Article(id=1241357432442647225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230576, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694275200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1700582400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-11-22, onlineDate=1773892275200, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892275200, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892275200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892275200, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=882, endPage=892, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357434187477697, articleId=1241357432442647225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation of autonomously replicating sequence and gene knockout using an episomal plasmid inRhodosporidium toruloides, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Episomal expression vectors typically have higher copy number to achieve strong gene expression than chromosomal expression vectors. Moreover, they are more convenient and flexible for DNA manipulation. However, the episomal plasmids suitable for the application inRhodosporidium toruloides remain to be determined, and the expression of heterologous genes or CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing needs to be achieved by integration, which is a key reason for the slow progress in its genetic modification. Thus, this work aims to construct an episomal plasmid ofR.toruloides, which facilitates the expression of heterologous genes and promotes the gene editing in a time-saving manner. [Methods] First, the possible autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL) ofR.toruloides were mined. Specifically,PAL and its upstream and downstream sequences were amplified in segments and constructed into a plasmid containing the β-isopropyl malate dehydrogenase gene (LEU2). The recombinant plasmids were then introduced intoLEU2-deficientR.toruloides by the electroporation method. An ARS was then identified according to transformation efficiency. Then, theBTS1 gene encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase was selected as the knockout target, and its gRNA was constructed into the episomal plasmid based on the identified ARS. The color change of the transformant was observed to verify whether the episomal plasmid was successfully applied to the CRISPR/Cas9 system ofR.toruloides. [Results] In this work, an ARS was identified, based on which an episomal plasmid was constructed and applied to CRISPR/Cas9 editing inR.toruloides. Finally, the episomal plasmid-based gene knockout ofR.toruloides was successfully achieved. [Conclusion] This work enriched the existing tool library and provided a research basis and technical support for the application ofR.toruloides in synthetic biology.

, correspAuthors=Shuobo SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*SHI Shuobo, Tel/Fax: +86-10-64438262, E-mail:
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【目的】与整合型表达载体相比,游离型表达载体通常具有更高的拷贝数以实现目标基因的高强度表达,并且对于DNA操作应用更加方便和灵活。然而,目前的研究尚未确定适用于圆红冬孢酵母的游离型质粒,该酵母外源基因的表达或者基于CRISPR/Cas9的基因组编辑都需要通过整合方式来完成,这也是对其遗传改造进展缓慢的一个重要原因。本研究目的是构建圆红冬孢酵母的游离型质粒,使得其外源基因的表达和基因组编辑更方便省时。【方法】首先对圆红冬孢酵母苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶基因(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene,PAL)中可能存在的自主复制序列(autonomously replicating sequences, ARSs)进行挖掘和表征,将该基因及其上下游序列进行分段扩增,构建到带有β-异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶基因(β-isopropyl malate dehydrogenase gene,LEU2)的质粒中,通过电转化的方法导入LEU2基因缺陷的圆红冬孢酵母中,根据转化效率高低鉴定了该酵母的一个ARS。其次,以编码香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合成酶(geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, GGPPS)的BTS1基因为敲除靶点,将其gRNA构建到基于ARS的游离型质粒中,通过转化子直观的颜色变化来验证该游离型质粒是否成功应用于圆红冬孢酵母的CRISPR/Cas9体系。【结果】本工作鉴定了圆红冬孢酵母的ARS,构建了基于ARS元件的游离型质粒,并将该质粒应用于圆红冬孢酵母CRISPR/Cas9体系,成功实现了基于游离型质粒的基因敲除。【结论】本研究丰富了圆红冬孢酵母现有的工具库,为圆红冬孢酵母的合成生物学应用提供了良好的研究基础和技术支持。

