Article(id=1241356317072356028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230622, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696780800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1705334400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-16, onlineDate=1773892009274, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1712160000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892009274, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892009274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892009274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241356311292605058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='4', pageStart='981', pageEnd='1321', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892007897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892637358, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1127, endPage=1141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241356317554701004, articleId=1241356317072356028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Distinct biotite weathering effects and mechanisms ofPseudomonas azotoformans F77 andPseudomonas paracarnis P1, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To compare the biotite weathering activities and mechanisms betweenPseudomonas azotoformans F77 andPseudomonas paracarnis P1. [Methods] During the mineral weathering process, the dissolved Fe and Al concentrations, cell number, pH, gluconic acid concentration, and residual glucose concentration in the culture medium were determined to reveal the biotite weathering effects and mechanisms of strains F77 and P1. Furthermore, RNA-seq was employed to explore the molecular mechanism for the difference in the biotite weathering effect between the two strains. [Results] During the 5 days of mineral weathering, strain F77 increased Fe and Al concentrations by 3.3−23.3 folds and gluconic acid concentration by 27.3−53.9 folds the compared with strain P1. Meanwhile, strain F77 showed decreased cell number and medium pH compared with strain P1. The data of comparative transcriptomics showed that strain F77 had more specific genes (2 872) and differentially expressed genes (1 832) than strain P1 (1 903 and 1 258 genes, respectively). Additionally, strain F77 carried more genes involved in the membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, cell motility, chemotaxis, and signal transduction than strain P1. Furthermore, strain F77 had higher fold changes in the expression levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase genes as well as higher number and fold changes of the genes involved in gluconic acid synthesis than strain P1. [Conclusion] Strain F77 surpassed strain P1 in weathering the biotite and producing gluconic acid. Strain F77 promoted the biotite weathering by producing gluconic acid. The addition of biotite significantly up-regulated the expression of genes involved in the transmembrane transport, cell movement and chemotaxis, signal induction, and carbon and energy metabolisms in mineral weathering. Furthermore, the genes involved in gluconic acid synthesis and encoding superoxide dismutase and catalase may play a role in the mineral weathering by strain F77.

, correspAuthors=Xiafang SHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*SHENG Xiafang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuanli WANG, Wen DONG, Linyan HE, Xiafang SHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241356321019196200, articleId=1241356317072356028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=Pseudomonas azotoformans F77和Pseudomonas paracarnis P1风化黑云母的效应及机制比较, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】比较高效矿物风化固氮假单胞菌(Pseudomonas azotoformans) F77及其亲缘关系较近的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas paracarnis) P1风化黑云母的效应和机制。【方法】通过检测两株菌在不同时间点的发酵液中细胞数量、pH值、葡萄糖剩余量、葡萄糖酸浓度和可溶性Fe、Al释放量,比较它们对黑云母的风化效果与生理机制。采用RNA-seq技术研究这两株菌风化黑云母过程中出现差异的分子机制。【结果】在持续5 d的风化试验中,菌株F77发酵液中的细胞数量和pH值低于菌株P1,葡萄糖酸浓度是菌株P1的27.3−53.9倍,Fe和Al元素的释放量是菌株P1的3.3−23.3倍。比较转录组数据表明,菌株F77特有的基因数量(2 872)和差异基因数量(1 832)均多于菌株P1 (分别为1 903和1 258)。菌株F77在胞内物质跨膜转运与碳代谢、细胞运动、趋化与信号诱导等途径中基因数量也高于菌株P1。此外,菌株F77的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶基因差异表达倍数、葡萄糖酸合成基因数量和差异表达倍数也明显高于菌株P1。【结论】菌株F77风化黑云母以及合成葡萄糖酸的能力显著高于菌株P1。菌株F77通过产生葡萄糖酸来促进黑云母的风化。添加黑云母显著促进了菌株F77胞内与矿物风化相关基因的表达,如物质跨膜转运、细胞运动与趋化、信号诱导、碳代谢及能量代谢等途径基因。此外,葡萄糖酸合成途径基因、超氧化物歧化酶基因以及过氧化氢酶基因在矿物风化中可能发挥重要作用。

