Article(id=1241357430748139817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230592, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694966400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1701878400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-07, onlineDate=1773892274796, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892274796, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892274796, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892274796, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=953, endPage=967, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357431092072756, articleId=1241357430748139817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Colony segmentation and counting algorithm based on target color base and gradient direction matching, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Colony extraction and counting is essential in agriculture, food, and health industries. Currently, most of the available algorithms for automatic counting of colonies use colony culture dishes and has poor applicability to colony count plates. In addition, the current technologies have good performance in conventional segmentation of adherent objects, while their accuracy remains to be improved for the segmentation and counting of adherent colonies due to the unique morphological characteristics of colonies. [Methods] To solve such problems, we proposed a colony segmentation and counting algorithm based on target color base and gradient direction matching. Firstly, the color feature of the colony in the image was used as a base to convert the image into a base space to enhance the difference between the colony and the background. Secondly, the gradient magnitude feature of the colony image was used to filter the gradient direction, and then the matching was performed through the gradient direction, thereby segmenting the adherent colonies. Finally, non-maximum suppression was employed to screen and count the colonies. [Results] Through experiments, the counting accuracy of the algorithm in this study reaches 98.00%, demonstrating its capability to meet practical requirements. [Conclusion] In the context of targeted segmentation and counting of colonies, the algorithm studied in this paper not only exhibits high counting accuracy but also demonstrates good robustness. This algorithm had not only high counting accuracy but also good robustness, producing excellent results in the colony segmentation and counting of colony count plates from different manufacturers. However, it showed decreased counting accuracy in the detection and segmentation of large-area targets. Therefore, this algorithm is suitable for the detection and segmentation of small targets such as colonies.

, correspAuthors=Ziyin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Ziyin, E-mail:
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【目的】通过菌落测试片提取菌落并计数,在农业、食品业、医疗卫生等领域中是一项常用且重要的工作。目前,菌落自动计数算法大都是以菌落培养皿为主要工作对象,对菌落测试片适用性较差。另外,目前相关技术在常规的粘连物体分割中有着较好的效果,但在菌落分割计数中,由于菌落本身的形态特征,对粘连菌落分割计数的效果尚不够精准。【方法】为解决此类问题,本文提出一种基于目标颜色基及梯度方向匹配的菌落分割计数算法。首先利用图像中菌落的颜色特征作为基,将图像转换到基空间内,以增强菌落与背景之间的差异,其次利用菌落图像的梯度幅值特征对梯度方向进行滤波,然后通过梯度方向进行匹配,进而将粘连的菌落分割,最后利用非极大值抑制的方法筛选出菌落并计数。【结果】经试验,本研究算法的计数精度可达98.00%,能够满足实际需求。【结论】在针对菌落的目标分割计数中,本研究算法不仅计数精度高,而且具有较好的鲁棒性,在对不同厂家的菌落总数测试片菌落分割计数中均有优异效果;然而在对大面积目标的检测分割中算法的准确率会有所下降,因此,该算法更适合于菌落等小目标的检测分割。

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Test results of watershed segmentation algorithm based on distance transformation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)
1171482.351137822960.58
2332575.761223215968.53
3473472.341319614775.00
4594677.971443523353.56
51037976.701553125548.02
61177866.671668933248.19
71659758.791779237647.47
81367756.621893042545.70
923516670.64191 20044336.92
1022415569.20201 35051338.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241444405643637526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430748139817, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于距离变换的分水岭分割算法测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)
1171482.351137822960.58
2332575.761223215968.53
3473472.341319614775.00
4594677.971443523353.56
51037976.701553125548.02
61177866.671668933248.19
71659758.791779237647.47
81367756.621893042545.70
923516670.64191 20044336.92
1022415569.20201 35051338.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241444405786243866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430748139817, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test results of shape based template matching segmentation counting algorithm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)
11717100.001137833187.57
2333296.971223219985.78
3474391.491319617890.82
4595084.751443536583.91
51039390.291553139674.58
61179782.911668950373.00
716513280.001779256671.46
813612289.711893073278.71
923520185.53191 20078565.42
