Article(id=1241357431771550038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230630, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697040000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1701792000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-06, onlineDate=1773892275040, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892275040, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892275040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892275040, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=917, endPage=937, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357432056762730, articleId=1241357431771550038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Construction and phenotypic characterization offur-deleted mutant ofPseudomonas aeruginosa, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a key regulatory factor of iron metabolism and virulence inPseudomonas aeruginosa. Many research groups have failed to construct thefur-deleted mutant ofP.aeruginosa, sofur has always been considered to be an essential gene inP.aeruginosa, and the knowledge of its biological function is limited. [Objective] This study aims to construct afur-deleted mutant ofP.aeruginosa and analyze its phenotypes. [Methods] WithP.aeruginosa PAO1 as the parental strain, thefur-deleted mutant was constructed by homologous recombination. After that, we studied the effects offur on the growth, siderophore biosynthesis, resistance to oxygen stress, flagella formation, biofilm formation, and virulence ofP.aeruginosa. In addition, we explored the cause of the growth defect phenotype of thefur-deleted mutant by genetic analysis. [Results] Thefur-deleted mutant ofP.aeruginosa was successfully constructed. The deletion offur greatly limited the growth ofP.aeruginosa and reduced the growth adaptability ofP.aeruginosa to the iron-limited environment, while it did not affect the growth adaptability ofP.aeruginosa to the iron-rich environment. This growth defect phenotype of Δfur was caused by the slow cell growth and proliferation, rather than by cell death. Interestingly, heterologousfur could completely complement the growth defect phenotype of Δfur, suggesting that the Fur ofP.aeruginosa was not functionally unique. Although there was a functional relationship between Fur and the toxin-antitoxin system PacTA, the growth defect phenotype ofP.aeruginosa Δfur was not associated with PacT toxin. In addition to affecting the growth phenotype ofP.aeruginosa, the deletion offur also madeP.aeruginosa lose the inhibitory effect on siderophore biosynthesis and the ability to form flagella and have increased sensitivity to H2O2 and reduced virulence toGalleria mellonella larvae. Moreover, the deletion offur increased the intracellular cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) level ofP.aeruginosa to induce the expression ofpelF andpslA, thereby promoting the biofilm formation ofP.aeruginosa. [Conclusion] fur is a non-essential gene that can be deleted and plays a crucial role in the normal growth, siderophore biosynthesis, resistance to oxygen stress, flagellum formation, biofilm formation, and virulence ofP.aeruginosa, which lays a foundation for the development of vaccines and agents againstP.aeruginosa.

, correspAuthors=Juanli CHENG, Jinshui LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CHENG Juanli, E-mail:;
LIN Jinshui, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin MA, Wenwen LI, Wei XIAO, Juanli CHENG, Jinshui LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241357435810665009, articleId=1241357431771550038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=铜绿假单胞菌fur基因缺失突变株的构建及其表型分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

铁摄取调节蛋白(ferric uptake regulator, Fur)是控制铜绿假单胞菌铁代谢和毒力的关键调节因子。许多课题组尝试构建铜绿假单胞菌fur的缺失突变株均失败,因此铜绿假单胞菌的fur一直被认为是必需基因,这导致其生物学功能一直未得到全面的解析。【目的】构建铜绿假单胞菌fur的缺失突变株,并对该突变株的表型进行分析。【方法】以铜绿假单胞菌PAO1为亲本菌株,通过同源重组的方法构建fur缺失突变株,研究该基因对铜绿假单胞菌生长、铁载体生物合成、抗氧胁迫能力、鞭毛形成、生物被膜形成和毒力等的影响。同时,通过遗传分析对fur缺失突变株生长缺陷表型的原因进行探究。【结果】本研究成功构建了铜绿假单胞菌fur基因的缺失突变株,发现缺失突变fur极大地限制了铜绿假单胞菌的生长能力,并降低了该菌对限铁环境的生长适应性,但不影响该菌对高铁环境的生长适应性。铜绿假单胞菌Δfur的这种生长缺陷表型是细胞生长增殖变慢造成的,而不是诱导细胞死亡引起的。然而,其他异源的fur基因能完全互补Δfur的这种生长缺陷表型,暗示铜绿假单胞菌的Fur蛋白在功能上不存在独特性。尽管Fur与毒素-抗毒素系统PacTA存在功能关联性,但是铜绿假单胞菌Δfur的这种生长缺陷表型却与PacT毒素无关。除了影响铜绿假单胞菌的生长表型,缺失突变fur还使铜绿假单胞菌丧失了对铁载体生物合成的抑制作用,导致该菌对H2O2更敏感并丧失了鞭毛的形成能力,同时降低了该菌对大蜡螟幼虫的毒力。此外,缺失突变fur还显著提升了铜绿假单胞菌的胞内环二鸟苷酸(cyclic diguanylate, c-di-GMP)水平,从而诱导pelFpslA基因的表达,进而促进铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成。【结论】fur是可以缺失的非必需基因,在铜绿假单胞菌的正常生长、铁载体生物合成、抗氧胁迫能力、鞭毛形成、生物被膜形成和毒力等方面都发挥着十分重要的作用,这为针对铜绿假单胞菌的疫苗和抗菌药物开发奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=成娟丽, 林金水, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zgBJuV+MfLgSjybcxBYqOQ==, magXml=EtFJRk95r/p2JjfPhXNQBQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pWjP09RXNVWwAgluihEeyw==, pdfFileSize=1264066, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Nrx4xFvVbdnytwjluRtm2g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=LMihS2SYP87WhcKCd9SWdA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=马鑫, 李雯雯, 肖维, 成娟丽, 林金水)}, authors=[Author(id=1241444379898999023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241444380037411067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, authorId=1241444379898999023, language=EN, stringName=Xin MA, firstName=Xin, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, School of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
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SONG ZY, WU FL.Research advances in the mechanisms for anti-tumor effect ofPseudomonas aeruginosa injection[J].Chinese Journal of Modern Applied Pharmacy,2019,36(2):256-259 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Research advances in the mechanisms for anti-tumor effect ofPseudomonas aeruginosa injection, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241444393543070330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, awardId=32070103, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444393664705151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, awardId=32070103, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32070103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444393752785537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, awardId=31860012, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of 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716000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241444388564431335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Characterization of the Δfur mutation by PCR. A: Parts 1 and 3 show the map of the wild type allele, whereas parts 2 and 4 show the map of the Δfur mutant. B: The PCR analysis of genomic DNA from the two strains. M: Marker. Lane 1, 2: The size of thefur gene sequences of PAO1 and Δfur, respectively. Lane 3, 4: The sequence sizes of thefur genes upstream and downstream of PAO1 and Δfur, respectively., figureFileSmall=3CCNv/ocMMvqhws1R3SB8g==, figureFileBig=+f7Yl0li7qWPjxi+952wXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444388707037680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Δfur的PCR鉴定结果, figureFileSmall=3CCNv/ocMMvqhws1R3SB8g==, figureFileBig=+f7Yl0li7qWPjxi+952wXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444388841255419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Deletion offur affectsPseudomonas aeruginosa total siderophore production. A and B: Comparison of the colored halos around wild type (top), Δfur (bottom left) and its complementary strain (bottom right) colonies in LB agar. ****:P < 0.000 1. C and D: Comparison of the colored halos around wild type (top), Δfur (bottom left) and its complementary strain (bottom right) colonies in CAA agar., figureFileSmall=y7pn8iIm5u92aoFxY7XZnA==, figureFileBig=PMw4RPWP9X/HLSkyQPu7Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444388962890240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图2, caption=fur缺失影响铜绿假单胞菌总铁载体的产生, figureFileSmall=y7pn8iIm5u92aoFxY7XZnA==, figureFileBig=PMw4RPWP9X/HLSkyQPu7Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444389088719366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Deletion offur affectsPseudomonas aeruginosa siderophore PVD and PCH production. A and B: Relative levels of extracellular PVD in each culture supernatants were determined spectrophotometrically in TSB and CAA broth. Values are presented as the mean of three independent assays. The ΔpvdA strain was used as a negative control. *:P < 0.05; ***:P < 0.001; ****:P < 0.000 1. C and D: PAO1, Δfur and its complementary strain were cultured in TSB and MM broth, levels of PCH-related genes transcription in each strain cells were monitored