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journalName=Microbiological Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG YL, DONG W, CHU LF, ZHAO H, HE LY, SHENG XF.A combination of proteomics, genetics, and physiology provides insights into the acid-tolerance phenotype ofPseudomonas pergaminensis F77[J].Microbiological Research,2024,278:127545., articleTitle=A combination of proteomics, genetics, and physiology provides insights into the acid-tolerance phenotype ofPseudomonas pergaminensis F77, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241444637609619916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, awardId=2308085QD123, language=EN, fundingSource=Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2308085QD123), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444637722866133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, awardId=2308085QD123, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽省自然科学基金(2308085QD123), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241444637844500952, 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Each test was repeated three times in parallel, and the data represent the mean±standard deviation (SD). *:P<0.05; **:P<0.01; ***:P<0.001; ****:P<0.000 1; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=STT9u4pSb8G37cueBWXZ7Q==, figureFileBig=Qj5lhurdHSrfXwHJ4uPoEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444634312896870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株F77和P1发酵液中可溶性元素Fe (A)和Al (B)的浓度变化, figureFileSmall=STT9u4pSb8G37cueBWXZ7Q==, figureFileBig=Qj5lhurdHSrfXwHJ4uPoEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444634514223473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The cell number (A), pH values (B), concentration of residual glucose (C) and gluconic acid (D) in culture medium in the presence of strains F77 and P1. 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Each test was repeated three times in parallel, and the data represent the mean±standard deviation (SD)., figureFileSmall=YrtwFyW8mCmyLZTk11X6vg==, figureFileBig=L8k8FviqnfcZOOXf4THV0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444634954625420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株F77和P1发酵液中pH值(A)、细胞数量(B)和可溶性元素Fe (C)的变化, figureFileSmall=YrtwFyW8mCmyLZTk11X6vg==, figureFileBig=L8k8FviqnfcZOOXf4THV0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444635093037455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in all of unique genes involved in KEGG pathway for strain F77 and P1 (A), the number of unique genes related to carbohydrate metabolism pathway in strain F77 and P1 (B)., figureFileSmall=1/800O9baZ0FXYAQVd0ZJA==, figureFileBig=Aw0I2iInY8J69U90xPP1zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444635260809626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株F77和P1特有基因中的差异表达基因KEGG通路(A)和碳代谢途径相关的基因数量(B), figureFileSmall=1/800O9baZ0FXYAQVd0ZJA==, figureFileBig=Aw0I2iInY8J69U90xPP1zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444635382444449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The number of DEGs of strain F77 and P1 cultured at 10 h compared with 4 h., figureFileSmall=y2i2HlX8Nwx3rfz1T1ex9w==, figureFileBig=osYjxL3nk5ZxKTx7JcO/0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444635495690661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株F77和P1胞内差异表达基因的数量, figureFileSmall=y2i2HlX8Nwx3rfz1T1ex9w==, figureFileBig=osYjxL3nk5ZxKTx7JcO/0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444635600548266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Enriched pathways and DEGs of strain F77 and P1 cultured at 10 h compared with 4 h., figureFileSmall=I0D2pGI4XN4mvNWhqRcBbQ==, figureFileBig=1Irzbr+PTYNgclRNu6E+uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444637139857843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=CN, label=图6, caption=菌株F77和P1的KEGG通路中与矿物风化相关的差异基因数量, figureFileSmall=I0D2pGI4XN4mvNWhqRcBbQ==, figureFileBig=1Irzbr+PTYNgclRNu6E+uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444637253104058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Genes fold change related to gluconic acid metabolism, superoxide dismutase and catalase in strain F77 and P1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneFunction or description of productFold change
F77P1
Differentially expressed genes, fold change≥1.5; *:P<0.05; **:P<0.01; ***:P<0.001; −: No gene; ns: No significant difference.