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ofRhodosporidium toruloides[J].mSphere,2019,4(2):e00099-19., articleTitle=Multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing ofRhodosporidium toruloides, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241444393752776900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, doi=10.1002/biot.201900036, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=14, issue=7, pageStart=e1900036, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=Biotechnology Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIAO X, ZHANG Y, LIU XJ, ZHANG Q, ZHANG SF, ZHAO ZK.Developing a CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing in the basidiomycetous yeastRhodosporidium toruloides[J].Biotechnology Journal,2019,14(7):e1900036., articleTitle=Developing a CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing in the basidiomycetous yeastRhodosporidium toruloides, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241444388702834736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, 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caption=Workflow diagram of the research.Ori: Replication origin ofE.coli;LEU2: The gene encoding β-isopropyl malate dehydrogenase;AmpR: Ampicillin resistance gene;PAL: Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene; ARS: Autonomously replicating sequence;BLE: Bleomycin resistance gene., figureFileSmall=ApsKWK4ZwsrTd2A69QWuUA==, figureFileBig=dhKIHKY044qt5eG/lkQrJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387171914713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究流程示意图, figureFileSmall=ApsKWK4ZwsrTd2A69QWuUA==, figureFileBig=dhKIHKY044qt5eG/lkQrJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387327103972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Identification of ARS. A: Divide the 20 kbPAL fragment into eight fragments from F1 to F8 of about 3 000 bp. F2 fragment was further divided into three smaller fragments-F2-1, F2-2, F2-3. B: Agarose gel electrophoresis of amplified Fn fragments, n=1, 2, 3…8, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3. Lane 1, Lane 10: DNA marker; Lane 2−9: Amplified fragment from F1 to F8, 3 000 bp; Lane 11: Amplified fragment F2-1, 1 200 bp; Lane 12: Amplified fragment F2-2, 825 bp; Lane 13: Amplified fragment F2-3, 1 200 bp. C: Schematic diagram of plasmids P2 to P12.AmpR: Ampicillin resistance gene;Ori: Replication origin ofE.coli;LEU2: The gene encoding β-isopropyl malate dehydrogenase. D: Transformants on SC-LEU medium after the plasmid P11 was transformed intoLEU2 gene-deficientRhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 1585 by electroporation., figureFileSmall=8Nh0S2Z37pD79twVSTd36g==, figureFileBig=nP3lz5FMrsHh58e7n9HTTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387452933096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=CN, label=图2, caption=ARS的鉴定, figureFileSmall=8Nh0S2Z37pD79twVSTd36g==, figureFileBig=nP3lz5FMrsHh58e7n9HTTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387582956531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The construction process of plasmid P1.AmpR: Ampicillin resistance gene;Ori: Replication origin ofEscherichia coli;LEU2: The gene encoding β-isopropyl malate dehydrogenase., figureFileSmall=mADSzYrSTMgYeWJ3ope0YA==, figureFileBig=GHBaaOhLsLt84oAGtrMWrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387729757178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=CN, label=图3, caption=质粒P1的构建过程, figureFileSmall=mADSzYrSTMgYeWJ3ope0YA==, figureFileBig=GHBaaOhLsLt84oAGtrMWrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387843003391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Characterization of the episomal plasmid P11 inRhodosporidium toruloides strain A11. A: The map of 4.9 kb plasmid P11 and the primer pairs for PCR detection. B: PCR detection results for the circular plasmid of P11. Lane 1: DNA marker; Lane 2: Primers test 1 and test 2, 4 984 bp; Lane 3: Primers test 2 and test 4, 2 350 bp; Lane 4: Primers test 1 and test 3, 2 608 bp., figureFileSmall=Fd9pw/81vcKpwziB68iPGw==, figureFileBig=stTGY0LwZNBWBUek3MUaWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444387939471364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=CN, label=图4, caption=圆红冬孢酵母菌株A11中游离型质粒P11的表征, figureFileSmall=Fd9pw/81vcKpwziB68iPGw==, figureFileBig=stTGY0LwZNBWBUek3MUaWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444388094660625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Schematic illustration of plasmids P13 and P14 used to knock out theBTS1 gene inRhodosporidium toruloides., figureFileSmall=pTK5Ju6zIfallHDg8PCrUQ==, figureFileBig=gh4LVMN5Y15xfvGZdrskAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444388224684054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=CN, label=图5, caption=用于敲除圆红冬孢酵母菌株BTS1基因的质粒P13和P14示意图, figureFileSmall=pTK5Ju6zIfallHDg8PCrUQ==, figureFileBig=gh4LVMN5Y15xfvGZdrskAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444388342124574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plasmids and strains used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Plasmids and strainsDescriptionsReferences
