Article(id=1241356318741689065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230699, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699891200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1706025600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-24, onlineDate=1773892009673, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1712160000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892009673, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892009673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892009673, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241356311292605058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='4', pageStart='981', pageEnd='1321', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892007897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892637358, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1274, endPage=1288, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241356320188723962, articleId=1241356318741689065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, whole genome sequencing, and comparative genomic analysis ofAcidithiobacillus strain M4-422-6, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] The isolation and comparative genomic analysis ofAcidithiobacillus capable of oxidizing sulfur will enrich our knowledge about not only sulfur-oxidizing bacterial strains but also the molecular evolution and ecological adaptation mechanisms ofAcidithiobacillus. [Methods] The medium with sodium thiosulfate as the sole energy source was used to isolate the strain capable of oxidizing sulfur, which was followed by Illumina HiSeq X and Oxford Nanopore sequencing of strain M4-422-6. Bioinformatics tools were used for sequence assembly and gene annotation, and the comparative genomic analysis was performed withIgnacidithiobacilluscopahuensis VAN18-1. [Results] AnAcidithiobacillus strain M4-422-6 capable of oxidizing sulfur was isolated. The genome annotation results showed that the genome of strain M4-422-6 consisted of one chromosome and two plasmids, with a length of 2 917 823 bp and G+C content of 58.54%, encoding a total of 2 925 proteins. The 16S rRNA gene sequence and the phylogenetic tree built by the type (strain) genome server (TYGS) revealed that strain M4-422-6 represented a novel species ofAcidithiobacillus. Functional gene annotation showed that strain M4-422-6 carried numerous genes involved in sulfur oxidation, CO2 fixation, and acid resistance. The comparative genomic analysis revealed that although strain M4-422-6 had the closest genetic relationship withIgnacidithiobacilluscopahuensis VAN18-1, and the two strains possessed numerous different genes, which were mainly involved in phage resistance and mobile element encoding. [Conclusion] Strain M4-422-6 represents a novel species ofAcidithiobacillus and has unique genes that are not present in strains of the same species. Therefore, we hypothesize that the intra-species differentiation ofAcidithiobacillus can be attributed to adaptation to specific niches.

, correspAuthors=Jigang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CHEN Jigang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tiantian YU, Ying XU, Jiafan JIN, Sidong ZHU, Jifang YANG, Jigang CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241356322453648318, articleId=1241356318741689065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一株嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6的分离及其全基因组测序和比较基因组学分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】开展具有硫氧化能力的嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus)的分离及其比较基因组学分析,不仅可以丰富硫氧化细菌菌种资源,而且有助于加深理解嗜酸硫杆菌的分子进化与生态适应机制。【方法】利用以硫代硫酸钠为唯一能源的培养基分离具有硫氧化能力的细菌;利用Illumina HiSeq X和Oxford Nanopore测序平台对一株嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6进行全基因组测序;利用相关生物信息学分析软件对原始数据进行组装和基因组注释,并与一株亲缘关系最近的菌株Igneacidithiobacillus copahuensis VAN18-1进行比较基因组学分析。【结果】分离获得一株具有硫氧化能力的嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6。基因组注释结果显示,菌株M4-422-6基因组由1个染色体和2个质粒组成,基因组大小为2 917 823 bp,G+C含量为58.54%,共编码2 925个蛋白。16S rRNA基因和基因组系统发育树显示,菌株M4-422-6代表嗜酸硫杆菌属的一个潜在新种。功能基因注释结果显示,菌株Acidithiobacillus sp. M4-422-6拥有与菌株特性相关的众多基因,包括硫氧化相关基因、CO2固定相关基因和耐酸相关基因。比较基因组学分析发现,虽然菌株M4-422-6与VAN18-1的亲缘关系最近,但两者仍拥有众多的差异基因,主要包括噬菌体抗性相关基因和移动元件编码基因。【结论】菌株M4-422-6代表嗜酸硫杆菌属的一个潜在新种,该菌株具有同种内菌株所不具有的特有基因,并据此推测嗜酸硫杆菌种内分化可归因于对特定生态位的适应。

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year=2012, volume=22, issue=6, pageStart=399, pageEnd=407, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BUSTAMANTE P, COVARRUBIAS PC, LEVICÁN G, KATZ A, TAPIA P, HOLMES D, QUATRINI R, ORELLANA O.ICE Afe 1, an actively excising genetic element from the biomining bacteriumAcidithiobacillusferrooxidans[J].Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology,2012,22(6):399-407., articleTitle=ICE Afe 1, an actively excising genetic element from the biomining bacteriumAcidithiobacillusferrooxidans, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241444642684719747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=169, issue=10, pageStart=628, pageEnd=637, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=Research in Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=COVARRUBIAS PC, MOYA-BELTRÁN A, ATAVALES J, MOYA-FLORES F, TAPIA PS, ACUÑA LG, SPINELLI S, QUATRINI R.Occurrence, integrity and functionality of AcaML1-like viruses infecting extreme acidophiles of theAcidithiobacillus species complex[J].Research in Microbiology,2018,169(10):628-637., articleTitle=Occurrence, integrity and functionality of AcaML1-like viruses infecting extreme acidophiles of theAcidithiobacillus species complex, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241444632610001156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, awardId=CX2022029, language=EN, fundingSource=First-class