的小分子GTP酶是许多重要信号转导通路的关键调节者[42-44]。RHO1存在6个效应因子,分别为PKC1蛋白激酶、葡聚糖合成酶、β-1,6-葡聚糖合成酶等。这些效应物共同协调细胞壁葡聚糖和甲壳素的合成、细胞壁生物发生重要基因的表达(图7)。研究发现,在5.0 mmol/L氯化镍胁迫下,野生型菌株BY4741和定点突变型菌株H4K5R中Rho1的表达量均显著上调,且葡聚糖含量也都显著增加。这与之前得到的结论有相悖的地方,为什么定点突变型菌株H4K5R应对外界刺激时传导速度更快,但其葡聚糖含量没有野生型菌株BY4741的含量高呢?因此,大胆推测,定点突变型菌株H4K5R中是否有其他的调控机制呢?是否与细胞内的抗氧化物质有关呢?后续可以以此为切入点,进一步进行研究,以得到定点突变型菌株H4K5R具有抗镍性的原因。
综上所述,本研究基于组蛋白定点突变菌株H4K5R (组蛋白第5位点氨基酸由K变成R)模拟组蛋白H4K5位点去乙酰化状态,探讨氯化镍胁迫下H4K5位点去乙酰化对酿酒酵母CWI途径的调控作用。如图7所示,当重金属污染物氯化镍刺激酿酒酵母,细胞通过细胞壁感受器WSCl、WSC2、WSC3、MID2和MTL1将信号传导至细胞内,再通过CWI途径将信号传导至细胞核内,在NiCl2浓度达到5.0 mmol/L时,野生型菌株磷酸化转录因子SLT2激活CWI途径,调控相应下游效应分子,响应镍胁迫。然而定点突变型菌株在7.5 mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下磷酸化转录因子SLT2,激活CWI途径。采用qRT-PCR检测CWI途径中部分基因,发现感受器基因Wsc2Mid2在两菌株中表达模式不同,下游效应分子Mnn9Fks1Chs3的表达水平也有差异。在镍胁迫下,野生株BY4741与突变株H4K5R中β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖含量均升高,但突变株升高程度低于野生株,且甘露聚糖含量变化并不显著,几丁质含量均下降,说明在5.0mmol/L NiCl2胁迫下,点突变型菌株H4K5位点的去乙酰化调控CWI途径,改变细胞壁组分,但其细胞壁组分与镍耐受性之间的关系需要进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(21767020)
  • 自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(BR22-15-05)
  • 自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023RCTD019)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230558
  • 接收时间:2023-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-31
  • 录用日期:2023-12-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(21767020)
国家自然科学基金(21767020)
Fundamantal Research Funds for Autonomous Region Directly Affiliated Universities(BR22-15-05)
自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(BR22-15-05)
Fundamantal Research Funds for Autonomous Region Directly Affiliated Universities(2023RCTD019)
自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023RCTD019)
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    1 内蒙古科技大学生命科学与技术学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 包头市肿瘤医院, 内蒙古 包头 014030

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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