Article(id=1241356320364884739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230599, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695312000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1705852800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-22, onlineDate=1773892010059, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1712160000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892010059, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892010059, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892010059, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241356311292605058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='4', pageStart='981', pageEnd='1321', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892007897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892637358, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=981, endPage=998, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241356320872395545, articleId=1241356320364884739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Advances in the 2-phenylethanol tolerance of yeast, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a rose-scented aromatic alcohol commonly used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The physical and chemical production methods of 2-PE are not suitable for industrial application due to the low yields. As a single-celled eukaryotic microorganism, yeast has the potential to efficiently synthesize natural 2-PE. Therefore, the strategy of using yeast as a chassis microorganism to synthesize 2-PE is favored by researchers. However, during the fermentation for 2-PE production, the yeast is inevitably affected by the toxic effects of 2-PE. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate the mechanisms of yeast tolerance to 2-PE, which will provide a theoretical basis for production practice and help to select yeast strains with high tolerance to 2-PE. In this paper, we review the research advances in 2-PE tolerance of yeast from the synthetic pathways of 2-PE and yeast tolerance mechanisms and introduce the methods for improving the 2-PE tolerance of yeast. Deciphering the mechanism of yeast tolerance to 2-PE for improving the yield and conversion efficiency of 2-PE in yeast is a top priority for the future research.

, correspAuthors=Jun DAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*DAI Jun, E-mail:
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2-苯乙醇(2-phenylethanol, 2-PE)是一种可食用且有玫瑰香味的高级芳香醇,常用于食品、化妆品和药品行业。由于物理和化学法制备2-PE得率低,不适用于工业生产。而作为单细胞真核微生物的酵母具有高效合成“天然” 2-PE的潜力,因此酵母作为底盘微生物合成2-PE的策略深受研究者青睐。然而,在酵母进行2-PE发酵过程中不免会受到2-PE毒害作用影响。因此,亟须研究酵母耐受2-PE的机制为生产实际提供理论基础,这也有助于选育具有较高2-PE耐受性的酵母菌株。本文综述了酵母2-PE耐受性的研究进展,从酵母2-PE合成途径、2-PE耐受性机理等方面进行阐述,主要说明提升酵母2-PE耐受性的方法。掌握酵母2-PE耐受机制,最终提升酵母2-PE产量及转化效率是今后研究的重中之重。

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unstructuredReference=WANG ZY, JIANG MY, GUO XN, LIU ZZ, HE XP.Reconstruction of metabolic module with improved promoter strength increases the productivity of 2-phenylethanol inSaccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Microbial Cell Factories,2018,17(1):60., articleTitle=Reconstruction of metabolic module with improved promoter strength increases the productivity of 2-phenylethanol inSaccharomyces cerevisiae, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241444651895411540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, doi=10.1021/acssynbio.9b00468, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=9, issue=3, pageStart=623, pageEnd=633, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Synthetic Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GU Y, MA JB, ZHU YL, XU P.Refactoring Ehrlich pathway for high-yield 2-phenylethanol production inYarrowia lipolytica[J].ACS Synthetic Biology,2020,9(3):623-633., articleTitle=Refactoring Ehrlich 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Reference(id=1241444652126098265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, doi=10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.011, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=165, pageEnd=180, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=Metabolic Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HASSING EJ, de GROOT PA, MARQUENIE VR, PRONK JT, DARAN JM G.Connecting central carbon and aromatic amino acid metabolisms to improvede novo 2-phenylethanol production inSaccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Metabolic Engineering,2019,56:165-180., articleTitle=Connecting central carbon and aromatic amino acid metabolisms to improvede novo 2-phenylethanol production inSaccharomyces cerevisiae, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241444652209984347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, doi=10.1021/acssynbio.0c00185, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=9, issue=8, pageStart=2096, pageEnd=2106, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=79, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Synthetic Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GU Y, MA JB, ZHU YL, DING XY, XU P.EngineeringYarrowia lipolytica as a chassis forde novo synthesis of five aromatic-derived natural products and chemicals[J].ACS Synthetic Biology,2020,9(8):2096-2106., articleTitle=EngineeringYarrowia lipolytica as a chassis forde novo synthesis of five aromatic-derived natural products and chemicals, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241444637236318648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, awardId=31871789, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871789), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444637487976900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, awardId=31871789, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31871789), fundOrder=null, 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companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241444629866926237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241444629875314847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, companyId=1241444629866926237, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241444629883703456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, companyId=1241444629866926237, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=湖北工业大学生物工程与食品学院 工业发酵省部共建协同创新中心 发酵工程教育部重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430068)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241444634484855156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The yeast synthesis pathway for 2-PE. Metabolites, Glc: Glucose; G6P: Glucose-6-phosphate; FBP: Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate; PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate; Ru5P: Ribulose-5-phosphate; E4P: Erythrosis-4-phosphate; F6P: Fructose-6-phosphate; DAHP: 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulose-7-phosphate; DHQ: 3-dehydroquinic acid; DHS: 3-dehydroshikimate; SHIK: Shikimate; S3P: Shikimate-3-phosphate; EPSP: 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate; CHA: Chorismic acid; PPA: Prephenic acid; PPY: Phenylpyruvate; PAC: Phenylacetaldehyde; 2-PE: 2-phenylethanol; l-Phe: l-phenylalanine; l-Tyr: l-tyrosine; HPP: 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid. Enzymes, Aro1: Pentafunctional arom protein; Aro2: Chorismate synthase; Aro3 and Aro4: 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulose-7-phosphate synthase; Aro7: Chorismate mutase; Aro8: Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase Ⅰ; Aro9: Aromatic amino acid amino transferase Ⅱ; Aro10: Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase; Pha2: Prephenate dehydratase; Tyr1: Prephenate dehydrogenase; Adh1: Alcohol dehydrogenase., figureFileSmall=ULL0CLCzbATtk+Eoc6gR/A==, figureFileBig=ZNh0u/eSifiP0Aalf6xp+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444634661015929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酵母合成2-PE的途径, figureFileSmall=ULL0CLCzbATtk+Eoc6gR/A==, figureFileBig=ZNh0u/eSifiP0Aalf6xp+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444634791039361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Relationship between 2-PE tolerance and corresponding signaling pathways in yeast cells., figureFileSmall=n6Xy9WuwLvt27vsitFGmew==, figureFileBig=qCRLOx8btLQMr6ZrRWKsog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444634887508360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酵母细胞2-PE耐受性与相应信号通路之间的关系, figureFileSmall=n6Xy9WuwLvt27vsitFGmew==, figureFileBig=qCRLOx8btLQMr6ZrRWKsog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444634979783052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Overview of optimization of medium components for producing 2-PE yeast strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsMethods2-PE productionReferences
ControlOptimization
The maximum amount or concentration of 2-PE was used to evaluate the tolerance of yeast to 2-PE stress.
