Article(id=1241357434539799237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230618, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1700064000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-11-16, onlineDate=1773892275699, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892275699, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892275699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892275699, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=907, endPage=916, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357434879537871, articleId=1241357434539799237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Proliferation and persistent spread characteristics of baculovirus CnmeGV inCnaphalocrocis medinalis, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] This study explored the proliferation dynamics and persistent spread characteristics ofCnaphalocrocis medinalis granulovirus (CnmeGV) inCnaphalocrocis medinalis, aiming to enrich the epidemiological knowledge about baculovirus and provide theoretical support for the efficient application of CnmeGV formulations. [Methods] Transcriptome sequencing was employed to determine the transcriptional levels of viral genes in the larvae infected with CnmeGV for 96 h and in the emerged adults. A quantitative detection marker based on the specific geneCmorf123 of CnmeGV was established to measure the proliferation dynamics and persistent spread characteristics of CnmeGV inC.medinalis. [Results] All the genes of CnmeGV were transcribed in the infected larvae, with the acetyltransferase gene showing the highest transcription level. However, no transcription of viral gene was detected in the transcriptome of adults. The measurement with the quantitative detection marker of CnmeGV showed that the replication level of viral gene remained stable within 48 h post infection. The copies of viral genes significantly increased 2 and 4 days post infection, and each nanogram of DNA contained 83 copies of viral genes 4 days post infection. After infection, no viral transcription was detected in the adults or eggs, while a few transcripts were detected in the pupae. Viral DNA was detected in more than 86.7% of pupa and pupal slough samples and while 13.3% of adults. Viral DNA was detected in both the eggs and the second-generation larvae after infection, while no viral DNA was detected on the egg after the surface treatment. [Conclusion] The proliferation level of CnmeGV inC.medinalis gradually increased and then remained stable within 4 days post infection. CnmeGV particles can be spread for two generations by the egg surface. The eclosion ofC.medinalis is the main pathway for clearing CnmeGV.

, correspAuthors=Jian XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*XU Jian, Tel/Fax: +86-514-87302019, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guangjie HAN, Chuanming LI, Nan ZHANG, Qin LIU, Lixin HUANG, Yang XIA, Yurong LU, Jian XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241357435940696823, articleId=1241357434539799237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒的增殖与持续传播特征, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】分析稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée granulovirus, CnmeGV)在稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)体内的增殖动态,明确其持续传播特征,丰富杆状病毒流行病学研究,为CnmeGV制剂的高效应用提供理论支撑。【方法】转录组测序分析幼虫感染CnmeGV 96 h后及羽化成虫中病毒基因的转录水平,建立基于CnmeGV特异基因Cmorf123的定量检测标记,分析CnmeGV在稻纵卷叶螟体内的增殖动态和持续传播特征。【结果】转录组测序分析表明,CnmeGV所有基因都在幼虫体内转录,其中转录水平最高的为乙酰基转移酶基因,但在成虫转录组中未发现病毒基因的转录。建立了CnmeGV定量检测体系,发现病毒在侵染48 h后,基因复制水平稳定;在侵染后的2 d与4 d病毒拷贝数显著增加,侵染4 d后,DNA含83个病毒拷贝/ng。稻纵卷叶螟幼虫感染CnmeGV后,在成虫和卵中未检测到病毒基因的转录,而在蛹中检测到少量的病毒转录本;86.7%以上的蛹和蛹蜕中均检测到病毒DNA,13.3%成虫中检测到病毒DNA,卵和感染后的第二代幼虫也均能检测到病毒DNA,但卵表经处理后未检测到病毒DNA。【结论】CnmeGV感染稻纵卷叶螟4 d内增殖水平逐渐增加并稳定。CnmeGV病毒粒子可以通过成虫经卵表跨代传播,羽化是稻纵卷叶螟清除CnmeGV的主要途径。

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Statistics analysis of the positive rate of CnmeGV at DNA and RNA levels in different stages and generations ofCnaphalocrocis medinalis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测水平
Detection level
样品
Samples
检测总数
Total number
阳性数
Number of positives
阳性率
Positive rate (%)
卡方值
Pearson chi-square (χ2)
P
P-value
*: The chi-square of the positive rate of CnmeGV at DNA level during Larva-pupa;**: The chi-square of the positive rate of GnmeGV at DNA level during Pupa-adult.