Discipline of Biological Engineering of Zhejiang Province(CX2022029), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444632723247371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, awardId=CX2022029, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省生物工程一流学科创新基金(CX2022029), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241444625022505913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, companyId=1241444625005728694, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江万里学院生物与环境学院, 浙江 宁波 315100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241444629745291410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Transmission (A) and scanning (B) electron micrographs of strain M4-422-6., figureFileSmall=fVXoyE/aLKg3bnp6M1FpYA==, figureFileBig=SMGV57HD8PYKO3RgTdihPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444629850149018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株M4-422-6细胞透射电子显微镜(A)和扫描电子显微镜(B)观察, figureFileSmall=fVXoyE/aLKg3bnp6M1FpYA==, figureFileBig=SMGV57HD8PYKO3RgTdihPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444629984366759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Analysis of sulfur oxidation capacity of strain M4-422-6. All treatments were performed in duplicate, and error bars are standard deviations of the means. Most error bars are within the size of the symbol., figureFileSmall=JltpQLkjOSYf0C+aus2ujA==, figureFileBig=Z8FUw6KUBShRfw8C5pncoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444630076641455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株M4-422-6单质硫氧化能力分析, figureFileSmall=JltpQLkjOSYf0C+aus2ujA==, figureFileBig=Z8FUw6KUBShRfw8C5pncoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444630173110455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Genomic circle of strain M4-422-6. The first and fourth circles of the circle diagram from outside to inside represent coding sequence (CDS) on positive and negative chains, with different colors representing different COG functional classifications; The second and third circles are CDS, tRNA, and rRNA on the positive and negative chains, respectively; The fifth circle represents G+C content; The sixth circle represents G+C skew values, and the innermost circle represents genome size markers., figureFileSmall=qLzE63lThpa9vdBz8iF5Mg==, figureFileBig=hujFRD14ZPzeRcIdiSXb0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444630294745280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株M4-422-6基因组圈图, figureFileSmall=qLzE63lThpa9vdBz8iF5Mg==, figureFileBig=hujFRD14ZPzeRcIdiSXb0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444630412185802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Predictive cartoon diagram of carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and sulfur metabolism in strain M4-422-6. CBB cycle: Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle; 3-PGA: 3-phosphoglycerate; G-3-P: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; R-5-P: Ribulose-5-phosphate; RuBP: Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate; PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate; 2-OG: Oxoglutarate; RISCs: Reduced inorganic sulfur compounds; APS: Adenylyl sufate; RSH: Persulfide sulfur; RSSH: Hydropersulfides; Rubisco: Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; OMPs: Outer membrane proteins; SOX: Sulfur oxidation system; HDR: Heterodisulfide reductase; CA: Carbonic anhydrase;pgk: Gene of phosphoglycerate kinase;gapA: Gene of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatedehydrogenase;gpmL: Gene of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase;eno: Gene of enolase;fbaA: Gene of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase;tpiA: Gene of triosephosphate isomerase;fbp: Gene of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase;tktA: Gene of transketolase;rpe: Gene of ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase;prkB: Gene of phosphoribulokinase;pyk: Gene of pyruvate kinase;pdhA: Gene of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit;aceF: Gene of pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 component;acs: Gene of acetyl-CoA synthase;gltA: Gene of citrate synthase;acnA: Gene of aconitate hydratase;icd: Gene of isocitrate dehydrogenase;amt: Gene of ammonium transporter;narK: Gene of MFS transporter;nasA: Gene of assimilatory nitrate reductase catalytic subunit;nirB: Gene nitrite reductase (NADH) large subunit;nirD: Gene nitrite reductase (NADH) small subunit;glnA: Gene of glutamine synthetase;gltB: Gene of glutamate synthase (NADPH) large chain;sqr: Gene of sulfide quinone oxidoreductase;sat: Gene of sulfate adenylyl transferase;doxDA: Gene of thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TQO);tetH: Gene of tetrathionate hydrolase;rhd: Gene of rhodanese., figureFileSmall=XCLnB29ruxNejjbK/XzgDw==, figureFileBig=kkEpm7LFzvd7XwvcCA6EHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444630533820627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株M4-422-6碳氮和硫代谢预测模式图, figureFileSmall=XCLnB29ruxNejjbK/XzgDw==, figureFileBig=kkEpm7LFzvd7XwvcCA6EHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444630659649760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Predictive model of acid resistance mechanismin strain M4-422-6. SLPs: Outer membrane lipoproteins; NlpC: C40 family peptidase; CoaD: Pantetheine-phosphate adenylyltransferase; BamD: Outer membrane protein assembly factor; PstAC: Phosphate ABC transporter permease; PstS: Phosphate transport system substrate-binding protein; PstB: Phosphate ABC transporter ATP-binding protein; PhoU: Phosphate signaling