K.marxianus CBS 600Genetic algorithm (medium composition, temperature)0.9 g/L5.6 g/L[34]
S.cerevisiae CWY132Single factor design (medium composition, inoculation amount)1.4 g/L3.5 g/L[36]
S.cerevisiaeSingle factor, orthogonal design, Box-Behnken
Central composite design and response surface method (medium composition)
1.9 g/L4.8 g/L[37]
K.phaffiiCarbon source selection (methanol as carbon source)40.0 mg/L734.8 mg/L[38]
C.glycerinogenes WL2002-5Single factor design (medium composition, temperature)0.1 g/L5.0 g/L[41]
S.cerevisiae BY4741Single factor design (medium composition)1.3 g/L4.9 g/L[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1241444635097223570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

产2-PE酵母菌株培养基成分优化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsMethods2-PE productionReferences
ControlOptimization
The maximum amount or concentration of 2-PE was used to evaluate the tolerance of yeast to 2-PE stress.
K.marxianus CBS 600Genetic algorithm (medium composition, temperature)0.9 g/L5.6 g/L[34]
S.cerevisiae CWY132Single factor design (medium composition, inoculation amount)1.4 g/L3.5 g/L[36]
S.cerevisiaeSingle factor, orthogonal design, Box-Behnken
Central composite design and response surface method (medium composition)
1.9 g/L4.8 g/L[37]
K.phaffiiCarbon source selection (methanol as carbon source)40.0 mg/L734.8 mg/L[38]
C.glycerinogenes WL2002-5Single factor design (medium composition, temperature)0.1 g/L5.0 g/L[41]
S.cerevisiae BY4741Single factor design (medium composition)1.3 g/L4.9 g/L[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1241444635256607125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Overview of optimization of fermentation operation conditions or methods of 2-PE producing yeast strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsMethods2-PE production (g/L)References
ControlOptimization
The maximum amount or concentration of 2-PE was used to evaluate the tolerance of yeast to 2-PE stress.
S.cerevisiaeOleic acid as extractant2.112.6[42]
K.marxianus CBS 600Oleyl alcohol as extractant0.93.0[34]
S.cerevisiaePPG1500 as extractant4.87.5[43]
S.cerevisiae JHY 317PPG1200 as extractant4.86.1[44]
K.marxianus CBS 600PPG1200 as extractant0.910.2[45]
S.cerevisiae BDD101 as adsorbent4.76.2[46]
S.cerevisiae P-3HZ818 as adsorbent4.06.6[47]
S.cerevisiae R-UV3Macroporous resin FD0816 as adsorbent2.213.7[48]
S.cerevisiae GIV2009Dibutyl sebacate in alginate microcapsule3.85.6[49]
K.marxianus CBS 600POMS with PP or PEI as organic matters0.92.2 and 1.3[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1241444635386630559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

产2-PE酵母菌株发酵操作条件或方式优化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsMethods2-PE production (g/L)References
ControlOptimization
The maximum amount or concentration of 2-PE was used to evaluate the tolerance of yeast to 2-PE stress.
S.cerevisiaeOleic acid as extractant2.112.6[42]
K.marxianus CBS 600Oleyl alcohol as extractant0.93.0[34]
S.cerevisiaePPG1500 as extractant4.87.5[43]
S.cerevisiae JHY 317PPG1200 as extractant4.86.1[44]
K.marxianus CBS 600PPG1200 as extractant0.910.2[45]
S.cerevisiae BDD101 as adsorbent4.76.2[46]
S.cerevisiae P-3HZ818 as adsorbent4.06.6[47]
S.cerevisiae R-UV3Macroporous resin FD0816 as adsorbent2.213.7[48]
S.cerevisiae GIV2009Dibutyl sebacate in alginate microcapsule3.85.6[49]
K.marxianus CBS 600POMS with PP or PEI as organic matters0.92.2 and 1.3[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1241444635491488164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Overview of selection of breeding methods for yeast strains producing 2-PE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Breeding methodsStrainsStrategies2-PE productionReferences
The maximum amount or concentration of 2-PE was used to evaluate the tolerance of yeast to 2-PE stress.
Manual screeningS.cerevisiae2-PE tolerance screening4.5 g/L[48]
Y.lipolytica NCYC3825Screening capacity of 2-PE production2.0 g/L[50]
S.cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7DARTP and 2-PE screening plate4.9 g/L[31]
M.guilliermondii YLG18Isolation and tolerance screening with ISPR3.2 g/L[51]
W.anomalusIsolation and screening the strain with the capacity of 2-PE production4.7 g/L[52]
Z.rouxii M2013310Isolation and screening the strain with the capacity of 2-PE production3.6 g/L[17]
Mutagenesis breedingS.cerevisiae CWY132-10Ultraviolet mutagenesis3.6 g/L[9]
S.cerevisiae BD-25-39Ultraviolet mutagenesis5.4 g/L[37,39]
S.cerevisiae AS2.516Ultraviolet mutagenesis3.6 g/L[53]
K.marxianus BY25569Chemical mutagenesis1.3 g/L[54]
Protoplast fusionS.cerevisiae R-UV3Mutagenesis and protoplast fusion2.5 g/L[55]
S.cerevisiae RH2-16Genetic engineering and protoplast fusion4.5 g/L[56]
Gene recombination techniqueS.cerevisiaeIntroduction of heterologous wayPAL2-FDC1-SMO-SOI, overexpression ofARO10,ADH7,GAP1 andTAT2680.0 mg/L[57]
S.cerevisiae S288COverexpression ofARO10 andADH72.6 g/L[58]
S.cerevisiaeOverexpression ofGAP1 from industrial yeast MT23.1 g/L[59]
S.cerevisiae YS58
(G1-A8-A10-A2)-GDH
Overexpression ofARO8,ADH2,GDH2,GAP1 andARO106.3 g/L[60]
Y.lipolyticaOverexpression ofEcoacnA,YlODC,GapY3,YLARO10,YLPAR4,YLIDP2, and knock outDGA1,DGA2,ylPHA2,ylALD2,32 669.5 mg/L[61]
S.cerevisiae W303-1BOverexpression ofARO80,ARO9,ARO10, and knock outALD36.1 g/L[44]
S.cerevisiae YPH499Overexpression ofARO10, and knock outADH196.0 mg/L[62]
S.cerevisiaeExpression ofPYK1D147N, BbXfpk, and knock outPFK1 andPFK213.0 mmol/L[63]
Y.lipolytica YL35Overexpression ofylPAR4,ylARO10,ylARO7,ylPHA2 andscARO7G141S2.4 g/L[64]
), ArticleFig(id=1241444635600540076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356320364884739, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

产2-PE酵母菌株育种方式的选择

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Breeding methodsStrainsStrategies2-PE productionReferences
The maximum amount or concentration of 2-PE was used to evaluate the tolerance of yeast to 2-PE stress.