using thefptAʹ-lacZ andpchDʹ-lacZ transcriptional fusions, respectively. The graphs show the mean and standard deviation of two experiments performed in five replicates each time. ****:P < 0.000 1., figureFileSmall=7GZ3mrNizcvH4vuUN5eqrA==, figureFileBig=9W1ZyjY5Sh/I0GwKzyid7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444389201965581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图3, caption=fur缺失影响铜绿假单胞菌铁载体PVD和PCH的产生, figureFileSmall=7GZ3mrNizcvH4vuUN5eqrA==, figureFileBig=9W1ZyjY5Sh/I0GwKzyid7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444389436846610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Deletion offur affects the growth ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. A−E: Growth curves of PAO1, Δfur and its complementary strain in liquid medium TSB, MM, MM+50 µmol/L FeCl3, MM+250 µmol/L 2, 2′-bipyridine and MM+500 µmol/L 2, 2′-bipyridine, respectively. F: Survival curves of PAO1, Δfur and its complementary strain under H2O2 stress. *:P < 0.05, **:P < 0.01. All the data are representative of a minimum of three independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations., figureFileSmall=L4LdFm+DlHWNv6i0OX9BgQ==, figureFileBig=3KY+P2nqETl/xDEJlMCsGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444389709476378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图4, caption=fur缺失影响铜绿假单胞菌的生长, figureFileSmall=L4LdFm+DlHWNv6i0OX9BgQ==, figureFileBig=3KY+P2nqETl/xDEJlMCsGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391236203043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Deletion offur reduces the growth and proliferation rate ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria solution cultured to the stationary phase was adjusted to the same concentration, and then continuously diluted by ten times, 3 µL diluent was dropped on LB plate and LB+50 µmol/L FeCl3 plate respectively, and cultured at 37 ℃ for 48 h. All the data are representative of a minimum of three independent experiments., figureFileSmall=mINt3yuCcOLNOXde/LiRMg==, figureFileBig=R5F5h0OsQueTaEcAZhp8WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391479472682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图5, caption=fur缺失降低了铜绿假单胞菌的生长增殖速度, figureFileSmall=mINt3yuCcOLNOXde/LiRMg==, figureFileBig=R5F5h0OsQueTaEcAZhp8WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391592718892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Genetic complementation analysis offur deletion mutant by the heterogenousfur genes. The growth curves of the strains in TSB medium. All the data are representative of a minimum of three independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations. Psfur is thefur gene ofPseudomonas syringae pv.tomato DC3000, and Ecfur is thefur gene ofEscherichia coli MG1655., figureFileSmall=VhcuvAEG4MnXqlM2gNDo4w==, figureFileBig=rgXL697+q6QzcKG31bPrXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391672410672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图6, caption=异源fur对铜绿假单胞菌fur缺失突变株的遗传互补分析, figureFileSmall=VhcuvAEG4MnXqlM2gNDo4w==, figureFileBig=rgXL697+q6QzcKG31bPrXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391752102455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effect of toxin-antitoxin system PacTA on the growth defect phenotype of Δfur. A: Growth curves of PAO1, Δfur, ΔpacT and ΔpacTΔfur in TSB medium. B: Growth curves ofPAO1, Δfur, Δfur strain that complementfur and Δfur strain that overexpresspacA in TSB medium. All the data are representative of a minimum of three independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations., figureFileSmall=q/zckv9nbPLJVck83DxgKA==, figureFileBig=NhBMVX63za72Gbcy5/HQaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444391907291709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图7, caption=毒素/抗毒素系统PacTA对铜绿假单胞菌fur缺失突变株生长缺陷表型的影响, figureFileSmall=q/zckv9nbPLJVck83DxgKA==, figureFileBig=NhBMVX63za72Gbcy5/HQaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392007955009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Deletion offur affects the biofilm formation ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. A: Quantitative analysis of biofilm formation of PAO1, Δfur and its complementary strain on 96-well plates. B: Biofilm imaging based on laser confocal scanning microscopy. C: The levels of biofilm-related genes transcription in each strain cells were monitored using thepelFʹ-lacZ,pslAʹ-lacZ andcdrAʹ-lacZ transcriptional fusions, respectively. D: Determination of intracellular c-di-GMP levels inP.aeruginosa. All the data are representative of a minimum of three independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations. ***:P < 0.001; ****:P < 0.000 1., figureFileSmall=MIM2VBvD+sBOPb2fn4MDLw==, figureFileBig=v8FPuGMuRnKuj4JoxX3/+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392205087306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图8, caption=fur缺失对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成的影响, figureFileSmall=MIM2VBvD+sBOPb2fn4MDLw==, figureFileBig=v8FPuGMuRnKuj4JoxX3/+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392322527823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Deletion offur causesPseudomonas aeruginosa to lose the ability to form flagella. Scanning electron microscope of the indicated strains ofP.aeruginosa was performed. White triangles indicate flagella., figureFileSmall=FmAua9lAyITzhBK3YQcH0g==, figureFileBig=34rhZ3PZQv0NKRfIwIGgnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392599351893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图9, caption=fur缺失使铜绿假单胞菌丧失了鞭毛形成能力, figureFileSmall=FmAua9lAyITzhBK3YQcH0g==, figureFileBig=34rhZ3PZQv0NKRfIwIGgnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392679043670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Deletion offur reduces the virulence ofPseudomonas aeruginosa toGalleria mellonella larvae. The bacterial culture of each strain ofP.aeruginosa shown in the figure was injected into 50G.mellonella larvae. The number of cells injected perG.mellonella larva was 105, and data were collected every 12 h. The survival kinetics ofG.mellonella larvae infected withP.aeruginosa is shown for each strain. ****:P < 0.000 1., figureFileSmall=kD2fKgyeC7xlZZw2fWzDdQ==, figureFileBig=tMGcHzkoK5rIhTHROHhaeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392746152538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=图10, caption=fur缺失降低了铜绿假单胞菌对大蜡螟幼虫的毒力, figureFileSmall=kD2fKgyeC7xlZZw2fWzDdQ==, figureFileBig=tMGcHzkoK5rIhTHROHhaeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444392830038622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsDescriptionSources
Tc: Tetracycline; Gm: Gentamicin; Km: Kanamycin; Amp: Ampicillin.
Strains
  Pseudomonas eruginosa
    PAO1 (ATCC 15692)Wild typeLaboratory collection
    ΔfurMutant of knockoutfur in PAO1This study
    ΔpvdAMutant of knockoutpvdA in PAO1[31]
    ΔpacTMutant of knockoutpacT in PAO1This study
    ΔpacTΔfurpacT/fur double deletion mutant in PAO1This study
  Escherichia coli
    TG1F′[traD36 proAB+lac IqlacZΔM15], supE, thi-1, Δ(lac-proAB), Δ(mcrB-hsdSM)5, (rK mK)Laboratory collection
    S17-1RP4-2(Km: : Tn7, Tc: : Mu-1), pro-82, LAMpir, recA1, endA1, thiE1, hsdR17, creC510Laboratory collection
Plasmids
  pK18mobsacBKmr;sacB-based gene replacement vector[32]
  p34s-GmAmpr; Gm resistant cassette carrying vector[33]
  pK18-Δfur-GmKmr; Gmr; Δfur: : Gm in pK18mobsacBThis study
  pK18-ΔpacT-GmKmr; Gmr; ΔpacT: : Gm in pK18mobsacBThis study
  pME6032Broad-host-range vector, Tcr[34]
  pME6032-furfur was cloned into pME6032This study
  pME6032-PsfurPsfur was cloned into pME6032This study
  pME6032-EcfurEcfur was cloned into pME6032This study
  pME6032-pacApacA was cloned into pME6032This study
  pBBR1MCS-5Broad-host-range vector, Gmr[35]
  pBBR1MCS-5-furfur was cloned into pBBR1MCS-5This study
  pMini-CTX: :lacZΩ-FRT-attP-MCS,ori,int,oriT, Tcr[36]
  pMini-CTX-PpelF: :lacZPpelF promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZThis study
  pMini-CTX-PpslA: :lacZPpslA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZThis study
  pMini-CTX-PcdrA: :lacZPcdrA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZThis study
  pMini-CTX-PfptA: :lacZPfptA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZThis study
  pMini-CTX-PpchD: :lacZPpchD promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZ[37]
  pBBR-gfp-mut3pBBR1MCS-5 containing PA1/04/03-gfp-mut3-To-T1[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1241444392951673443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株和质粒信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsDescriptionSources
Tc: Tetracycline; Gm: Gentamicin; Km: Kanamycin; Amp: Ampicillin.
