Article(id=1241357431154987320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230544, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692979200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1699459200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-11-09, onlineDate=1773892274893, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892274893, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892274893, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892274893, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=826, endPage=839, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357431494725963, articleId=1241357431154987320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Biodegradation of tetracycline by anEnterobacter hormaechei strain and toxicity of degradation products, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Antibiotics as emerging pollutants have aroused wide concern. In view of the shortage of effective tetracycline-degrading strains, this study aims to screen and identify the strains for tetracycline degradation, analyze degradation properties and type, pinpoint the localization of active substances for bio-degradation, and evaluate the physiological toxicity of degradation products. [Methods] Tetracycline was used as the sole carbon source to screen out the target strain from tetracycline-contaminated pig sludge. The strain was identified based on colony morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, scanning electron microscopy images, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Different carbon sources, pH, and removal kinetics were employed to characterize the degradation process of the strain. Different components of the strain were extracted to determine the degradation type of tetracycline by the strain. Furthermore, the intracellular and extracellular fluids of the strain were used to degrade tetracycline, so as to determine the location of the active substance for degradation. Finally, the toxicity of the degradation products was assessed. [Results] The strain MEH2305 was screened out and identified asEnterobacter hormaechei, which showed the best degradation performance at pH 7.0 and with tryptone as the carbon source. Strain MEH2305 showed a total tetracycline removal rate of 68% on the 7th day of culturevia abiotic degradation and bio-degradation, and the removal rates of oxytetracycline and doxycycline hydrochloride were 53% and 56%, respectively. The tetracycline removal efficiency by the intracellular and extracellular fluids of MEH2305 was 40.77% and 31.18%, respectively. Compared with tetracycline control without MEH2305, the tetracycline degradation products of MEH2305 had reduced physiological toxicity on Gram-negativeEscherichia coli K88 and Gram-positiveBacillus subtilis 168. [Conclusion] The strain MEH2305 can be used as an effective and safe tetracycline-degrading strain for the treatment of antibiotics in the environment.