complex protein; PhoB: Phosphate regulon response regulator; PhoR: Phosphate regulon sensor histidine kinase; AdiC: Amino acid permease;CA: Carbonic anhydrase; PanD: Aspartate 1-decarboxylase; SpeA: Arginine decarboxylase; SpeD: Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; SpeE: Spermidine synthase; AguB: N-carbamoylputrescine amidase; AguA: Agmatine deiminase family protein; KfiCD: Glycosyltransferase; KpsE: Capsule biosynthesis protein; KpsMT: Capsular polysaccharide transport system permease; Wza: Polysaccharide biosynthesis/export protein; Wzz: Polysaccharide biosynthesis tyrosine autokinase; Wzx: Oligosaccharide flippase family protein; Wzb: Protein-tyrosine phosphatase; WbaP: Undecaprenyl-phosphate galactose phosphotransferase; Lpt: Lipopolysaccharide transport protein; MsbA: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter; TrkA: Voltage-gated potassium channel protein; ClcA: H+/Cl antiporter; NhaA: Na+/H+ antiporter; NhaP: Monovalent cation:H+ antiporter; KefB: Monovalent cation:H+ antiporter; KdpABCF: An oligomeric K+ transport complex; KdpD: Membrane-bound histidine kinase sensor; KdpE: Cytoplasmic response regulator; HpnFGAIJKNLHMB: Hopanoid biosynthesis protein; Sqs: Squalene synthase; GABA: Glutamate/γ-aminobutyric acid; GadB: Glutamic acid decarboxylase., figureFileSmall=aq/hNwnyOH+2rykfCNux4A==, figureFileBig=RMaWmGVMKm80f0h5pD0qqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444630764507366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株M4-422-6耐酸机制预测模型, figureFileSmall=aq/hNwnyOH+2rykfCNux4A==, figureFileBig=RMaWmGVMKm80f0h5pD0qqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444630877753580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356318741689065, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Phylogenomic tree based on genome sequences in the TYGS tree inferred with FasrMe 2.1.6.1[34] from genome BLAST distance phylogeny approach (GBDP); distances calculated from genome sequence. The branch lengths are scaled in terms of GBDP distance formula d5. The numbers above brances are GBDP pseudo-bootstrap support values >50.0% from 100 replications. The tree was rooted at the midpoint[34]. 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一株嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6的分离及其全基因组测序和比较基因组学分析
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俞添天 , 徐莹 , 金佳凡 , 朱四东 , 杨季芳 , 陈吉刚 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(4): 1274-1288
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(4): 1274-1288
一株嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6的分离及其全基因组测序和比较基因组学分析
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俞添天, 徐莹, 金佳凡, 朱四东, 杨季芳, 陈吉刚*
作者信息
  • 浙江万里学院生物与环境学院, 浙江 宁波 315100
Isolation, whole genome sequencing, and comparative genomic analysis ofAcidithiobacillus strain M4-422-6
Tiantian YU, Ying XU, Jiafan JIN, Sidong ZHU, Jifang YANG, Jigang CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230699
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【目的】开展具有硫氧化能力的嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus)的分离及其比较基因组学分析,不仅可以丰富硫氧化细菌菌种资源,而且有助于加深理解嗜酸硫杆菌的分子进化与生态适应机制。【方法】利用以硫代硫酸钠为唯一能源的培养基分离具有硫氧化能力的细菌;利用Illumina HiSeq X和Oxford Nanopore测序平台对一株嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6进行全基因组测序;利用相关生物信息学分析软件对原始数据进行组装和基因组注释,并与一株亲缘关系最近的菌株Igneacidithiobacillus copahuensis VAN18-1进行比较基因组学分析。【结果】分离获得一株具有硫氧化能力的嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6。基因组注释结果显示,菌株M4-422-6基因组由1个染色体和2个质粒组成,基因组大小为2 917 823 bp,G+C含量为58.54%,共编码2 925个蛋白。16S rRNA基因和基因组系统发育树显示,菌株M4-422-6代表嗜酸硫杆菌属的一个潜在新种。功能基因注释结果显示,菌株Acidithiobacillus sp. M4-422-6拥有与菌株特性相关的众多基因,包括硫氧化相关基因、CO2固定相关基因和耐酸相关基因。比较基因组学分析发现,虽然菌株M4-422-6与VAN18-1的亲缘关系最近,但两者仍拥有众多的差异基因,主要包括噬菌体抗性相关基因和移动元件编码基因。【结论】菌株M4-422-6代表嗜酸硫杆菌属的一个潜在新种,该菌株具有同种内菌株所不具有的特有基因,并据此推测嗜酸硫杆菌种内分化可归因于对特定生态位的适应。

硫氧化细菌  /  嗜酸硫杆菌  /  基因组测序  /  比较基因组学分析

[Objective] The isolation and comparative genomic analysis ofAcidithiobacillus capable of oxidizing sulfur will enrich our knowledge about not only sulfur-oxidizing bacterial strains but also the molecular evolution and ecological adaptation mechanisms ofAcidithiobacillus. [Methods] The medium with sodium thiosulfate as the sole energy source was used to isolate the strain capable of oxidizing sulfur, which was followed by Illumina HiSeq X and Oxford Nanopore sequencing of strain M4-422-6. Bioinformatics tools were used for sequence assembly and gene annotation, and the comparative genomic analysis was performed withIgnacidithiobacilluscopahuensis VAN18-1. [Results] AnAcidithiobacillus strain M4-422-6 capable of oxidizing sulfur was isolated. The genome annotation results showed that the genome of strain M4-422-6 consisted of one chromosome and two plasmids, with a length of 2 917 823 bp and G+C content of 58.54%, encoding a total of 2 925 proteins. The 16S rRNA gene sequence and the phylogenetic tree built by the type (strain) genome server (TYGS) revealed that strain M4-422-6 represented a novel species ofAcidithiobacillus. Functional gene annotation showed that strain M4-422-6 carried numerous genes involved in sulfur oxidation, CO2 fixation, and acid resistance. The comparative genomic analysis revealed that although strain M4-422-6 had the closest genetic relationship withIgnacidithiobacilluscopahuensis VAN18-1, and the two strains possessed numerous different genes, which were mainly involved in phage resistance and mobile element encoding. [Conclusion] Strain M4-422-6 represents a novel species ofAcidithiobacillus and has unique genes that are not present in strains of the same species. Therefore, we hypothesize that the intra-species differentiation ofAcidithiobacillus can be attributed to adaptation to specific niches.