Strains
  Pseudomonas eruginosa
    PAO1 (ATCC 15692)Wild typeLaboratory collection
    ΔfurMutant of knockoutfur in PAO1This study
    ΔpvdAMutant of knockoutpvdA in PAO1[31]
    ΔpacTMutant of knockoutpacT in PAO1This study
    ΔpacTΔfurpacT/fur double deletion mutant in PAO1This study
  Escherichia coli
    TG1F′[traD36 proAB+lac IqlacZΔM15], supE, thi-1, Δ(lac-proAB), Δ(mcrB-hsdSM)5, (rK mK)Laboratory collection
    S17-1RP4-2(Km: : Tn7, Tc: : Mu-1), pro-82, LAMpir, recA1, endA1, thiE1, hsdR17, creC510Laboratory collection
Plasmids
  pK18mobsacBKmr;sacB-based gene replacement vector[32]
  p34s-GmAmpr; Gm resistant cassette carrying vector[33]
  pK18-Δfur-GmKmr; Gmr; Δfur: : Gm in pK18mobsacBThis study
  pK18-ΔpacT-GmKmr; Gmr; ΔpacT: : Gm in pK18mobsacBThis study
  pME6032Broad-host-range vector, Tcr[34]
  pME6032-furfur was cloned into pME6032This study
  pME6032-PsfurPsfur was cloned into pME6032This study
  pME6032-EcfurEcfur was cloned into pME6032This study
  pME6032-pacApacA was cloned into pME6032This study
  pBBR1MCS-5Broad-host-range vector, Gmr[35]
  pBBR1MCS-5-furfur was cloned into pBBR1MCS-5This study
  pMini-CTX: :lacZΩ-FRT-attP-MCS,ori,int,oriT, Tcr[36]
  pMini-CTX-PpelF: :lacZPpelF promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZThis study
  pMini-CTX-PpslA: :lacZPpslA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZThis study
  pMini-CTX-PcdrA: :lacZPcdrA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZThis study
  pMini-CTX-PfptA: :lacZPfptA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZThis study
  pMini-CTX-PpchD: :lacZPpchD promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: :lacZ[37]
  pBBR-gfp-mut3pBBR1MCS-5 containing PA1/04/03-gfp-mut3-To-T1[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1241444393127834218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

List of primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimersSequences (5′→3′)
The underline represents the enzyme cleavage site.
fur up FGATCGAATTCGCGGAAATGAAAAAGCCC
fur up RGCACCAGATTCAGGGTCACTTTAAGGCC
fur low FAGTGACCCTGAATCTGGTGCTCTACGTG
fur low RGTACGGATCCGCATTACCAGGAAGAAGC
pacT up FGATCGAATTCCCGAAGACGATGGTGAAC
pacT up RCGGTGATGCTTGCAGGGTGATCGGTAGC
pacT low FTCACCCTGCAAGCATCACCGACCACGAATG
pacT low RGCAAGGATCCGAAGACCCGGGCAAAATG
fur (pME6032) FCTGAGAATTCATGGTTGAAAATAGCGAAC
fur (pME6032) RTGACAGATCTCTACTTCTTCTTGCGCAC
Psfur (pME6032) FGATCGAGCTCTACCTGCATTAAGAGAAG
Psfur (pME6032) RCTAGCTCGAGTGGTTTCACGCCTTTTTG
Ecfur (pME6032) FGATCGAATTCATGACTGATAACAATACC
Ecfur (pME6032) RCATGCCATGGTTCAGGCTGGCTTATTTG
pacA (pME6032) FGATCGAATTCGTGCCGGACGAGACGAGC
pacA (pME6032) RAGCTAGATCTTTATTCGTAGATCGTCAAG
fur (pBBR1MCS-5) FCTAGCTCGAGTCCGGGATACTGCGAAAC
fur (pBBR1MCS-5) RATCAGGATCCCTACTTCTTCTTGCGCAC
pelF FCAGTGGTACCTGCTCCAGGCTGTGTTG
pelF RGTCAGGATCCGAGGTGCGCCGCTTCGAG
pslA FCAGTGGTACCATGGCGATGATGTACCAG
pslA RGTCAGGATCCACCAGGAAGTACTCGATG
cdrA FCTAGCTCGAGGGCTGGCGGCATGCAGTTG
cdrA RATCGAAGCTTGGCGAACATGAGGGTGCTG
fptA FTGACGGTACCGCGTTGCCTGGAACCTGC
fptA RAGCTAAGCTTCACCATGTCCGGCAGTTC
pchD FCTCGGGTACCGCGGCTGTCCAGGGCTTC
pchD RCTCGAAGCTTGCTCTGGTCCTGCCAGTG
), ArticleFig(id=1241444393253663343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431771550038, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

引物信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimersSequences (5′→3′)
The underline represents the enzyme cleavage site.
fur up FGATCGAATTCGCGGAAATGAAAAAGCCC
fur up RGCACCAGATTCAGGGTCACTTTAAGGCC
fur low FAGTGACCCTGAATCTGGTGCTCTACGTG
fur low RGTACGGATCCGCATTACCAGGAAGAAGC
pacT up FGATCGAATTCCCGAAGACGATGGTGAAC
pacT up RCGGTGATGCTTGCAGGGTGATCGGTAGC
pacT low FTCACCCTGCAAGCATCACCGACCACGAATG
pacT low RGCAAGGATCCGAAGACCCGGGCAAAATG
fur (pME6032) FCTGAGAATTCATGGTTGAAAATAGCGAAC
fur (pME6032) RTGACAGATCTCTACTTCTTCTTGCGCAC
Psfur (pME6032) FGATCGAGCTCTACCTGCATTAAGAGAAG
Psfur (pME6032) RCTAGCTCGAGTGGTTTCACGCCTTTTTG
Ecfur (pME6032) FGATCGAATTCATGACTGATAACAATACC
Ecfur (pME6032) RCATGCCATGGTTCAGGCTGGCTTATTTG
pacA (pME6032) FGATCGAATTCGTGCCGGACGAGACGAGC
pacA (pME6032) RAGCTAGATCTTTATTCGTAGATCGTCAAG
fur (pBBR1MCS-5) FCTAGCTCGAGTCCGGGATACTGCGAAAC
fur (pBBR1MCS-5) RATCAGGATCCCTACTTCTTCTTGCGCAC
pelF FCAGTGGTACCTGCTCCAGGCTGTGTTG
pelF RGTCAGGATCCGAGGTGCGCCGCTTCGAG
pslA FCAGTGGTACCATGGCGATGATGTACCAG
pslA RGTCAGGATCCACCAGGAAGTACTCGATG
cdrA FCTAGCTCGAGGGCTGGCGGCATGCAGTTG
cdrA RATCGAAGCTTGGCGAACATGAGGGTGCTG
fptA FTGACGGTACCGCGTTGCCTGGAACCTGC
fptA RAGCTAAGCTTCACCATGTCCGGCAGTTC
pchD FCTCGGGTACCGCGGCTGTCCAGGGCTTC
pchD RCTCGAAGCTTGCTCTGGTCCTGCCAGTG