gcdGlucose dehydrogenase3.82***1.20*
gadGluconate 2-dehydrogenase2.38***
pqqFPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein1.32***1.40**
pqqBPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein3.19***1.94***
pqqCPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein2.65***
pqqDCoenzyme PQQ synthesis protein2.66***
pqqEPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein2.84***−1.44**
pqqEPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein1.58***
gntPGluconate transporter1.67***
dsdXGluconate permease1.67***
katECatalase−2.42***−5.17***
catCatalase2.21***1.69*
catCatalase3.38***2.17***
cat/echA8Catalase29.92***3.34***
sodSuperoxide dismutase3.50***ns
), ArticleFig(id=1241444637395710401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356317072356028, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株F77和P1中与葡萄糖酸代谢、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶相关基因表达差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneFunction or description of productFold change
F77P1
Differentially expressed genes, fold change≥1.5; *:P<0.05; **:P<0.01; ***:P<0.001; −: No gene; ns: No significant difference.
gcdGlucose dehydrogenase3.82***1.20*
gadGluconate 2-dehydrogenase2.38***
pqqFPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein1.32***1.40**
pqqBPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein3.19***1.94***
pqqCPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein2.65***
pqqDCoenzyme PQQ synthesis protein2.66***
pqqEPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein2.84***−1.44**
pqqEPyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein1.58***
gntPGluconate transporter1.67***
dsdXGluconate permease1.67***
katECatalase−2.42***−5.17***
catCatalase2.21***1.69*
catCatalase3.38***2.17***
cat/echA8Catalase29.92***3.34***
sodSuperoxide dismutase3.50***ns
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Pseudomonas azotoformans F77和Pseudomonas paracarnis P1风化黑云母的效应及机制比较
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王远丽 1, 2 , 董文 2 , 何琳燕 2 , 盛下放 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(4): 1127-1141
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(4): 1127-1141
Pseudomonas azotoformans F77和Pseudomonas paracarnis P1风化黑云母的效应及机制比较
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王远丽1, 2, 董文2, 何琳燕2, 盛下放2, *
作者信息
  • 1 安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院, 安徽 芜湖 241000