, correspAuthors=Jun MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*MENG Jun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Siyu WANG, Ziyi GE, Yixuan CHEN, Xiaolin ZHU, Sainan LIU, Jun MENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241357435089244654, articleId=1241357431154987320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一株霍氏肠杆菌对四环素的降解作用及其降解产物的毒性评估, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】抗生素作为新兴污染物,已经引起社会的极大关注。针对四环素有效降解菌株缺乏这一现状,本研究旨在筛选和鉴定具有降解四环素功能的菌株,分析其降解特性和降解作用类型、初步探讨其降解活性物质定位并评估其降解产物的生理毒性。【方法】以四环素为唯一碳源,从受四环素污染的猪场污泥中筛选四环素降解菌株;结合菌落形态学特征、生理生化特征、扫描电镜观察和16S rRNA基因测序鉴定菌株,通过不同外源碳、pH及去除动力学阐明菌株对四环素的降解特性,提取菌株不同成分探讨其去除四环素的作用类型,并进一步从细胞内液和细胞外液开展生物降解的活性物质定位,最后评估降解产物的生理毒性。【结果】筛选鉴定得到一株霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei) MEH2305,pH为7.0和添加10 g/L外源碳胰蛋白胨是其发挥降解作用的最适条件。MEH2305通过非生物降解和生物降解的共同作用,在培养第7天对四环素总去除率达到68% (对土霉素和盐酸强力霉素去除率分别为53%和56%),其分泌的细胞内液和细胞外液对四环素的去除率分别为40.77%和31.18%。同时,与未经MEH2305处理的四环素对照组比较,MEH2305降解四环素的产物对革兰氏阴性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) K88和革兰氏阳性枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168的生理毒性作用显著降低。【结论】MEH2305可以作为一株潜在的有效且安全的四环素降解菌株,应用于抗生素的环境治理领域。

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city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 辽宁省恒润农业有限公司, 辽宁 海城 114200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241444392968442018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Morphological characteristics of degrading strain MEH2305., figureFileSmall=SH6tjU4tfOzD07ZuhTDG1g==, figureFileBig=MCoqcLxkIuM0bB5XOz1UuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444393127825573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=CN, label=图1, caption=降解菌株MEH2305的形态特征, figureFileSmall=SH6tjU4tfOzD07ZuhTDG1g==, figureFileBig=MCoqcLxkIuM0bB5XOz1UuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444393278820526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=SEM images of degrading strain MEH2305 under normal condition (A) and TC stress (B)., figureFileSmall=6jAfJOeSlVQ3SJ9lyI4GoQ==, figureFileBig=7H7f7VlNvUhHPjcug0OjSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444393392066738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=CN, label=图2, caption=降解菌株MEH2305在正常状态下(A)和受TC胁迫条件下(B)的扫描电镜图, figureFileSmall=6jAfJOeSlVQ3SJ9lyI4GoQ==, figureFileBig=7H7f7VlNvUhHPjcug0OjSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444393526284473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Phylogenetic tree analysis of TC degrading strain MEH2305 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence homology. Numbers in parentheses are GenBank accession numbers. Numbers at each branch point indicated the percentage supported by bootstrap values based on 1 000 replications. The scale bar represents 0.002 0 substitutions per nucleotide position., figureFileSmall=6apSefctpc04Q7A1oVciww==, figureFileBig=z6IH+ZFcE9fX2rvuRnIrLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444393652113598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TC降解菌株MEH2305基于16S rRNA基因序列同源性的系统发育树分析, figureFileSmall=6apSefctpc04Q7A1oVciww==, figureFileBig=z6IH+ZFcE9fX2rvuRnIrLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444393756971204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of