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria  /  Acidithiobacillus  /  genome sequencing  /  comparative genomic analysis
俞添天, 徐莹, 金佳凡, 朱四东, 杨季芳, 陈吉刚. 一株嗜酸硫杆菌M4-422-6的分离及其全基因组测序和比较基因组学分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (4) : 1274 -1288 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230699
Tiantian YU, Ying XU, Jiafan JIN, Sidong ZHU, Jifang YANG, Jigang CHEN. Isolation, whole genome sequencing, and comparative genomic analysis ofAcidithiobacillus strain M4-422-6[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (4) : 1274 -1288 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230699
嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus)成员是目前研究最广泛的极端嗜酸原核生物之一[1]。它们广泛分布在陆地或海洋的酸性含硫环境中,包括土壤、沉积物、温泉、铁硫矿床和酸性矿山排水系统,它们不仅参与了酸性栖息地的形成和水体的酸化过程,还在铁和/或硫的生物地球化学循环中发挥至关重要的作用[2]。嗜酸硫杆菌属成员均为严格嗜酸菌,且都能催化含硫化合物的异化氧化,其中一些成员还能以分子氧作为电子受体,通过氧化亚铁来获得能量。嗜酸硫杆菌所具备的这些综合生理性状使它们成为生物冶金和生物采矿中最活跃的细菌,而且在解决重金属和无机硫化合物造成的环境污染问题方面也显示出巨大的应用价值[3-5]。就基础研究而言,嗜酸硫杆菌是研究酸性条件下化能自养能量转化反应和途径的模式菌[6]。近期,对嗜酸硫杆菌细胞色素氧化酶的研究为细菌有氧呼吸的进化提供了关键的见解[7]
自第一株嗜酸硫杆菌被成功分离并命名以来,来源于各种环境的嗜酸硫杆菌数量不断增加[8]。许多嗜酸硫杆菌分离株[9]和克隆[10]已被分配到不同的系统发育亚群或基因组型中[11],其中一些可能代表新的分类单元[12]。目前,嗜酸硫杆菌属包括9个有效命名种(https://lpsn.dsmz.de/search?word=Acidithiobacillus),其中嗜酸性氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillusthiooxidans)[13]A.albertensis[14]、嗜酸性喜温硫杆菌(A.caldus)[15]A.sulfurphilus[16]这4个种能够将单质硫和还原态无机硫化合物的氧化与分子氧偶联。其他5个物种,包括嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)[17]、耐冷嗜酸硫杆菌(A.ferrivorans)[18]A.ferridurans[19]、铁氧化嗜酸硫杆菌(A.ferriphilus)[20]A.ferrianus[21],还能够以亚铁作为电子供体(有氧时)或铁作为电子受体,并在无氧时偶联硫的氧化。此外,嗜酸硫杆菌还普遍存在以氢为电子供体,以氧或铁为电子受体进行生长的能力[22]。尽管嗜酸硫杆菌属中的一些成员具有优良的生理特征,但仍存在未获得纯培养种群或其具体的分类地位不清,导致对它们的代谢特性知之甚少[23]
嗜酸硫杆菌属中各种代表菌株数量少,且代表菌株的栖息地或地理分布存在局限性[23]。然而,嗜酸硫酸杆菌的基因组可塑性极强,不同地理来源的嗜酸硫杆菌的基因组成及其数量差异较大[24]。因此,非常有必要开展不同地理来源的嗜酸硫杆菌的分离,进行分离菌株的遗传特征分析,并通过比较基因组学分析种内不同地理来源菌株的基因差异。本研究结果不但可加深对嗜酸硫杆菌生理特征的认知,而且可为嗜酸硫杆菌属成员的精细遗传谱系构建提供参考。
4号液体培养基(g/L):(NH4)2SO4 0.40,MgSO4·7H2O 0.50,CaCl2 0.25,KH2PO4 4.00,Na2S2O3·5H2O 5.00,FeSO4·7H2O 0.01,pH 4.0−4.5。KH2PO4和Na2S2O3·5H2O均采用0.22 μm滤膜过滤除菌,其余成分1×105 Pa灭菌20 min。培养基使用前加入1%溴酚蓝溶液700 μL。
4号固体培养基:在4号液体培养基中加入终浓度质量体积分数4%的琼脂粉。
单质硫(S0)培养基:将4号液体培养基中的Na2S2O3·5H2O替换为硫粉(2 g/L)。
单质硫,aladdin®公司;Na2S2O3·5H2O,Bio Basic Inc.公司;溴酚蓝,北京拜尔迪生物技术有限公司;2.5%戊二醛固定液、琼脂粉,Solarbio®公司。
菌株分离用污泥采集于宁波市新周某污水厂。无菌状态下称取样品,按照质量体积比1:100转接到4号液体培养基中,30 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养3 d,培养期间定期观察培养基的颜色变化。当培养基的颜色由蓝色变为黄色时,取菌液用无菌水进行10倍梯度稀释至10−7,将每一个梯度稀释液涂布至4号固体培养基表面,30 ℃恒温培养3−8 d。培养期间不定期观察菌落周围颜色变化,挑选菌落周围有黄色晕圈,且菌落特征存在差异的单菌落划线接种至4号固体培养基,待菌落长出后再进行平板划线分离纯化2−3代。