1022419687.50201 35089666.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241444405924655904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430748139817, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于形状的模板匹配分割计数算法测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)
11717100.001137833187.57
2333296.971223219985.78
3474391.491319617890.82
4595084.751443536583.91
51039390.291553139674.58
61179782.911668950373.00
716513280.001779256671.46
813612289.711893073278.71
923520185.53191 20078565.42
1022419687.50201 35089666.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241444406058873634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430748139817, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Algorithm test results based on color basis and gradient direction matching

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)
11717100.001137837799.70
23333100.001223222898.30
3474897.901319619398.90
45959100.001443542597.70
510310198.001553151496.80
611711598.301668966296.08
716516298.201779275695.45
813613599.201893089896.56
923523399.10191 2001 13894.83
1022422198.60201 3501 25793.11
), ArticleFig(id=1241444406293754665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430748139817, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于颜色基和梯度方向匹配的算法测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)Sample numberActual totalTest resultAccuracy (%)
11717100.001137837799.70
23333100.001223222898.30
3474897.901319619398.90
45959100.001443542597.70
510310198.001553151496.80
611711598.301668966296.08
716516298.201779275695.45
813613599.201893089896.56
923523399.10191 2001 13894.83
1022422198.60201 3501 25793.11
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基于目标颜色基及梯度方向匹配的菌落分割计数算法
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何健郡 1 , 李子印 1, * , 马咸莹 2
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024,64(3): 953-967
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微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024, 64(3): 953-967
基于目标颜色基及梯度方向匹配的菌落分割计数算法
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何健郡1, 李子印1, * , 马咸莹2
作者信息
  • 1 中国计量大学, 浙江 杭州 310018
  • 2 杭州大微生物技术有限公司, 浙江 杭州 310000
Colony segmentation and counting algorithm based on target color base and gradient direction matching
Jianjun HE1, Ziyin LI1, * , Xianying MA2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 Hangzhou DW Microbiology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230592
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【目的】通过菌落测试片提取菌落并计数,在农业、食品业、医疗卫生等领域中是一项常用且重要的工作。目前,菌落自动计数算法大都是以菌落培养皿为主要工作对象,对菌落测试片适用性较差。另外,目前相关技术在常规的粘连物体分割中有着较好的效果,但在菌落分割计数中,由于菌落本身的形态特征,对粘连菌落分割计数的效果尚不够精准。【方法】为解决此类问题,本文提出一种基于目标颜色基及梯度方向匹配的菌落分割计数算法。首先利用图像中菌落的颜色特征作为基,将图像转换到基空间内,以增强菌落与背景之间的差异,其次利用菌落图像的梯度幅值特征对梯度方向进行滤波,然后通过梯度方向进行匹配,进而将粘连的菌落分割,最后利用非极大值抑制的方法筛选出菌落并计数。【结果】经试验,本研究算法的计数精度可达98.00%,能够满足实际需求。【结论】在针对菌落的目标分割计数中,本研究算法不仅计数精度高,而且具有较好的鲁棒性,在对不同厂家的菌落总数测试片菌落分割计数中均有优异效果;然而在对大面积目标的检测分割中算法的准确率会有所下降,因此,该算法更适合于菌落等小目标的检测分割。

颜色基  /  微生物  /  梯度空间  /  粘连分割  /  菌落计数

[Objective] Colony extraction and counting is essential in agriculture, food, and health industries. Currently, most of the available algorithms for automatic counting of colonies use colony culture dishes and has poor applicability to colony count plates. In addition, the current technologies have good performance in conventional segmentation of adherent objects, while their accuracy remains to be improved for the segmentation and counting of adherent colonies due to the unique morphological characteristics of colonies. [Methods] To solve such problems, we proposed a colony segmentation and counting algorithm based on target color base and gradient direction matching. Firstly, the color feature of the colony in the image was used as a base to convert the image into a base space to enhance the difference between the colony and the background. Secondly, the gradient magnitude feature of the colony image was used to filter the gradient direction, and then the matching was performed through the gradient direction, thereby segmenting the adherent colonies. Finally, non-maximum suppression was employed to screen and count the colonies. [Results] Through experiments, the counting accuracy of the algorithm in this study reaches 98.00%, demonstrating its capability to meet practical requirements. [Conclusion] In the context of targeted segmentation and counting of colonies, the algorithm studied in this paper not only exhibits high counting accuracy but also demonstrates good robustness. This algorithm had not only high counting accuracy but also good robustness, producing excellent results in the colony segmentation and counting of colony count plates from different manufacturers. However, it showed decreased counting accuracy in the detection and segmentation of large-area targets. Therefore, this algorithm is suitable for the detection and segmentation of small targets such as colonies.