P0AmpR-OriLab storage
P1AmpR-Ori-LEU2This work
P2AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F1This work
P3AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2This work
P4AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F3This work
P5AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F4This work
P6AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F5This work
P7AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F6This work
P8AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F7This work
P9AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F8This work
P10AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-1This work
P11AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-2This work
P12AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-3This work
NM810Rt 5S-(tRNA-Gly)-gRNA scaffold-(tRNA-Arg)-T35SLab storage
NM810-gRNA1Rt 5S-(tRNA-Gly)-gRNA1-gRNA scaffold-(tRNA-Arg)-T35SThis work
P13AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-2-gRNA1This work
pZPK-pPGK-BLE-TnospPGK1-BLE-Tnos[4]
P14AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-2-gRNA1-BLEThis work
E.coli DH5αsupE44lacU169 (ϕ80lacZΔM15)hsdR17recA1endA1gyrA96thi-1relA1Lab storage
R.toruloides NCYC 1585MAT-A2leu2-ino[9]
R.toruloides NP11MAT A1, haploid strain[10]
R.toruloides NP11-SpCas9MAT A1, haploid strain, NP11-pPGK1-SpCas9-NLS3-Tnos[11]
Strain A1R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P1This work
Strain A2R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P2This work
Strain A3R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P3This work
Strain A4R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P4This work
Strain A5R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P5This work
Strain A6R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P6This work
Strain A7R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P7This work
Strain A8R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P8This work
Strain A9R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P9This work
Strain A10R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P10This work
Strain A11R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P11This work
Strain A12R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P12This work
Strain A14R.toruloides NP11-SpCas9 with plasmid P14This work
), ArticleFig(id=1241444388434399269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357432442647225, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本实验所用的质粒和菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Plasmids and strainsDescriptionsReferences
P0AmpR-OriLab storage
P1AmpR-Ori-LEU2This work
P2AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F1This work
P3AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2This work
P4AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F3This work
P5AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F4This work
P6AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F5This work
P7AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F6This work
P8AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F7This work
P9AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F8This work
P10AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-1This work
P11AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-2This work
P12AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-3This work
NM810Rt 5S-(tRNA-Gly)-gRNA scaffold-(tRNA-Arg)-T35SLab storage
NM810-gRNA1Rt 5S-(tRNA-Gly)-gRNA1-gRNA scaffold-(tRNA-Arg)-T35SThis work
P13AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-2-gRNA1This work
pZPK-pPGK-BLE-TnospPGK1-BLE-Tnos[4]
P14AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-2-gRNA1-BLEThis work
E.coli DH5αsupE44lacU169 (ϕ80lacZΔM15)hsdR17recA1endA1gyrA96thi-1relA1Lab storage
R.toruloides NCYC 1585MAT-A2leu2-ino[9]
R.toruloides NP11MAT A1, haploid strain[10]
R.toruloides NP11-SpCas9MAT A1, haploid strain, NP11-pPGK1-SpCas9-NLS3-Tnos[11]
Strain A1R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P1This work
Strain A2R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P2This work