Manual screeningS.cerevisiae2-PE tolerance screening4.5 g/L[48]
Y.lipolytica NCYC3825Screening capacity of 2-PE production2.0 g/L[50]
S.cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7DARTP and 2-PE screening plate4.9 g/L[31]
M.guilliermondii YLG18Isolation and tolerance screening with ISPR3.2 g/L[51]
W.anomalusIsolation and screening the strain with the capacity of 2-PE production4.7 g/L[52]
Z.rouxii M2013310Isolation and screening the strain with the capacity of 2-PE production3.6 g/L[17]
Mutagenesis breedingS.cerevisiae CWY132-10Ultraviolet mutagenesis3.6 g/L[9]
S.cerevisiae BD-25-39Ultraviolet mutagenesis5.4 g/L[37,39]
S.cerevisiae AS2.516Ultraviolet mutagenesis3.6 g/L[53]
K.marxianus BY25569Chemical mutagenesis1.3 g/L[54]
Protoplast fusionS.cerevisiae R-UV3Mutagenesis and protoplast fusion2.5 g/L[55]
S.cerevisiae RH2-16Genetic engineering and protoplast fusion4.5 g/L[56]
Gene recombination techniqueS.cerevisiaeIntroduction of heterologous wayPAL2-FDC1-SMO-SOI, overexpression ofARO10,ADH7,GAP1 andTAT2680.0 mg/L[57]
S.cerevisiae S288COverexpression ofARO10 andADH72.6 g/L[58]
S.cerevisiaeOverexpression ofGAP1 from industrial yeast MT23.1 g/L[59]
S.cerevisiae YS58
(G1-A8-A10-A2)-GDH
Overexpression ofARO8,ADH2,GDH2,GAP1 andARO106.3 g/L[60]
Y.lipolyticaOverexpression ofEcoacnA,YlODC,GapY3,YLARO10,YLPAR4,YLIDP2, and knock outDGA1,DGA2,ylPHA2,ylALD2,32 669.5 mg/L[61]
S.cerevisiae W303-1BOverexpression ofARO80,ARO9,ARO10, and knock outALD36.1 g/L[44]
S.cerevisiae YPH499Overexpression ofARO10, and knock outADH196.0 mg/L[62]
S.cerevisiaeExpression ofPYK1D147N, BbXfpk, and knock outPFK1 andPFK213.0 mmol/L[63]
Y.lipolytica YL35Overexpression ofylPAR4,ylARO10,ylARO7,ylPHA2 andscARO7G141S2.4 g/L[64]
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酵母2-苯乙醇耐受性的研究进展
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刘子雄 , 王文欣 , 上官玲玲 , 陈雄 , 代俊 *
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(4): 981-998
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(4): 981-998
酵母2-苯乙醇耐受性的研究进展
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刘子雄, 王文欣, 上官玲玲, 陈雄, 代俊*
作者信息
  • 湖北工业大学生物工程与食品学院 工业发酵省部共建协同创新中心 发酵工程教育部重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430068
Advances in the 2-phenylethanol tolerance of yeast
Zixiong LIU, Wenxin WANG, Lingling SHANGGUAN, Xiong CHEN, Jun DAI*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2024-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230599
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2-苯乙醇(2-phenylethanol, 2-PE)是一种可食用且有玫瑰香味的高级芳香醇,常用于食品、化妆品和药品行业。由于物理和化学法制备2-PE得率低,不适用于工业生产。而作为单细胞真核微生物的酵母具有高效合成“天然” 2-PE的潜力,因此酵母作为底盘微生物合成2-PE的策略深受研究者青睐。然而,在酵母进行2-PE发酵过程中不免会受到2-PE毒害作用影响。因此,亟须研究酵母耐受2-PE的机制为生产实际提供理论基础,这也有助于选育具有较高2-PE耐受性的酵母菌株。本文综述了酵母2-PE耐受性的研究进展,从酵母2-PE合成途径、2-PE耐受性机理等方面进行阐述,主要说明提升酵母2-PE耐受性的方法。掌握酵母2-PE耐受机制,最终提升酵母2-PE产量及转化效率是今后研究的重中之重。

2-苯乙醇  /  耐受性  /  酵母  /  发酵