RNA levelLarvae3030100.045.880< 0.001
Pupae30413.3
Adults3000.0
Eggs300.0
Offspring larvae30930.0
DNA levelLarvae3030100.01.404*0.236
Pupae302790.048.517**< 0.001
Pupal molt302686.7
Adults30413.3
Eggs33100.0
Sterilized eggs300.0
Offspring larvae30826.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241444389269065805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357434539799237, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CnmeGV DNA与RNA在不同虫态及不同世代稻纵卷叶螟中检出率统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测水平
Detection level
样品
Samples
检测总数
Total number
阳性数
Number of positives
阳性率
Positive rate (%)
卡方值
Pearson chi-square (χ2)
P
P-value
*: The chi-square of the positive rate of CnmeGV at DNA level during Larva-pupa;**: The chi-square of the positive rate of GnmeGV at DNA level during Pupa-adult.
RNA levelLarvae3030100.045.880< 0.001
Pupae30413.3
Adults3000.0
Eggs300.0
Offspring larvae30930.0
DNA levelLarvae3030100.01.404*0.236
Pupae302790.048.517**< 0.001
Pupal molt302686.7
Adults30413.3
Eggs33100.0
Sterilized eggs300.0
Offspring larvae30826.7
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稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒的增殖与持续传播特征
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韩光杰 , 李传明 , 张楠 , 刘琴 , 黄立鑫 , 夏杨 , 陆玉荣 , 徐健 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(3): 907-916
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(3): 907-916
稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒的增殖与持续传播特征
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韩光杰, 李传明, 张楠, 刘琴, 黄立鑫, 夏杨, 陆玉荣, 徐健*
作者信息
  • 江苏里下河地区农业科学研究所 国家农业微生物扬州观测实验站, 江苏 扬州 225007
Proliferation and persistent spread characteristics of baculovirus CnmeGV inCnaphalocrocis medinalis
Guangjie HAN, Chuanming LI, Nan ZHANG, Qin LIU, Lixin HUANG, Yang XIA, Yurong LU, Jian XU*
Affiliations
  • National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Microbiology in Yangzhou, Lixiahe District Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225007, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230618
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【目的】分析稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée granulovirus, CnmeGV)在稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)体内的增殖动态,明确其持续传播特征,丰富杆状病毒流行病学研究,为CnmeGV制剂的高效应用提供理论支撑。【方法】转录组测序分析幼虫感染CnmeGV 96 h后及羽化成虫中病毒基因的转录水平,建立基于CnmeGV特异基因Cmorf123的定量检测标记,分析CnmeGV在稻纵卷叶螟体内的增殖动态和持续传播特征。【结果】转录组测序分析表明,CnmeGV所有基因都在幼虫体内转录,其中转录水平最高的为乙酰基转移酶基因,但在成虫转录组中未发现病毒基因的转录。建立了CnmeGV定量检测体系,发现病毒在侵染48 h后,基因复制水平稳定;在侵染后的2 d与4 d病毒拷贝数显著增加,侵染4 d后,DNA含83个病毒拷贝/ng。稻纵卷叶螟幼虫感染CnmeGV后,在成虫和卵中未检测到病毒基因的转录,而在蛹中检测到少量的病毒转录本;86.7%以上的蛹和蛹蜕中均检测到病毒DNA,13.3%成虫中检测到病毒DNA,卵和感染后的第二代幼虫也均能检测到病毒DNA,但卵表经处理后未检测到病毒DNA。【结论】CnmeGV感染稻纵卷叶螟4 d内增殖水平逐渐增加并稳定。CnmeGV病毒粒子可以通过成虫经卵表跨代传播,羽化是稻纵卷叶螟清除CnmeGV的主要途径。

杆状病毒  /  持续传播  /  跨代传播  /  潜伏感染  /  稻纵卷叶螟

[Objective] This study explored the proliferation dynamics and persistent spread characteristics ofCnaphalocrocis medinalis granulovirus (CnmeGV) inCnaphalocrocis medinalis, aiming to enrich the epidemiological knowledge about baculovirus and provide theoretical support for the efficient application of CnmeGV formulations. [Methods] Transcriptome sequencing was employed to determine the transcriptional levels of viral genes in the larvae infected with CnmeGV for 96 h and in the emerged adults. A quantitative detection marker based on the specific geneCmorf123 of CnmeGV was established to measure the proliferation dynamics and persistent spread characteristics of CnmeGV inC.medinalis. [Results] All the genes of CnmeGV were transcribed in the infected larvae, with the acetyltransferase gene showing the highest transcription level. However, no transcription of viral gene was detected in the transcriptome of adults. The measurement with the quantitative detection marker of CnmeGV showed that the replication level of viral gene remained stable within 48 h post infection. The copies of viral genes significantly increased 2 and 4 days post infection, and each nanogram of DNA contained 83 copies of viral genes 4 days post infection. After infection, no viral transcription was detected in the adults or eggs, while a few transcripts were detected in the pupae. Viral DNA was detected in more than 86.7% of pupa and pupal slough samples and while 13.3% of adults. Viral DNA was detected in both the eggs and the second-generation larvae after infection, while no viral DNA was detected on the egg after the surface treatment. [Conclusion] The proliferation level of CnmeGV inC.medinalis gradually increased and then remained stable within 4 days post infection. CnmeGV particles can be spread for two generations by the egg surface. The eclosion ofC.medinalis is the main pathway for clearing CnmeGV.