color base  /  microorganism  /  gradient space  /  segmentation of adhesive objects  /  colony counting
何健郡, 李子印, 马咸莹. 基于目标颜色基及梯度方向匹配的菌落分割计数算法. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 953 -967 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230592
Jianjun HE, Ziyin LI, Xianying MA. Colony segmentation and counting algorithm based on target color base and gradient direction matching[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 953 -967 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230592
对于目标分割计数应用而言,粘连目标的处理往往是其难点。随着图像处理技术的进步,目前已经有多种算法被提出用于对粘连目标进行分割计数,其技术方向主要有两种[1]。第一种,先对粘连目标进行目标分割,然后再进行计数。例如:自适应阈值的分水岭算法[2],其基于色相饱和度强度(hue-saturation-intensity, HIS)彩色模型[3],结合目标特点进行分割;基于形态学标记的分水岭分割[4],利用形态学标记,结合分水岭算法,可有效降低过分割和欠分割率;基于图像边缘信息和距离变换结合的分水岭算法,以图像边缘信息和距离变换结合作为分水岭的标记来分割目标[5]。由于菌落具有面积小、不同菌落之间面积差异大的形态特征,这些目标分割算法并不能较好地将粘连菌落分割,甚至不能将面积较小的菌落与背景分割。第二种,利用模板匹配算法对图像进行匹配,进而得到模板在图像上的位置信息进行计数。例如:基于灰度值的模板匹配算法[6],将检测图像与模板图像先采取隔点搜索进行粗匹配,然后将粗匹配得到的粗相关点作为中心点利用最小二乘法寻找两者之间的最优匹配点;基于形态的模板匹配算法[7],以物体边缘梯度相关性作为匹配标准,能够根据模板的大小和清晰度要求生成多层级的图像金字塔模型,然后自上而下搜索得到匹配结果。模板匹配算法要求模板具有较明显的特征,由于菌落样本的多样性,无法找到一个通用的目标模板进行匹配;另外,检测图像与模板图像相比,位移、旋转或者缩放比较大都会影响匹配结果。综上,目前技术用于粘连菌落的分割计数很难取得精准效果,本文提出一种基于颜色基和梯度方向匹配的菌落计数算法,通过利用图像中菌落的颜色特征作为基将图像转换到基空间内以增强菌落与背景差异,利用菌落图像的梯度方向进行匹配,使用非极大值抑制将匹配图像中的菌落进行筛选,实现了对粘连菌落的精确分割计数。
常规的色彩处理办法[8]是将彩色图像的色彩信息转换为灰度信息,该方法并未充分利用彩色图像信息。然而,在菌落分割计数应用中,菌落的颜色信息和背景差异显著,常用来进行菌落的分割。
颜色基是把图像在RGB (red green blue)色彩空间内进行向量化,将彩色图像视为三分量的向量图像,然后选择目标颜色作为基向量,求图像在该基向量下的投影,充分利用了图像的色彩信息。具体过程如下,假设彩色图像某点为S (公式1):
式中:xy为像素点的横纵坐标,rgb分别为红、绿、蓝三通道的取值。
假设目标颜色为SC (公式2):
计算两向量之间的夹角余弦值(公式3−4):
图像上任意一点在颜色基上的投影v (公式5):
通过色彩基变换后,彩色图像转换为单通道图像,与常规的灰度化相比,充分利用了图像的色彩信息,其计算复杂度也没有大幅提升。
图像的梯度[9]是指将图像看作二维离散函数后,某一像素在x方向和y方向上的变化率。梯度为二维向量,可理解为图像变化幅度;变化幅度越大,梯度幅值越大。在实际运算中,一般采用差分运算来近似微分。在此采用sobel算子[10]对图像卷积求解梯度的近似值(公式6−7)。