  • 2 南京农业大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210095
Distinct biotite weathering effects and mechanisms ofPseudomonas azotoformans F77 andPseudomonas paracarnis P1
Yuanli WANG1, 2, Wen DONG2, Linyan HE2, Xiafang SHENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
  • 2 College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2024-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230622
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【目的】比较高效矿物风化固氮假单胞菌(Pseudomonas azotoformans) F77及其亲缘关系较近的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas paracarnis) P1风化黑云母的效应和机制。【方法】通过检测两株菌在不同时间点的发酵液中细胞数量、pH值、葡萄糖剩余量、葡萄糖酸浓度和可溶性Fe、Al释放量,比较它们对黑云母的风化效果与生理机制。采用RNA-seq技术研究这两株菌风化黑云母过程中出现差异的分子机制。【结果】在持续5 d的风化试验中,菌株F77发酵液中的细胞数量和pH值低于菌株P1,葡萄糖酸浓度是菌株P1的27.3−53.9倍,Fe和Al元素的释放量是菌株P1的3.3−23.3倍。比较转录组数据表明,菌株F77特有的基因数量(2 872)和差异基因数量(1 832)均多于菌株P1 (分别为1 903和1 258)。菌株F77在胞内物质跨膜转运与碳代谢、细胞运动、趋化与信号诱导等途径中基因数量也高于菌株P1。此外,菌株F77的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶基因差异表达倍数、葡萄糖酸合成基因数量和差异表达倍数也明显高于菌株P1。【结论】菌株F77风化黑云母以及合成葡萄糖酸的能力显著高于菌株P1。菌株F77通过产生葡萄糖酸来促进黑云母的风化。添加黑云母显著促进了菌株F77胞内与矿物风化相关基因的表达,如物质跨膜转运、细胞运动与趋化、信号诱导、碳代谢及能量代谢等途径基因。此外,葡萄糖酸合成途径基因、超氧化物歧化酶基因以及过氧化氢酶基因在矿物风化中可能发挥重要作用。

矿物风化  /  转录组  /  矿物-微生物相互作用  /  分子机制  /  假单胞菌

[Objective] To compare the biotite weathering activities and mechanisms betweenPseudomonas azotoformans F77 andPseudomonas paracarnis P1. [Methods] During the mineral weathering process, the dissolved Fe and Al concentrations, cell number, pH, gluconic acid concentration, and residual glucose concentration in the culture medium were determined to reveal the biotite weathering effects and mechanisms of strains F77 and P1. Furthermore, RNA-seq was employed to explore the molecular mechanism for the difference in the biotite weathering effect between the two strains. [Results] During the 5 days of mineral weathering, strain F77 increased Fe and Al concentrations by 3.3−23.3 folds and gluconic acid concentration by 27.3−53.9 folds the compared with strain P1. Meanwhile, strain F77 showed decreased cell number and medium pH compared with strain P1. The data of comparative transcriptomics showed that strain F77 had more specific genes (2 872) and differentially expressed genes (1 832) than strain P1 (1 903 and 1 258 genes, respectively). Additionally, strain F77 carried more genes involved in the membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, cell