Article(id=1241357430051885329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230516, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691337600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1698249600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-26, onlineDate=1773892274629, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1709481600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892274629, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892274629, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892274629, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241357427292033288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='3', pageStart='651', pageEnd='967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892273972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892616576, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358864344478488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241357427292033288, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=795, endPage=808, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241357430358069526, articleId=1241357430051885329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Pathogenicity ofGluconobacter oxydans towardDrosophila suzukii and probiotics by reducing pH, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To isolate the pathogenic bacteria ofDrosophilasuzukii and study the mechanism of bacterial pathogenicity towards the host. [Methods] The pathogenic bacteria were isolated by the plate streaking method and identified based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The acidified ethanol method was employed to measure the ability of the isolate to cause browning. The pathogenicity of the isolate was examined by oral infection. Dihydroethidium (DHE) was used to determine the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and brilliant blue staining was used to examine the intestinal permeability. [Results] A strain was isolated from the brown culture medium ofD.suzukii and identified asGluconobacter oxydans. The strain reduced the survival rate ofD.suzukii to 49.41% on day 8 (P < 0.001). Furthermore, it weakened the tolerance ofD.suzukii to desiccation and starvation, reducing the survival rate to 58% and 50.9% at the time points of 24 h and 32 h, respectively (P < 0.001). Moreover, the flies treated withG.oxydans displayed impaired integrity of the intestine and had higher level of ROS in the guts than the control group (P < 0.001).G.oxydans robustly reduced the medium pH (pH 2.0), which compromised the survival rate ofD.suzukii and the growth ofLactobacillus plantarum, a probiotic ofD.suzukii. [Conclusion] G.oxydans was a potent pathogen capable of reducing the survival rate ofD.suzukii by lowering the medium pH and inhibiting the growth of probiotics, demonstrating the potential of serving the biocontrol ofD.suzukii.