式中:[1 0 −1] 表示差分,表示一维高斯平滑算子,利用sobel_xsobel_y对图像分别进行卷积操作即可得到图像在x方向和y方向上的梯度g_xg_y。对于图像而言,单个像素的梯度幅值grad可表示为公式8。
梯度方向可表示为公式9:
利用公式8和公式9对图像运算即可得到梯度幅值图像grad(x,y)和梯度方向图像θ(x,y),然后运用梯度幅值图像,对梯度方向图像进行滤波,消除掉背景影响后,得到待匹配的梯度方向图(公式10)。
式中:th为阈值,通过分析目标梯度方向特征建立n×n大小的模板M,然后利用MG(x,y)进行滑窗计算(公式11−13)。
式中:x ∈ {1, 2, …,Xn},y ∈ {1, 2, …,Yn},X,Y分别表示图像最大行数与列数,max(r(x,y))表示r(x,y)中的最大值。R(x,y)数值越大表示该点置信度越大。考虑到菌落计数为多目标匹配,对匹配结果进行非极大值抑制运算,将目标从匹配图中提取,最后计数。
为解决传统算法针对菌落分割计数的缺陷,提出一种基于颜色基及梯度方向匹配的图像分割计数算法。算法流程如图1所示。
首先,对获取到的图像进行预处理,降低外部环境干扰,减少图像噪声。由于菌落测试片采集时处于封闭环境,因此只考虑降低噪声,采用高斯滤波对图像进行处理得到输入图像。
其次,进行颜色基变换。在进行颜色基变换之前,需要寻找到目标颜色即菌落颜色,通过对菌落图像进行斑点检测,可检测出确定性菌落,提取出这些菌落内部像素的颜色并进行数学统计,选择出最具代表性的菌落颜色作为目标颜色基;对菌落图像上的所有像素在目标颜色基上进行投影,得到颜色基图像。
然后,进行梯度方向匹配。具体流程:(1) 对颜色基图像利用sobel算子分别计算x方向和y方向上的梯度;(2) 计算梯度幅值和梯度方向,利用梯度幅值对梯度方向进行过滤,得到滤波后的梯度方向图;(3) 对根据菌落的梯度方向特征设置模板,进行模板匹配,寻找到菌落质心,得到梯度方向匹配图。
最后,进行非极大值抑制并计数。梯度方向匹配图是计算图像,距离菌落质心越近,其匹配数值越高。通过对梯度方向匹配图进行非极大值抑制,将菌落分割提取转换为二值图像,再对二值化图像进行连通域选择计数。
在对图像进行运算前,需要对图像进行滤波,消除掉图像中的噪声,常规的滤波方式[11]有高斯滤波、双边滤波、均值滤波等。考虑到菌落测试片图像主要噪声为高斯噪声,因此采用高斯滤波处理。
高斯函数二维分布[12]如公式14所示:
取均值周围3倍标准差(3σ)以内的值,建立3×3的矩阵,假定σ=1.5,利用上式即可得到模糊半径为1的高斯核函数,然后对核函数进行归一化得到核函数(公式15)。
利用高斯核函数对图像进行卷积,得到输入图像(公式16)。
式中,P代表高斯拟合后的图像即待分割图像,f代表原图像。
颜色基变换为算法的关键部分之一,利用图像中菌落的颜色特征作为基,将图像转换到基空间内,以增强菌落与背景差异。首先,需要寻找到目标颜色,由于单个菌落为圆形,因此利用斑点检测获取确定性菌落的位置信息,然后统计出所有位于菌落内部的RGB三通道像素值。
这里使用LoG (laplacian of gaussian)算子进行斑点检测[13],对二维高斯分布函数进行拉普拉斯变换(公式17)。
将上式规范化后得到公式(18)。
式中:LoG(x,y)表示高斯拉普拉斯函数,利用该函数建立拉普拉斯算子。然后对图像进行卷积运算,数值越高,表示为斑点的概率越大,即为单个菌落的可能越大;对LoG(x,y)进行阈值化后,即可得到单个菌落的位置信息。考虑到斑点检测可能会出现误差,利用正态分布,求出置信度为95%的置信区间,求区间的平均值,作为目标颜色基C
然后利用下式计算待分割图像P上所有点与目标颜色基的夹角(公式19)。
最后计算出图像在目标颜色基上的投影图像Pc并进行归一化(公式20−21)。
式中:c(x,y)表示归一化后的投影图像,Pcmax表示Pc(x,y)中的最大值,Pcmin表示Pc(x,y)中的最小值。