2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a rose-scented aromatic alcohol commonly used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The physical and chemical production methods of 2-PE are not suitable for industrial application due to the low yields. As a single-celled eukaryotic microorganism, yeast has the potential to efficiently synthesize natural 2-PE. Therefore, the strategy of using yeast as a chassis microorganism to synthesize 2-PE is favored by researchers. However, during the fermentation for 2-PE production, the yeast is inevitably affected by the toxic effects of 2-PE. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate the mechanisms of yeast tolerance to 2-PE, which will provide a theoretical basis for production practice and help to select yeast strains with high tolerance to 2-PE. In this paper, we review the research advances in 2-PE tolerance of yeast from the synthetic pathways of 2-PE and yeast tolerance mechanisms and introduce the methods for improving the 2-PE tolerance of yeast. Deciphering the mechanism of yeast tolerance to 2-PE for improving the yield and conversion efficiency of 2-PE in yeast is a top priority for the future research.

2-phenylethanol  /  tolerance  /  yeast  /  fermentation
刘子雄, 王文欣, 上官玲玲, 陈雄, 代俊. 酵母2-苯乙醇耐受性的研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (4) : 981 -998 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230599
Zixiong LIU, Wenxin WANG, Lingling SHANGGUAN, Xiong CHEN, Jun DAI. Advances in the 2-phenylethanol tolerance of yeast[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (4) : 981 -998 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230599
2-苯乙醇(2-phenylethanol, 2-PE),或称β-苯乙醇,是一种具有细腻、淡雅和持久玫瑰香气的芳香族杂醇[1-2]。2-PE的分子式为C6H5CH2CH2OH。它在常温下为无色液体,略溶于水,溶于乙醇、乙醚和甘油等,在碱及空气中均能稳定存在[3]。因可食用且具有温和淡雅的玫瑰花般的香气,2-PE是食品和化妆品工业中的重要香料成分已成为行业共识[4]。除此之外,2-PE还可作为其他香料或药物化合物的合成底物[5]
天然的2-PE主要从茉莉花、玫瑰等花卉和植物组织中提取[5-6],但植物中的2-PE含量极低,且用有机溶剂萃取2-PE工艺操作十分复杂,而且花卉的成熟也会受植物病害、贸易限制和天气等自然或人为因素的影响[7-8]。以上诸多因素使得天然2-PE供不应求和提取代价过高[9]。目前,放眼全球的贸易市场上,年产量已经超过10 000 t的2-PE基本都为人工纯化学法生产出的,主要方法有苯-环氧乙烷合成法和氧化苯乙烯加氢法。然而化学法生产出的2-PE含有许多微量杂质,这种2-PE香气差异大,大多不能用于香料制造[10-12]。化学法的工作环境一般是高温高压、强酸强碱的极端条件,且生产2-PE过程中会出现大量有毒有害的副产物;这不仅不利于下游的产业化,还严重降低了2-PE的级别[13]。为了实现2-PE绿色、天然、高效地生产[14],研究者们选择了一条新路,即利用微生物自身的合成途径高效合成2-PE。
酵母菌不仅被国际公认为食品安全的微生物,还具有高效合成2-PE的潜力,因此它被视为当前研究2-PE合成的热点底盘微生物[10-11,15-17]。然而,在酵母进行2-PE发酵过程中往往会受到胁迫影响,例如2-PE毒性的影响;当酵母发酵产生的2-PE达到一定浓度时,会对菌体的生长产生抑制作用并阻碍2-PE的合成进程,从而影响2-PE的产量[18]。由于酵母中的一些重要的组成成分与酵母自身耐受2-PE能力有着千丝万缕的联系,并且酵母菌耐2-PE的特性也会受酵母菌体内的许多基因调控。因此,酵母耐受2-PE的机理十分复杂,研究酵母2-PE耐受性机制具有十分重要的意义。
本文主要介绍了酵母合成2-PE的途径、酵母耐受2-PE胁迫机理,重点对提高酵母耐受2-PE胁迫能力的方法进行综述。
葡萄糖是一种能被微生物吸收和用于代谢活动的简单碳源。许多微生物都能利用葡萄糖生产2-PE。无论是有氧环境还是无氧环境下,酵母都能以葡萄糖(glucose, Glc)为底物(图1)进行2-PE发酵,2-PE合成过程包括糖酵解途径(embden meyerhof paras pathway, EMP)、磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)以及莽草酸途径(shikimate pathway)三大生化反应途径。该过程主要由两个阶段组成:第一个阶段是葡萄糖通过EMP和PPP途径产生磷酸烯醇丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP)和赤藓糖-4-磷酸(erythritose-4-phosphate, E4P)作为莽草酸途径的前体物质;第二阶段是E4P和PEP通过两种3-脱氧-d-阿拉伯庚酮糖-7-磷酸(3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulose-7-phosphate, DAHP)合酶同工酶Aro3和Aro4催化生成DAHP,随后DAHP进入莽草酸途径,此时,兼具3-脱氢奎尼酸合成酶、3-脱氢奎尼酸脱水酶、莽草酸脱氢酶、莽草酸激酶和5-烯醇式丙酮莽草酸-3-磷酸酯合成酶特性的多功能芳香蛋白Aro1催化DAHP经一系列酶促反应合成5-烯醇丙酮莽草酸-3-磷酸(5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate, EPSP),EPSP由分支酸合酶Aro2催化合成分支酸(chorismic acid, CHA),CHA经分支酸变异酶Aro7催化合成预苯酸(prephenic acid, PPA)。PPA经预苯酸脱水酶Pha1催化形成苯丙酮酸(phenylpyruvate, PPY),而后PPY经苯丙酮酸脱羧酶Aro10催化生成苯乙醛(phenylacetaldehyde, PAC),最后PAC在醇脱氢酶Adh1的催化作用下进一步合成2-PE[19]。这种合成途径从廉价的底物葡萄糖开始,经过数十种酶进行酶促反应才能产生2-PE,其涉及的基因较多,可操作性好,可巧妙应用“开源节流”和酶挖掘等手段减少溢流和增加主代谢流,实现2-PE的高效合成。