, correspAuthors=Wei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LIU Wei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weikang YANG, Sheng ZHANG, Ziguang WANG, Nana HE, Chuanming ZHOU, Shaojie ZHOU, Anqi LIU, Xiaowen JI, Wei LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241357431591194959, articleId=1241357430051885329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌通过降低pH值损害斑翅果蝇及益生菌, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】分离斑翅果蝇病原性细菌并解析其致病机理,以期应用于生物防治斑翅果蝇。【方法】利用平板划线的方法,从已发生褐变的斑翅果蝇培养物中分离引起褐变的细菌,并通过16S rRNA基因序列进行鉴定;使用酸化乙醇法测定褐变物质,检测细菌的褐变能力;在致病性检测实验中,利用菌液饲喂法检测病原菌对果蝇存活率的影响,使用二氢乙锭(dihydroethidium, DHE)染色法检测肠道活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)活性,用亮蓝染色检测肠道通透性。【结果】从斑翅果蝇培养物中分离出褐变性细菌氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)。该菌株显著地降低斑翅果蝇存活率,第8天时存活率下降到49.41% (P < 0.001);同时,该菌株显著地降低斑翅果蝇对缺水和饥饿等胁迫耐受性(P < 0.001),分别在第24小时和第32小时存活率降到58%和50.9%。G.oxydans感染损伤果蝇肠道通透性并显著地增高ROS水平(P < 0.001)。G.oxydans强烈地降低斑翅果蝇培养基pH值(pH 2.0),进而降低果蝇存活率、抑制和灭杀益生菌植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。【结论】G.oxydans通过强烈降低培养基pH而降低斑翅果蝇存活率,同时可抑制益生菌生长,表明该菌具有较好的防治斑翅果蝇等害虫的潜能。

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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, companyId=1241444374022771291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=安徽农业大学植物保护学院, 安徽 合肥 230036)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241444380649771854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Isolation and identification of the bacterium to brown fly food. A: The bacterium causes food browning. B: Phylogenetic tree ofGluconobacter oxydans and other related bacteria. Scale bar indicates the nucleotide divergence. Numbers in the notes present bootstrap percentages. The GenBank accession numbers in parentheses., figureFileSmall=psxy0Ozw5kM1gtwkFrOSpQ==, figureFileBig=F/M05twApL2EgYSd2bMI0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444380754629463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, language=CN, label=图1, caption=引起食物褐变细菌的分离与鉴定, figureFileSmall=psxy0Ozw5kM1gtwkFrOSpQ==, figureFileBig=F/M05twApL2EgYSd2bMI0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382327493474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Growth traits ofGluconobacter oxydans on medium. A: Browning of food over time. B: Quantitative determination of browning ofG.oxydans at different dilution ratios in time course. C: The number ofG.oxydans colonizing onDrosophila suzukii medium surface was significantly lower than that ofLactobacillus plantarum., figureFileSmall=7Up4elw0dYUcNuw+zmR+qQ==, figureFileBig=LRYHVEjetH6rPR63xl5/9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382474294124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Gluconobacter oxydans在果蝇培养基上的生长特性, figureFileSmall=7Up4elw0dYUcNuw+zmR+qQ==, figureFileBig=LRYHVEjetH6rPR63xl5/9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382595928951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Detection of pathogenicity ofGluconobacter oxydans inDrosophila suzukii. A:G.oxydans was lethal to femaleD.suzukii. B:G.oxydans was lethal to maleD.suzukii. C:G.oxydans reducedD.suzukii resistance to thirst. D:G.oxydans reducedD.suzukii resistance to starvation. E:G.oxydans robustly reduced pH value in medium. F: Low pH food reducedD.suzukii survival. The error bar was shown by SEM, three independent replicates,n > 50, and the survival rate curve was generated. The log-rank test method was used to calculate the significant difference between the survival rate curves of the two groups.G.O:G.oxydans;L.p:L.plantarum; ns: insignificant difference; ***:P < 0.001; ****:P < 0.000 1., figureFileSmall=gi1zS2sVfgLx2lxKsK7VJQ==, figureFileBig=3Lrxfy24fbhGMkWOEc+GmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382704980863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Gluconobacter oxydans对果蝇的致病性检测, figureFileSmall=gi1zS2sVfgLx2lxKsK7VJQ==, figureFileBig=3Lrxfy24fbhGMkWOEc+GmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444382822421389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Gluconobacter oxydans caused increased intestinal permeability inDrosophila suzukii. A:G.oxydans caused abdominal enlargement inD.suzukii. B: Blue area ofD.suzukii's abdomen. C: Fluorescence staining for peroxidase activity using dihydroethidium (DHE) in fly midgut. D: The quantification of fluorescence intensity. The data in the figure are mean±standard error, and the symbols on the violin plot indicate the significance of the difference between the two groups (same letter means insignificant difference, different letter means significant difference,P < 0.001)., figureFileSmall=4D/cjr4+d1yiJumtty8Y7w==, figureFileBig=5cGfQpc86Qun0n+sXCXnnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444384789549973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Gluconobacter oxydans增大果蝇肠道渗透性, figureFileSmall=4D/cjr4+d1yiJumtty8Y7w==, figureFileBig=5cGfQpc86Qun0n+sXCXnnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444384927962014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241357430051885329, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Gluconobacter oxydans inhabitsLactobacillus plantarum growth by reducing pH. A:L.plantarum is difficult to completely inhibit the browning caused byG.oxygens. B:L.plantarum is difficult to completely inhibit the pH reduction of medium caused byG.oxygens (G.O:G.oxydans;L.p:L.plantarum). C:L.plantarum and its metabolites are unable to prevent browning caused byG.oxygens. D: Low concentration ofG.oxydans can decrease the number ofL.plantarum CFU. E:G.oxygens can reduce the number ofL.plantarum CFU after 48 hours of pre-growth. F:L.plantarum can't grow on a medium containing the metabolites ofG.oxygens. G:L.plantarum don't grow on medium conditioned by dilute hydrochloric acid.L.plantarum can be grown on a medium containingG.oxydans metabolites conditioned with NaOH. 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氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌通过降低pH值损害斑翅果蝇及益生菌
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杨维康 , 张晟 , 王子光 , 何娜娜 , 周传明 , 周少杰 , 刘安琪 , 纪晓雯 , 刘威 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(3): 795-808
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(3): 795-808
氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌通过降低pH值损害斑翅果蝇及益生菌
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杨维康, 张晟, 王子光, 何娜娜, 周传明, 周少杰, 刘安琪, 纪晓雯, 刘威*
作者信息
  • 安徽农业大学植物保护学院, 安徽 合肥 230036