通过上述操作得到了颜色基图像c,接下来利用Sobel算子对图像卷积,得到x方向和y方向上的梯度分量g_xg_y,然后通过公式8−10计算图像的梯度幅值和梯度方向并对菌落方向进行滤波,得到待匹配的梯度方向图。
本文为了减少计算量,方便图像运算,将待匹配的梯度方向图从大到小每30°划分为1个方向,即可得到12个方向,并利用无符号8比特类型的数据表示。其具体数值为[0,30,50,70,91,111,132,152,173,193,214,234,255],其中0表示背景,其他数字分别表示一个方向。得到结果如图2左所示,可以发现所有菌落都与背景分开,此外,如图2右上右下所示,所有的菌落梯度方向均具有同一特征,即为圆形且以菌落质心为起点的0度轴开始沿顺时针方向逐渐增加。
利用上述特征建立9×9模板算子M (公式22)
将模板算子M灰度图像化后如图3所示,模板算子M的每个值对应一个方块,且数值越大,对应方块颜色越接近白色,越小对应方块颜色越接近黑色。
最后利用模板算子对待分割图像进行滑窗匹配,最终得到了梯度方向匹配图。
非极大值抑制[14]的作用是搜索像素点局部极大值,抑制非极大值元素。其算法具体流程如图4所示。
首先统计梯度方向匹配图上所有可能为菌落的像素,即匹配结果大于0的像素点;然后以所有可能为菌落的像素点作为中心,以梯度方向匹配算子的大小作为尺寸,建立候选框,设置交并比阈值;遍历所有候选框,在遍历时,首先计算当前候选框与周围候选框的交并比,然后对所有当前候选框与周围候选框交并比遍历判断其是否大于阈值,若大于则计算两个窗口中心元素之间的极大值,并对极大值进行判断,若交并比小于阈值,则跳过。在对极大值判断时,若当前候选框中心元素为两个窗口之间的极大值,则保留该元素,不是,则不保留,遍历完所有当前候选框与周围候选框交并比即可得到当前候选框非极大值抑制结果。
这里以某品牌的一片菌落测试片为例,展示算法实际运行结果。首先对图像进行颜色基变换,变换结果如图5所示。其中,图5A为菌落测试片原始图像。图5B为经过颜色基变换以后的图像。可以发现,越靠近菌落中心,其灰度值越大,同时能较好地去除背景颜色的影响,保留了菌落本来的形态特征。
然后对颜色基变换图像进行梯度运算,分别计算x方向和y方向上的梯度,得到结果如图6所示。其中,图6A图6B分别是求得的x方向和y方向上的梯度。
x方向和y方向上的梯度计算梯度幅值图和梯度方向图,得到结果如图7所示。图7A为求得的梯度幅值图,可以发现已经较好地去除了背景影响,但是未完全消除线条干扰。图7B为求得的梯度方向图,其中虽然能发现菌落的形态特征,但特征不够明显,干扰较严重。图7C为利用梯度幅值对梯度方向进行滤波的结果,可以发现菌落的梯度方向特征已经十分明显。
利用梯度方向算子对滤波后的梯度方向图进行匹配得到图8A,可以发现,所有菌落质心均已找到,包括粘连程度十分严重甚至几乎成为胶囊状的菌落,其每个菌落的质心也十分突出且单独找到。最后使用非极大值抑制对菌落进行提取标记,图8B是利用非极大值抑制图像标记统计的结果。可以发现,所有菌落均已被标记,算法效果显著。
成像系统如图9所示,其主要由工业相机、光源、起偏器、检偏器和测试片样本组成。工作时,光源发出的光线经起偏器转换为偏振光,偏振光照射到菌落测试片上,一部分被测试片塑封反射(l1),另一部分穿过塑封照射到菌落测试片上被反射(l2),由于塑封和待测菌落的偏振度存在差异,因此反射光透过检偏器时,通过调整检偏器角度消除塑封眩光;然后通过工业相机采集菌落测试片图像。
试验所采用的菌落测试片为菌落总数测试片与金黄色葡萄球菌测试片。菌落总数测试片能够检测各类食品及原料中菌落总数的测定,也能用于与食品接触的容器、操作台和其他操作设备表面的卫生检测,且有操作简单、检测周期短等优点,目前已被广泛使用。金黄色葡萄球菌测试片与菌落总数测试片类似,但主要针对金黄色葡萄球菌。两种菌落测试片上的菌落形状一样,均为圆形或近似圆形,且颜色从中间到边缘逐渐变浅,但颜色略微不同,金黄色葡萄球菌为紫色,菌落总数测试片为红色,测试片背景为白色或淡黄色。