值得一提的是,在上述代谢途径中,PPA为合成芳香族氨基酸l-苯丙氨酸(l-phenylalanine, l-Phe)和l-酪氨酸(l-tyrosine, l-Tyr)的重要中间体,而其参与合成的副产物l-Phe和l-Tyr会对莽草酸途径合成2-PE的关键酶Aro3、Aro4和Aro7产生反馈抑制作用,此时部分中间代谢产物(如DAHP和PPA)的产量将减少,不加干预则2-PE的产率极低。因此消除或减弱这种反馈抑制效果也将是提升2-PE产量的关键所在。除此之外,也可以通过在酵母发酵培养基中,外源添加芳香族氨基酸l-Phe以另一种短小精悍的途径来合成2-PE。由于其发现者叫艾利希[20],因此将其命名为艾氏途径(Ehrlich pathway) (图1)。该途径主要分3步:第一步是l-Phe在芳香氨基酸氨基转移酶I (Aro8)的作用下转氨基合成PPY;第二步是PPY在苯丙酮酸脱羧酶Aro10的催化下脱羧成PAC;第三步是PAC在醇脱氢酶Adh1的作用下还原为2-PE[20]。该途径以较昂贵的氮源l-Phe为底物,经3步酶促反应即可合成2-PE,合成途径简单,原料利用率高。
在氮源充足情况下酵母菌经莽草酸途径合成少量2-PE,在氮源缺乏条件下,酵母通过艾氏途径合成2-PE[3-4]。酵母经以上两种途径合成2-PE后,将会通过外排相关蛋白将2-PE排至胞外,由此胞外将积累较多的2-PE,滞留在胞外的2-PE由于其细胞毒害作用将会抑制细胞生长,因此提升酵母2-PE耐受性就显得格外重要。而要想提升2-PE耐受性,就需掌握酵母耐受2-PE的相关机制。
在微生物工业化生产2-PE的进程中,酿酒酵母的生长会受到胞外2-PE的积累产生胁迫作用的影响,此时酵母会响应外界2-PE胁迫从而做出相应应答。酵母对2-PE胁迫响应的应答,正是酵母自身为了生长、生存、增殖产生的应对外界2-PE胁迫的方式,酵母细胞对外界的2-PE胁迫进行应答即说明酵母对2-PE胁迫产生了耐受性。但是,关于2-PE耐受性的定义目前尚无定论。
一般来说,2-PE胁迫对酵母细胞产生的影响主要体现在以下3个方面,即抑制酵母细胞生长、影响菌体活性及影响发酵产物2-PE产量。因此,通常以这3个指标来定义酵母对2-PE胁迫的耐受性。第一,通过2-PE对菌体生长的抑制来定义,据报道,由于2-PE的细胞毒性作用,完全抑制多数原核菌株和真菌的生长的2-PE浓度为2.0−3.0 g/L;可抑制75%的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)生长的2-PE浓度为2.5 g/L[9]。一般来说,室温下,当2-PE浓度在1.0 g/L以下时,酵母细胞的生长基本不受影响。酵母细胞在含1.0−5.0 g/L 2-PE的培养基中培养72 h,能稳定生长的最高2-PE浓度即代表了酵母的2-PE耐受水平。其中能在1.0−2.0 g/L 2-PE中生长的酵母菌株,2-PE耐受性差;2.0−2.5 g/L的2-PE耐受性中等,而2.5−5.0 g/L的2-PE耐受性高[5-6,9,21]。这种定义简单,常用来筛选具备耐受2-PE胁迫能力的菌株。第二,通过酵母菌体活性受2-PE的影响程度定义。当发酵中产生高浓度2-PE时,酵母细胞菌体丧失活性是由2-PE的细胞毒性的致死作用造成,通过此方法有助于研究者了解菌体活性受2-PE的影响[5,7]。第三,酵母发酵产生的最高2-PE浓度同样也能定义酵母2-PE胁迫耐受性。这种方法通过测定酵母产2-PE发酵完成后的2-PE最大生成量或浓度来评价酵母的2-PE胁迫耐受性,因此此法普遍用于工业生产2-PE中判定酵母2-PE胁迫耐受,最具生产和实践价值[16]。截至目前,酿酒酵母2-PE胁迫耐受性还没有统一的定义方法,但是目前最实用的方法是通过观察不同浓度2-PE下菌体生长情况及检测酵母发酵完成后发酵液中产物浓度。
在产2-PE发酵的过程中,随着发酵液中的2-PE浓度的增大,酵母细胞所受到的2-PE的毒性作用会相应增强[10]。高浓度2-PE毒性作用主要影响酵母细胞基础生命活动。其中细胞生理活动变化主要体现在以下几方面:(1) 细胞膜结构遭受破坏,2-PE通过一系列的作用,使细胞膜通透性增大,膜两侧的渗透压改变,致使胞内K+和生物大分子流失,氨基酸和葡萄糖转运减少,使胞内外原有的平衡被打破[10,22-23];(2) 生物大分子合成与糖代谢受抑制[24-26];(3) 2-PE能改变酵母细胞的S期所处的阶段,并且能极大提高酵母细胞热敏感性[27]。总而言之,与乙醇胁迫相似,2-PE的毒性主要作用于细胞膜和胞内代谢有关酶,“挖空”细胞抵御外界胁迫的“城墙”(细胞膜),将“城内居民”(生物合成所需酶)弄得“惶恐不安”,使细胞生长代谢受抑制,“生命垂危”。研究者若将这些作用位点视为提高酵母细胞抵抗2-PE胁迫能力的靶标,通过利用有效手段如添加增强细胞膜强度的化合物,或挖掘具有极高抗逆能力微生物的相关酶,来增强细胞膜的韧性和相关酶的抗逆性有望更好地提升酵母对2-PE胁迫的耐受能力。
国内外许多研究者以较完善的乙醇耐受机制作参考,探索2-PE耐受机制,结果表明酵母细胞的2-PE耐受性与细胞结构、细胞内营养物质以及细胞的全局调控联系紧密。
酵母细胞壁由纤维素构成,其中甘露聚糖作为外层,葡聚糖作为基础内层,而蛋白质分子则嵌入二者中间。这种独特的结构赋予了酵母细胞壁足够的韧性,使得酵母能在逆境中保持其特殊的形状。将酵母暴露于高浓度2-PE时,作为胁迫因子的2-PE能够使反式糖苷酶Crh1p活性提高,这种酶有助于几丁质和β-1, 6-葡聚糖的交联,除此之外,参与细胞壁损伤所触发代偿机制相关基因会上调[28]。在以上两种因素的相辅相成下,细胞壁组分之间的连接会更紧密,导致对2-PE胁迫耐受性更高。
酵母细胞膜是由磷脂双分子层组成,其中镶嵌有蛋白质和甾醇。双分子层之间的疏水作用力是维持膜结构稳定性的重要作用力。2-PE很容易攻击细胞膜中的脂肪酸组成的疏水中心,致使细胞膜受损,影响营养物质摄取,导致胞内物质渗漏,从而使细胞活力降低[23]。麦角固醇作为真菌细胞膜不可或缺的组分,其主要作用为维持细胞膜流动性和完整性、传递胁迫信号、增强相关蛋白活性等。产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)受到2-PE胁迫时,胞内麦角固醇含量会提高,以维持细胞膜的完整性[29]。同时,麦角固醇可作为信号分子传递相关胁迫信号,增强相关蛋白活性,以减少胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)[15]。此外,2-PE还参与酵母菌生物被膜(biofilm)的形成[30]。总之,在2-PE损伤细胞膜时,细胞将迅速做出反应,调整细胞膜组分,稳定内环境;细胞壁中各组分的交联,将细胞壁的韧性大幅提升。细胞壁和细胞膜作为酵母细胞抵御外界刺激的屏障,二者相辅相成,共同提升酵母对2-PE胁迫的耐受性。
氨基酸可经过脱水缩合及盘曲折叠形成形式各异的蛋白质,能有效增强细胞抵御胁迫压力的能力。研究表明,当C.glycerinogenes面对外界2-PE胁迫时,其胞内ROS水平会急剧升高,此时精氨酸和谷胱甘肽合成途径基因将显著上调,以降低2-PE胁迫下的ROS水平,增强细胞活性。除此之外,谷胱甘肽还能降低细胞膜损伤和脂质过氧化,进而提高细胞对2-PE的耐受性[16]。2-PE能够通过降低水活度引起细胞的水胁迫。此时酵母细胞会响应水胁迫并产生渗透保护剂,如甘油、海藻糖等,以防止脱水胁迫,从而变相产生2-PE耐受性[28]。该响应机制类似于渗透胁迫。综上,细胞质环境的稳定,对于酵母耐受2-PE至关重要。研究者们可采取在培养基中添加相应氨基酸、谷胱甘肽和渗透保护剂的方法提升酵母2-PE耐受性。