baculovirus  /  persistent spread  /  cross-generational spread  /  latent infection  /  Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
韩光杰, 李传明, 张楠, 刘琴, 黄立鑫, 夏杨, 陆玉荣, 徐健. 稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒的增殖与持续传播特征. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 907 -916 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230618
Guangjie HAN, Chuanming LI, Nan ZHANG, Qin LIU, Lixin HUANG, Yang XIA, Yurong LU, Jian XU. Proliferation and persistent spread characteristics of baculovirus CnmeGV inCnaphalocrocis medinalis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 907 -916 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230618
杆状病毒是一类能感染昆虫的病原微生物,其专一性强,能持续控制害虫危害,已被广泛开发为安全、高效的微生物杀虫剂[1-3]。杆状病毒主要包含4个属:甲型杆状病毒属(Alphabaculovirus)、乙型杆状病毒属(Betabaculovirus)、丙型杆状病毒属(Deltabaculovirus)和丁型杆状病毒属(Gammabaculovirus)[4]。在自然界中,杆状病毒通过经口感染的方式在宿主中建立感染。病毒颗粒被昆虫取食后在昆虫中肠碱性蛋白酶的作用下裂解,释放的病毒粒子穿透昆虫围食膜感染中肠柱状细胞,从而引发感染[5-6]。作为重要的昆虫种群调控因子,棉铃虫核型多角体病毒(Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus, HearNPV)、甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus, MabrNPV)、斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus, SpliNPV)、小菜蛾颗粒体病毒(Plutella xylostella granulovirus, PlxyGV)等15种病毒的80个产品被中国农业农村部批准为商用病毒杀虫剂。
稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée granulovirus, CnmeGV)是专性感染稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée)的乙型杆状病毒,为双链DNA病毒,其基因组大小为11.2 kb,包含133个潜在开放阅读框,其中32个为特异基因[7]。CnmeGV田间应用后可以持续控制害虫达48 d,有效抑制害虫种群密度并保护其天敌[8-10]。不同于其他杆状病毒较短的致死中时间[11],CnmeGV田间应用后,稻纵卷叶螟的初始死亡时间为8.4 d,致死中时间达到20.16−21.98 d[10]。然而,CnmeGV在宿主体内的增殖规律尚不清楚,这严重制约了病毒制剂效果提升的相关研究。杆状病毒除了侵染后使害虫致死,还能在害虫后代种群中持续传播,降低蛹重、羽化率和产卵量,控制种群发展[8]。杆状病毒持续传播包括水平传播和垂直传播,其中水平传播途径主要包括土壤、感病昆虫排泄物、死亡虫尸和寄生蜂等捕食者[12-14],其传播能力依赖于宿主密度。自1979年首次在广东省江门市恩平市地区发现CnmeGV以来,时隔30年在同一地区仍发现大量的稻纵卷叶螟感染CnmeGV,表明CnmeGV可以在土壤中存活并通过水平传播感染稻纵卷叶螟[15]。另外,杆状病毒也能通过卵表和经卵内从成虫到幼虫的垂直传播途径导致下一代的宿主出现明显病症或无病症的病毒感染[16]。利用巢氏PCR技术检测发现,稻纵卷叶螟感染CnmeGV后,蛹蜕中检测到大量的病毒DNA,成虫变态在稻纵卷叶螟体内病原物的清除中发挥了重要作用[17],但是CnmeGV在DNA与RNA水平上如何跨代传播还未知。本研究建立了CnmeGV定量检测技术体系,分析CnmeGV在稻纵卷叶螟体内的转录水平和增殖动态,明确其跨代传播特征,为CnmeGV病毒制剂的高效应用提供理论基础。