考虑到测试片市场的实际情况,本文所采用的菌落总数测试片与金黄色葡萄球菌测试片购自3M、美正和环凯3个厂家,三者菌落测试片销量占国内市场90%以上。
为了分析比较本文所提算法和其他算法的效果,用配置有RTX3060显卡、AMD锐龙R75800cpu和16 g内存的PC机对14组通过上述装置采集到的菌落密度不同的菌落测试片图像分别使用基于距离变换的分水岭分割算法、基于形状的模板匹配算法以及本文所提出算法进行测试。
另外,为了获得更可靠的测试准确性数据,将菌落测试片按照菌落总数分为[0, 30]、[30, 100]、[100, 200]、[200, 500]和[500, ∞] 5个区间进行统计分析,其中,由于[500, ∞]区间时菌落数量较大,一般不会采取对菌落测试片逐个计数的方式进行计数,而是将菌落测试片分成几个区域,分块计数,最后通过数学计算得到菌落数目,因此样本16、17、18、19、20的菌落实际数量均为数学统计结果,可能与实际菌落数目有偏差。
基于距离变换的分水岭分割算法主要利用距离变换对菌落进行分割,其首先对图像二值化,然后对二值图像进行距离变换,计算菌落到背景的距离,进而利用分水岭算法进行分割,最后计数[15]。基于距离变换的分割算法在分割时,经常会碰到过分割和欠分割问题。在针对菌落的检测中,由于菌落面积较小,操作中可能会出现漏判,导致小面积菌落被忽略。此外,由于菌落面积较小,粘连菌落之间的粘连部分可能会变成胶囊状,进而导致距离变换运算时,粘连部分的数值变换不明显而导致无法分割。图10为利用该方法测得的样本具体结果之一。
图10中可以明显看出,该算法能够识别一定数目的菌落,但对于粘连菌落分割效果较差,将数个小的粘连菌落识别为一个(图10右下),且对部分小菌落容易出现漏识别(图10右上),其准确率只有68.32%;且由于菌落面积较小,菌落粘连部分的面积差较小,难以通过调整参数的方式提高准确性。
利用该方法对所有样本测试后,结果如表1所示,可以发现,在[0, 30]、[30, 100]这2个区间内准确率较高,这是因为总菌落数较少,其中小面积菌落和粘连菌落数量也较少的原因,因此测试结果总体无法达到实用标准。
基于形状的模板匹配分割计数算法首先需要建立模板,然后利用模板对图像进行滑窗比较,通过计算模板与图像之间的方差或者相关系数,判断其相似性,最后对匹配结果进行数学统计计算,分离菌落[16]。对菌落分割计数而言,由于菌落本身大小、形态和颜色相差较大,基于形状的模板匹配算法是利用目标的形状特征建立模板,因此其模板往往不具有代表性,不能表征所有菌落特征,造成分割准确率的降低。图11图10同一样本用基于形状的模板匹配分割计数算法测试具体结果。
图11中可发现,基于形状的模板匹配分割计数算法能够将大部分的菌落检测分割出来,但对于特别微小的菌落和部分非标准型菌落,其识别精度依然不够,粘连十分严重的菌落依然会将其识别为一个菌落(图11右上)。与此同时,由于使用基于形状的模板匹配,模板代表性不强,会将气泡边缘误识别(图11右下)。利用基于形状的模板匹配分割计数算法对所有样本测试具体结果如表2所示。
表2可知,基于模板匹配的分割计数算法与基于距离变换的分水岭算法在菌落分割计数效果方面具有同样的特点,菌落数量较少的时候精准度较高,在识别密集菌落时,准确性有所降低,其平均精准度为83.33%;但对于粘连菌落而言,分割效果依然不够理想,且易把边缘气泡识别为菌落。
图12图10同一样本在使用本研究所提算法测试的具体结果图,可以发现其无论是面积小的菌落(图12右下)还是粘连程度较高的菌落(图12右上)都能够正确识别,且不会将气泡边缘误识别。
利用本研究提出的算法对所有样本进行测试,整体测试结果如表3所示,当菌落数量位于[30, 100]、[100, 200]、[200, 500] 3个区间时准确率均高于98.00%。当菌落数量大于500时,准确率略有下降,但平均准确率依然能达到95.00%,远高于基于距离变换的分水岭算法和基于模板匹配的分割计数算法的测试结果。菌落数量大于500时算法准确率略有下降,这主要是由于成像系统中工业相机的像素限制所导致的。在面对大量菌落时,部分小菌落所占像素点过少,仅有十几个像素甚至几个像素,本身与背景差异较小,在预处理的过程中被高斯滤波后,进一步减少与背景的差异,进而在进行梯度方向匹配时被当作背景滤掉,导致准确率略有下降,可通过提高工业相机像素提升准确率。