motility, chemotaxis, and signal transduction than strain P1. Furthermore, strain F77 had higher fold changes in the expression levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase genes as well as higher number and fold changes of the genes involved in gluconic acid synthesis than strain P1. [Conclusion] Strain F77 surpassed strain P1 in weathering the biotite and producing gluconic acid. Strain F77 promoted the biotite weathering by producing gluconic acid. The addition of biotite significantly up-regulated the expression of genes involved in the transmembrane transport, cell movement and chemotaxis, signal induction, and carbon and energy metabolisms in mineral weathering. Furthermore, the genes involved in gluconic acid synthesis and encoding superoxide dismutase and catalase may play a role in the mineral weathering by strain F77.

mineral weathering  /  transcriptome  /  mineral-microbial interaction  /  molecular mechanism  /  Pseudomonas
王远丽, 董文, 何琳燕, 盛下放. Pseudomonas azotoformans F77和Pseudomonas paracarnis P1风化黑云母的效应及机制比较. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (4) : 1127 -1141 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230622
Yuanli WANG, Wen DONG, Linyan HE, Xiafang SHENG. Distinct biotite weathering effects and mechanisms ofPseudomonas azotoformans F77 andPseudomonas paracarnis P1[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (4) : 1127 -1141 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230622
矿物与微生物之间的相互作用能够促进岩石风化及土壤的形成,微生物的活性可以增强元素在土壤中的流动性,从而加速地质元素的地球化学循环[1-5]。土壤微生物可以通过产生胞外多糖和有机酸腐蚀岩石,形成原始土壤,在此基础上通过进一步风化,提高原始土壤肥力、改变土壤性能[1,4]。硅酸盐矿物风化是广泛存在的地球化学过程,在长期的地质演化过程中,微生物参与的硅酸盐矿物风化在一定程度上影响大气CO2的迁移和转化,硅酸盐矿物与微生物相互作用所引起的元素循环和碳汇效应,对缓解全球气候变化和解决可持续发展等重大科学问题具有重要意义[2-3]。此外,微生物对硅酸盐矿物的风化在缓解土壤营养元素缺乏、改善土壤状态、提高农作物产量、缓解可溶性钾短缺、修复建筑材料、铝土矿的脱硅除铁、减少尾矿污染以及生物浸矿等方面都有利用价值[6-12]
细菌风化硅酸盐矿物的生理学和生物化学机制研究已有不少报道,包括酸解作用、氧化还原作用和螯合作用等[1,3]。近年来,有关微生物风化矿物的分子机制研究也有报道,如采用RNA-seq技术及基因组分析表明,含钾硅酸盐矿物能够诱导假单胞菌NLX-4胞内有机酸及氨基酸合成等途径的基因差异表达[9]。Uroz等借助转录组和蛋白质组学分析进一步证明了细菌的趋化、运动、铁载体以及GMC氧化还原酶系在矿物风化中的重要作用[13]。Wang等通过转录组和基因组揭示了细菌的耐酸性和胞内中心碳代谢参与风化黑云母[14],采用基因敲除与回补等分子手段发现细菌鞭毛和菌毛能够通过运动和吸附作用加速黑云母的风化[15-16];I型聚酮合酶基因的缺失改变了真菌Knufia petricola A95对橄榄石的吸附作用[17];漆酶基因过表达菌株能够通过腐蚀和点蚀溶解石英[18];黑曲霉的多铜氧化酶McoA能够促进硅酸盐矿物中钾元素的释放[19];由氧化还原酶类所驱动的氧化还原过程是硅酸盐矿物生物风化的重要手段[20]。然而,有关微生物风化矿物的分子机制仍有许多问题没有得到解决,如不同微生物风化效应差异巨大的潜在分子机制是什么?在矿物风化过程中,细菌胞内有哪些途径调控了酸解、吸附等机制?各途径之间的相互调节机制如何?有关细菌与矿物相互作用机制需要在分子水平进行深入研究。