Strain A3R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P3This work
Strain A4R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P4This work
Strain A5R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P5This work
Strain A6R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P6This work
Strain A7R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P7This work
Strain A8R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P8This work
Strain A9R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P9This work
Strain A10R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P10This work
Strain A11R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P11This work
Strain A12R.toruloides NCYC 1585 with plasmid P12This work
Strain A14R.toruloides NP11-SpCas9 with plasmid P14This work
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圆红冬孢酵母自主复制序列分离和利用游离型质粒进行基因敲除
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郭霄 , 史硕博 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(3): 882-892
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(3): 882-892
圆红冬孢酵母自主复制序列分离和利用游离型质粒进行基因敲除
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郭霄, 史硕博*
作者信息
  • 北京化工大学生命科学与技术学院 软物质科学与工程高精尖创新中心, 北京 100029
Isolation of autonomously replicating sequence and gene knockout using an episomal plasmid inRhodosporidium toruloides
Xiao GUO, Shuobo SHI*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230576
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【目的】与整合型表达载体相比,游离型表达载体通常具有更高的拷贝数以实现目标基因的高强度表达,并且对于DNA操作应用更加方便和灵活。然而,目前的研究尚未确定适用于圆红冬孢酵母的游离型质粒,该酵母外源基因的表达或者基于CRISPR/Cas9的基因组编辑都需要通过整合方式来完成,这也是对其遗传改造进展缓慢的一个重要原因。本研究目的是构建圆红冬孢酵母的游离型质粒,使得其外源基因的表达和基因组编辑更方便省时。【方法】首先对圆红冬孢酵母苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶基因(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene,PAL)中可能存在的自主复制序列(autonomously replicating sequences, ARSs)进行挖掘和表征,将该基因及其上下游序列进行分段扩增,构建到带有β-异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶基因(β-isopropyl malate dehydrogenase gene,LEU2)的质粒中,通过电转化的方法导入LEU2基因缺陷的圆红冬孢酵母中,根据转化效率高低鉴定了该酵母的一个ARS。其次,以编码香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合成酶(geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, GGPPS)的BTS1基因为敲除靶点,将其gRNA构建到基于ARS的游离型质粒中,通过转化子直观的颜色变化来验证该游离型质粒是否成功应用于圆红冬孢酵母的CRISPR/Cas9体系。【结果】本工作鉴定了圆红冬孢酵母的ARS,构建了基于ARS元件的游离型质粒,并将该质粒应用于圆红冬孢酵母CRISPR/Cas9体系,成功实现了基于游离型质粒的基因敲除。【结论】本研究丰富了圆红冬孢酵母现有的工具库,为圆红冬孢酵母的合成生物学应用提供了良好的研究基础和技术支持。

圆红冬孢酵母  /  自主复制序列  /  游离型质粒

[Objective] Episomal expression vectors typically have higher copy number to achieve strong gene expression than chromosomal expression vectors. Moreover, they are more convenient and flexible for DNA manipulation. However, the episomal plasmids suitable for the application inRhodosporidium toruloides remain to be determined, and the expression of heterologous genes or CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing needs to be achieved by integration, which is a key reason for the slow progress in its genetic modification. Thus, this work aims to construct an episomal plasmid ofR.toruloides, which facilitates the expression of heterologous genes and promotes the gene editing in a time-saving manner. [Methods] First, the possible autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL) ofR.toruloides were mined. Specifically,PAL and its upstream and downstream sequences were amplified in segments and constructed into a plasmid containing the β-isopropyl malate dehydrogenase gene (LEU2). The recombinant plasmids were then introduced intoLEU2-deficientR.toruloides by the electroporation method. An ARS was then identified according to transformation efficiency. Then, theBTS1 gene encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase was selected as the knockout target, and its gRNA was constructed into the episomal plasmid based on the identified ARS. The color change of the transformant was observed to verify whether the episomal plasmid was successfully applied to the CRISPR/Cas9 system ofR.toruloides. [Results] In this work, an ARS was identified, based on which an episomal plasmid was constructed and applied to CRISPR/Cas9 editing inR.toruloides. Finally, the episomal plasmid-based gene knockout ofR.toruloides was successfully achieved. [Conclusion] This work enriched the existing tool library and provided a research basis and technical support for the application ofR.toruloides in synthetic biology.