Pathogenicity ofGluconobacter oxydans towardDrosophila suzukii and probiotics by reducing pH
Weikang YANG, Sheng ZHANG, Ziguang WANG, Nana HE, Chuanming ZHOU, Shaojie ZHOU, Anqi LIU, Xiaowen JI, Wei LIU*
Affiliations
  • School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2024-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230516
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【目的】分离斑翅果蝇病原性细菌并解析其致病机理,以期应用于生物防治斑翅果蝇。【方法】利用平板划线的方法,从已发生褐变的斑翅果蝇培养物中分离引起褐变的细菌,并通过16S rRNA基因序列进行鉴定;使用酸化乙醇法测定褐变物质,检测细菌的褐变能力;在致病性检测实验中,利用菌液饲喂法检测病原菌对果蝇存活率的影响,使用二氢乙锭(dihydroethidium, DHE)染色法检测肠道活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)活性,用亮蓝染色检测肠道通透性。【结果】从斑翅果蝇培养物中分离出褐变性细菌氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)。该菌株显著地降低斑翅果蝇存活率,第8天时存活率下降到49.41% (P < 0.001);同时,该菌株显著地降低斑翅果蝇对缺水和饥饿等胁迫耐受性(P < 0.001),分别在第24小时和第32小时存活率降到58%和50.9%。G.oxydans感染损伤果蝇肠道通透性并显著地增高ROS水平(P < 0.001)。G.oxydans强烈地降低斑翅果蝇培养基pH值(pH 2.0),进而降低果蝇存活率、抑制和灭杀益生菌植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。【结论】G.oxydans通过强烈降低培养基pH而降低斑翅果蝇存活率,同时可抑制益生菌生长,表明该菌具有较好的防治斑翅果蝇等害虫的潜能。

斑翅果蝇  /  氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌  /  致病性  /  生物防治  /  pH值

[Objective] To isolate the pathogenic bacteria ofDrosophilasuzukii and study the mechanism of bacterial pathogenicity towards the host. [Methods] The pathogenic bacteria were isolated by the plate streaking method and identified based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The acidified ethanol method was employed to measure the ability of the isolate to cause browning. The pathogenicity of the isolate was examined by oral infection. Dihydroethidium (DHE) was used to determine the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and brilliant blue staining was used to examine the intestinal permeability. [Results] A strain was isolated from the brown culture medium ofD.suzukii and identified asGluconobacter oxydans. The strain reduced the survival rate ofD.suzukii to 49.41% on day 8 (P < 0.001). Furthermore, it weakened the tolerance ofD.suzukii to desiccation and starvation, reducing the survival rate to 58% and 50.9% at the time points of 24 h and 32 h, respectively (P < 0.001). Moreover, the flies treated withG.oxydans displayed impaired integrity of the intestine and had higher level of ROS in the guts than the control group (P < 0.001).G.oxydans robustly reduced the medium pH (pH 2.0), which compromised the survival rate ofD.suzukii and the growth ofLactobacillus plantarum, a probiotic ofD.suzukii. [Conclusion] G.oxydans was a potent pathogen capable of reducing the survival rate ofD.suzukii by lowering the medium pH and inhibiting the growth of probiotics, demonstrating the potential of serving the biocontrol ofD.suzukii.

Drosophila suzukii  /  Gluconobacter oxydans  /  pathogenicity  /  biocontrol  /  pH value
杨维康, 张晟, 王子光, 何娜娜, 周传明, 周少杰, 刘安琪, 纪晓雯, 刘威. 氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌通过降低pH值损害斑翅果蝇及益生菌. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (3) : 795 -808 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230516