黑云母是普遍存在于土壤中的成土硅酸盐矿物。假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)是一种广泛分布于多种环境中且具有生防特性及矿物风化能力的细菌[9,14,21-23]。对细菌风化黑云母的效应与机制进行研究,有助于解析土壤的形成与演化以及元素循环等问题,同时可为全球气候变化等研究提供线索。Pseudomonas azotoformans F77是具有高效矿物风化能力的细菌[14,16],本研究以菌株F77以及与其亲缘关系较近的Pseudomonas paracarnis P1为材料,通过摇瓶试验比较了这两株菌的黑云母风化效应以及生长代谢差异,进一步通过比较转录组揭示了两株假单胞菌矿物风化差异的潜在分子机制。细菌风化硅酸盐矿物分子机制的进一步解析不仅有助于细菌-矿物相互作用分子机制的深入认识,丰富硅酸盐矿物生物风化细菌资源库和基因库,还将为功能菌株的改造提供理论依据、为高效矿物风化细菌在微生物肥料研制、土壤生态修复、生物冶金和文物保护等产业中的应用提供菌种资源和技术支持。
Pseudomonas azotoformans F77 (GenBank登录号为CP019856)由本实验室保藏和筛选,Pseudomonas paracarnis P1 (GenBank登录号为OR945531)购自中国典型培养物保藏中心(原始名为Pseudomonas azotoformans 6-2R,保藏号为CCTCCAB2013577,经16S rRNA基因鉴定,重新命名为Pseudomonas paracarnis P1)。
LB培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,酵母粉5.0,NaCl 10.0,调节pH为7.0,用于菌株培养。BHm培养基(Bushnell-Hass medium) (g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.15,NaH2PO4 0.08,Na2HPO4 0.09,(NH4)2SO4 0.065,CaCl2 0.02,葡萄糖2.0,调节pH为7.0,用于矿物风化试验。
选取实验室保藏的100−200目硅酸盐矿物黑云母(元素组成:SiO2 39.99%,Al2O3 18.98%,K2O 9.12%,Fe2O3 14.75%,Na2O 0.28%,MgO 13.69%,CaO 0.07%)为供试矿物,经pH 4.0的HCl浸泡过夜,超声清洗至pH为中性,烘干备用。
矿物风化试验主要参考Wang等[16]方法。准备经5%的HNO3浸泡且清洗后的组培瓶,称取0.15 g黑云母于30 mL BHm培养基中,115 ℃灭菌30 min。将活化后的菌株接种在LB培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min培养过夜后,6 000 r/min离心10 min,收集的菌体经生理盐水洗涤后重悬,接种于BHm培养基中(接种量为2%),28 ℃、150 r/min培养5 d,定点取样测定发酵液中细胞数量和pH值。吸取5 mL发酵液,12 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液2 mL加入等量10% HNO3,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, ICP-OES)测定发酵液Fe和Al浓度,以不接菌处理为阴性对照。
发酵液中的活细胞数量采用稀释涂布的方法进行计数[14,16]。矿物风化试验到第0、1、3、5天后,取发酵液1 mL进行梯度稀释,涂布于固体LB培养基上,28 ℃培养过夜后进行活菌计数。
还原性糖的检测及3, 5-二硝基水杨酸(3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)溶液的配制见参考文献[24]。取培养到第0、1、3、5天的发酵液,经12 000 r/min离心5 min后,取上清液加入2倍体积的DNS溶液,沸水浴2 min后迅速冷却,测定540 nm处吸光度值。
有机酸的测定采用Chen等[24]方法。取培养到特定时间的发酵液2 mL,12 000 r/min离心5 min,上清液采用0.22 µm过滤器过滤后备用。采用高效液相色谱(Hitachi公司)以及Agilent公司的C18柱(4.6 mm×250 m, 5 µm),在波长214 nm下测定发酵液中的有机酸浓度,流动相为含有1%甲醇的20 mmol/L K2HPO4,流速为0.5 mL/min。
假单胞菌F77和P1分别接种在含0.15 g黑云母的BHm培养基中,28 ℃、150 r/min振荡培养4 h和10 h,6 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,按照细菌RNA提取试剂盒(Omega Bio-Tek公司)说明书提取菌株F77和P1的总RNA。提取完成的RNA采用NanoDrop 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)分光光度计检测其浓度,样品送至广州基迪奥生物科技有限公司进行测定。
采用Illumina HiSeqTM 2500 (Illumina公司)对RNA文库进行测序。通过核糖体数据库比对样品中的high quality clean reads,删除比对上核糖体的reads,剩余数据进行后续试验。转录本经组装合并后进行差异表达分析(除特殊说明外,差异倍数≥2视为差异基因)、基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)分析以及菌株的特有基因分析(各序列经BLAST比对,E<10−5的基因对被认为是物种间同源基因)等生物信息学数据分析。