Rhodosporidium toruloides  /  autonomously replicating sequence  /  episomal plasmid
郭霄, 史硕博. 圆红冬孢酵母自主复制序列分离和利用游离型质粒进行基因敲除. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 882 -892 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230576
Xiao GUO, Shuobo SHI. Isolation of autonomously replicating sequence and gene knockout using an episomal plasmid inRhodosporidium toruloides[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 882 -892 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230576
为了改变或实现特定基因的表达,往往需要将基因通过载体引入到相应宿主细胞中。目前常见的载体有两种:整合型表达载体和游离型表达载体。整合表达是通过将相应核酸片段插入到宿主细胞染色体中进行复制,具有遗传和表达稳定的优点。游离表达往往依赖游离型载体实现(例如游离型质粒),能够在细胞内独立于宿主细胞本身的复制周期而实现扩增,具有拷贝数高、易于操纵的优点,同时这种表达方式对菌体的基因组影响很小。游离型质粒是一种重要的合成生物学元件,在诸多微生物中发挥了重要作用[1]
圆红冬孢酵母是一株可高产油脂的非模式酵母,能够累积超过自身细胞干重70%的油脂,可引入不同的修饰酶或代谢途径合成各类脂肪酸类燃料与化学品。同时,该酵母可利用的碳源和氮源较广,且对木质纤维素水解液中的诸如乙酸等毒性物质具有天然抗性,被认为是一株具有广泛工业应用前景的产油菌株[2-3]。目前,外源基因导入圆红冬孢酵母主要依靠整合表达,通过同源重组将相应核酸片段插入到酵母基因组上,该方法因遗传稳定性好而被广泛应用[4-5],但该方法也存在大量随机整合、假阳性率高、后期筛选烦琐等缺点[6]
自主复制序列(autonomously replicating sequence, ARS)是常见的游离型质粒的一个核心功能元件,它可以启动核酸的复制,是DNA的复制起点,类似于细菌中的复制起点,指导基因组DNA和游离型质粒的复制[7]。圆红冬孢酵母中游离型质粒的构建可以追溯到1985年[8],该工作将圆红冬孢酵母苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶基因(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene,PAL)构建到质粒中,可以提高该酵母的转化效率,猜测PAL基因中可能存在ARS,该质粒可能作为不稳定游离型质粒在酵母中复制,从而提高了转化效率。除此之外,到目前为止,还没有关于圆红冬孢酵母游离型质粒及其应用的相关报道。
本研究通过挖掘圆红冬孢酵母ARS元件,构建了圆红冬孢酵母的游离型质粒,并进一步将该游离型质粒应用于圆红冬孢酵母的CRISPR/Cas9系统,成功实现了编码香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合成酶(geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, GGPPS)的BTS1基因的敲除。本研究结果为圆红冬孢酵母构建稳定的游离型质粒表达系统提供了良好的支撑,为该酵母运用CRISPR/Cas9系统进行多基因编辑提供了更合适的表达载体。
本文中用到的圆红冬孢酵母NP11、NCYC 1585和NP11-SpCas9菌株分别由赵宗保、纪良辉和赵惠民教授提供[9-11],菌株的具体特征见表1
酵母提取物蛋白胨葡萄糖(yeast extract peptone dextrose, YPD)培养基(g/L):酵母粉10,蛋白胨20,葡萄糖20;LB培养基(g/L):酵母粉5,胰蛋白胨10,氯化钠10。TE溶液(g/L):三羟甲基氨基甲烷1.21,乙二胺四乙酸0.29,pH调节至7.5;酵母基因组提取溶液:2%曲拉通X-100,1%十二烷基磺酸钠,100 mmol/L氯化钠,pH值为8.0的10 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液,pH值为8.0的1 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸溶液。