当酵母受到外界2-PE胁迫压力时,细胞膜上的相应受体会响应外界2-PE刺激信号,而后将相应刺激信号传导至细胞核,引起酵母耐受2-PE胁迫相关信号通路的激活及相关基因的表达(图2),从而提升酵母细胞对2-PE的耐受能力[28-29,31-32]
酵母细胞信号转导中,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitosolysis activates protein kinase, MAPK)信号途径起着至关重要作用。当酵母置于2-PE胁迫时,其压力响应蛋白激酶信号途径[细胞壁完整性(cell wall integrity, CWI)途径及高渗甘油(high osmolarity glycerol, HOG)途径]相关基因表达均显著上调[29]。其中,主要参与维持细胞膜的完整性的CWI途径,与酵母对高渗、氧化胁迫及低pH等压力环境耐受能力密切相关;与之相似,HOG途径主要响应压力胁迫,在环境中存在生存压力时,HOG途径中的核心蛋白Hog1被激活,进入细胞核后将压力信号向下传递致使细胞响应外界的压力胁迫[29]。2-PE胁迫下,酵母细胞将激活CWI途径维持细胞完整性。在2-PE压力下,S.cerevisiae激活HOG途径,增加胞内甘油产量,以减轻细胞所受到的2-PE毒害作用。
Wilkie等[33]发现,一种呼吸缺陷型菌株会在2-PE胁迫下诱导产生,从而对酿酒酵母的正常生长进程产生抑制作用。在缺陷型菌株细胞中,他们发现了许多无功能的线粒体,这些线粒体都有较高的通透性并且明显抑制细胞呼吸作用,致使胞内磷氧比大幅降低,代谢解偶联。这可能是2-PE胁迫对细胞生长代谢产生不利影响的原因之一[33]。在后期的研究中,可以尝试利用基因工程、蛋白工程等手段减少呼吸缺陷菌株的产生或者增强线粒体的韧性,从而增强酵母菌株对2-PE的耐受性。Xia等[31]发现,多重耐药转录因子突变型Pdr1pC862R能极大地增强酿酒酵母对2-PE的耐受性。当全局调控转录因子基因PDR1发生特定突变的酿酒酵母遭受2-PE胁迫时,其中能对多种药物和毒素产生响应的ATP结合盒(ATP-binding cassette, ABC)转运体、氧化应激相关酶及胞内麦角甾醇合成调控相关蛋白,会由Pdr1pC862R突变型介导激活表达,使得麦角甾醇含量提升,同时使ROS水平降低[31]。酿酒酵母产生2-PE抗性的原因还在于,2-PE胁迫下,酿酒酵母胞内高浓度2-PE在细胞质和线粒体NAD+-醛脱氢酶(Ald3p和Ald4p)及氧化还原酶Bdh2的作用下,转化为苯乙醛酸,降低了2-PE的毒性作用[28]。此外,当外界高浓度的2-PE进入酵母细胞后,可通过介导激活cAMP-依赖的蛋白激酶A亚基Tpk2p和转录因子Flo8p,并使得絮凝蛋白Flo11p上调表达,刺激细胞形态发生改变,从而抵御外界高浓度2-PE[32]。总而言之,2-PE胁迫与这些信号通路之间的关系的发现,为构建2-PE耐受菌株提供了有效候选蛋白的良好来源。
前人以2-PE胁迫耐受性机制为理论基础,提出并实践了优化培养基成分、改变发酵操作条件或方式及通过选择酵母菌株选育手段等提升酵母耐受2-PE能力的策略,以期提高工业上酵母发酵的2-PE产量。
培养基作为酵母细胞维持正常生命活动的物质和能量主要来源,在酵母发酵产生代谢产物的过程中至关重要。研究表明,在酵母发酵培养基中添加一定量的维生素(如生物素、烟酸、泛酸钙等)和矿物质,有助于酿酒酵母2-PE耐受性的提升,以提高2-PE产量。
酵母发酵培养基中营养物质的供给影响着酵母的生长及代谢能力,如果能够人为添加一定量的营养物以满足菌体生长代谢的营养需求,可提高2-PE产量和提升酵母菌株发酵生产2-PE的速度。例如,在发酵2-PE条件优化后,马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus) CBS 600对维生素需求量是未优化时的80倍,这说明维生素的供给在酿酒酵母2-PE产量的提升上至关重要[34-35]。酵母细胞摄取Mg2+和K+可以增加膜稳定性,从而实现保护细胞的目的。例如,当添加0.4 g/L的MgSO4时,酿酒酵母2-PE产量较未添加时提高了1.7倍。当添加6.0 g/L的KH2PO4时,酿酒酵母2-PE的产量为1.9 g/L,与Mg2+添加后的产量提升程度类似[36-37]
除了维生素和矿物质等营养物质,碳氮源种类的选择和含量的优化也必不可少,如葡萄糖、酵母粉、少量无机氮源以及l-Phe等也能够有效提高酵母菌的2-PE耐受性。碳源为酵母细胞生长代谢提供能量来源及辅因子供应,与酵母2-PE耐受性密不可分。研究碳源对2-PE合成的影响时发现,葡萄糖为S.cerevisiae CWY132合成2-PE的最适碳源[36]。然而以葡萄糖为碳源的成本偏高,为了在保证最大的产量前提下缩减成本,选择廉价的碳源,如粗甘油和其他工业废料等,则是不二之选。此外,甲醇也是一种2-PE合成的潜在碳源。陈晓瑞[38]以毕赤酵母(Komagataella phaffii)作为底盘细胞,经代谢改造后,可利用甲醇生产734.8 mg/L 2-PE。一般情况下,2-PE的产量会随着碳源供应量的增加而提升,但这种提升受菌体的代谢能力以及底物抑制作用的制约。在2-PE生产过程中,培养基中的氮源利用是遵循一定顺序的[17]。氮源的作用主要是提供微生物细胞中物质和代谢产物中的氮素,此外,氮源还能参与一些与2-PE耐受相关的代谢途径,如精氨酸和谷胱甘肽的合成途径。l-Phe存在的情况下,酵母细胞首选艾氏途径产生2-PE[17]。但是,部分有机氮源,例如酵母提取物,能起到提升细胞2-PE耐受性、促进细胞生长而不对2-PE的生产起抑制作用[39]。Barbosa等[40]的研究表明,在酵母产2-PE的发酵培养基中添加少量无机氮源,如磷酸二铵(diammonium phosphate, DAP),使乙醇和乙酸的产生量显著降低,并提升2-PE的产量。此外,Xia等[18]发现通过添加雷帕霉素使艾氏途径相关酶激活转录,也可以提升酿酒酵母2-PE产量。综上,酵母细胞2-PE耐受性的提升,不仅依赖于营养物质的适当供给,还与特定抗生素的添加有关。因此,我们应该在满足酵母2-PE发酵的营养需求的同时,增加一些能增强2-PE合成的抗生素的供给。
值得一提的是,用于以葡萄糖为底物高产甘油的菌株C.glycerinogenes WL2002-5会对4.0 g/L的高浓度2-PE产生耐受性[41]。利用该菌株分批发酵使2-PE产量达5.0 g/L。
这里我们将上述培养基成分优化的方法及优化前后的2-PE产量汇总(表1),主要包括通过单因素、响应面和遗传算法等策略对培养基的碳氮源、维生素、矿物质等营养物质含量和种类的优化。
综上,碳氮源的选择对于酵母耐受及合成2-PE至关重要,选择廉价的碳源合成2-PE更具有市场前景。同时,由于高产甘油的酵母菌株C.glycerinogenes WL2002-5可产5.0 g/L 2-PE且耐受4.0 g/L 2-PE,说明甘油可能与2-PE耐受性密切相关,故研究者们可选择在培养基中添加甘油以增强酵母2-PE的耐受性。
在发酵过程中,供给的底物浓度越高,酿酒酵母产生的2-PE产量就越高,但底物浓度超过一定的浓度阈值将会导致高渗透压。为了保证酵母正常的生理活动不受干扰,必须适当减小培养基的渗透压。要想达到这一目的,采取改变发酵操作条件或方式最为有效。