strain MEH2305 on TC removal under different exogenous carbon conditions. Error bars represent the standard deviations of the mean. R-T: Residual TC; H: Hydrolysis; C-A: Cell biosorption; E-A: Extracellular polymeric substance biosorption; B: Biodegradation., figureFileSmall=6GW6Yww1VOsB8vXAIVPDxw==, figureFileBig=ld/wYsMJFLhcJuhwH9kfsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444393836662982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同外源碳条件下菌株MEH2305对TC去除的影响, figureFileSmall=6GW6Yww1VOsB8vXAIVPDxw==, figureFileBig=ld/wYsMJFLhcJuhwH9kfsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444394058961098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of strain MEH2305 on TC removal under different pH conditions. 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Error bars represent the standard deviations of the mean., figureFileSmall=UhWmRIvCKw/6BeyOpZEC/w==, figureFileBig=lFX/SpOVI+3+oJINr7uoAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444397695422683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=CN, label=图6, caption=菌株MEH2305对TC的生物去除动力学曲线(A)、TC分布占比(B)和降解过程中OD600和pH变化(C), figureFileSmall=UhWmRIvCKw/6BeyOpZEC/w==, figureFileBig=lFX/SpOVI+3+oJINr7uoAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444397959663841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Degradation of TC by intracellular and extracellular material in strain MEH2305. Error bars represent the standard deviations of the mean., figureFileSmall=9yKY+d9gruLAtNAf4LFTHQ==, figureFileBig=ylwEgNRLBHJXmzVJuCK3Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444398068715747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=CN, label=图7, caption=菌株MEH2305细胞内液和细胞外液对TC的降解作用, figureFileSmall=9yKY+d9gruLAtNAf4LFTHQ==, figureFileBig=ylwEgNRLBHJXmzVJuCK3Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444398169379049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357431154987320, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Toxic effects of TC degradation products of strain MEH2305 onEscherichia coli K88 (A) andBacillus subtilis 168 (B). 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一株霍氏肠杆菌对四环素的降解作用及其降解产物的毒性评估
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王思宇 1 , 葛紫怡 1 , 陈义轩 1 , 朱晓琳 2 , 刘赛男 1 , 孟军 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(3): 826-839
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(3): 826-839
一株霍氏肠杆菌对四环素的降解作用及其降解产物的毒性评估
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王思宇1, 葛紫怡1, 陈义轩1, 朱晓琳2, 刘赛男1, 孟军1, *
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳农业大学国家生物炭研究院 农业农村部生物炭与土壤改良重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110866
  • 2 辽宁省恒润农业有限公司, 辽宁 海城 114200
Biodegradation of tetracycline by anEnterobacter hormaechei strain and toxicity of degradation products
Siyu WANG1, Ziyi GE1, Yixuan CHEN1, Xiaolin ZHU2, Sainan LIU1, Jun MENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Institute of Biochar, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
  • 2 Liaoning Hengrun Agriculture Co., Ltd., Haicheng 114200, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230544