电转仪、PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;NanoDrop One型超微量分光光度计,Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;化学发光成像系统,Azure Biosystems公司。
Golden Gate克隆反应体系:按照等摩尔比例加入纯化的载体和片段,Bsa I限制性内切酶1.6 μL,T4 DNA聚合酶0.4 μL,T4缓冲溶液0.2 μL,加无菌水至20 μL混匀。反应过程:37 ℃ 30 min;37 ℃ 10 min,16 ℃ 5 min,反应15个循环;16 ℃连接30 min,80 ℃灭活10 min。
NEBuilder克隆反应体系:按照等摩尔比例加入纯化的载体和片段,2×NEBuilder高保真DNA组装预混液5 μL,加无菌水至10 μL混匀,于50 ℃反应1 h。
反应完的体系转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,并涂布在含有相应抗生素的LB琼脂平板上,选取单克隆用于下一步研究。
圆红冬孢酵母基因组DNA的提取方法在标准苯酚/氯仿提取法[12]的基础上进行了部分改进,增加了用玻璃珠破碎酵母细胞这一操作。具体如下:圆红冬孢酵母依次经过PBS缓冲液处理、玻璃珠破碎、苯酚-氯仿-异戊醇(25:24:1,体积比)抽提、100%乙醇沉淀、70%乙醇洗涤、核糖核酸酶A和蛋白酶K处理等步骤后,溶解于50 μL水溶液,并保存于−20 ℃冰箱中。
质粒P1的构建。首先,以圆红冬孢酵母基因组DNA为模板,针对包含β-异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶基因(β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene,LEU2, 1 573 bp)、基因编码区上游500 bp的序列(作为启动子)和基因编码区下游200 bp序列(作为终止子)的一段核酸序列,设计引物分两段进行扩增。即分别以LEU2-1F、LEU2-1R和LEU2-2F、LEU2-2R为引物,扩增片段LEU2-1和LEU2-2。然后,与带Bsa I酶切位点的工具质粒P0 (含有元件Ori-AmpR)用Golden Gate的方法构建质粒P1 (含有元件AmpR-Ori-LEU2)。
质粒P2−P12的构建。通过在NCBI网站(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/)上比对序列,找到了一段20 kb的圆红冬孢酵母PAL及其上下游序列,将该序列分为8段,每段有500 bp的重复序列,分别命名为F1−F8。以圆红冬孢酵母基因组DNA为模板,通过设计合适的引物,成功扩增出这8个片段。最后分别将其插入用Bgl Ⅱ酶切的质粒P1中,用NEBuilder组装方法构建质粒P2−P9。进而将F2片段拆分为3个小片段F2-1、F2-2、F2-3,用同样的方法构建到质粒P1中,得到质粒P10−P12。
质粒P13、P14的构建。首先,设计引物gRNA1F和gRNA1R,互为质粒和模板,扩增得到gRNA1序列,用Golden Gate的方法将其构建到NM810质粒上,得到NM810-gRNA1质粒。再以该质粒为模板,设计引物gRNAF和gRNAR,扩增得到gRNA表达基因盒(5S rRNA-tRNA- gRNA1-T35S),再用NEBuilder组装法将该gRNA表达盒插入到质粒P11的Bgl Ⅱ酶切位点处,得到质粒P13 (AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-2-5S rRNA-tRNA- gRNA1-T35S)。
以质粒pZPK-pPGK-BLE-Tnos[4] (表1)为模板,设计引物BLEF和BLER,扩增得到博来霉素基因表达盒Ppgk-BLE-Tnos,然后将该片段用NEBuilder组装法构建到质粒P13的Bgl Ⅱ酶切位点处,得到包含gRNA和BLE表达盒的质粒P14 (AmpR-Ori-LEU2-F2-2-5S rRNA-tRNA- gRNA1-T35S-pPGK1-BLE-Tnos)。实验流程图如图1所示。