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铜绿假单胞菌fur基因缺失突变株的构建及其表型分析
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马鑫 1, 2 , 李雯雯 1, 2 , 肖维 1 , 成娟丽 1, 2, * , 林金水 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(3): 917-937
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(3): 917-937
铜绿假单胞菌fur基因缺失突变株的构建及其表型分析
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马鑫1, 2, 李雯雯1, 2, 肖维1, 成娟丽1, 2, * , 林金水1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 延安大学生命科学学院 陕西省红枣重点实验室, 陕西 延安 716000
  • 2 延安柯龙尼生物科技有限公司, 陕西 延安 716000
Construction and phenotypic characterization offur-deleted mutant ofPseudomonas aeruginosa
Xin MA1, 2, Wenwen LI1, 2, Wei XIAO1, Juanli CHENG1, 2, * , Jinshui LIN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, School of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 Yan'an Colony Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230630
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铁摄取调节蛋白(ferric uptake regulator, Fur)是控制铜绿假单胞菌铁代谢和毒力的关键调节因子。许多课题组尝试构建铜绿假单胞菌fur的缺失突变株均失败,因此铜绿假单胞菌的fur一直被认为是必需基因,这导致其生物学功能一直未得到全面的解析。【目的】构建铜绿假单胞菌fur的缺失突变株,并对该突变株的表型进行分析。【方法】以铜绿假单胞菌PAO1为亲本菌株,通过同源重组的方法构建fur缺失突变株,研究该基因对铜绿假单胞菌生长、铁载体生物合成、抗氧胁迫能力、鞭毛形成、生物被膜形成和毒力等的影响。同时,通过遗传分析对fur缺失突变株生长缺陷表型的原因进行探究。【结果】本研究成功构建了铜绿假单胞菌fur基因的缺失突变株,发现缺失突变fur极大地限制了铜绿假单胞菌的生长能力,并降低了该菌对限铁环境的生长适应性,但不影响该菌对高铁环境的生长适应性。铜绿假单胞菌Δfur的这种生长缺陷表型是细胞生长增殖变慢造成的,而不是诱导细胞死亡引起的。然而,其他异源的fur基因能完全互补Δfur的这种生长缺陷表型,暗示铜绿假单胞菌的Fur蛋白在功能上不存在独特性。尽管Fur与毒素-抗毒素系统PacTA存在功能关联性,但是铜绿假单胞菌Δfur的这种生长缺陷表型却与PacT毒素无关。除了影响铜绿假单胞菌的生长表型,缺失突变fur还使铜绿假单胞菌丧失了对铁载体生物合成的抑制作用,导致该菌对H2O2更敏感并丧失了鞭毛的形成能力,同时降低了该菌对大蜡螟幼虫的毒力。此外,缺失突变fur还显著提升了铜绿假单胞菌的胞内环二鸟苷酸(cyclic diguanylate, c-di-GMP)水平,从而诱导pelFpslA基因的表达,进而促进铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成。【结论】fur是可以缺失的非必需基因,在铜绿假单胞菌的正常生长、铁载体生物合成、抗氧胁迫能力、鞭毛形成、生物被膜形成和毒力等方面都发挥着十分重要的作用,这为针对铜绿假单胞菌的疫苗和抗菌药物开发奠定了基础。

铜绿假单胞菌  /  铁摄取调节蛋白  /  缺失突变  /  表型分析  /  环二鸟苷酸(c-di-GMP)  /  鞭毛  /  毒力

Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a key regulatory factor of iron metabolism and virulence inPseudomonas aeruginosa. Many research groups have failed to construct thefur-deleted mutant ofP.aeruginosa, sofur has always been considered to be an essential gene inP.aeruginosa, and the knowledge of its biological function is limited. [Objective] This study aims to construct afur-deleted mutant ofP.aeruginosa and analyze its phenotypes. [Methods] WithP.aeruginosa PAO1 as the parental strain, thefur-deleted mutant was constructed by homologous recombination. After that, we studied the effects offur on the growth, siderophore biosynthesis, resistance to oxygen stress, flagella formation, biofilm formation, and virulence ofP.aeruginosa. In addition, we explored the cause of the growth defect phenotype of thefur-deleted mutant by genetic analysis. [Results] Thefur-deleted mutant ofP.aeruginosa was successfully constructed. The deletion offur greatly limited the growth ofP.aeruginosa and reduced the growth adaptability ofP.aeruginosa to the iron-limited environment, while it did not affect the growth adaptability ofP.aeruginosa to the iron-rich environment. This growth defect phenotype of Δfur was caused by the slow cell growth and proliferation, rather than by cell death. Interestingly, heterologousfur could completely complement the growth defect phenotype of Δfur, suggesting that the Fur ofP.aeruginosa was not functionally unique. Although there was a functional relationship between Fur and the toxin-antitoxin system PacTA, the growth defect phenotype ofP.aeruginosa Δfur was not associated with PacT toxin. In addition to affecting the growth phenotype ofP.aeruginosa, the deletion offur also madeP.aeruginosa lose the inhibitory effect on siderophore biosynthesis and the ability to form flagella and have increased sensitivity to H2O2 and reduced virulence toGalleria mellonella larvae. Moreover, the deletion offur increased the intracellular cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) level ofP.aeruginosa to induce the expression ofpelF andpslA, thereby promoting the biofilm formation ofP.aeruginosa. [Conclusion] fur is a non-essential gene that can be deleted and plays a crucial role in the normal growth, siderophore biosynthesis, resistance to oxygen stress, flagellum formation, biofilm formation, and virulence ofP.aeruginosa, which lays a foundation for the development of vaccines and agents againstP.aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa  /  ferric uptake regulator (Fur)  /  deletion mutation  /  phenotypic characterization  /  cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP)  /  flagellum  /  virulence