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【目的】抗生素作为新兴污染物,已经引起社会的极大关注。针对四环素有效降解菌株缺乏这一现状,本研究旨在筛选和鉴定具有降解四环素功能的菌株,分析其降解特性和降解作用类型、初步探讨其降解活性物质定位并评估其降解产物的生理毒性。【方法】以四环素为唯一碳源,从受四环素污染的猪场污泥中筛选四环素降解菌株;结合菌落形态学特征、生理生化特征、扫描电镜观察和16S rRNA基因测序鉴定菌株,通过不同外源碳、pH及去除动力学阐明菌株对四环素的降解特性,提取菌株不同成分探讨其去除四环素的作用类型,并进一步从细胞内液和细胞外液开展生物降解的活性物质定位,最后评估降解产物的生理毒性。【结果】筛选鉴定得到一株霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei) MEH2305,pH为7.0和添加10 g/L外源碳胰蛋白胨是其发挥降解作用的最适条件。MEH2305通过非生物降解和生物降解的共同作用,在培养第7天对四环素总去除率达到68% (对土霉素和盐酸强力霉素去除率分别为53%和56%),其分泌的细胞内液和细胞外液对四环素的去除率分别为40.77%和31.18%。同时,与未经MEH2305处理的四环素对照组比较,MEH2305降解四环素的产物对革兰氏阴性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) K88和革兰氏阳性枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168的生理毒性作用显著降低。【结论】MEH2305可以作为一株潜在的有效且安全的四环素降解菌株,应用于抗生素的环境治理领域。

四环素  /  霍氏肠杆菌  /  生物降解  /  生物吸附  /  生理毒性

[Objective] Antibiotics as emerging pollutants have aroused wide concern. In view of the shortage of effective tetracycline-degrading strains, this study aims to screen and identify the strains for tetracycline degradation, analyze degradation properties and type, pinpoint the localization of active substances for bio-degradation, and evaluate the physiological toxicity of degradation products. [Methods] Tetracycline was used as the sole carbon source to screen out the target strain from tetracycline-contaminated pig sludge. The strain was identified based on colony morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, scanning electron microscopy images, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Different carbon sources, pH, and removal kinetics were employed to characterize the degradation process of the strain. Different components of the strain were extracted to determine the degradation type of tetracycline by the strain. Furthermore, the intracellular and extracellular fluids of the strain were used to degrade tetracycline, so as to determine the location of the active substance for degradation. Finally, the toxicity of the degradation products was assessed. [Results] The strain MEH2305 was screened out and identified asEnterobacter hormaechei, which showed the best degradation performance at pH 7.0 and with tryptone as the carbon source. Strain MEH2305 showed a total tetracycline removal rate of 68% on the 7th day of culturevia abiotic degradation and bio-degradation, and the removal rates of oxytetracycline and doxycycline hydrochloride were 53% and 56%, respectively. The tetracycline removal efficiency by the intracellular and extracellular fluids of MEH2305 was 40.77% and 31.18%, respectively. Compared with tetracycline control without MEH2305, the tetracycline degradation products of MEH2305 had reduced physiological toxicity on Gram-negativeEscherichia coli K88 and Gram-positiveBacillus subtilis 168. [Conclusion] The strain MEH2305 can be used as an effective and safe tetracycline-degrading strain for the treatment of antibiotics in the environment.

tetracycline  /  Enterobacter hormaechei  /  biodegradation  /  bioadsorption  /  physiological toxicity