在酵母发酵产2-PE的过程中,降低2-PE对酵母细胞的毒害作用,一直是提高发酵过程中2-PE浓度的关键。液-液萃取、疏水吸附、溶剂固定化和有机渗透汽化等工艺能够有效分离移出2-PE,降低或消除2-PE对于酵母生长代谢的影响(表2)。
以有机溶剂为萃取剂,从培养基中源源不断地萃取出2-PE以减轻细胞所受的毒害作用的液-液萃取法,是目前所采用的最安全、最为有效的方法之一。当使用油酸作为萃取剂时,酿酒酵母发酵2-PE产量可达12.6 g/L,是未使用提取技术所产2-PE的3.15倍[42]。用油醇作为萃取剂,K.marxianus CBS 600发酵的2-PE产量,是未采用液-液萃取技术产量的4倍[34]。除此之外,许多有机高分子化合物在液-液萃取提升酵母细胞发酵产2-PE方面有着举足轻重的作用。诸如聚丙二醇(polypropylene glycol, PPG) 1500和PPG 1200等高分子化合物因其良好的2-PE分离特性,已广泛应用于2-PE发酵行业中。在以PPG1500为萃取剂的补料分批发酵中,培养基中的2-PE总浓度达到了7.5 g/L[43]。Kim等[44]以PPG1200为萃取剂,采用S.cerevisiae JHY 317进行两相发酵,2-苯乙醇总产量为6.1 g/L。此外,Etschmann等[45]以PPG1200为萃取剂时,培养基中的2-PE总质量浓度更是达到惊人的10.5 g/L,仅次于以油酸作为萃取剂的2-PE产量。虽然利用有机溶剂萃取能显著提升2-PE的产率,但是碳链较长的有机溶剂难以蒸发、在萃取中会形成乳状液难分离,最主要的是有机溶剂会影响细胞活性。因此,选择合适的用于液-液萃取的有机溶剂是实现2-PE与萃取剂更好分离的关键。
原位吸附技术(in situ product abstraction, ISPA)是一种常见的原位分离技术(insitu product recovery, ISPR),其主要是使用树脂来避免底物或产物产生的对酵母生长代谢的抑制作用,也是提升2-PE产量的一种有效方式。S.cerevisiae BD在2 g/L水合树脂D101的发酵条件下,可生产6.2 g/L的2-PE[46]S.cerevisiae P-3在含7%交联聚苯乙烯树脂HZ818的条件下发酵时,以12.0 g/L的l-Phe为底物通过艾氏途径,可生产6.6 g/L的2-PE,为对照的1.65倍[47]。以大孔树脂FD0816作为吸附剂时,酵母2-PE的摩尔产率达到0.90的最高值[48]。但是,要用对2-PE低吸附的树脂回收产物,所需发酵液体积会很大,而且在吸附过程中,发酵液会对树脂的吸附能力造成影响。
溶液固定化是以聚乙烯的聚合物为基质,以癸二酸二丁酯作为被包埋物,二者结合形成稳定的复合树脂,实现了ISPA和溶剂提取技术相结合,既可防止溶剂的毒性作用,又能从有效生物反应器中去除2-PE。通过将癸二酸二丁酯嵌入到海藻酸盐微胶囊中,巧妙结合溶剂固定化和膜分离技术,使用S.cerevisiae GIV2009进行2-PE发酵,最终2-PE浓度提高到5.6 g/L,是使用单相时的1.47倍[49]。虽然溶液固定化的综合性能优于液-液萃取技术,但是用于固定化的胶囊会增加实验成本,使2-PE的产出过程复杂化。
有机渗透汽化是一种膜分离技术,在膜分离过程中,通过一层致密的无孔膜能将培养基中对细胞有毒害作用的2-PE从气相中分离出来,从而减少细胞所受的2-PE毒害。在有机渗透汽化装置装有聚辛基甲基硅氧烷(polyoctyl methylsiloxane, POMS)膜,将酵母分批培养获得了2.2 g/L和1.3 g/L的双倍2-PE浓度[35]。然而,这些无孔膜溶液容易受到外界环境的污染,因此研究人员仍需寻求更加合适的,能更好地将2-PE从气相中分离出来的膜材料。
通过人工筛选、诱变育种、原生质体融合和基因重组等菌株选育技术可提升酵母对2-PE的耐受性(表3)。
通常来说,人工筛选是人为将酵母细胞暴露于不同浓度的2-PE的培养环境,通过观察细胞生长情况筛选出2-PE耐受性高的酵母菌株。Eshkol等[48]选育出具有2-PE胁迫耐受能力较强的酿酒酵母菌株,在摇瓶发酵条件下2-PE产量为4.5 g/L。此外,还可以直接筛选具有产2-PE能力的酵母菌株。2013年Celińska等[50]第一次筛选出具有产2-PE能力的解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica) NCYC3825,并且在没有优化培养基的情况下发酵时,2-PE产量高达2.0 g/L。Eshkol等[48]在具有多重压力抗性表型的酵母菌株中,筛选出既能耐热又对2.5 g/L以上2-PE浓度有耐受性的酵母菌株S.cerevisiae Ye9-612,其2-PE产量相较于原始菌株提高了1.6倍。Xia等[31]通过实验室适应性进化(adaptive laboratory evolution, ALE),以S.cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D为出发菌株,通过常压室温等离子诱变(atmospheric and room temperature plasma, ARTP)结合不同浓度2-PE平板筛选,最终筛选出了能耐受3.5 g/L 2-PE的S.cerevisiae 19-2。此外,也可直接筛选天然具有较高2-PE合成能力的菌株。2020年,Yan等[51]首次分离出能耐受高浓度2-PE的季也蒙毕赤酵母(Meyerozyma guilliermondii) YLG18,其经ISPR后最终可产生3.2 g/L 2-PE。2023年Tian等[52]首次从米酒中筛选出能耐受2-PE的异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)菌株,其2-PE合成量高达4.7 g/L。Dai等[17]从辣椒酱中筛选出了具有较强2-PE合成能力的鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii) M2013310,其能利用l-Phe合成3.6 g/L的2-PE。可见在上述菌株中,W.anomalus菌株天生具有较高2-PE合成能力;经适应性进化后,酿酒酵母能获得较高的2-PE耐受性。
当紫外线照射酵母菌体时,酵母基因组上的各基因会发生随机突变,此时研究人员可对各种突变的酵母品系进行筛选,也就是紫外诱变育种技术。2008年,崔志峰等[9]用紫外诱变等策略对酿酒酵母进行诱变育种,获得了S.cerevisiae CWY132-10菌株,其2-PE耐受性能较原始菌株提升50%。梅建凤等[37,39]通过紫外诱变合成2-PE能力较高的酿酒酵母,获得能够产生高达5.4 g/L的2-PE的突变菌株S.cerevisiae BD-25-39。徐峥等[53]通过紫外诱变酿酒酵母AS2.516,获得2-PE耐受性和合成能力均提升的菌株,其2-PE合成量可达3.6 g/L。除此之外,化学诱变也是一种常用的诱变技术,常用于诱变酵母菌株并使其获得较高2-PE合成能力的化学诱变剂为对氟苯丙氨酸。Kim等[54]获得了一株马克思克鲁维酵母的抗对氟苯丙氨酸抗性突变体,在培养基中无l-Phe的情况下,该突变体可摄取20 g/L葡萄糖产生1.3 g/L的2-PE。
原生质体融合技术的原理是,以两种互补的营养缺陷型子代菌株作为用于融合的供体和受体,经原生质体处理并融合形成融合子,以特定的基因标记筛选融合子。王航等[55]研究发现,通过对菌株FD0419进行诱变和原生质体融合,可筛选获得2-PE产量达2.5 g/L的菌株R-UV3。林路成等[56]研究发现,通过将酿酒酵母LSC-1、NGER和S.C-1原生质体融合,并利用CRISPR/Cas9将融合菌株RH2-16的CDC25基因突变,可筛得2-PE产量达4.5 g/L的菌株。可见基因工程育种与原生质体融合技术有机结合可使2-PE产量显著提升。