马鑫, 李雯雯, 肖维, 成娟丽, 林金水. 铜绿假单胞菌fur基因缺失突变株的构建及其表型分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 917 -937 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230630
Xin MA, Wenwen LI, Wei XIAO, Juanli CHENG, Jinshui LIN. Construction and phenotypic characterization offur-deleted mutant ofPseudomonas aeruginosa[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 917 -937 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230630
铁是所有生物进行正常生命活动的必需金属营养元素。对于微生物而言,铁是许多生理代谢过程如呼吸、三羧酸循环、应激反应等所需酶的金属辅因子[1]。铁含量过少或过多都会对微生物产生有害影响,胞内铁过少导致微生物因缺乏部分酶促反应的关键金属辅因子而死亡;胞内铁过量时,过多的Fe2+通过芬顿反应(Fenton reaction)产生大量有害的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS),如超氧化物、羟基自由基和过氧化氢等[2-3],这些ROS会造成胞内生物大分子的损伤。因此微生物必须严格调控胞内铁离子的浓度以维持胞内铁稳态[4]
为了维持胞内铁稳态,细菌进化出复杂的调控策略来应对细胞内外环境铁含量的变化[5]。铁摄取调节蛋白(ferric uptake regulator, Fur)是细菌中调控铁摄取和代谢的一种保守蛋白,是细菌维持铁稳态最重要的调控因子[6-8]。Fur通过抑制或者激活基因的转录调节与铁吸收、利用和存储等相关基因的表达,以维持胞内铁离子浓度的稳态[6-9]。Fur最常见的调节机制是在铁充足的条件下以Fe2+作为共阻遏物,以二聚体形式特异结合靶基因启动子上富含A/T的回文序列盒(又称Fur box),从而阻止RNA聚合酶的结合,进而抑制靶基因的转录[6-9]。尽管Fur在维持细菌胞内铁稳态方面起着至关重要的作用,但大多数细菌中的fur已被成功敲除并获得了相应的基因缺失突变株[5,10-12]。这些突变株显示出多样化和物种专一性的表型,包括铁吸收系统和/或毒力因子的组成型表达,对酸、血清或氧化胁迫等的抗性受损,以及运动性和/或生物被膜形成缺陷等[5,12-18]
从宿主体内有效吸收并获得铁对病原细菌的毒力发挥至关重要,因为宿主通过将铁扣押在胞内的蛋白(如血红蛋白、细胞色素或铁蛋白)中,或通过糖蛋白、转铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白螯合胞外Fe3+而主动限制宿主体内铁的可获得性,从而增加了病原细菌在宿主体内吸收铁的难度[6-7,9]。因此缺失突变fur不仅破坏了细菌的胞内铁稳态,还可显著影响细菌的致病性[7,9],然而,一般情况下缺失突变fur对细菌生长的影响却很小[7,9]。仅极少数细菌的fur被认为是必需基因,比如结核分枝杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌[19-21]。铜绿假单胞菌是人类的一种重要条件致病菌,可引起多种人类疾病,包括菌血症、泌尿系统感染、呼吸系统感染、烧伤感染和其他严重的感染,同时由于存在严重抗生素耐药性,它在2017年世界卫生组织发布的首份急需新型抗生素的重点病原体清单中位列首位[22-23]。铜绿假单胞菌极易形成生物被膜(biofilm),导致其相关感染难以根除[22]。通过转录组分析、Fur-DNA pull-down实验及对整个基因组中Fur结合位点(Fur盒)的生物信息学预测分析,结果表明铜绿假单胞菌的许多基因受到Fur调控[5,24-27]。Fur可以直接或间接地抑制许多铁吸收相关基因和毒力基因的转录,包括内源性铁载体脓青素(pyoverdine, PVD)和鳌铁蛋白(pyochelin, PCH)的生物合成、转运相关基因,血红素吸收相关基因,外源铁载体的转运相关基因,以及外毒素A和胞外蛋白酶PrpL等毒力因子的编码基因[24-27]。此外,铜绿假单胞菌的Fur还通过抑制2个小RNA (PrrF1和PrrF2)的转录,间接地正调节铁储存蛋白、一些参与碳分解代谢和呼吸的酶,以及ROS清除酶等的表达[5,28]。这些结果表明Fur是控制铜绿假单胞菌代谢和毒力的一个关键调节子。
然而,与其他细菌不同,研究人员尝试构建铜绿假单胞菌的fur缺失突变株均失败,这导致大家都认为fur是该细菌的必需基因[5-6,19-20,29]。因此,以往对铜绿假单胞菌fur的功能研究主要采取两种策略:一种是使用基因组上的fur发生点突变的菌株进行表型特征分析[19,30],另一种是对构建的fur条件突变株进行表型特征分析[5-6]。该条件突变株先在基因组上不影响铜绿假单胞菌正常生理代谢的attB位点插入以PBAD为启动子的fur,然后在阿拉伯糖诱导表达fur的情况下,敲除基因组上原来的fur,从而形成Fur受诱导表达的条件突变株Δfur/attB: : PBAD-fur。然而,对这两种突变菌株的表型分析结果却存在差异,这可能与上述两种突变株都没有完全缺失fur有关。因此,这种基于fur非缺失突变株的遗传分析结果可能难以揭示Fur真实的生物学功能。
本研究成功构建了铜绿假单胞菌的fur缺失突变株,并基于该突变株解析了fur的功能。表型分析结果显示,fur在铜绿假单胞菌的正常生长、铁载体生物合成、抗氧胁迫能力、鞭毛形成、生物被膜形成和毒力等方面都发挥着十分重要的作用,这为针对铜绿假单胞菌的疫苗和抗菌药物开发奠定了基础。
本研究使用的菌株及质粒信息详见表1
本研究使用的引物信息详见表2
酵母提取物、胰蛋白胨、胰蛋白胨大豆汤(tryptone soya broth)、琼脂糖,OXOID公司;琼脂粉、酸水解酪蛋白、抗生素,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;限制性内切酶,TaKaRa公司;DNA聚合酶,北京全式金生物技术有限公司;T4 DNA连接酶,NEB公司;o-硝基苯基-β-d-半乳糖苷(o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside, ONPG),西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司。
LB培养基(g/L):NaCl 10,酵母提取物5,胰蛋白胨10,琼脂粉15,pH 7.0。
TSB培养基(g/L):tryptone soya broth 30,琼脂粉15,pH 7.0。
MM培养基(限铁培养基) (g/L)[39]:K2HPO4 6.0,KH2PO4 3.0,(NH4)2SO4 1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2,琥珀酸4.0,琼脂粉15.0,pH 7.0。
CAA培养基(限铁培养基) (g/L)[40]:酸水解酪蛋白5.0,K2HPO4 1.441 1,MgSO4 0.246 5,琼脂粉15.0,pH 7.0。
抗生素使用情况如下:大肠杆菌(卡那霉素,30 μg/mL;氯霉素,30 μg/mL;四环素,20 μg/mL;庆大霉素,10 μg/mL),铜绿假单胞菌(卡那霉素,30 μg/mL;氯霉素,30 μg/mL;庆大霉素,100 μg/mL;四环素,固体培养200 μg/mL,液体培养100 μg/mL)。
铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌以及在此基础上构建的各种菌株均在37 ℃、220 r/min条件下培养。
基因敲除方法参考文献[37]并加以修改。以铜绿假单胞菌基因组DNA为模板,用两对引物(fur up F/fur up R和fur low F/fur low R)分别PCR扩增fur的上游和下游的DNA片段;通过重叠延伸PCR将fur up和fur low连接起来,构建基因敲除盒Δfur;将基因敲除盒ΔfurEcoR I/BamH I进行双酶切,纯化后将其连接到自杀载体pK18mobsacB,得到重组载体pK18mobsacB-Δfur。将来自p34s-Gm的庆大霉素抗性基因通过Hind Ⅲ位点插入pK18mobsacB-Δfur,得到重组自杀质粒pK18-Δfur-Gm。将质粒pK18-Δfur-Gm转化大肠杆菌S17-1后与铜绿假单胞菌PAO1在LB平板上37 ℃接合48 h。用LB培养基悬浮接合后的菌苔,适当稀释后涂布于含有庆大霉素(100 μg/mL)和氯霉素(30 μg/mL)的LB双抗平板。长出的菌落经PCR验证后得到单交换体。将单交换体接种于新鲜无抗性的LB培养基中,培养过夜,适当稀释后涂布于含有卡那霉素(30 μg/mL)和12%蔗糖的LB平板,37 ℃培养10 d后,平板上除了优先形成的巨大菌落外,还存在后长起来的微小菌落,对后长出的微小菌落经PCR检测、抗性验证和测序后,即得到fur的缺失突变株。使用同样的方法得到铜绿假单胞菌的其他基因缺失突变株。
将生长至OD600为0.5−0.8的细菌(5 500 r/min离心5 min)收集菌体,用无菌预冷的PBS洗2次,再次离心并弃上清。用适量的2.5%戊二醛固定过夜(4 ℃保存)。离心收集菌体后再用PBS洗3次,每次15 min。随后使用系列梯度酒精(30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、95%和100%)脱水,每种浓度酒精脱水1次,每次10−20 min,再用100%酒精彻底脱水1−2次,接下来用醋酸异戊酯替换2次,每次20 min。样品依次进行干燥(Quorum Technologies)和喷金(日立科学仪器(北京)有限公司),最后使用SU 8100扫描电子显微镜(日立科学仪器(北京)有限公司)观察。