Weikang YANG, Sheng ZHANG, Ziguang WANG, Nana HE, Chuanming ZHOU, Shaojie ZHOU, Anqi LIU, Xiaowen JI, Wei LIU. Pathogenicity ofGluconobacter oxydans towardDrosophila suzukii and probiotics by reducing pH[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (3) : 795 -808 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230516
斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)广泛分布于热带、亚热带、温带和寒带等地区,其最早于1916年在日本山梨县草莓园中被发现,后随着国际贸易日益频繁而逐渐扩散到世界各地。斑翅果蝇寄主种类繁多,能够在许多水果如樱桃、黑莓、蓝莓和草莓等,以及100多种报道的野生植物上进行繁殖,冬季可在常春藤上越冬;此外,斑翅果蝇具有的快速发育特征和高繁殖潜力,使其可以迅速扩大种群,现已被欧美国家列为检疫性害虫[1]。与其他常见类型果蝇比较,斑翅果蝇具有硬化的锯齿状产卵器,可以将卵产在即将成熟水果内部。卵在水果内部发育成幼虫,幼虫在水果内部钻蛀取食。此外,幼虫体内的共生菌和环境中的细菌或真菌会进一步加快水果变质腐烂,对葡萄、樱桃等软皮水果造成巨大的经济损失[2]。据估计,斑翅果蝇对明尼苏达州覆盆子造成了20%产量损失,年损失在236万美元左右[3]。所以,防治斑翅果蝇迫在眉睫,已逐步引起了人们的重视。
目前,关于斑翅果蝇的防治方法主要以化学农药防治为主,如λ-氯氟氰菊酯、拟除虫菊酯、有机磷、多杀菌素和烟碱类农药[4]。虽然化学防治具有使用简单、见效快等优点,但其具备的局限性和危害不容忽视。一方面,由于斑翅果蝇具有善飞行、寄主广、隐匿性强和幼虫在果实内部取食等特点,仅使用化学防治无法彻底解除斑翅果蝇的危害。另一方面,化学农药的广泛使用引发了各种严峻问题,如环境污染、误杀天敌及害虫“3R”问题(农药残留问题、害虫再猖獗问题、生物抗药性)等。而近年来提倡的生物防治具有绿色、环境友好、专一性强等特点。以生物防治为主,其他防治措施为辅的斑翅果蝇综合治理体系,更符合现代绿色农业可持续发展的原则和要求。对于果蝇属害虫,其生物防治主要利用寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌、竞争性生物和病原微生物等。寄生性天敌包括异腹小环腹瘿蜂、蝇蛹金小蜂、毛角锤角细蜂和反茧蜂等[5-6];捕食性天敌有蠼螋、蜘蛛、地甲科昆虫等[7];病原真菌主要有金龟子绿僵菌、球孢白僵菌、玫烟色棒束孢[8]等;病原线虫主要有异小杆线虫[9]等;病原病毒如果蝇C病毒(Drosophila C virus)、蟋蟀麻痹病毒(cricket paralysis virus)和羊群屋病毒(flock house virus)等[10]。近些年,昆虫病原微生物因具有易规模化生产、使用难度低等优势受到广泛关注[11]。在斑翅果蝇病原细菌中,假肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides)、耐寒短杆菌(Brevibacterium frigoritolerans)、土味类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus odorifer)、塔特姆式菌(Tatumella terrea)、简单纯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus simplex)、高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis)、侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)和苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)等已确定对斑翅果蝇有致病性[12-14]。但除苏云金芽孢杆菌等细菌在防治害虫方面已有成熟应用外,其他多种病原细菌虽然具备应用于生物防治的潜能,但是商用技术尚未成熟,所以探寻一种对斑翅果蝇具有致病性和潜在商用价值的病原细菌显得十分重要。
本研究从培养斑翅果蝇发生褐变的培养基中分离出一种能引起食物褐变的微生物,经16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,该细菌属于醋酸杆菌科葡萄糖杆菌属的氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)。本研究从菌落定殖、致病性等方面探究G.oxydans对果蝇的影响,为生物防治斑翅果蝇提供理论依据。
G.oxydans从实验室褐变培养基中分离得到;实验所用的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)为本实验室分离和鉴定[15],GenBank登录号为KY038178。野生型斑翅果蝇品系D.suzukii由安徽师范大学胡好远教授惠赠,所有果蝇均在25 ℃、湿度60%、12 L: 12 D的环境和酵母-玉米粉琼脂培养基中饲喂。培养基的配方(g/L):玉米粉69.7,琼脂10,葡萄糖64,蔗糖32,酵母25,丙酸1 mL,无水乙醇0.5 mL,苯甲酸0.26。G.oxydans培养基配方:40 g/L甘露醇,5 g/L酵母提取物,2.5 g/L MgSO4·7H2O,1 g/L (NH4)2SO4,1 g/L KH2PO4,10 μmol/L胸苷,调节pH至6.0[16]
Vazyme DNA Isolation Mini Kit,诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;二氢乙锭(dihydroethidium, DHE),赛默飞世尔科技公司;多聚甲醛,上海沪试实验室器材股份有限公司;蔗糖,云南滇鹏糖业有限公司;琼脂,康倍斯科技有限公司;玉米粉,涞水县金谷粮油食品有限公司;葡萄糖,西王药业有限公司;酵母,安琪酵母股份有限公司。
25 ℃恒温箱,宁波莱福科技有限公司;电子天平,北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司;荧光显微镜,上海尼康精机有限公司;显微镜,奥林巴斯股份公司;离心机,艾本德股份公司;紫外分光光度计,赛默飞世尔科技公司;刺入式pH检测计,希玛仪器仪表有限公司。
用接种环挑取约0.1 g褐变培养基于500 μL PBS中,在营养琼脂平板上划线,挑取单菌落,纯化3−4次之后,使用Vazyme DNA Isolation Mini Kit按照说明书进行DNA提取。用通用引物1492R和27F对16S rRNA基因进行扩增,程序为95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 15 s,45 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 95 s,25个循环;72 ℃ 5 min[12]。PCR产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测是否为单一条带,检测合格后将PCR产物送样测序(通用生物股份有限公司)。将16S rRNA基因序列提交GenBank,获取该菌株的登录号。为进一步验证16S rRNA基因鉴定的正确性,对细菌进行形态和生化鉴定:采用革兰氏染色法,在光学显微镜下观察;在缺氧条件下培养,验证其是否严格需氧;利用查找的相关培养基,补充不同碳源培养,通过OD600检测细菌生长状况,判断其利用各种碳源的能力。从GenBank数据库中下载相关细菌的16S rRNA基因序列,基于16S rRNA基因的同源性,使用MEGA 7.0软件的neighbor-joining法绘制进化树[17]