本实验涉及到的质粒和菌株见表1,所用的引物序列详见表S1,质粒序列见表S2,片段F1−F12序列见表S3,gRNA序列见表S4。表S1–S4数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(National Microbiology Data Center, NMDC),编号为NMDCX0000241。
根据文献[13]报道的方法制备圆红冬孢酵母电转感受态细胞,然后向100 μL感受态细胞中加入2 μg DNA,设置电击电压为1 400 V,电阻为400 Ω,电容为25 μF。电击后立即加入1 mL YPD培养基,并在30 ℃、250 r/min温育2 h,使其复苏。最后离心收集菌体,调整体积后涂布于相应的抗生素抗性平板或营养缺陷型平板上,于30 ℃温箱中培养2−5 d至转化子出现。
首先通过文献[8]给出的对PAL片段包括酶切位点在内的描述,找到了约20 kb的核酸片段,该片段包括PAL基因及其上下游序列。通过设计相应的引物,以圆红冬孢酵母野生型菌株NP11基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR分8段扩增了这段序列,每个片段的长度为3 000 bp,并设计了相邻DNA片段之间的500 bp重叠,片段分别命名为F1−F8 (图2A)。
其次,本研究构建了一个工具质粒P1,它包含Ori序列、LEU2基因表达盒、AmpR抗生素基因和两个Bsa I酶切位点,方便后续片段的组装,该质粒构建过程见图3
然后,将上述扩增得到的8个DNA片段(F1−F8,凝胶电泳图见图2B)分别组装到质粒P1中。至此,一个可能携带ARS的环状质粒文库(P2−P9)构建成功(图2C)。
在圆红冬孢酵母中,应用最广泛、效率最高的转化方法为农杆菌转化法,该方法是将位于两段T-DNA中间的片段整合到酵母基因组上,不能完成游离型质粒的转化。然而电转化技术能够将外源基因片段或者质粒随机整合到宿主中,所以本文采用电转化的方法将这些质粒(P2−P9)导入到圆红冬孢酵母NCYC 1585菌株中,涂布在SC-LEU的营养缺陷型固体培养基上。由于NCYC 1585菌株是LEU2基因缺陷型菌株,所以只有成功将质粒导入的菌株才会在上述缺陷型培养基上生长,并可根据长出的单克隆数量来计算转化效率。
结果显示,在质粒P2−P9中,只有将质粒P3 (包括F2片段)导入圆红冬孢酵母后,在SC-LEU固体培养基上有13个单克隆长出,因此推断F2片段中可能包含圆红冬孢酵母的ARS序列。为了进一步缩短ARS的长度,将3 000 bp的F2片段继续分成3个DNA片段F2-1、F2-2、F2-3,每个片段之间有200 bp的重复序列,并将它们插入到P1质粒的Bgl Ⅱ酶切位点处,得到了质粒P10−P12。结果表明,只有将质粒P11 (包含F2-2片段)导入圆红冬孢酵母后,在SC-LEU固体培养基上有22个单克隆长出(图2D)。转化效率比P3略有提高,可能是由于缩短了ARS DNA序列的长度,从而减小了质粒大小。因此,经过几轮筛选,获得了一个包含复制起始活性的825 bp的F2-2片段。包括白色念珠菌和酿酒酵母在内的一部分酵母的ARS中存在14 bp的核心序列,其中包含一个富含AT的高度保守序列A(T)TTTATT (G)TTA(T)[14-15]。而另一部分酵母,如粟酒裂殖酵母,其ARS却没有这样的核心保守序列[16]。可能由于圆红冬孢酵母的G+C含量较高,平均为62%[17],所以没有在该ARS中找到富含AT的核心保守序列。酿酒酵母ARS功能的最小大小为100−150 bp,而粟酒裂殖酵母ARS功能的最小大小约为500−1 500 bp[16],鉴定的该圆红冬孢的ARS为825 bp,经过比对分析,并没有发现该序列和其他菌株已有的ARS有相同或相似序列。
其次,有必要验证P11质粒在圆红冬孢酵母内是否以环状形式存在。因此,本研究设计了一个涉及两组直接相邻的反向引物对的PCR检测(图4A)。一对引物与质粒的Ori区域结合,另一对引物与LEU2基因的启动子区域结合。提取圆红冬孢酵母菌株A11的基因组并以其作为PCR模板,PCR检测结果显示酵母细胞中存在完整的环状质粒(图4B),表明本研究鉴定的序列F2-2包含ARS位点,可以介导圆红冬孢酵母中环状质粒的复制和维持。
CRISPR/Cas9作为一种新型的基因组编辑工具,因其方便、高效,近几年来也被成功地应用在圆红冬孢酵母中[18-19]。由于圆红冬孢酵母目前仍没有稳定遗传的游离型质粒,所以Cas9和sgRNA表达盒都是通过农杆菌转化或化学转化随机整合到基因组中,这可能导致位于整合位点的基因失活,产生一些未知的影响。然而农杆菌介导的转化耗时多,每完成一次转化需要两周的时间;化学转化法效率很低,不适合圆红冬孢酵母CRISPR/Cas9系统的操作,所以本研究将上述构建的游离型质粒应用于圆红冬孢酵母的CRISPR/Cas9系统中,验证其是否能顺利表达sgRNA,从而实现基因编辑的目的。