稻纵卷叶螟为室内常年饲养种群,饲养温度(26±1),相对湿度70%−75%,光周期14 L: 10 D,使用玉米苗饲养。CnmeGV病毒由实验室保存,配制105 OB/mL的病毒液,添加0.1%吐温-80后将玉米叶片浸渍,晾干后接种稻纵卷叶螟4龄初幼虫100头/重复,共3个重复。正常饲养96 h后,收集幼虫,其余幼虫继续饲养,蛹表处理后待成虫羽化收集成虫。多余成虫配对,待产卵后收集部分卵粒,分成3个重复,参照韩光杰等[17]的方法进行卵表处理。其余卵继续饲养至第二代,收集第二代3龄幼虫。
分别使用苯酚-氯仿抽提法提取稻纵卷叶螟幼虫、成虫、蛹及卵的DNA[17],使用TaKaRa公司RNA抽提试剂盒提取RNA。参照PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit试剂盒说明书,对所有RNA进行反转录,保存于−80备用。
收集感染病毒96 h的幼虫、羽化的成虫及未感染的幼虫和成虫各15头,提取RNA后送至南京集思慧远生物科技有限公司测序分析,具体分析流程参考前期研究[18]。对测序结果进行从头组装,并与CnmeGV病毒基因组比对[7],分析CnmeGV 133个基因的期望拷贝数。设定CnmeGV基因组所有基因期望拷贝数为1 200,基于转录组数据中病毒基因期望拷贝数,利用TB-tools中HeatMap功能构图[19],分析基因相对转录水平。
根据稻纵卷叶螟早期特异表达基因orf123设计实时荧光定量PCR引物Cmorf123 (Cmorf123F: 5′-CTTGCAACAAGTTCGC-3′; Cmorf123R: 5′-C CATGATGTAGTGACACG-3′),以稻纵卷叶螟ß-actin基因为内参基因[18]。以实验室保存的CnmeGV DNA为模板,使用Cmorf123引物扩增片段,凝胶电泳分离,对目的片段割胶回收后连接到北京全式金生物技术有限公司pEASY-T3克隆载体,构建质粒T3-orf123,其大小为3 254 bp。参照天根生化科技(北京)有限公司质粒小提试剂盒说明书提取质粒,使用赛默飞公司NanoDrop N50 touch微量分光光度计测定浓度,梯度稀释成不同倍数作为模板,使用赛默飞公司实时荧光定量PCR仪进行扩增,建立绝对定量标准曲线。
Cmorf123片段扩增使用TaKaRa公司Prime STAR Max DNA Polymerase,反应程序为98 ℃ 10 s,55 ℃ 5 s,72 ℃ 15 s,32个循环。实时荧光定量PCR分析使用TaKaRa公司TB Green Fast qPCR Mix,反应程序为:预变性95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 10 s,40个循环。
使用GraphPad Prism 6.0统计软件分析数据。数据表示为至少3个独立实验的平均值±标准误差(standard error of mean, SEM)。通过t检验分析基因表达水平的差异,不同虫态病毒检出率统计分析采用卡方测验。
以亚致死剂量CnmeGV感染稻纵卷叶螟4龄幼虫后,幼虫均能完全化蛹,且成虫羽化率达93.4%。进一步分析幼虫及成虫转录组中病毒基因转录水平发现,在幼虫转录组数据中,CnmeGV所有基因都被检测到,其中期望拷贝数最高的基因为orf27orf28和乙酰基转移酶基因acetyltransferase,且这3个基因共转录。病毒口服感染因子pif-1pif-2pif-3pif-4/odv-28基因的期望拷贝数较低,但pif-5/odv-e56的期望拷贝数较高,是其他pif基因的2倍。一些病毒晚期表达基因,如p12F-protein等期望拷贝数也较高,是早期表达基因ie-1的3−5倍。然而,在成虫转录组数据中,未检测到病毒基因的转录,表明CnmeGV未在成虫体内复制(图1)。
以稻纵卷叶螟β-actin为内参基因,CnmeGV特异基因Cmorf123作为探针(扩增效率为102.89%),设定病毒侵染6 h的Cmorf123表达水平为1,发现病毒侵染24 h内,随着侵染时间的增加,病毒复制水平增加。在侵染48 h后,病毒复制水平保持稳定,是侵染6 h时的20倍(图2A)。
以构建的质粒T3-orf123梯度稀释样为模板,建立Cmorf123绝对定量检测体系,标准曲线为Y=−2.891 3X+32.054 (R2=0.995 8) (图2B)。分别以感染病毒的稻纵卷叶螟DNA为模板,分析单位DNA中含有的病毒拷贝数。结果表明,在病毒侵染的第2天与第4天,病毒DNA水平显著增加,病毒侵染4 d后,其DNA水平相对稳定,含83个病毒拷贝/ng DNA (图2C)。