L.plantarum在MRS培养基(北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司) 30 ℃、180 r/min培养。G.oxydans在30 ℃、180 r/min条件下培养。
配制OD600为1的植物乳杆菌或氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌菌液,取10 μL混合液均匀涂于食物表面,置于果蝇培养箱中培养,在培养0、24、48、72 h后分别取培养基3 g,用盐酸配制的4%酸化乙醇研磨成匀浆浸泡10 min,13 000 r/min离心5 min,在420 nm波长下测定吸光度[18]。每组实验重复3次。
向无菌果蝇小管食物表面分别加入OD600为1的L.plantarumG.oxydans 10 μL,涂布均匀后放入果蝇培养箱中培养,分别在12、24、48、72 h检测食物表面菌落形成单位(colony-forming units, CFU)数量。检测方法为向食物中加入2 mL无菌1×PBS,轻轻吹打,浸泡10 min后吸取液体,涂布稀释计数。
果蝇培养基经121 ℃灭菌20 min后倒入无菌小管中使用。配制OD600为1的植物乳杆菌和G.oxydans菌液,取2种菌液各10 μL分别涂于食物上,置于果蝇培养箱中培养,分别在3、6、9、12、16、24、36 h使用刺入式pH检测计测定食物pH。每组实验重复3次。
L.plantarumG.oxydans分别置于相应的培养条件下培养,通过离心收集细菌,用5%蔗糖溶液重悬至OD600为100[19]。以5%蔗糖溶液为空白对照,植物乳杆菌为阴性对照,向无菌小管中垫入两层滤纸,每根小管中加入200 μL蔗糖溶液或菌液,每根小管放20只雌蝇或雄蝇,每2天更换一次小管,实验重复1次,记录每日死亡虫数。
参照1.8的方法将果蝇处理7 d后,分别转移至空管和底部铺有两层滤纸并添加200 μL H2O的小管中,每隔4 h计数果蝇死亡个体,分别绘制果蝇耐受饥饿和缺水的存活曲线,实验重复3次。
参照1.8将果蝇处理7 d后,将果蝇转移到含有染料的食物中,18 h后测定果蝇腹部蓝色面积。染料食物组分为含5%蔗糖、1%琼脂,并添加2.5%亮蓝染料[20]
参照1.8将果蝇处理7 d后,使用细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)敏感荧光染料二氢乙锭(dihydroethidium, DHE)检测ROS的生成[20]。将果蝇中肠在PBS中解剖,在5 μmol/L DHE中室温黑暗孵育30 min;然后用PBS洗3次,立即用4%多聚甲醛在室温下固定10 min,样品用PBS冲洗3次;再将样品转移到含封片甘油的载玻片上进行显微镜观察。免疫荧光的强度使用Image J软件进行量化。
使用Excel软件整理分析数据,每组数据求出平均值(mean)和标准误(standard error, SE),使用Graphpad Prism 8.0.2对各处理组间的差异进行单样本t检验分析(one-samplet-test,P < 0.05)并制图。*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001;****P < 0.000 1。
在斑翅果蝇培养过程中,发现有些果蝇培养基容易发生褐变(图1A),且这种褐变食物中饲养的果蝇要比正常食物中饲喂的更容易死亡。用平板划线的方法分离与纯化这种细菌。经分子生物学鉴定,16S rRNA基因测出有效长度为1 382 bp,在GenBank的登录号为OR053663.1。通过16S rRNA基因比对,发现该菌株与已发表的菌株Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 9937序列有100%的相似度(identities= 1 315/1 315),而且与其他Gluconobacter oxydans菌株成员关系相近。该菌株在甘露醇培养基上菌落形态为白色、圆形,表面光滑。镜检结果显示,该菌株呈革兰氏阴性,无芽孢,菌体杆型,好氧,能利用葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、麦芽糖、甘露醇和乙醇等碳源。该菌株与《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》[21]中的葡糖杆菌属(Gluconobacter)特征一致,进一步确定已获得菌株为氧化葡萄糖杆菌。因此,将其命名为Gluconobacter oxydans Y930[18]。用该菌株与其亲缘关系较近的8种菌株构建系统发育树(图1B)。
研究表明,G.oxydans可以通过美拉德反应使培养基褐变[18]。本研究发现,培养基褐变随着培养时间延长而逐步增强(图2A)。这与实验中(图1A)看到的培养基容易褐变现象相符合,说明这株菌为预期的菌株。为评估G.oxydans引起果蝇食物褐变的能力,按照改进方法检测类黑精。结果表明,随着培养时间的增加,接种G.oxydans培养基中褐变产物的OD420值逐渐提高,由初始值0.48增加到24 h时的0.55,可在48 h达到0.68,最后在72 h时达到0.81,而对照组OD420值随时间变化却基本保持稳定,均小于0.5 (图2B)。以上结果表明,G.oxydans可在果蝇培养基上产生褐变物质,引起食物褐变。
为了探究G.oxydans在果蝇培养基上的生长情况,以L.plantarum作为比较对象,检测G.oxydans在食物表面的菌落形成单位(CFU)。结果发现,G.oxydans在果蝇培养基表面生长缓慢,显著低于L.plantarum,在24 h时仅为2.66×107,但在48 h时,G.oxydans菌量迅速提高,达到3.60×108,与前面48 h时褐变程度加深情况一致,但仍低于L.plantarum菌量,7.19×108;在72 h时,G.oxydans数量为4.40×108L.plantarum的数量为8.40×108。总体上看,G.oxydans菌落在果蝇培养基表面定殖数量始终低于L.plantarum,24 h之前两种菌CFU差值较大,而48 h后差值缩小(图2C)。
为探究G.oxydans对果蝇的直接致病性,用5%蔗糖溶液配制OD600为100的G.oxydansL.plantarum分别饲喂果蝇成虫。结果发现,G.oxydans会引起果蝇死亡(图3A3B),雌蝇在第3天存活率为97.6%,第4天时存活率下降到81.2%,在第9天时存活率降到49.4%,L.plantarum处理的果蝇在第9天时存活率在91% (图3A)。同样地,在G.oxydans侵染雄蝇实验中,雄蝇在第14天时存活率为93.3%,在第17天时存活率下降到73.3% (图3B)。以上结果表明,G.oxydans可显著地降低果蝇存活率(P < 0.001)。