挑取单菌落置于含有50 μL无菌水的EP管中,12 000 r/min离心5 min后吹打混匀,作为PCR扩增模板。利用细菌通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)[25],参照陈婷等[26]报道的方法进行菌株16S rRNA基因PCR扩增与单端测序。将有效16S rRNA基因序列提交EzBioClould云平台[27]进行菌株的比对。根据比对结果,选取隶属于嗜酸硫杆菌属的一株潜在新菌M4-422-6,进行全长16S rRNA基因序列扩增、测序与同源比对分析。利用MEGA 7.0[28]构建16S rRNA基因系统发育树,采用邻位加入法(neighbor-joining),Kimur双参数模型(Kimura 2-parameter model),1 000次自展(bootstrap)来评估所建进化树的准确性。
取对数生长期的细菌培养物进行革兰氏染色后,在光学显微镜下观察细胞的显微形态。将对数生长期的菌液以1%的接种量接种至S0培养基中,并在培养基中加入粒径较大的硫颗粒,30 °C、80 r/min培养至细菌对数生长期。从培养液中取出硫颗粒,30 ℃静置24 h,用2.5%戊二醛固定液固定后,使用扫描电镜观察细胞的超显微形态。收集在S0培养基中处于对数生长期的细菌培养物,4 500 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,用2.5%戊二醛固定液固定细胞,制备超薄切片,使用扫描电镜观察细胞的内部超显微结构。
挑取经4号培养基平板活化的单菌落,接种至4号液体培养基中,30 °C、180 r/min培养至细菌对数生长期,取培养液按1%的接种量接种至6个起始pH值(1.8、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5)的S0培养基中,30 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养6 d后,测定培养液的OD600值。
取处于对数生长期的培养液,按体积比1:100接种至S0培养基中,30 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养,定时取多份培养液,分光光度计测定菌液的OD600值;离心取上清,分别采用碘量法[29]、硫酸钡比浊法[30]和亚甲基蓝分光光度法[31]测定上清液中的S2O32−、SO42−、S2−离子浓度。
取在S0培养基中处于对数生长期的菌液, 8 000 r/min离心5 min收集细胞,提取菌株基因组DNA,委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行菌株的测序、组装与在线云平台注释。
基于EzBioClould云平台的16S rRNA基因序列比对结果,选取隶属于嗜酸硫杆菌属,且在NCBI数据库中已公开基因组序列的模式菌株,包括A.albertensis DSM14366T (GCA_001931655.1)、A.caldus ATCC51756T (GCA_000175575.2)、A.concretivorus ATCC19703T (GCA_018853445.1)、A.ferrianus MGT (GCA_010378095.1)、A.ferridurans JCM18981T (GCA_003966655.1)、A.ferriphilus DSMZ100412T (GCA_018854775.1)、A.ferrivorans DSM22755T (GCA_018853935.1)、A.ferrooxidans ATCC23270T (GCA_000021485.1)、A.sulfuriphilus CJ-2T (GCA_003721225.1)、A.thiooxidans ATCC19377T (GCA_009662475.1)和Igneacidithiobacilluscopahuensis VAN18-1 (GCA_018854015.1)。使用JSpeciseWS (https://jspecies.ribohost.com/jspeciesws/)和GGDC (https://ggdc.dsmz.de/)平台计算菌株M4-422-6与以上各菌株基组间的平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)[32]和数字DNA-DNA杂交值(digital DNA-DNA hybridization,dDDH)[33]。使用模式(菌株)基因组服务器[type (strain) genome server, TYGS] (https://www.dsmz.de/services/online-tools/tygs)[34],确定基于基因组水平上的菌株M4-422-6的分类地位。将M4-422-6基因组提交至JGI IMG数据库(https://img.jgi.doe.gov/)进行基因组注释,继而采用JGI数据库中的相关软件进行比较基因组学分析。
基于KEGG数据库中的硫代谢(sulfur metabolism)通路注释结果,获得菌株M4-422-6的单质硫和无机硫化合物氧化相关基因;基于碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism)和碳固定(carbon fixation)通路注释结果,获得菌株M4-422-6的碳代谢相关基因;利用已知的与嗜酸菌抗酸机制相关的基因[35]进行同源比对搜索,获得与菌株M4-422-6耐酸性状相关的基因,并绘制该菌株的耐酸机制预测模型。