以Cmorf123为探针,分别从RNA及DNA水平检测CnmeGV在不同虫态与不同世代稻纵卷叶螟中的分布情况。结果发现,在感染CnmeGV的稻纵卷叶螟成虫和卵中未在RNA水平检测到病毒存在,在少量个体蛹中病毒有复制。DNA水平检测发现,蛹和蛹蜕中有86.7%以上个体含有病毒颗粒,而在成虫中仅有13.3%个体检测到病毒DNA,蛹到成虫阶段病毒含量显著降低(χ2=48.517,P < 0.001)。在卵中检测到病毒DNA,但卵表经处理后,未能检测到病毒DNA。感染后第二代幼虫中病毒RNA与DNA的检出率分别为13.3%与26.7% (表1)。
杆状病毒主要通过口服感染宿主昆虫,口服感染因子pif基因在包埋型病毒粒子(occlusion-derived virus, ODV)感染中肠柱状上皮细胞时发挥重要作用[20]。一些pif基因,如pif-1pif-2pif-3等能形成复合物保护PIF蛋白免受中肠蛋白酶的降解,帮助病毒感染中肠细胞[21]。而CnmeGV感染稻纵卷叶螟96 h的转录组数据中发现,pif-1pif-2pif-3等基因的期望拷贝数较低,表明病毒可能已经完成了对宿主中肠细胞的感染。不同的是,pif-5的转录水平相对于其他pif基因较高。前期研究发现,敲除苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus, AcMNPV)pif-5基因导致ODV的感染能力严重受损[21-22]。进一步研究表明,pif-5的敲除不仅影响ODV的口服感染能力还降低了AcMNPV感染Sf9细胞的能力[23],表明pif-5可能在杆状病毒感染宿主脂肪体细胞中具有一定的作用。因此CnmeGV的pif-5基因持续高水平转录可能有利于病毒增殖。本研究还发现CnmeGV乙酰基转移酶具有高转录活性,而针对该基因的功能研究还较少。蛋白质乙酰化对细胞自我调节和对病毒感染的反应至关重要,家蚕核型多角体病毒(Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus, BmNPV)感染可以引起BmN细胞大量蛋白质的乙酰化,同时病毒蛋白也被宿主乙酰转移酶乙酰化[24],而使用组蛋白去乙酰基转移酶抑制剂可以提高杆状病毒介导的基因在Sf9细胞中的表达[25]。因此,CnmeGV中乙酰基转移酶的高转录是否和宿主蛋白的乙酰化水平相关值得探索。
杆状病毒经口感染进入昆虫中肠后,遇到第一个天然屏障就是围食膜。围食膜可以阻止细菌、真菌和病毒等大的颗粒而具有免疫防御功能[6]。一些杆状病毒,如黏虫颗粒体病毒(Pseudaletia unipuncta granulovirus, PuGV)[26]、粉纹夜蛾颗粒体病毒(Trichopusia ni granulovirus, TnGV)[27]、小地老虎颗粒体病毒(Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus, XcGV)[28]等含有一种增效蛋白(enhancin),可以降解围食膜肠黏蛋白,增强通透性,提高病毒的侵染效率,但在CnmeGV中并未发现该基因[7]。CnmeGV侵染稻纵卷叶螟后,其RNA水平稳定上升,并在48 h保持稳定,但宿主体内病毒DNA的含量在感染后的第2天与第4天才显著增加。因此,缺失enhancin可能造成CnmeGV早期侵染效率低,病毒积累较少。但病毒的增殖还受宿主免疫的影响。CnmeGV感染可以诱导稻纵卷叶螟氧化应激系统,宿主通过上调CncC基因来清除病毒引起的氧化损伤,而抑制CncC可以显著增加CnmeGV的早期增殖水平[29]。免疫识别、细胞的自噬与凋亡、RNAi、Toll、Imd、JAK-STAT和STING信号通路等相关的抗病毒免疫途径也影响了病毒的增殖[30-31]。因此,后期需要着重通过调控稻纵卷叶螟感染CnmeGV 4 d内的免疫功能来提高病毒的增殖能力。
杆状病毒在宿主体内增殖后的无病症持续传播也称为潜伏感染,它可以通过影响昆虫生殖能力抑制害虫种群暴发[3,8]。然而,潜伏感染的病毒如何跨代传播一直存在争议。家蚕(Bombyx mori)感染多角体病毒BmNPV后,蚕种经实验室消毒,其病毒DNA携带率仍有10%[32],而印度谷螟(Plodia interpunctella)感染颗粒体病毒(Plodia interpunctella granulovirus, PlinGV)后,在蛹、成虫卵巢和睾丸中均能检测到病毒晚期表达的颗粒体蛋白基因(granulin) mRNA[33]。在本研究中,稻纵卷叶螟感染CnmeGV后,在感染当代及后代幼虫中均能检测到CnmeGVorf123基因DNA,但仅在蛹中检测到少量的orf123 mRNA,且在成虫转录组中也未发现病毒基因转录本,表明CnmeGV mRNA很难跨代传播。值得注意的是,稻纵卷叶螟化蛹时,病毒DNA大部分留在蛹中,而羽化时,病毒DNA多数留在蛹蜕被清除。作为完全变态昆虫,稻纵卷叶螟在化蛹时,虽然组织结构重塑,但仅有外表皮脱落,而羽化时脱落的组织较多,因此稻纵卷叶螟可能通过羽化这一变态过程将病原物排出体外。非洲黏虫(Spodoptera exempta)感染多角体病毒(Spodoptera exempta nucleopolyhedrovirus, SpexNPV)后,成虫的头部、翅膀和腿病毒载量最高,而在昆虫腹部较低[34],这种现象也可能是蛹蜕中的病毒颗粒黏附在这些部位造成的。因此,昆虫蛹到成虫的变态过程可能是杆状病毒跨代传播的主要障碍。