将各菌株接种于液体TSB培养基,培养过夜后按1:100转接至新鲜的液体TSB培养基中,继续培养至稳定期,取1 mL的菌液,5 500 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,用MM培养基洗2次并重新悬浮,然后转接到新鲜的液体MM培养基(或者将未洗的稳定期菌液直接转接到新鲜的液体TSB培养基)中并调节起始OD600为0.05,37 ℃、220 r/min振荡培养,每2 h间隔取样测OD600,绘制生长曲线。培养基中根据需要添加适量的抗生素、IPTG、铁螯合剂和FeCl3等。
铁载体产生能力检测参考文献[37]并加以修改。将各菌株接种于液体TSB培养基中,培养过夜后转接至新鲜的液体TSB培养基中,继续培养至稳定期,取1 mL的菌液,5 500 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,用新鲜液体CAA或LB培养基清洗2次后,再用CAA或LB培养基重新悬浮并将重悬菌液分别稀释100倍,备用。向100 mL融化的CAA或LB固体培养基中添加10 mL配制好的铬天青S (chromeazurol S, CAS)溶液,分别制成铁载体检测平板CAA-CAS和LB-CAS。吸取上述处理好的各菌液3 µL滴在CAS板上,37 ℃培养2−3 d后拍照记录并测量橙色扩散圈的直径。培养基中根据需要添加适量的抗生素、IPTG等。
CAS溶液的配制:称取60.5 mg铬天青S粉末溶解于50 mL去离子水中得到溶液A;用10 mmol/L HCl配制10 mL的1 mmol/L FeCl3溶液为溶液B;称取72.9 mg的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB)粉末溶解于40 mL的去离子水中,得到溶液C。将溶液A加入到溶液B后混匀,再将溶液C缓慢加入到AB混合液中,混匀后灭菌得到CAS溶液。
PVD含量的检测参考文献[37]并加以修改。在液体TSB培养基中过夜培养的各菌株菌液,按1:100转接到新鲜的液体TSB培养基中,继续培养至稳定期,测定菌液的OD600,12 000 r/min离心5 min收集上清液并用100 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)适当稀释后,测定稀释液的OD405,PVD含量的结果表示为OD405/OD600。实验以ΔpvdA作为阴性对照菌株。
lacZ染色体转录融合报告菌株的构建方法参考文献[37]并加以修改。以PCH的合成基因pchD为例,为了构建其lacZ报告基因转录融合重组载体,用引物pchD F/pchD R扩增pchD基因上游684 bp的启动子序列。PCR产物通过Kpn I和Hind Ⅲ酶切位点直接克隆到pMini-CTX: :lacZ载体上,得到pMini-CTX-PpchD: :lacZ重组载体。将重组载体转化入大肠杆菌S17-1后,分别与PAO1和Δfur在TSB平板上37 ℃接合48 h。用TSB培养基悬浮接合后的菌苔,适当稀释后涂布于含有卡那霉素(30 μg/mL)和四环素(200 μg/mL)的TSB双抗平板,37 ℃培养3 d后得到PAO1和ΔfurpchD启动子转录融合菌株。
随后,用引物fur (pBBR1MCS-5) F/fur (pBBR1MCS-5) R扩增fur序列。PCR产物通过Xho I和BamH I酶切位点直接克隆到pBBR1MCS-5载体上,得到重组载体pBBR1MCS-5-fur。将pBBR1MCS-5转化入PAO1和Δfur中,同时将pBBR1MCS-5-fur转化入Δfur中,用含有卡那霉素(30 μg/mL)、庆大霉素(100 μg/mL)和四环素(200 μg/mL)的TSB三抗平板筛选得到最终的转录融合菌株。同时,使用同样的方法得到铜绿假单胞菌的其他基因的启动子转录融合菌株。
β-半乳糖苷酶酶活检测方法参考文献[41]并加以修改。吸取20−100 µL培养至对数期的菌液,向菌液中依次加入420 µL的Z buffer (60 mmol/L Na2HPO4、40 mmol/L NaH2PO4、10 mmol/L KCl、1 mmol/L MgSO4、pH 7.0,0.2% β-巯基乙醇)、20 µL氯仿和10 µL 0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium lauryl sulfate, SDS)。混合液快速混合20 s后,在30 ℃孵育1 h。孵育后,向混合液中加入100 µL浓度为4 mg/mL的ONPG进行反应。通过加入250 µL的1 mol/L Na2CO3终止反应,并记录反应时间。最后,将混合液14 000×g离心3 min后检测混合液的OD420OD550,然后以米勒单位(Miller units, MU)计算β-半乳糖苷酶活性(公式1)。
生物被膜培养方法参考文献[37]并加以修改。用新鲜TSB培养基将生长至稳定期的菌液稀释100倍后,吸取100 µL细胞悬浮液转移至96孔PVC板的每个孔中,在37 ℃培养24 h,每个处理设8个重复。培养24 h后,除去TSB培养基,并用磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered salt, PBS)洗2次。室温干燥后,加入0.1%结晶紫对黏附的细胞染色10 min,再用PBS洗2次。最后用4 mL 95%乙醇洗提与细胞结合的结晶紫,并检测洗提液的OD570。通过8个孔的值计算每个样本的平均值和标准偏差。
利用LSCM观察生物被膜的方法参照文献[42]并加以修改。将pBBR-gfp-mut3载体(绿色荧光蛋白表达载体)转入大肠杆菌S17-1后,分别与PAO1 (pME6032)、Δfur (pME6032)和Δfur (pME6032-fur)在TSB平板上37 ℃接合48 h。用TSB培养基悬浮接合后的菌苔适当稀释后,涂布于含有卡那霉素(30 μg/mL)、庆大霉素(100 μg/mL)和四环素(200 μg/mL)的TSB三抗平板筛选得到带有绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)标记的各菌株。
将无菌的玻璃盖玻片浸没于装有5 mL TSB培养基的平皿中。按照1:100接种量,在平皿中转接培养至稳定期的带有GFP绿色荧光蛋白标记的各菌株;37 ℃、100 r/min振荡培养72 h后,取出盖玻片使用PBS冲洗2次,以除去非黏附细胞和培养基,空气中干燥,即可得到带有绿色荧光蛋白的各菌株的生物被膜;在激光共聚焦扫描显微镜下观察生物被膜的形成情况。以非GFP标记的PAO1 (pME6032)菌株作为空白对照(blank control)。
细胞内的环二鸟苷酸(cyclic diguanylate, c-di-GMP)含量的检测方法参考文献[11]并作调整。将各菌株接种于液体TSB培养基,培养至稳定期后再次转接至新的5 mL液体TSB培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养。待生长至OD600为0.6−0.8后,吸取2 mL菌液并10 000×g离心5 min。菌体用冰浴的PBS洗2次后悬浮在2 mL冰浴的PBS中。悬浮液在100 ℃孵育5 min后,在冰水浴中超声破碎细胞。10 000×g离心5 min后,收集细胞裂解上清液,将剩下的菌体沉淀重新悬浮在2 mL冰浴的PBS中,用同样的步骤再次提取2次,合并细胞裂解上清液。将细胞裂解上清液冷冻干燥浓缩至500 μL。用c-di-GMP酶联免疫试剂盒(武汉默沙克生物科技有限公司)测定细胞裂解上清液中c-di-GMP含量,单位为pmol/L。使用酶标仪(伯腾微量检测板)测定细胞裂解上清液的蛋白浓度,单位为mg/mL。最后,用蛋白浓度对c-di-GMP含量做均一化处理,得到细胞内c-di-GMP的含量值,单位为pmol/mg protein。
将各菌株接种于液体TSB培养基,培养至稳定期后转接至新的液体TSB培养基中。待生长至对数期,5 500 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,用无菌PBS洗2次并调整细菌起始浓度为5×107 CFU/mL。每个菌做5个处理(分别加入H2O2使工作浓度依次为0、1、5、10、100 mmol/L),每个处理重复3次。氧化胁迫1 h后,将不同浓度H2O2处理后的菌液连续10倍稀释,每个稀释度取3 µL滴在TSB平板上,37 ℃培养2 d后进行菌落计数并计算存活率。
大蜡螟幼虫感染试验参考文献[31]并加以修改。将各菌株接种于液体TSB培养基,培养至稳定期后转接至新的液体TSB培养基。吸取1 mL生长至OD600为0.7的各菌液,5 500 r/min离心5 min收集菌体并用无菌的0.85% NaCl洗2次;用无菌的0.85% NaCl悬浮菌体并稀释至2×107 CFU/mL备用。将大蜡螟幼虫(5龄第3天)置于冰上5 min,使其处于麻醉状态,使用微量注射器在大蜡螟幼虫尾部第3节处注射5 µL细菌稀释液,以注射0.85%的NaCl溶液为对照。每组注射50只大蜡螟幼虫,置于室温黑暗培养,每12 h记录一次大蜡螟幼虫存活数,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,并用Mantel-Cox对数秩检验对结果进行统计分析。
每组实验设3个生物学重复,数据用平均值±标准偏差表示。通过GraphPad Prism version 7.00软件分析结果并作图,采用双尾非配对Student’st检验进行显著性分析,P < 0.05表示具有统计学意义。
本研究按照方法1.5成功构建了铜绿假单胞菌fur的缺失突变株Δfur图1为分别用引物fur (pME6032) F/fur (pME6032) R (泳道1和2),引物fur up F/fur low R (泳道3和4)对野生菌PAO1和Δfur的PCR鉴定结果,并经测序验证确认获得了Δfur,说明铜绿假单胞菌的fur是可以缺失的非必需基因。