王思宇, 葛紫怡, 陈义轩, 朱晓琳, 刘赛男, 孟军. 一株霍氏肠杆菌对四环素的降解作用及其降解产物的毒性评估. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 826 -839 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230544
Siyu WANG, Ziyi GE, Yixuan CHEN, Xiaolin ZHU, Sainan LIU, Jun MENG. Biodegradation of tetracycline by anEnterobacter hormaechei strain and toxicity of degradation products[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 826 -839 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230544
四环素类抗生素(tetracycline antibiotics, TCs)可以通过抑制细菌蛋白质的合成,从而阻止氨酰基tRNA与细菌核糖体的结合,是世界上广泛应用于人类、动物疾病预防和治疗的抗生素药物[1]。TCs在全球范围内使用量居第二位,在中国则是使用量最大的抗生素种类;作为一种持久性化合物,TCs在自然环境中降解非常缓慢,其在水土中的持续累积会导致抗生素抗性细菌和抗生素抗性基因的产生,大量且频繁地使用TCs使其成为环境中新兴的污染物之一[2-3]。制药厂、家庭污水、畜牧业和养殖业都会排放TCs废水,过量的TCs残留会对水生生物产生慢性毒性作用,抑制它们的生长繁殖,甚至导致死亡[3]。人类和动物无法完全消化吸收TCs,导致大约50%−80%的TCs残留物以亲代化合物的形式被排放到环境中[4],进而破坏生态系统的平衡,危及人类健康,近年来残留四环素污染问题受到了广泛关注。因此,开发绿色高效的TCs去除技术对解决环境中TCs污染问题具有重要意义。
目前,四环素(tetracycline, TC)的降解作用类型主要包括非生物降解(如吸附、光解、氧化和水解)和生物降解[5-7]。其中,利用微生物降解菌株对环境中残留药物进行生物降解,从而修复受污染环境已成为环境修复领域的研究热点[8-9]。微生物在特定环境中通过代谢产生酶等物质,然后直接或间接地修饰和改变抗生素的结构,使其失活[7]。微生物降解因其对环境友好、高效、低成本、稳定可靠且不会造成二次污染等优势,在治理四环素污染方面得到了广泛的研究和应用[10]
虽然从TC污染的污泥中能够分离出许多菌株,且这些菌株在添加TC的培养基中生长良好,但99%以上的菌株只是具有耐药性,不能有效地降低TC浓度[11]。因此,分离和筛选TC降解菌株是一项重要工作。有研究表明贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) Al-Dhabi 140[12]、克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.) TR5[13]、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.) XS-18[14]、黏质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens) WW1[15]、产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes sp.) T17[16]、水谷鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium mizutaii) S121[17]、常州鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium changzhouense) TC931[10]、烟草节杆菌(Arthrobacter nicotianae) OTC-16[18]、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus) LZ01[19]和克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.) SQY5[20-21]等都对TC具有降解能力。Shao等[21]从城市污泥中分离出一株克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.) SQY5,该菌株具有很强的降解TC能力和反硝化能力。烟草节杆菌(Arthrobacter nicotianae) OTC-16通过还原土霉素(oxytetracycline, OTC)的水解产物和将OTC转化为低毒代谢产物,有效地降低了OTC转化产物的生物毒性[18]
本研究以某长期被TC污染的猪场污泥为样品,分离、提纯出一株有效降解TC的菌株MEH2305。通过形态观察、生理生化及16S rRNA基因测序等手段将其鉴定为霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)。通过不同外源碳、pH及去除动力学阐明菌株对TC的降解特性,探讨非生物降解和生物降解在菌株对TC去除中的作用,提取菌株不同成分探讨其去除TC的作用类型,并进一步从细胞内液和细胞外液开展生物降解TC的活性物质定位,最后评估降解产物的生理毒性,旨在为生物治理四环素类抗生素提供理论和实践依据,并对未来开发功能性菌剂提供参考。
四环素(C22H24N2O8, 98%)、土霉素(C22H24N2O9, 95%)、盐酸强力霉素(C22H24N2O8·HCl, 98%)购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;色谱级甲醇和乙腈购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。试验使用的其他药品均为分析纯及以上。
LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10,氯化钠10,酵母提取物5,pH 7.0,固体培养基额外加入15 g/L琼脂。富集培养基:灭菌LB培养基中加入不同浓度四环素(5、10、25、50、80、100 mg/L)。
基础盐培养基(minimal salt medium, MSM) (g/L):K2HPO4 1.5,KH2PO4 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2,NaCl 1.0,pH 7.0,固体培养基额外加入15 g/L琼脂。MSM-T培养基:MSM中添加10 g/L胰蛋白胨。MSM-S培养基:MSM中添加10 g/L柠檬酸钠。筛选培养基:灭菌MSM培养基中加入不同浓度四环素(5、10、25、50、80、100 mg/L)。
以上培养基使用前均在121 ℃灭菌20 min后冷却备用。
Mcilvaine-Na2EDTA缓冲液:0.1 mol/L柠檬酸,0.2 mol/L磷酸氢二钠,0.1 mol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠。