基因重组技术可用于提升酵母最大2-PE产量,而酵母产生2-PE的最高浓度也反映了酵母对2-PE的耐受性。由于艾氏途径通路小,能量损耗低,受大多数研究者的青睐。陈荟羽[57]在酿酒酵母中引入异源苯乙烯衍生途径(PAL2-FDC1-SMO-SOI),使其与艾氏途径共表达,此时2-PE产量可达233.0 mg/L;而后,在此基础上增强l-Phe转运,最后2-PE产量高达680.0 mg/L。S.cerevisiae S288C在过表达ARO8ARO10基因后,合成2-PE的最大产量高达2.6 g/L,是原始菌株的1.4倍[58]。Chen等[59]在过表达工业酵母MT2来源的GAP1基因后,芳香族氨基酸的转运量得到显著提升,这致使工程菌的最大2-PE产量显著提升为原始菌株的1.3倍。在最佳发酵条件下,人工构建的菌株S.cerevisiae YS58 (G1-A8-A10-A2)-GDH在5 L发酵罐中的2-PE合成产量达到6.3 g/L,该工程菌包含了苯丙酮酸脱羧酶Aro10、转氨酶Aro8、l-Phe转运体Gap1、谷氨酸脱氢酶Gdh2和醇脱氢酶Adh2等用于提升2-PE产量的重要元件,其l-Phe转化率高达95%[60]。Kim等[44]S.cerevisiae W303-1B中使基因ARO80ARO9ARO10高表达;同时敲除乙醛脱氢酶基因ALD3,此种方法所得工程菌在SC培养基2-PE最高产量是对照菌的6倍。Gu等[61]Y.lipolytica中过表达EcoacnAYlODCGapY3YLARO10YLPAR4YLIDP2,并敲除DGA1DGA2ylPHA2ylALD2,3,最终使2-PE产量显著提升为对照菌株的4.2倍。上述研究表明,适当外源添加l-Phe及增加l-Phe的摄入量或转运量,可以有效增强酵母利用艾氏途径生成2-PE的效率。此外,酵母利用莽草酸途径产2-PE也有巨大的研究价值。Shen等[62]发现,对酿酒酵母YPH499进行ARO10高表达和敲除ADH1,所得工程菌通过莽草酸途径代谢可合成96.0 mg/L的2-PE。Hassing等[63]构建了一株能高产2-PE的营养缺陷型酿酒酵母菌株,其2-PE最高产量可达13.0 mmol/L,这是目前酿酒酵母莽草酸途径的最高产量。Gu等[64]Y.lipolytica YL35的基因ylPAR4ylARO10ylARO7ylPHA2scARO7G141S进行过表达,并敲除ylPYK,所得工程菌可以葡萄糖为底物合成高达2.4 g/L的2-PE,为目前酵母利用莽草酸途径合成2-PE的最高产量。在微生物育种中灵活应用基因重组技术,极大地变革了科研工作者菌株选育工作的技术方法和育种路线,加速菌种改良和改造的新局面的形成。
上述几种技术虽然分别都能极大提升酵母菌株2-PE耐受性,使2-PE合成量最大化,但仍然存在局限性,例如基因工程育种需要知晓某个基因的具体功能,才能进行定向基因改造;人工筛选需要庞大的人力物力需求;诱变育种具有极高的随机性;原生质体融合需要两菌株均为营养缺陷型。只有将人工筛选、诱变育种、原生质体融合和基因工程育种任意几种有机结合起来,取长补短,才有可能获得耐受更高浓度2-PE并且2-PE产量更高的酵母菌株,例如先通过人工筛选选择耐受2-PE性能较好的酵母菌株,而后对其进行诱变育种,筛选出高产2-PE并能耐受高浓度2-PE的酵母菌株,进一步对其进行基因改造以实现2-PE产量提升,最后与另一高2-PE耐受性能的缺陷型酵母菌株进行原生质体融合,得到集2-PE高产与高耐受性能于一身的最优酵母菌株。
截至目前,酵母2-PE耐受性方面的研究有很多,但大多数研究都着眼于应用研究,例如利用优化培养条件、改变培养基成分以及微生物选育等手段使酿酒酵母耐受2-PE的能力得到大幅提升,但在经济上仍不具备工业化的可行性,且酵母2-PE耐受性核心机理仍然不明。酵母细胞的2-PE耐受性受多种基因的相互作用影响,而各基因之间的联系同样具有错综复杂的特点,这就意味着人们仍然面临着揭示酵母菌耐受2-PE的分子机制这一巨大难题。
目前,基因组学、蛋白质组学以及细胞代谢工程已经深入微生物研究的各个领域。其中代谢工程改造对于提升酵母合成2-PE能力,提高酵母2-PE耐受性都至关重要,例如,研究者可以通过基因工程手段突变关键酶解除反馈抑制;通过转运体工程增强转运蛋白活性使前体转运增多;通过酶工程手段提升酶活性;还可以利用某些其他手段干扰副产物的合成。此外,科学家还能在菌株中引入耐受因子或改造2-PE代谢途径,增强酵母细胞2-PE耐受性及2-PE合成能力,以期得到较好的产2-PE酵母菌株。相信研究者们能发挥出这些先进手段的最大作用,从而获得更多更有价值的2-PE耐受相关基因信息。
酿酒酵母2-PE耐受性分子机理仍然是现今研究酵母2-PE耐受性的焦点和热点,在研究者们的不懈努力下,酵母2-PE耐受的分子机制逐步明朗,这将指导人们获得耐受更高浓度2-PE和2-PE产量更高的酵母菌株。研究酵母2-PE耐受最终目的是实现酵母菌的生物转化效率的提升。相信在不久的将来,酵母2-PE的耐受机理将越来越明朗,提升酵母2-PE耐受性的方法将越来越多样。
值得注意的是,在工业生产过程中酵母不可能只受到一种胁迫,除了受到2-PE胁迫外,还会受到其他胁迫的影响,例如乙醇、高糖、高盐和高温等,它们之间也会存在一定的联系。因此,在研究2-PE胁迫时也需要关注其他胁迫影响。单一胁迫及其交叉关联性的研究能有助于解释酵母工业生产中的耐受性,为选育工业生产中应对多种胁迫都能产生较高耐受性的优选菌株提供了重要保障。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31871789)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41876114)
  • 湖北省科技攻关计划(2020BGC010)
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2024年第64卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230599
  • 接收时间:2023-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-22
  • 录用日期:2024-01-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871789)
国家自然科学基金(31871789)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41876114)
国家自然科学基金(41876114)
Science and Technology Project of Hubei Province(2020BGC010)
湖北省科技攻关计划(2020BGC010)
作者信息
    湖北工业大学生物工程与食品学院 工业发酵省部共建协同创新中心 发酵工程教育部重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430068

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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