利用Na2S2O3为能源物质的4号培养基,分离获得能够使培养基发生颜色变化的一株细菌,将其命名M4-422-6。EzBioClould云平台同源比对结果显示,菌株M4-422-6的16S rRNA基因序列(GenBank登录号:OR958617)与模式菌株A.caldus ATCC51756T的一致性最高(95.0%),低于种间界限域值(97.0%)。此外,基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的遗传进化树显示,菌株M4-422-6在进化树中形成一个独立分支(图略)。
透射电镜观察结果显示(图1A),菌株M4-422-6细胞具有多层膜结构,以及胞内可见多个膜包裹的多角体,其内含有呈中等电子密度的颗粒,这些形态特征符合羧酶体的形态特征。此外,胞质内还可见深染的黑色颗粒聚集体,这些结构很可能是胞内贮藏物。扫描电镜显示细胞吸附在硫颗粒表面,以及在多处细菌吸附位点和无菌附着的硫颗粒表面均可见凹陷,这些凹陷可能是由细菌对单质硫的氧化作用所导致(图1B)。此外,细胞间及细胞表面可见丝状结构(图1B),这些结构可能是细胞分泌的胞外聚合物,以增强细胞间的联系和加强细胞对颗粒硫的固着作用。
耐酸能力检测结果显示,菌株M4-422-6在pH值为1.8−4.5的S0培养基中均能良好生长(图略)。单质硫氧化能力检测结果显示,菌株M4-422-6能够有效地氧化单质硫,且在氧化过程中形成硫代硫酸和硫酸,但几乎不产生H2S (图2)。
菌株M4-422-6的基因组由1个环状染色体(GenBank登录号:CP136767),以及pLA (GenBank登录号:CP13676)和pLB (GenBank登录号:CP136769)两个质粒组成(图3),基因组大小2 917 823 bp,G+C含量为58.54%。从基因组中的边缘GC偏斜变异以及dnaAdnaN基因的定位中鉴定出染色体的复制的假定起点。基因组注释出的2个rRNA操作子、47个tRNA基因和19个sRNA均位于染色体。菌株M4-422-6基因组共编码2 925个蛋白,编码基 因总长度为2 712 369 bp,占基因组总长度的92.96%。2 925个编码蛋白中,可预测功能的蛋白数量为2 466个,其中1 701个蛋白可被KEGG注释。这些可被KEGG通路注释的蛋白中,隶属于代谢碳水化合物代谢通路的蛋白数量最多(239个),其次依次为能量代谢(168个)、氨基酸代谢(161个)、辅因子和维生素代谢(118个)、信号转导(96个)、复制和修复(87个),以及膜运输(69个)。此外,菌株M4-422-6基因组共编码499个转运蛋白、699个跨膜蛋白、232个分泌蛋白、70个双组份调控系统组成蛋白和34个碳水化合物活性酶。
菌株M4-422-6能在不添加任何碳源的4号培养基中生长,提示该菌株能以空气中的CO2作为生长的唯一碳源。一些化学自养生物普遍利用经卡尔文循环(Calvin-Benson-Bassham, CBB)固定与转化CO2,其中位于胞质内的羧酶体是组成CBB的核心部件。基因组注释结果显示,菌株M4-422-6含有编码完整CBB通路的一系列基因(图4),其中包括位于同一基因簇中的羧酶体合成相关基因。进一步分析发现,菌株M4-422-6羧酶体相关基因的数量、排列顺序和方向与嗜酸硫杆菌属中的2个模式菌株(A.thiooxidans ATCC 19377TA.caldus ATCC 51756T)最为相似,即它们的羧酶体相关基因均由LysR家族调控因子编码基因cbbR、酮糖1,5二磷酸羧化酶(ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, Rubisco)编码基因、羧酶体组装蛋白编码基因、碳酸酐酶编码基因、羧酶体肽酶A和B编码基因、多个含BMC结构域蛋白的编码基因、羧酶体壳蛋白编码基因,以及细菌铁蛋白编码基因组成,并按照固定的顺序与方向排列。此外,菌株M4-422-6的羧酶体合成相关基因簇的下游含有一个不完整的质粒分离系统ParAB编码基因parA,该基因同样存在于A.thiooxidan ATCC 19377TA.caldus ATCC 51756T的羧酶体合成基因簇的下游。
基因组注释结果显示,与其他已报道的嗜酸硫杆菌属成员中央代谢途径相似,菌株M4-422-6具有完整的糖酵解途径(embden-meyerhof-parnaspathway, EMP)和磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP),以及具有不完整的“马蹄形”柠檬酸途径(citric acid pathway, TCA) (图4)。此外,菌株M4-422-6基因组编码多个推定碳水化合物转运蛋白,包括4个OprD家族外膜孔蛋白、1个糖类ABC转运蛋白和10个主要协助转运蛋白超家族(major facilitator superfamily, MFS)转运蛋白。
基因组分析表明,菌株M4-422-6基因组中含有一个负责氨摄取和利用的基因簇,其中含有一个氨转运蛋白编码基因amt、一个Ⅰ类谷氨酰胺酰胺基转移酶编码基因yfeJ、2个P-Ⅱ调节蛋白编码基因glnBglnK,以及一个I型谷氨酰胺合酶编码基因glnA (图4)。此外,菌株M4-422-6基因组中含有一个负责硝酸盐摄取与还原的基因簇,其中包含一个硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐转运蛋白编码基因narK、一个硝酸盐还原酶编码基因nasA和亚硝酸盐还原酶复合体编码基因nirBD,据此推测该菌株能够耦合异化硝酸盐还原作用和同化硝酸盐还原作用将硝酸盐转化为氨(图4)。