四环素母液:甲醇溶解5 mL,四环素药品1 g,添加无菌蒸馏水定容到100 mL,得到浓度10 g/L的母液备用。
从中国辽宁省沈阳市某猪场收集的长期被TC污染的污泥中进行TC降解菌的富集纯化,将收集的1 g样品置于含5 mg/L TC的100 mL LB培养基中,30 ℃、150 r/min摇床避光振荡培养。每隔2 d,将1 mL预驯化培养物吸入含有TC的100 mL新鲜LB培养基中,并逐次提高培养基中TC浓度至10、25、50、80、100 mg/L,重复上述步骤,直至TC浓度达到100 mg/L。使用接种针将最后一次富集培养液用条纹划线法接种在以TC (100 mg/L)为唯一碳源的MSM固体培养基上,在30 ℃暗处培养3 d后,从培养皿中选取形状、大小和颜色不同的单个菌落,在新鲜MSM固体培养基上重复划线,经过纯化培养,将菌落形态规则、生长较快的菌株进行传代划线,直到培养基上的菌落形态完全一致,得到纯菌株。重复纯化3次后将菌株编号并保存在含有20%甘油的营养琼脂中,在−80 ℃保存。
菌体形态学观察、生理生化试验及生长特性测定参照BergeysManual of Determinative Bacteriology[22]进行。
挑取平板上的单菌落于含有50 mg/L TC的100 mL LB液体培养基,以不加TC为对照,30 ℃、150 r/min恒温振荡培养箱培养18 h至对数生长期,离心收集菌体,将收集的菌体经戊二醛固定、乙醇脱水、冷冻干燥以及表面喷金后,进行扫描电镜观察细胞表面形态。
菌株测序由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成,使用DNA提取试剂盒提取降解菌株基因组总DNA,采用细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物27F/1492R进行扩增,PCR产物经电泳检验与TA克隆后进行测序,得到降解细菌的16S rRNA基因序列,该序列被提交到生物信息中心GenBank,获得登录号。菌株序列通过NCBI数据库中进行对比,进行初步鉴定。采用MEGA 7.0软件,邻接法(neighbor-joining)进行多序列比对分析并构建系统发育树。
OD600为1.0的预接种菌液按照5% (体积分数)分别接种于含有10 mg/L TC的100 mL MSM培养基、MSM-S培养基、MSM-T培养基中,调节液体培养基pH至7.0,于30 ℃、150 r/min避光振荡培养7 d后,取样测定残余游离TC浓度、溶液pH值和细胞密度(OD600),每组样品分3个重复制备用于测量。pH采用pH计测量,细菌生长OD600采用紫外分光光度计测量。
MEH2305对TC的去除分为细胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance, EPS)生物吸附(E-A)、细胞生物吸附(C-A)、生物降解(B)和水解(H) 4个部分。(1) 残余游离TC (R-T)部分:将5 mL细胞悬浮液在4 ℃、8 000×g离心15 min,然后通过0.22 μm滤膜过滤,收集上清。(2) 残余游离TC (R-T)+EPS生物吸附TC (E-A)+细胞生物吸附TC (C-A)部分:将Mcilvaine-Na2EDTA缓冲液与细胞悬浮液等量混合,4 ℃、8 000×g离心15 min,0.22 μm滤膜过滤,收集上清。(3) 残余游离TC (R-T)+EPS生物吸附TC (E-A)部分:将Mcilvaine-Na2EDTA缓冲液与(1)中上清液等量混合,在4 ℃、8 000×g离心15 min,通过0.22 μm滤膜过滤,收集上清。(4) 设置培养基中不接种菌株MEH2305为对照组,将5 mL样品在4 ℃、8 000×g离心15 min,然后通过0.22 μm滤膜过滤,收集上清。过滤后的样品保存在−20 ℃,溶液当中残余游离(R-T) TC含量采用超高效液相色谱仪测量。通过差量加减法计算分别得出EPS生物吸附(E-A) TC含量、细胞生物吸附(C-A) TC含量、生物降解(B) TC含量和水解(H) TC含量。
安捷伦超高效液相色谱仪,配DAD检测器;色谱柱:安捷伦Extend-C18 RRHD色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm);流动相:A:甲醇;B:0.1%甲酸水溶液;C:乙腈。梯度洗脱程序:0−1 min:A 8%,B 84%,C 8%;1−5 min:A 8%−40%,B 84%−20%,C 8%−40%;5−6 min:A 40%−8%,B 20%−84%,C 40%−8%;6−10 min:A 8%,B 84%,C 8%;流速:0.4 mL/min;柱温:30 ℃,进样量3 μL,检测波长:355 nm。
式中,C0为0 d样品中残余游离TC的浓度;C为不同时间点样品中残余游离TC的浓度。
使用0.1 mol/L的NaOH和HCl溶液将MSM-T液体培养基的初始pH分别调节为5.0、7.0、9.0,121 ℃、30 min高压灭菌后备用。pH对降解菌生长及降解性能影响的试验于100 mL含10 mg/L TC的MSM-T液体培养基中进行。按5% (体积分数)比例添加OD600为1.0的预接种菌液,30 ℃、150 r/min避光振荡培养7 d后,取样测定残余游离TC浓度、溶液pH值和细胞密度(OD600),每组样品分3个重复制备用于测量。测量条件同上。
MEH2305在LB培养基中30 ℃、150 r/min避光条件下培养至对数中期,然后将5%的预接种菌液(OD600为1.0)接种到含有10 mg/L TC的100 mL MSM-T液体培养基(pH 7.0)中,分别于0、0.125、0.25、0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7 d采集样品,测定残余游离TC浓度、溶液pH值和细胞密度(OD600),每组样品分3个重复制备用于测量。测量条件同上。
为了进一步确定细胞内液还是细胞外液在TC降解中起主要作用,将MEH2305在LB液体培养基中培养至对数生长期。根据Zhang等[19]描述的方法提取MEH2305产生的细胞内液和细胞外液。菌液5 000×g离心10 min后,从菌悬液中提取细胞外液,将离心后的细菌细胞破碎制备细胞内液。将两种样品加入含10 mg/L TC的100 mL MSM-T液体培养基中,30 ℃、150 r/min避光振荡培养,定期测定残余游离TC浓度,每组样品分3个重复制备用于测量。测量条件同上。
在分别含有10 mg/L的土霉素(oxytetracycline, OTC)和盐酸强力霉素(doxycycline hydrochloride, DCH)的MSM-T液体培养基(pH 7.0)中检测MEH2305降解OTC和DCH的能力,设置未接种菌株MEH2305的空白培养基为对照,30 ℃、150 r/min避光振荡培养,收集培养7 d后的样品,分别测定残余游离OTC和DCH浓度、溶液pH值和细胞密度(OD600),每组样品分3个重复制备用于测量。测量条件同上。