果蝇在胁迫条件下的存活情况是评价果蝇健康与否的重要指标。为探究G.oxydans侵染的果蝇在饥饿和缺水的条件下的存活情况,先用5%蔗糖溶液配制OD600为100的菌液处理果蝇7 d,分别检测果蝇在饥饿和缺水条件下的存活情况。结果发现,在缺水耐受性实验中,G.oxydans处理组果蝇在24 h内,存活率迅速降低,并且在48 h内全部死亡,而对照组和L.plantarum处理组存活时长显著高于G.oxydans处理组果蝇(P < 0.001) (图3C)。在饥饿耐受性实验中,G.oxydans处理组在32 h时存活率降到50.9%,而对照组和L.plantarum处理组分别在60、48 h存活率分别降低到56.2%和51.4%,存活时长显著高于G.oxydans处理组(P < 0.001) (图3D)。这些结果表明,G.oxydans显著降低果蝇对饥饿和缺水的耐受性(P < 0.001),反映G.oxydans对果蝇的毒害性。
相关研究表明,G.oxydans可以将葡萄糖等代谢成葡萄糖酸,引起培养基pH降低[22]。为了探究G.oxydans降低果蝇食物pH的能力,将G.oxydans接种到无菌果蝇食物上,与L.plantarum比较,分别测定食物的pH。结果发现,G.oxydans使食物pH快速下降,在培养16 h时pH为3.1,随后下降逐步平缓,36 h时pH达到2.3。与此同时,产酸能力较强的L.plantarum在16 h和36 h的pH分别为5.4和4.8,均显著高于处理组的pH值(P < 0.001) (图3E)。以上结果说明,G.oxydans可以显著降低培养基质的pH值。由于G.oxydans对果蝇有致死性,而且还可以显著降低培养基pH,因此推测G.oxydans可能通过剧烈地降低pH而导致果蝇死亡。用稀盐酸调节5%蔗糖pH处理果蝇。结果发现,pH 3.0和pH 4.0处理组对果蝇的致死性与对照组没有显著差异,但是pH 2.0处理组在第15天时存活率下降到54.67%,第16天时降低到42.67% (图3F),与对照组差异显著(P < 0.001),提示G.oxydans可通过降低pH而降低果蝇存活率。
为确定G.oxydans是否会引起果蝇肠道渗透性的改变,采用“Smurf”实验进行评测[23]。首先以5%的蔗糖溶液为空白对照,L.plantarum为阴性对照,利用亮蓝对果蝇进行染色。结果表明,G.oxydans不会引起果蝇全身变蓝,但会使果蝇腹部肿大(图4A)。使用Image J软件对蓝色面积进行测定,结果发现,对照组平均蓝色面积为0.71 mm2L.plantarum处理组平均面积为0.63 mm2,两者差异不显著,而G.oxydans处理组平均面积为1.0 mm2,显著大于两组对照(P < 0.001) (图4B),表明G.oxydans会导致果蝇肠道渗透性增大。
为确定G.oxydans能否激活果蝇ROS反应,用DHE对OD600为100菌悬液处理7 d的果蝇中肠进行染色,对照组用蔗糖溶液处理。结果发现,处理组荧光强于对照组(图4C)。使用Image J对荧光强度进行定量,结果发现,处理组平均荧光强度为143.4,显著强于对照组的71.95 (P < 0.001) (图4D),表明G.oxydans能够激活ROS反应,诱导肠道损伤。
共生菌对果蝇生长发育具有非常重要的作用,为探究L.plantarum能否抑制G.oxydans生长,使用褐变作为实验指标。当G.oxydansL.plantarum等比例混合时,在0−48 h之内,其与G.oxydans单独处理组差异不显著,只是在72 h后略微降低(图5A),说明L.plantarum不能阻止G.oxydans引起的褐变。为此增加L.plantarum比例,当二者比例为1:1 000时仅可以降低终端褐变程度,但是无法彻底消除褐变,说明G.oxydans即使在数量稀少时仍然具备发展成优势菌群潜能。同时,pH的变化也可以提供另外一个证据。当二者比例为1:1 000时仅可以减缓pH降低,但在72 h时pH均能降低到2.1左右(图5B),表明植物乳杆菌不能阻止G.oxydans引起的培养基pH降低。为确定L.plantarum及其代谢物共同作用能否抑制G.oxydans,先将L.plantarum培养48 h后接种G.oxydans,在不同时间点检测褐变情况。结果发现,褐变深度随时间的延长而逐渐加深,在72 h时达0.81 (图5C),表明L.plantarum及其代谢物无法阻止褐变产生。以上结果表明,植物乳杆菌不能抑制G.oxydans利用资源再生长。
为探究G.oxydans对混合液中L.plantarum的影响,将L.plantarumG.oxydans不同比例混合,在不同时间点检测L.plantarum的CFU数量。结果发现,在12 h时,5个处理组L.plantarum的CFU数量均增加,与PBS对照组无差异(图5D)。然而,含有G.oxydans组的L.plantarum数量迅速下降,直至检测不到,并且G.oxydans含量越高,检测不出的时间越短,说明G.oxydans引起L.plantarum死亡。为进一步确定G.oxydans引起L.plantarum的CFU下降,先将L.plantarum培养48 h后接种G.oxydans,检测L.plantarum在不同时间点的CFU。结果发现,在12 h时两组CFU均在4×108左右,在24 h时,处理组CFU下降到9.8×105,在72 h时下降到4.9×103,对照组相对稳定(图5E)。此结果表明,G.oxydans降低L.plantarum的存活数。为了进一步探究是G.oxydans通过细胞接触还是代谢产物而抑制L.plantarum,将G.oxydans接种到果蝇培养基上培养48 h后热处死,再接种L.plantarum后检测L.plantarum的CFU。结果发现,L.plantarum无法在培养过G.oxydans的培养基上生长(图5F),表明G.oxydans通过代谢产物抑制L.plantarum生长。为探究G.oxydans降低L.plantarum CFU的关键原因,鉴于G.oxydans能够强烈降低培养基pH,故推测G.oxydans产生的葡萄糖酸强烈降低了培养基pH而抑制L.plantarum生长。为验证这一推断,将果蝇培养基用葡萄糖酸和盐酸调节pH至2.1−2.2后培养L.plantarum。结果发现,处理组L.plantarum CFU为1.3×104,对照组的为8.4×108,差异显著(P < 0.001) (图5G),表明低pH会强烈抑制L.plantarum的生长。为进一步验证这一推断,用NaOH溶液中和代谢出的酸,调节pH至4.0−5.0。结果发现,处理组CFU为5.4×104,对照组的L.plantarum未生长(图5H)。以上结果表明,G.oxydans通过降低培养基pH从而抑制L.plantarum生长。