菌株M4-422-6具有SOX系统和连四硫酸盐中间代谢物途径(S4I) (图4)。菌株M4-422-6的硫氧化系统(sulfur oxidation system, SOX)编码基因均为2个拷贝,该系统能够将硫代硫酸盐(S2O32−)分解为硫酸盐(SO42−)。S4I途径由硫酸盐泛醌氧化酶还原酶TQO和连四硫酸水解酶TetH组成,前者负责将S2O32−氧化成连四硫酸 盐(S₄O₆2−),而后者则负责将S₄O₆2−进一步水解成S2O32−和其他一些产物。除了SOX系统和S4I途径外,菌株M4-422-6的硫氧化系统中还包含具有H2S氧化能力的硫泛醌氧化还原酶(sulfide quinone oxidoreductase, SQR)、能够催化S0发生歧化反应的硫加氧还原酶(sulfur oxygenation reductase, SOR)、能够氧化硫烷硫原子(hydropersulfides, RSSH)的硫双加氧酶(sulfur dioxygenase, SDO)、能够将RSSH转化为硫醇(persulfide sulfur, RSH)和亚硫酸盐(SO32−)的异二硫化物还原酶复合体(heterodisulfide reductase, HdrABC)、具有硫原子转移能力的硫氰酸酶(rhodanese, RHD)和硫酸腺苷转移酶(sulfate adenosyltransferase, SAT),以及能将SO32转化为SO42−的脱氢酶复合体(sulfite dehydrogenase, SoeABC)。
菌株M4-422-6基因组编码众多与其耐酸特性相关的蛋白(图5),包括:具有细胞质缓冲功能的腐胺(putrescine)合成相关蛋白(AguBA和SpeDEA);具有质子阻断能力的水通道蛋白(aquaporin);具有控制胞外质子跨膜内流功能的膜蛋白(NlpC、BamD和CoaD);作为细胞机械防护层,具有阻止质子内流功能的荚膜多糖合成相关蛋白,包括荚膜多糖合成Kps通路相关蛋白(KfiCD和KpsEMT)、荚膜多糖合成Wzy依赖途径相关蛋白(Wzx、Wzz、Wza、Wzb和WbaP),以及荚膜多糖合成Lpt系统相关蛋白(LptABCDEF);具有增加膜内正电位的高亲和力K+转运系统Kdp (KdpABCDEF);具有调节膜流动性,维持膜完整性和渗透性功能的藿烷(hopanoid)合成相关蛋白(HpnFGAIJKNLHMB);具有质子浓度缓冲能力的磷酸盐特异性转运系统(phosphate transport system, PST)组成蛋白(PstACSB和PhoUR);具有防止内膜超极化能力的逆向转运蛋白,包括2个Cl/H+逆向转运蛋白ClcA、2个H+/K+逆向转运蛋白NhaP、1个H+/K+逆向转运蛋白KefB,以及1个Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白NhaA;具有催化胞内质子转化能力的谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamate decarboxylase, GadB);拥有碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase, CA),该酶通过催化CO2转化为HCO3以维持胞内pH稳态。
通过水平基因转移(horizontal gene transfer, HGT)事件获取基因的方式在微生物中频繁发生,这有利于微生物快速适应不断变化的环境[36]。HGT中的大部分是由可移动遗传元件促进的,这些遗传元件通常整合在tRNA基因周围,具有异常的G+C含量或不同的密码子使用偏好[37]。基因组注释结果显示,菌株M4-422-6存在15个整合酶和94个转座酶,其中94个转座酶隶属于IS3、IS4、IS5、IS21、IS66、IS256、IS408、IS630、ISL3和ISNCY 10个家族。此外,菌株M4-422-6基因组中的5个区域整合有前噬菌体相关基因序列,其中3个区域内的前噬菌体序列被预测为细纹病毒科(Siphoviridae)病毒来源,另2个前噬菌体的分类地位未知。
为了抵御噬菌体或质粒等的侵染,原核生物进化产生多种防御机制。CRISPR-Cas系统和限制-修饰(restriction-modification, R-M)系统是细菌普遍采用的两种噬菌体防御系统。菌株M4-422-6不存在CRISPR-Cas系统相关组件,但存在3种R-M系统,包括5个Ⅰ型R-M系统、2个Ⅱ型R-M系统,以及3个Ⅲ型R-M系统。除此之外,菌株M4-422-6基因组中还存在多个毒素-抗毒素(toxin-antitoxin, TA)系统,包括ChpSB(1)、MazEF(1)、YefM/YoeB(2)、ParDE(2)、StbD/RelE(1)、DinJ/YafQ(1)和RelE/ParE(1)共9个TA系统,以及14个“孤儿”毒素和抗毒素。
菌株M4-422-6与嗜酸硫杆菌属中模式菌株基因组间的ANI和dDDH最高值分别为71.4%和20.2%,明显低于种间界限的ANI和dDDH域值(95.0%和70.0%)[38-39],进一步说明菌株M4-422-6代表嗜酸硫杆菌属中的一个潜在新种。基于TYGS分析构建的系统发育树显示,菌株M4-422-6与A.caldus ATCC 51756T形成一个单独的分支(图6)。