Fur直接或间接地抑制许多铁摄取相关基因的表达,包括铁载体的生物合成相关基因[25,27]。因此本研究分析了缺失突变fur对铜绿假单胞菌铁载体合成的影响。结果显示,在固体富铁LB培养基上,fur的缺失显著提高了铜绿假单胞菌总的铁载体产量;互补fur后,总的铁载体产量恢复至野生菌PAO1水平(图2A2B),而在固体限铁CAA培养基上,野生菌PAO1、Δfur及其互补菌株之间总的铁载体产量无显著差异(图2C2D)。接着,本研究进一步分析了缺失突变fur分别对铜绿假单胞菌铁载体PVD和PCH产量的影响。结果如图3所示。在液体富铁TSB培养基中,PAO1和Δfur互补菌株与PVD缺陷型菌株ΔpvdA类似,产生低水平的PVD,而缺失突变fur则显著促进铜绿假单胞菌PVD的合成,Δfur的PVD产量相较于PAO1提升了5倍(图3A)。相反地,在液体限铁CAA培养基中,Δfur和PAO1的PVD产量没有显著差异(图3B),但Δfur互补菌株相较于PAO1的PVD产量显著降低,这可能是用质粒互补导致基因表达剂量差异造成的。通过lacZ转录融合检测PCH合成相关基因pchDfptA的表达情况来分析各菌株PCH的产生情况。结果显示在液体富铁TSB培养基中,与PAO1和Δfur互补菌株相比,ΔfurpchDfptA的表达量显著提升(图3C);而在液体限铁MM培养基中,ΔfurpchDfptA的表达量与PAOl和Δfur互补菌株的没有显著差异(图3D)。这些结果说明缺失fur使铜绿假单胞菌失去了在高铁条件下对铁载体生物合成的抑制作用。这也进一步从表型上证明了本研究成功构建了fur缺失突变株。
本研究对fur缺失突变株的生长表型进行了分析,结果如图4所示。在富铁TSB培养基和限铁MM培养基中相比野生菌PAO1,缺失突变fur极显著地影响了铜绿假单胞菌的生长,用fur互补可以恢复Δfur的生长缺陷表型至野生菌水平,说明fur是铜绿假单胞菌正常生长所必需的(图4A4B)。在MM培养基中添加50 μmol/L FeCl3对PAO1、Δfur及其互补菌株的生长具有相似的促进作用(图4C)。然而,当在MM培养基中添加250 µmol/L的2, 2′-联吡啶时,相比于PAO1,Δfur出现延时生长现象(图4D),而当添加2, 2′-联吡啶的浓度提高到500 µmol/L时,相比于PAO1,Δfur的生长被完全抑制(图4E),说明fur突变导致铜绿假单胞菌对限铁环境的生长适应性降低。在添加2, 2′-联吡啶的MM培养基中,互补fur不能有效恢复Δfur菌株的生长(图4E),这可能是由于限铁条件影响了pME6032质粒的功能。
胞内过多的二价铁会与H2O2发生芬顿反应,产生对细菌有害的活性氧。考虑到fur缺失突变影响了铜绿假单胞菌的胞内铁稳态,因此本研究分析了铜绿假单胞菌对H2O2的敏感性是否受fur缺失突变的影响。结果如图4F所示,PAO1、Δfur及其互补菌株的存活率都随着H2O2浓度增加而降低,但相比PAO1和Δfur互补菌株,Δfur对H2O2的敏感性显著上升,说明fur在铜绿假单胞菌抵抗H2O2的过程中发挥着重要作用。
为了区分导致Δfur的生长缺陷表型是细胞生长增殖减缓,还是诱导细胞死亡引起的。本研究将培养至稳定期的菌液调至同样的浓度,然后连续10倍稀释后滴在LB平板上,观察菌落的生长情况,结果如图5所示。尽管Δfur在固体培养基上形成较小的菌落且生长速度显著低于PAO1和Δfur互补菌株,但是三者之间CFU的数量并没有显著差异,说明Δfur的生长缺陷表型是细胞生长增殖变慢造成的,而不是诱导细胞死亡引起的。此外,外源添加50 µmol/L FeCl3到固体培养基中并不会影响Δfur的生长,提示高铁环境不会抑制fur缺失突变株在固体培养条件下的生长,这与液体培养的结果一样,说明缺失突变fur不影响铜绿假单胞菌对高铁环境的生长适应性。
为了探究铜绿假单胞菌的Fur蛋白在功能上是否存在独特性,本研究分别用丁香假单胞菌番茄致病变种DC3000的fur基因Psfur和大肠杆菌MG1655的fur基因Ecfur对铜绿假单胞菌的fur缺失突变株Δfur进行遗传互补分析。结果显示与铜绿假单胞菌野生fur的功能一样,异源性的Psfur和Ecfur均能完全恢复Δfur的生长缺陷表型至野生菌水平(图6),说明铜绿假单胞菌的Fur蛋白可以被其他异源的Fur蛋白替代,在功能上不存在独特性。
铜绿假单胞菌的Fur蛋白可以被其他细菌的Fur蛋白所替代,暗示fur缺失突变株的生长缺陷表型可能是由铜绿假单胞菌中某些受Fur蛋白调控的专有途径来直接介导,而不是Fur本身引起的。最近有文献报道,铜绿假单胞菌的Fur与其毒素-抗毒素系统PacTA存在功能关联性,Fur蛋白与毒素蛋白PacT直接互作并相互影响各自的功能[43]。为了验证fur缺失突变株的生长缺陷表型是否是PacT毒素造成的,本研究比较了野生菌PAO1、Δfur、ΔpacT和ΔpacTΔfur等各菌株之间的生长差异情况。结果如图7A所示,与PAO1和ΔpacT相比,ΔpacTΔfur表现出和Δfur相同的生长缺陷表型,说明进一步缺失突变pacT不能恢复Δfur的生长缺陷表型。此外,本研究还在fur缺失突变株中过表达了PacT的抗毒素基因pacA,结果显示过表达pacA也不能恢复Δfur的生长缺陷表型(图7B)。这些结果说明fur缺失突变株的生长缺陷表型与PacT毒素无关。
环境中的铁可以作为一种信号调节铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的发育[6]。为了研究缺失突变fur对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成的影响,本研究通过方法1.12和方法1.13检测了fur缺失前后铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成情况,结果如图8所示。缺失突变fur显著增强了铜绿假单胞菌在96孔板上的生物被膜形成能力,其生物被膜形成量达到野生菌的2.6倍,用fur互补可恢复Δfur的生物被膜形成量至野生菌水平(图8A)。同样的,在激光共聚焦扫描显微镜下可以观察到,与野生菌和Δfur互补菌株相比,Δfur菌株能在盖玻片上形成更厚的生物被膜(图8B)。这些结果说明缺失突变fur显著增强了铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成能力。
胞外多糖Pel和Psl是铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的关键组成成分[44]。本研究进一步通过lacZ转录融合分析了缺失突变fur对铜绿假单胞菌胞外多糖相关合成基因pslApelF表达的影响。结果显示胞外多糖合成基因pslApelF在Δfur中的表达量相比野生菌和Δfur互补菌株提升了1倍多(图8C),说明fur显著抑制了胞外多糖合成基因pelFpslA的表达。
作为第二信使的c-di-GMP是铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成过程中重要的正调控信号,胞内c-di-GMP水平的提升会通过增强Pel和Psl胞外多糖的合成而促进铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成[45]。因此,本研究分析了fur缺失对铜绿假单胞菌胞内c-di-GMP水平的影响。结果显示,与野生菌和Δfur互补菌株相比,响应胞内c-di-GMP水平的报告基因cdrA在Δfur中的表达显著增强(图8C),同时胞内c-di-GMP含量的检测结果也显示Δfur的胞内c-di-GMP水平相较于野生菌和Δfur互补菌株显著上升(图8D)。这些结果说明缺失突变fur显著提升了铜绿假单胞菌的胞内c-di-GMP水平,从而诱导pelFpslA基因的表达,进而促进铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成。
先前研究显示空肠弯曲菌的Fur能在酸胁迫下上调鞭毛合成基因的表达[12],这暗示Fur可能与细菌的鞭毛合成有关。因此,本研究用扫描电子显微镜观察了野生菌PAO1、Δfur及其互补菌株的鞭毛形成情况。结果如图9所示,与野生菌相比,缺失突变fur使铜绿假单胞菌失去了鞭毛的形成能力,而互补fur则使Δfur的鞭毛形成能力恢复到野生菌水平,说明fur是铜绿假单胞菌的鞭毛形成所必需的。由于鞭毛是铜绿假单胞菌的重要毒力因子[46],为了探讨fur是否是铜绿假单胞菌毒力所必需的,本研究使用大蜡螟幼虫侵染模型进一步分析了缺失突变fur对铜绿假单胞菌毒力的影响,结果如图10所示。相比野生菌PAO1,缺失突变fur极显著地降低了铜绿假单胞菌对大蜡螟幼虫的毒力,而互补fur使Δfur的毒力缺陷表型得到大部分恢复,说明fur是铜绿假单胞菌的毒力所必需的。
铁摄取调节蛋白Fur是细菌中存在的一种全局转录调控因子,也是维持细菌胞内铁稳态的重要调控蛋白[6-8]。尽管如此,绝大多数细菌的fur基因是可以缺失的。然而在以往的工作当中,研究人员尝试构建却均无法得到铜绿假单胞菌的fur缺失突变株,为此fur也被认为是铜绿假单胞菌的必需基因[5-6,19-20,29]。因此,以往对铜绿假单胞菌Fur的功能及其调控基因的研究主要使用基因组上的fur发生点突变的菌株或构建的fur条件突变株[5-6,19,30]。由于上述铜绿假单胞菌的两种突变株都没有完全缺失fur,这种遗传分析的结果可能难以揭示Fur真实的生物学功能。与前人的研究结果不同,本研究成功构建了铜绿假单胞菌的fur缺失突变株,说明铜绿假单胞菌的fur是可以缺失的非必需基因。进一步的表型分析结果显示,缺失突变fur极大地限制了铜绿假单胞菌的生长能力以及对限铁环境的生长适应性。究其原因,铜绿假单胞菌Δfur的这种生长缺陷表型是细胞生长增殖变慢造成的,并且与毒素-抗毒素系统PacTA无关。然而,铜绿假单胞菌的Fur蛋白在功能上不存在独特性,因为其他异源的fur基因能完全互补Δfur的这种生长缺陷表型。此外,缺失突变fur还使铜绿假单胞菌丧失了对铁载体生物合成的抑制作用,导致该菌对H2O2更敏感并丧失了鞭毛的形成能力,还降低了该菌对大蜡螟幼虫的毒力。同时,缺失突变fur还显著提升了铜绿假单胞菌的胞内c-di-GMP水平,从而诱导pelFpslA基因的表达,进而促进铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成。
本研究的fur缺失突变株与前人描述的fur点突变株和fur条件突变株相比,有些表型是一致的。不管是点突变[30]、条件突变[5-6]、还是缺失突变(图2图4),fur的突变均导致铜绿假单胞菌产生更多的铁载体并对H2O2更敏感,同时极大影响了铜绿假单胞菌的生长,这可能也是铜绿假单胞菌fur缺失突变株难以获得的原因。然而,与铜绿假单胞菌同属的其他假单胞菌,如丁香假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、类产碱假单胞菌和杀香鱼假单胞菌等的fur缺失或插入突变株却容易获得,那是因为缺失突变fur对这些假单胞菌的生长表型影响不大[47-50]。这暗示fur突变株的这种生长缺陷表型是铜绿假单胞菌所特有的。可是铜绿假单胞菌的Fur蛋白在功能上不存在独特性,因为它可以完全被大肠杆菌或丁香假单胞菌的Fur蛋白所替代(图6)。这暗示fur突变株所特有的这种生长缺陷表型可能是由铜绿假单胞菌中某些受Fur调控的专有途径来直接介导,而不是Fur本身引起的。