以革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) K88和革兰氏阳性菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168为生物学指标,采用圆盘扩散法测定TC降解产物的抑菌活性[20]。大肠杆菌K88和枯草芽孢杆菌168分别在LB液体培养基中30 ℃、150 r/min活化18 h,然后均匀涂于LB琼脂板上制备带菌平板。待培养基凝固后,将牛津杯放置于平板上,杯中分别装入200 μL的MEH2305对TC不同降解时间的样品,并加入无菌TC样品对照。在30 ℃下培养24 h后测量抑菌圈直径,每组样品分3个重复制备用于测量。
使用SPSS 26软件进行数据的统计分析与计算,用Origin 2021作图。试验数据以平均值±标准差表示。通过多重t检验(multiplet-test)分析不同处理之间的差异,确定各处理间的显著性差异(P < 0.05)。
设定100 mg/L的TC浓度是为了确保有效筛选能够高效降解TC的细菌[11,21]。经TC驯化富集后,获得菌株MEH2305,在添加100 mg/L TC的固体MSM培养基上生长良好。肉眼观察显示MEH2305的形态特征为乳白色半透明,菌落呈规整圆形,隆起,表面光滑湿润,边缘整齐,易挑起(图1)。革兰氏染色试验显示MEH2305为革兰氏阴性细菌;接触酶试验显示为阳性;甲基红试验显示为阴性。
扫描电镜照片显示(图2),正常状态下MEH2305菌体外形清晰,呈杆状,排列不规则,可清晰看到菌体表面粗糙,褶皱较多,有大小不一的凸起,这可以增大TC与菌体的接触面积,为TC与菌体的结合提供更多的位点;在TC浓度为50 mg/L的条件下,MEH2305表面结构变化明显,凸起褶皱变浅。
综合形态学、生理生化特征、16S rRNA基因序列和系统发育树分析(图3),确定降解菌株为霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei),将其命名为Enterobacter hormaechei MEH2305 (GenBank登录号:OQ555085)。肠杆菌因其对持久性有机污染物[23]、磺胺甲恶唑[24]、内源性碳氢化合物[25]、石油碳氢化合物[7]、纺织染料[26]、四溴双酚[27]和对二甲苯[28]等多种有机污染物具有显著的降解能力而被广泛应用于生物修复。
图4可知,在TC为唯一碳源条件下,细胞可以进行生长繁殖(OD600=0.457, pH 6.557),说明MEH2305可以利用微量TC生长,但降解效率较低,整体去除率仅为16%,原因可能是TC的复杂结构使得降解菌很难直接大量利用TC作为唯一碳源进行生长繁殖。因此推测TC的生物降解主要通过共代谢进行,添加外源碳既能为细菌生长提供额外的营养和能量,也能以共代谢的方式参与生物降解四环素的酶的合成[29]。此外,MEH2305可以利用柠檬酸钠生长繁殖(OD600=0.618, pH 7.543),但是不能通过共代谢高效地生物降解TC,整体去除率仅为19%。当添加10 g/L的胰蛋白胨时,溶液中菌体密度增加(OD600=0.887, pH 8.463),并且能够显著促进TC的共代谢和生物降解,整体去除率达到68%。综上所述,不同外源碳可以影响微生物的代谢途径,导致不同的细菌繁殖生长速率和TC的生物降解效率,本研究中MEH2305的最适生长和降解的外源碳条件为10 g/L的胰蛋白胨。
据报道,在序批式生物膜反应器中与葡萄糖共培养可以增强林可霉素的去除,因为氧化还原电位发生了变化,并为功能性细菌的生长提供了适宜的环境[30]。有研究单独使用乙酸钠(不含微生物)仅稍微降低环丙沙星浓度,表明大部分环丙沙星的降解由微生物引起,乙酸钠作为额外碳源既能促进细菌生长又可以作为非生长底物共代谢的电子供体[31-32]。Tan等[33]报道了额外碳源(乙酸钠、甘油、蛋白胨和蔗糖)对细菌降解氯霉素生物转化的不同影响,在没有额外碳源的情况下,克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.) YB1几乎没有生长(OD600为0.05),生物降解效率较低(4.40%),而在补充外源碳蛋白胨后,菌株生长(OD600为0.80)和生物降解效率(22.41%)都显著提高。以上结果和本研究结果一致,可以归因于共代谢机制,生物降解效率的提高不仅是因为刺激了生物量生长,还因为细菌中关键的降解酶在利用共代谢底物的过程中被激活。然而,由于碳分解代谢物的抑制,不同的碳源对细菌酶促反应和生长有不同的影响[34-35]。有研究认为额外碳源和氮源都不能显著促进鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.) CL 5.1的繁殖,也不能加速硫霉素的生物降解[36]。因此,环境中多种共存的碳源对抗生素的生物降解产生了不可忽视的影响,未来需要更多的试验来阐明共代谢效应的潜在机制。
pH值是影响微生物降解四环素的重要因素之一,不仅影响菌株生长和稳定性,还影响细胞膜蛋白及胞外水解酶的活性,从而影响营养物质的正常吸收和转运,进而影响微生物对目标污染物的降解能力[37-38]图5显示培养7 d后,MEH2305在pH 5.0和pH 9.0条件下的TC去除率分别为56%和52%,与pH 7.0中性条件下68%去除率相比,去除率显著降低。值得注意的是,MEH2305在不同pH值下去除TC的途径不同,酸性和碱性环境会促进四环素水解,显著抑制生物降解和生物吸附。同时,MEH2305在酸性和碱性条件下,菌体生长受到显著抑制,初始pH为5.0、7.0、9.0时,OD600值分别为0.166、0.887、0.224;溶液最终pH从5.0、7.0、9.0分别转变为6.03、8.46、8.67。这些结果表明pH对菌株生长和生物降解有显著性影响。本研究中MEH2305对TC的最适降解pH为7.0。
Halling-Sørensen等的研究表明,在酸性环境中,四环素容易发生脱水反应和差向异构化,而在偏碱性环境中,其C环则更容易被打开,从而转化为无活性的内酯型异构体,而在中性环境中则表现出相对的稳定性[39]。Wang等[40]从污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离出一株不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.),在中性pH下对磺胺甲恶唑的降解效果最好,而碱性和酸性pH分别延缓和抑制了磺胺甲恶唑的生物降解,与本研究结果一致。
动力学试验结果显示(图6A),对照组在没有菌株存在情况下,TC浓度也会发生变化,表明TC在水中存在非生物自然水解作用。随着反应时间的增加,MEH2305降解组TC的去除量远高于水解对照组。动力学模型可以预测有毒化学物质在环境中的持久性,研究表明许多有机污染物的微生物降解动力学与一阶动力学模型拟合良好[41],本研究确定MEH2305对TC的生物去除过程与一阶动力学模型{c=k×[1–exp(–bt)]}拟合较好,相关系数R2=0.935,去除动力学速率常数k=3.554,以上结果表明了菌株MEH2305在环境中四环素生物修复中的去除效率。