此外,经过统计分析发现,当菌落较稀疏时,由于图像中有少量噪点未被滤除,导致极少数测试片准确率相较于其他区间略低。与此同时,由于菌落测试片本身特性,在极少数情况下会出现大面积菌落的情况,导致识别失误。如图13A所示,在面对直径超过3 mm的菌落时,由于菌落形态不再是单一的圆形或椭圆,且不只存在一个质心,直接使用本文算法可能会导致检测失误。为了解决这一问题,可以设置大面积菌落计数模式,该模式可先通过简单的阈值分割和面积筛选检测出大面积菌落,对其进行面积筛选后,得到如图13B所示的大面积菌落图像,然后将本文算法结果图13C与大面积菌落图像做差,分别对差值图像和大面积菌落图像进行菌落统计,即可得到最终计数结果。如图13D所示,蓝色圆圈标记的是大面积菌落,红色圆圈标记的是小面积菌落。
最后,为了便于对比3种算法的测试结果,将不同算法的测试结果汇总到图14,图中蓝色、橙色和灰色柱状图分别为基于距离变换的分水岭算法、基于模板匹配的分割计数算法和本研究提出的算法的测试结果,可以发现,本研究所提算法平均准确度明显优于其他两种算法,并且在样本统计中准确率分布更为集中,标准差较小,鲁棒性更强。
本文针对以往图像分割计数算法在处理菌落计数中粘连菌落的情况,利用菌落测试片的色彩信息和梯度信息,使用颜色基和梯度方向匹配进行运算,得到更为准确的菌落计数信息,比起以往算法,基于颜色基和梯度方向匹配的图像分割算法有着较为明显的优势,准确率可达98.00%,远超于其他算法,同时鲁棒性较好,针对不同密集程度,不同样式的菌落测试片依然具有优异的计数效果。然而在菌落面积过大时,会出现较大的误差,更适合小目标检测。
  • 浙江省市场监督管理局青年科技项目(QN2023446)
  • 国家市场监督管理总局科技计划(2022MK048)
  • 浙江省基础公益研究计划(LGN20F50001)
  • 湖州市科技计划(2021GZ38)
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2024年第64卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230592
  • 接收时间:2023-09-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-18
  • 录用日期:2023-12-07
基金
Youth Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Market Supervision Administration(QN2023446)
浙江省市场监督管理局青年科技项目(QN2023446)
State Administration for Market Regulation Science and Technology Plan(2022MK048)
国家市场监督管理总局科技计划(2022MK048)
Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province(LGN20F50001)
浙江省基础公益研究计划(LGN20F50001)
Huzhou City Science and Technology Plan(2021GZ38)
湖州市科技计划(2021GZ38)
作者信息
    1 中国计量大学, 浙江 杭州 310018
    2 杭州大微生物技术有限公司, 浙江 杭州 310000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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