卵是脊椎动物、无脊椎动物一个重要的形态,它包含物种的所有遗传信息,病毒潜伏感染遗传信息的传递必须通过卵进行垂直传播。灰飞虱卵黄原蛋白Vg的vWD结构域与水稻条纹病毒(rice streak virus, RSV)的外壳蛋白有强结合,进入到血淋巴的RSV通过与Vg的结合被Vg的受体带入了卵巢生殖区,然后病毒与Vg分开,经营养丝直接进入卵母细胞,完成了RSV的经卵传播[35]。但在稻纵卷叶螟的成虫和卵中,未检测到CnmeGV的mRNA信息,仅在卵表检测出病毒DNA信息,表明CnmeGV可通过卵表传播,但卵表的病毒是来源于卵巢或精巢还是成虫交配行为还需进一步证实。由此提出了CnmeGV跨代传播途径:CnmeGV感染稻纵卷叶螟后,6−48 h病毒复制水平逐渐增强,96 h后病毒粒子数相对稳定;感染病毒未死亡的幼虫可以成功化蛹,稻纵卷叶螟主要通过羽化将病毒清除,少量的病毒以DNA形式进入成虫,并进一步通过卵表将病毒传播到下一代(图3)。综上所述,本研究发现稻纵卷叶螟感染CnmeGV后,4 d内的免疫防御是限制病毒早期快速增殖的主要因素,CnmeGV粒子可以经卵表在害虫种群中跨代传播,宿主昆虫的羽化是清除杆状病毒粒子的主要途径。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32372539)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32302351)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金(BK20181215)
  • 江苏省“333”优秀青年人才项目(苏人才办[2022]21号)
  • 江苏省亚夫科技服务项目(KF[22]1020)
  • 扬州市生态农业重点实验室(YZ2023244)
  • 农业基础性长期性科技工作项目(NAES069AM04)
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2024年第64卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230618
  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
  • 录用日期:2023-11-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372539)
国家自然科学基金(32372539)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302351)
国家自然科学基金(32302351)
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20181215)
江苏省自然科学基金(BK20181215)
Jiangsu Province "333 Excellent Youth Talent" Project [2022]21 of Provincial Talent Office in Jiangsu
江苏省“333”优秀青年人才项目(苏人才办[2022]21号)
Yafu Technology Service Project in Jiangsu Province(KF[22]1020)
江苏省亚夫科技服务项目(KF[22]1020)
Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Ecological Agriculture(YZ2023244)
扬州市生态农业重点实验室(YZ2023244)
Basic and Long-term Scientific and Technological Work Projects in Agriculture(NAES069AM04)
农业基础性长期性科技工作项目(NAES069AM04)
作者信息
    江苏里下河地区农业科学研究所 国家农业微生物扬州观测实验站, 江苏 扬州 225007

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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