接种MEH2305可以有效地利用TC作为共代谢生长底物,伴随着细菌生长开始TC被降解,没有滞后阶段(图6C)。在0−2 d内,培养基中的营养成分更加丰富,使MEH2305的生长和代谢速度更快,OD600值从0.056迅速增加到1.632,细菌处于对数生长期,产物积累迅速,对TC的降解也迅速增加,在2 d内去除率达到50%,溶液的pH值呈现出先降低然后增加的趋势。在2−7 d期间,培养基中的营养物质耗尽,MEH2305生长缓慢,OD600值从1.384降低到0.895,pH值维持在8.5左右,并在第7天时TC总去除率达到68%。pH变化表明降解菌生长过程中产生了某些碱性代谢物,与Tan等的研究结果一致[10]。其他研究认为当添加胰蛋白胨作为外源碳时,在TC生物降解过程中也观察到了pH值升高,可能是由于胰蛋白胨中NH4+的释放[42]
细菌对抗生素的降解作用类型主要包括水解、生物吸附(细胞吸附、胞外分泌物EPS吸附)和生物降解[32]。本研究通过使用Mcilvaine- Na2EDTA缓冲液从细胞表面或EPS释放TC,推断出TC的去除途径[10]。MEH2305对TC的去除主要通过生物降解、EPS吸附和细胞吸附(图6B)。生物降解的量显著高于其他途径(0−0.25 d),表明生物降解是此阶段主要的去除过程,几乎没有细胞吸附和EPS吸附。从0.5−1 d,细菌处于指数繁殖阶段,随着细菌数量的增长,EPS分泌丰富,因此,细胞吸附和EPS吸附的量变大。随着反应时间延长到2−7 d,TC水解占比变高,生物降解占比缓慢增加,细菌从稳定生长期达到衰亡期,所以细胞吸附占比缓慢降低,然而,EPS吸附占比基本不变,可能因为EPS作为微生物与外界环境进行物质和能量交换的通道,微生物通过分泌大量的EPS来抵御外界不利环境的影响[42-43]
有机污染物的生物降解主要是通过细胞内外的酶促反应来实现的,降解细菌会产生细胞内液和细胞外液。由于酶活性随着时间的推移逐渐降低,MEH2305产生的细胞内液和细胞外液对TC的降解增加在1 d后逐渐减弱(图7)。细胞外液可以直接与TC接触,并在系统中发生酶促反应以促进TC降解;细胞内液通过吸附、跨膜转运等作用降解TC。细胞内液比细胞外液更好地降解TC,可能是因为存在一些修复内切酶和蛋白质活性的机制,从而使细胞内液能够更好地分解TC[20]。综上所述,TC的生物降解是细胞内液和细胞外液的协同作用,且细胞内液对TC的降解效果更好,7 d最高去除率为40.77%,而细胞外液对TC的7 d最高去除率为31.18%。
尽管环境微生物有效地生物降解TC,但一些中间产物可能比母体化合物毒性更大,因此,TC降解并不一定意味解毒[44-45]。TC降解产物在不同降解时间对大肠杆菌K88和枯草芽孢杆菌168的抑菌圈结果表明(图8),TC生物降解产物的抑菌效果低于对照组,生物降解组的抑制能力随着降解时间的增加而降低(大肠杆菌抑制区直径从21.72 mm减小到12.59 mm,枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制区直径从13.93 mm减小到11.37 mm),而对照组产物在第7天(大肠杆菌组18.63 mm,枯草芽孢杆菌组12.67 mm)的抑制区直径仍相对于第0天(大肠杆菌组21.94 mm,枯草芽孢杆菌组14.13 mm)较大。与对照相比,菌株MEH2305的生物降解可以有效降低抗生素的生物毒性。与曹欢等[46]的研究结果一致,其在Providencia sp. 2与Proteus sp. 1对四环素类抗生素的生物降解过程中发现生物降解通过减少四环素类抗生素的水解产物的积累,将四环素类抗生素转化为毒性较低的代谢产物。
菌株MEH2305同时具有降解四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)和盐酸强力霉素(DCH)的能力(图9),在这3种四环素类抗生素药物的去除试验中,培养7 d后,菌株MEH2305对TC的去除效率最高为69%,而DCH和OTC的去除效率分别为53%和56%。菌株MEH2305降解去除不同类型四环素类抗生素的能力可能归因于四环素类抗生素相似的化学结构,但不同的降解能力也反映了它们对菌株MEH2305的不同毒性。
本研究从一个长期使用四环素的猪场活性污泥中分离得到一株四环素有效降解菌MEH2305,经生理生化反应鉴定、革兰氏染色鉴定和16S rRNA基因测序鉴定为霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei) (GenBank登录号:OQ555085)。该菌株不仅能良好降解并去除四环素,还对土霉素和盐酸强力霉素具有一定的去除作用。
MEH2305去除TC依靠非生物降解和生物降解的共同作用,在本研究中去除率最高为69%;MEH2305分泌的细胞内液和细胞外液对TC的去除效率分别为40.77%和31.18%;生理毒性试验显示MEH2305对TC的生物降解产物毒性显著低于无菌处理的四环素对照组,证明了MEH2305在实际应用中具有较高的生物安全性。
MEH2305能有效降解TCs,在治理抗生素污染方面具有很好的应用价值,可为进一步处理实际TCs污染奠定基础,后续可进行更多菌株降解TCs影响因素及降解机制的研究,以期为四环素类抗生素的生物降解提供可用依据。
  • 中央地方科技发展指导基金(2023JH6/100100056)
  • 沈阳市科技计划(22-317-2-08)
  • 现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-01-51)
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2024年第64卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230544
  • 接收时间:2023-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-26
  • 录用日期:2023-11-09
基金
Guiding Fund of the Central Government for Local Science and Technology Development(2023JH6/100100056)
中央地方科技发展指导基金(2023JH6/100100056)
Shenyang Science and Technology Project(22-317-2-08)
沈阳市科技计划(22-317-2-08)
Earmarked Fund for Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System(CARS-01-51)
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-01-51)
作者信息
    1 沈阳农业大学国家生物炭研究院 农业农村部生物炭与土壤改良重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110866
    2 辽宁省恒润农业有限公司, 辽宁 海城 114200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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