传统的化学杀虫剂对在果实深处取食的斑翅果蝇幼虫的防治效果较差,而且对植物上的其他昆虫有害,造成生物多样性减少[24]。本研究探究了G.oxydans用于生物防治的潜能,发现G.oxydans会强烈降低果蝇培养基pH值,引起食物褐变,造成果蝇死亡、耐受性下降、肠道损伤等,表现出了对斑翅果蝇的致病性。在G.oxydansL.plantarum互作实验中,发现G.oxydans可以抑制L.plantarum的生长;在使用酸调低果蝇培养基pH后,发现L.plantarum生长受到抑制,而调高pH后可以逆转这一过程,表明G.oxydans通过降低pH抑制L.plantarum生长。接下来探究了pH对果蝇的致死性,发现pH 2.0的蔗糖溶液饲喂的果蝇存活率下降,而pH 3.0和pH 4.0的蔗糖溶液对果蝇的存活率没有影响。结合以上实验结果,可以得出G.oxydans强烈降低培养基pH是其对果蝇致死性的重要原因。
氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌在自然界有广泛分布,可在各种水果、葡萄酒等定殖[25]。斑翅果蝇在水果上取食而沾染上细菌,可能由此传播到实验室中。因氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌具有对糖、多元醇和醇等不对称氧化的能力,从而被广泛应用于工业生产[26]。在工业生产上可用于维生素C、米格列醇、1, 3-二羟丙酮等物质的合成,其以葡萄糖或蔗糖为培养基的代谢物为葡萄糖酸[22]。葡萄糖酸作为羧酸的不断累积,使得培养基pH迅速下降,而且低pH条件会抑制葡萄糖酸向2-酮-d-葡萄糖酸或5-酮-d-葡萄糖酸的转化,这是G.oxydans能够强烈降低果蝇培养基pH的主要原因[26]。果蝇中肠有铜细胞区,类似于哺乳动物的胃,可以产生强酸,幼虫酸性区域pH在2.0左右,成虫pH < 3.0,而酸性区域的低pH可以抑制肠道微生物生长,调节其数量,维持肠道稳态[27]。在果蝇衰老时,肠道pH值升高,微生物数量就会增多[28]。但酸性区域可影响的范围有限,果蝇中肠除酸性区域外,其余大部分区域pH在6.0−7.0之间[27]。根据实验结果,G.oxydans可以降低环境pH,这可能破坏了果蝇肠道环境pH稳态,而pH稳态对细胞正常生长和新陈代谢都非常重要。过低的pH通过破坏细胞外膜、细胞质pH稳态和DNA及酶的活性,影响营养物质的吸收和利用、底物的降解以及蛋白质和核酸的合成,进而干扰细胞成分的合成并诱导细胞死亡[29]。因此,G.oxydans破坏pH稳态可能使果蝇肠道细胞活性下降,降低果蝇存活率。此外,美拉德反应会产生有害物质晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs),AGEs通过与AGE (RAGEs)受体结合,通过产生促炎细胞因子、活性氧(ROS)和活性氮中间体(reactive nitrogen intermediates, RNI)来改变先天性和适应性免疫反应,以诱导炎症和免疫抑制,这可能也是G.oxydans使果蝇致病的原因[30]
果蝇肠道作为果蝇与外界环境交流的桥梁,其微生物组成和丰度在不同环境、不同年龄阶段、不同物种之间都不尽相同[31]。肠道微生物不仅受到宿主的调控,如肠道pH、抗菌物质(ROS、抗菌肽等),还受到群落其他微生物的影响。一方面,微生物可以通过消耗环境资源和分泌代谢物来影响周围环境和其他微生物;另一方面,周围环境的改变也会反过来影响微生物的生长。因此,微生物之间的相互作用可能取决于它们的新陈代谢如何改变环境并对这些变化作出反应。而pH值是微生物生长的一个非常重要的参数,不同的物种偏好不同的pH值,微生物调节pH,pH同样影响着微生物。因此,pH值能够强烈影响环境的微生物。此外,许多生化反应涉及的质子周转,同样也会影响周围环境的pH值。L.plantarum在pH 5.0−6.0之间的培养基上能够较好生长,而且其可以产生乳酸,降低培养基pH,也因此可以适应低pH培养基。本研究中L.plantarum可以将果蝇培养基pH降低到4.0左右,而G.oxydans产生的葡萄糖酸可以将培养基pH降低到2.0左右。G.oxydans强烈降低了环境pH,使得L.plantarum无法在此环境中生长。当果蝇摄入有害菌后,通过Gαq激活磷脂酶C-β,通过三磷酸肌醇,促使胞内Ca2+释放,激活双氧化酶(double oxidase, Duox),产生ROS清除细菌[32]。源于细菌的尿嘧啶介导ROS产生,而L.plantarum只能诱发低水平ROS产生,可能就是因为只能产生较低水平的尿嘧啶,这可能也是L.plantarum能够在果蝇肠道内定殖的原因[33]G.oxydans刺激果蝇产生更多的ROS,既可以清除G.oxydans,也可以清除L.plantarum,进一步抑制了L.plantarum生长。研究表明,共生菌可以在低营养条件下为果蝇提供营养,也可以帮助果蝇抵御有害菌的侵染[34-35]G.oxydans引起的L.plantarum数量降低可能导致果蝇没有了益生菌的帮助而减弱抵御外界压力的能力,使果蝇更容易因环境刺激而死亡。
除此之外,G.oxydans还具有应用于研究微生物互作的潜能。研究微生物的相互作用有可能揭示大量关于微生物的生物学信息,并可以提供有关如何操纵微生物组以改善医疗、农业和环境的见解。但由于微生物相互作用的复杂性,直接观察十分困难。G.oxydans可以引起食物褐变,而且随着接种时长的增加,G.oxydans引起的褐变可以观察到非常明显的颜色变化,这使得G.oxydans可以成为研究微生物互作的非常好的材料,为研究互作提供新的思路。
在这项研究中,分离鉴定并解析了G.oxydans的致病机理,说明其可以作为斑翅果蝇潜在致病菌,为G.oxydans应用于生物防治提供理论依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31501175)
  • 安徽农业大学高层次人才引进项目(rc342201)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(2308085MC74)
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2024年第64卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230516
  • 接收时间:2023-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-07
  • 录用日期:2023-10-26
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31501175)
国家自然科学基金(31501175)
High-level Talent Introduction Project of Anhui Agricultural University(rc342201)
安徽农业大学高层次人才引进项目(rc342201)
Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2308085MC74)
安徽省自然科学基金(2308085MC74)
作者信息
    安徽农业大学植物保护学院, 安徽 合肥 230036

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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