本研究的fur缺失突变株与前人描述的fur点突变株和fur条件突变株相比,在表型上有一些不同。首先,国外课题组研究表明,限铁培养能显著降低野生菌PAO1和fur条件突变株之间的生长差异,即条件突变fur增强了铜绿假单胞菌对限铁环境的生长适应性[5],而国内课题组的研究则显示,限铁和高铁培养均显著增加了野生菌PAO1和fur条件突变株之间的生长差异,即条件突变fur降低了铜绿假单胞菌对限铁和高铁环境的生长适应性[6]。与上述报道不同的是,本研究发现fur缺失导致铜绿假单胞菌对限铁环境的生长适应性降低,但并不影响其对高铁环境的生长适应性(图4B4E)。其次,国外课题组报道,fur是铜绿假单胞菌在固体培养基上生长所必需的,添加50 µmol/L FeCl3完全抑制了fur条件突变株在固体培养基上的生长[5],与该结果相反,本研究发现缺失fur后铜绿假单胞菌仍能在固体培养基上生长,只是增殖速度变慢而已,并且添加50 µmol/L FeCl3fur缺失突变株的生长没有影响(图5)。第三,国外课题组研究显示基因组上fur的点突变和条件突变均不影响铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成[5,51],而国内的课题组发现fur的条件突变使铜绿假单胞菌形成生物被膜的能力减弱[6],与这些报道相反,本研究发现缺失突变fur显著增强了铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成能力,且Fur蛋白通过抑制胞内c-di-GMP水平的提升,进而抑制Pel和Psl胞外多糖的合成,从而实现对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用(图8)。第四,国外课题组报道fur的条件突变不影响铜绿假单胞菌对大蜡螟幼虫的侵染能力和毒力,暗示Fur不是引起大蜡螟幼虫致死感染所必需的[5],与该报道相反,本研究发现缺失突变fur极显著地降低了铜绿假单胞菌对大蜡螟幼虫的毒力,说明Fur是铜绿假单胞菌对大蜡螟幼虫的毒力所必需的(图10)。上述表型上的差异可能是fur点突变株和fur条件突变株中有不同程度的fur残留表达引起的。
最近,国外课题组对铜绿假单胞菌fur条件突变株的生长缺陷表型产生的机制进行了研究,结果显示条件突变fur在固体培养基上产生的菌落生长缺陷表型是由胞内铁载体PCH产生的毒性作用造成的[5]。然而,在同样条件下PCH却不影响fur条件突变株在液体中的生长[5]。此外,异源表达和合成PCH并不能抑制丁香假单胞菌fur缺失突变株的生长[5]。因此,铁载体PCH产生的毒性作用可能是fur突变导致铜绿假单胞菌生长缺陷的原因之一,而不是全部。fur突变株的这种生长缺陷表型可能还与PCH之外的其他机制相关联。最近,国内课题组在铜绿假单胞菌中鉴定了一个与Fur有关的毒素-抗毒素系统PacTA,发现毒素PacT可以直接结合Fur的DNA结合结构域并影响Fur转录抑制活性而参与调控胞内的铁稳态。同时,当Fur和PacT在大肠杆菌中共表达时,Fur能有效地抑制PacT的毒素作用,暗示Fur可能与PacA一样具有对PacT起拮抗作用的抗毒素功能[43]。然而,本研究的结果显示进一步缺失突变毒素基因pacT和过表达抗毒素基因pacA均不能恢复fur缺失突变株的生长缺陷表型(图7)。说明毒素-抗毒素系统PacTA不是造成铜绿假单胞菌fur缺失突变株生长缺陷表型的原因。因此,fur突变导致铜绿假单胞菌生长缺陷的成因还有待于进一步的研究揭示。
相比于国外课题组的结果[5],本研究还发现缺失fur后使铜绿假单胞菌丧失了形成鞭毛的能力(图9),这得到了国内课题组研究结果的印证[6],因为他们发现条件突变fur严重影响了铜绿假单胞菌的swarming和swimming运动能力[6],而这两种运动性都依赖于鞭毛[6]。先前的研究显示,铜绿假单胞菌的运动性受胞内c-di-GMP水平的调控,胞内高水平的c-di-GMP能显著抑制铜绿假单胞菌的运动性[52],且该功能主要通过抑制鞭毛的形成实现的[53-55]。由于缺失突变fur显著提升了铜绿假单胞菌的胞内c-di-GMP水平(图8),因此推断缺失突变fur通过提升胞内c-di-GMP水平,从而抑制铜绿假单胞菌鞭毛的形成,进而影响其运动性。综上,Fur对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成和鞭毛形成的调控都是通过影响胞内c-di-GMP水平实现的,但Fur对胞内c-di-GMP水平的调节机制仍不清楚,还有待进一步研究。
总之,本研究揭示了fur是铜绿假单胞菌重要但可以缺失的非必需铁摄取调节基因,在铜绿假单胞菌的正常生长、铁载体生物合成、抗氧胁迫能力、鞭毛形成、生物被膜形成和毒力等方面都发挥着十分重要的作用。正是这些独特的表型使铜绿假单胞菌fur缺失突变株具有巨大的临床应用潜力。正如我国微生物学家牟希亚教授选育的铜绿假单胞菌甘露糖敏感血凝菌毛株(P.aeruginosa mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin, PA-MSHA)已被中国国家食品药品监督管理总局(China Food and Drug Administration, CFDA) [CFDA于2018年被整合为国家市场监督管理总局(National Medical Products Administration, NMPA)]批准用于恶性肿瘤的辅助治疗[56]一样,铜绿假单胞菌的fur缺失突变株也可能作为抗肿瘤辅助治疗菌株或作为抗肿瘤基因工程的底盘菌,在细菌抗肿瘤治疗方面发挥作用。鉴于细菌Fur已被提出作为潜在的药物靶点以及fur突变株已被作为疫苗开发的候选菌株[29,48],本研究还为针对铜绿假单胞菌的抗菌药物和疫苗的开发奠定了基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32070103)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31860012)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32360015)
  • 陕西省秦创原“科学家+工程师”队伍建设项目(2023KXJ-019)
  • 陕西省“特支计划”区域发展人才项目(2020-44)
  • 陕西省普通高等学校青年杰出人才支持计划项目(2018-111)
  • 陕西高校青年创新团队(2022-943)
  • 陕西省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202210719132)
  • 延安大学科研计划项目(2023HBZ-001)
  • 延安大学科研计划项目(2023CGZH-007)
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2024年第64卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230630
  • 接收时间:2023-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-12
  • 录用日期:2023-12-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070103)
国家自然科学基金(32070103)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860012)
国家自然科学基金(31860012)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360015)
国家自然科学基金(32360015)
Qinchuang Yuan 'Scientist+Engineer' Team Construction Project of Shaanxi Province(2023KXJ-019)
陕西省秦创原“科学家+工程师”队伍建设项目(2023KXJ-019)
Regional Development Talent Project of the 'Special Support Plan' of Shaanxi Province(2020-44)
陕西省“特支计划”区域发展人才项目(2020-44)
Outstanding Young Talent Support Plan Project of the Higher Education Institutions of Shaanxi Province(2018-111)
陕西省普通高等学校青年杰出人才支持计划项目(2018-111)
Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities(2022-943)
陕西高校青年创新团队(2022-943)
Shaanxi University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(S202210719132)
陕西省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202210719132)
Research Project of Yan'an University(2023HBZ-001)
延安大学科研计划项目(2023HBZ-001)
Research Project of Yan'an University(2023CGZH-007)
延安大学科研计划项目(2023CGZH-007)
作者信息
    1 延安大学生命科学学院 陕西省红枣重点实验室, 陕西 延安 716000
    2 延安柯龙尼生物科技有限公司, 陕西 延安 716000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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