菌株M4-422-6与Igneacidithiobacillus copahuensis VAN18-1[23]的ANI值和dDDH值最高,分别为99.2%和96.4%。比较基因组分析发现,菌株M4-422-6的编码蛋白数量和rRNA操纵子数量均多于菌株VAN18-1,后者编码2 939个蛋白,仅拥有1个rRNA操纵子。两菌株拥有 2 433个共有蛋白,氨基酸序列一致性位于60.2%−100.0%之间,其中2 000个蛋白序列同源性为100.0%,其中包括参与硫氧化通路的所有基因。菌株M4-422-6拥有特有蛋白528个(序列一致性<80.0%;e值<10−5),其中包括假定蛋白(hypothetical protein) 295个。菌株M4-422-6所拥有的特有蛋白编码序列普遍以基因簇的形式出现,其中包含所有的前噬菌体序列、2个质粒所携带的基因、10个整合酶和43个转座酶编码基因。除了含有53个特有的转座元件外,菌株M4-422-6还拥有Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型R-M系统编码基因、TA系统编码基因、染色体及质粒分离系统编码基因,以及K+转运二元信号通路系统编码基因等特有基因。菌株VAN18-1拥有特有蛋白491个(序列一致性<80.0%;e值<10−5),其中包括假定蛋白285个。菌株VAN18-1所拥有的特有蛋白编码序列也普遍以基因簇的形式出现,其中包含6个整合酶和16个转座酶编码基因。此外,菌株VAN18-1还拥有多个TA系统编码基因、染色体及质粒分离系统编码基因、肽/镍ABC转运系统编码基因、CRISPR-Cas系统编码基因、多个重金属抗性相关基因,以及荚膜多糖合成基因等特有基因。
基因组注释结果表明,菌株M4-422-6具有完整的鞭毛编码基因,但是超显微结构图片中未见鞭毛结构,其原因尚不清楚。菌株M4-422-6胞内含有羧酶体样结构,且菌株基因组中含有编码羧酶体的所有基因和完整的CBB通路,这些基因组特征与菌株能够利用空气中的CO2为唯一碳源生长的生理特征相符。
基因组注释结果表明,菌株M4-422-6的SOX系统缺失SoxCD,该“截断型” SOX系统也见于A.caldusA.thioxidansA.albertensisA.ferrivorans[6]。菌株M4-422-6的SOX系统编码基因位于soxXYZA-hp-soxBsoxB-hp-resB-soxXA (SoxII)和soxYZ这3个独立的基因簇中,而其他嗜酸硫杆菌的SOX系统编码基因则通常位于2个基因簇中[6]。基于目前已发现的嗜酸硫杆菌的SOX系统普遍缺失SoxCD这一现象,有学者提出了SoxYZ再生的两种途径,包括硫烷中间体(SoxYZ–S–S–)的硫原子切割和被硫双加氧酶氧化[40-41]。由于硫双加氧酶可将单质硫氧化为亚硫酸盐[42],因此有学者推断硫烷中间体的硫原子通过未知的机制被裂解形成单质硫,从而使SoxYZ再生[6]
基于16S rRNA基因序列和基因组水平的分类结果显示,菌株M4-422-6应代表嗜酸硫杆菌属中的一个潜在新种,且该种与建议种(proposed species)Igneacidithiobacillus copahuensis的亲缘关系最近。比较基因组学分析表明,菌株M4-422-6和菌株I.copahuensis VAN18-1拥有 2 433个共有蛋白,分别占编码蛋白总数的82.3% (2 433/2 957)和82.8% (2 433/2 939)。两菌株所拥有的特有基因均以基因簇的形式出现,且其中含有大量的转移元件、假定蛋白和噬菌体蛋白编码基因,说明两菌株的特有基因均是通过水平基因转移的方式获得。这再次证明嗜酸硫杆菌种内特异性变异归结于质粒[43],以及高度多样化的可移动遗传元件[44-45]。此外,两菌株所含有的特有基因可以反映它们对不同生存环境的适应策略。菌株M4-422-6具有更多的rRNA操纵子,暗示该菌株具有更快的繁殖速度;菌株M4-422-6拥有特有且多样的R-M系统,说明该菌株主要采用R-M系统防御噬菌体的侵染,而菌株VAN18-1则主要采用CRISPR-Cas系统抵御噬菌体的侵染;菌株VAN18-1拥有更多的荚膜多糖合成基因,以及特有的重金属抗性基因,暗示该菌株可能具有更强的重金属抗性;菌株VAN18-1拥有特有肽ABC转运系统编码基因,说明该菌株获得氨基酸的方式更加多样。尽管两菌株拥有的染色体及质粒分离系统同源性较低而被归类为特有蛋白,但这些特有蛋白均可以确保质粒能够被稳定地传递给子代细胞。最后,菌株M4-422-6所特有的K+转运二元信号通路系统可能赋予该菌株更强的耐酸特性。分析可见,两菌株的DNA序列的种内分化可归因于对特定生态位的适应。
  • 浙江省生物工程一流学科创新基金(CX2022029)
  • 浙江省生物工程一流学科创新基金(KF2022009)
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2024年第64卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230699
  • 接收时间:2023-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-14
  • 录用日期:2024-01-24
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First-class Discipline of Biological Engineering of Zhejiang Province(CX2022029)
浙江省生物工程一流学科创新基金(CX2022029)
First-class Discipline of Biological Engineering of Zhejiang Province(KF2022009)
浙江省生物工程一流学科创新基金(KF2022009)
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    浙江万里学院生物与环境学院, 浙江 宁波 315100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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