圆红冬孢酵母可天然合成β-胡萝卜素,这也是该酵母为红色的原因。在本研究中,选取的敲除靶点为β-胡萝卜素合成途径中编码香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合成酶(geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, GGPPS)的基因BTS1,缺失BTS1基因的圆红冬孢酵母会由红色变为白色。在NCBI网站(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/)上获得该基因序列。在其基因外显子区域设计了一个gRNA,即gRNA1。用电转化方法将包含gRNA1和博来霉素抗生素表达盒的质粒P14 (AmpR-Ori-LEU2- F2-2-5S rRNA-tRNA-gRNA1-T35S-pPGK1-BLE-Tnos图5)用电转化法转化圆红冬孢酵母NP11-SpCas9菌株中,并涂布在带有博来霉素抗性的YPD筛选平板上,得到菌株A14,共有89个单克隆,其中有6个为白色,敲除效率为6.7%。同时将质粒P14通过农杆菌转化的方法导入圆红冬孢酵母NP11-SpCas9菌株中,涂布在带有博来霉素抗性的YPD筛选平板上,共得到59个单克隆,其中有36个为白色,其敲除效率为61.0%。结果表明,构建的游离型质粒可以成功地应用于圆红冬孢酵母的CRISPR/Cas9系统中,但是其基因编辑效率较低。可能因为转化方法的不同导致转化效率不同,进而影响最终的编辑效率;此外,目前含ARS的质粒表达不稳定也可能是造成其编辑效率低的原因之一。下一步可以通过优化转化方法和提升质粒稳定性来提高游离型质粒的编辑效率。相对于目前基于整合表达gRNA的农杆菌转化方法来说,本研究基于游离型质粒表达的电转化方法更具有灵活性和便利性,可节省大约9 d时间,缩短了研究周期。
(1) 前人研究圆红冬孢酵母PAL (苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶)基因时发现了一种不稳定的圆红冬孢酵母质粒,猜测该基因或邻近序列中可能包含圆红冬孢酵母的一个自主复制序列。在此研究的基础上,本工作通过对PAL基因及其上下游序列的进一步分析,得到了该酵母的一个自主复制序列F2-2。
(2) 构建了圆红冬孢酵母基于自主复制序列的游离型质粒,并将该质粒应用于圆红冬孢酵母的CRISPR/Cas9系统。本研究丰富了圆红冬孢酵母现有的工具库,为圆红冬孢酵母运用CRISPR/Cas9系统进行多重基因编辑提供了良好的研究基础,对其代谢工程应用和合成生物学研究有着重要意义。
总之,通过挖掘圆红冬孢酵母自主复制序列元件,构建了该酵母的游离型质粒,进一步应用于CRISPR/Cas9系统中。以上方法有望成为圆红冬孢酵母遗传工具的有力补充,并进一步促进圆红冬孢酵母作为生物制造平台的发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(21878013)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22011530113)
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2024年第64卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230576
  • 接收时间:2023-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-10
  • 录用日期:2023-11-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878013)
国家自然科学基金(21878013)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22011530113)
国家自然科学基金(22011530113)
作者信息
    北京化工大学生命科学与技术学院 软物质科学与工程高精尖创新中心, 北京 100029

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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