两株假单胞菌对黑云母的风化效应通过发酵液中元素Fe、Al的浓度变化进行表征。菌株F77发酵液中Fe、Al元素释放量最高分别为不接菌对照组的37.7倍和35.5倍,表明其具有高效风化矿物的能力,而菌株P1的矿物风化能力较差(Fe、Al元素释放量最高仅为对照的4.2倍和7.2倍),这两株菌的元素释放效应差异较大(图1)。
接种菌株F77的发酵液中Fe、Al元素逐渐增多,最大值出现在第5天,分别为37.1 μmol/L和38.9 μmol/L。菌株P1发酵液中可溶性Fe元素逐渐下降,推测可能是由于菌株P1的大量生长(图2A)需要消耗Fe,因此利用了部分Fe元素。在整个培养过程中(1−5 d),菌株F77的Fe、Al元素释放均显著高于菌株P1,第1、3、5天的Fe、Al含量分别为菌株P1的4.3倍和3.3倍、14.9倍和3.8倍以及23.3倍和5.8倍(图1)。
在5 d的矿物风化试验中,菌株F77和P1的细胞数量均在第1天达到峰值,随后逐渐下降,菌株F77发酵液中细胞数量低于菌株P1 (图2A)。两株菌发酵液的pH值均在第1天降低(菌株F77降至3.2,菌株P1降至5.5),在随后的培养中,菌株F77的pH值始终显著低于菌株P1 (图2B)。两株菌发酵液中葡萄糖剩余量也逐渐降低(图2C),菌株F77的葡萄糖剩余量显著高于菌株P1 (1−5 d),在第5天仍有440.9 mg/L葡萄糖,为菌株P1的24.4倍,表明菌株F77只能够缓慢地利用葡萄糖进行生长代谢。菌株F77和P1均只产生葡萄糖酸这一种有机酸(图2D),菌株F77的发酵液中葡萄糖酸浓度为7.2−9.1 mmol/L,是菌株P1的27.3−53.9倍。菌株F77能够利用葡萄糖产生大量的葡萄糖酸用于风化黑云母,仅利用少量葡萄糖用于细胞生长。菌株P1在整个风化过程中几乎不产生能够促进矿物风化的葡萄糖酸(0.17−0.26 mmol/L),其消耗的葡萄糖主要用于细胞的生长。
菌株F77和P1发酵液中可溶性Fe、Al元素在1 d即出现显著性差异(图1)。菌株P1发酵液中Fe元素随发酵时间逐渐减少,表明可能有部分Fe被其生长所利用。因此,为研究菌株P1在1 d内矿物风化特性,同时比较两株菌在短时间内的矿物风化差异,进一步研究了菌株F77和P1在20 h内的黑云母风化效应。
菌株F77和P1的生长代谢以及元素释放效应在20 h内呈现不同变化(图3)。在发酵液pH方面,两株菌在0−5 h内的pH缓慢降低且无显著差异(pH约为5.7),在5 h后菌株F77发酵液中pH显著低于菌株P1。对于菌株F77,在5−6 h的pH陡然降低,6−12 h缓慢降低,随后维持在3.2左右,而菌株P1的pH最终维持在5.2左右。两株菌的细胞数量在0−6 h时无显著差异,假单胞菌F77的细胞数量在7−11 h时显著高于菌株P1,12−20 h时显著低于菌株P1,结合菌株F77发酵液中pH值的变化(图3A),其细胞数量在12 h后低于菌株P1的原因可能是发酵液过酸影响了细菌的生长。
在矿物风化效应方面,菌株F77和P1在培养5 h后即能够风化黑云母,但两株菌的矿物风化效应差异较大(图3C)。两株菌在0−5 h内Fe元素释放量无差异,随后菌株F77的Fe元素含量显著高于菌株P1,最大为菌株P1的5.2倍。在5−6 h时,随着pH值的陡然降低,菌株F77和P1的Fe元素释放速率也突然增强,分别为11.9×10−4 μmol/(L‧s)和8.7×10−4 μmol/(L‧s),但菌株P1的元素最大释放速率仅为菌株F77的73.12%。在9 h之后,菌株P1发酵液中Fe元素含量逐渐减少,而菌株F77的Fe含量始终增加,在20 h时浓度达到15.6 μmol/L。
通过对菌株F77和P1在短时间内的黑云母风化试验比较发现,两株菌发酵液中pH在5−6 h出现陡然降低,Fe元素释放量也在相同时间突然增加。在随后的培养过程中,菌株F77发酵液中pH显著低于菌株P1,而Fe元素释放量显著高于菌株P1,表明两株菌发酵液中Fe元素变化与培养基的酸化程度相关。菌株F77能够通过不断酸化培养基来增强其风化黑云母的效果,菌株P1酸化培养基的能力较差,因此其风化黑云母能力也相对较弱。
采用邻位相连法构建菌株F77和P1的系统发育树,发现两株菌位于同一分支[附图1,所有附图和附表数据已提交到国家微生物科学数据中心(NMDC,http://nmdc.cn),编号为NMDCX0000250]。尽管菌株F77和P1相似度很高,但两者风化黑云母的效应却相差极大(图1图3),因此,进一步通过比较转录组研究两株菌风化黑云母差异的分子机制。基于图3结果,将菌株F77和P1接种在添加黑云母的BHm培养基中培养4 h和10 h,收集菌体提取RNA。经检测,提取的RNA均达到了建库要求(附表1),且各reads与基因组比对率在94%以上(附表2)。
采用Short-read装配程序对假单胞菌P1的基因组进行从头装配,具体方法见参考文献[25-26]。通过多个数据库[Nr (non-redundant protein)、COG (cluster of orthologous groups)、KEGG和Swiss-Prot]对菌株P1的基因进行注释,菌株F77的全基因组测序由上海凌恩生物科技有限公司完成。两株菌的基因装配及注释结果如附表3所示,菌株F77和P1分别注释到5 943个和4 548个基因。
基于比较转录组数据分析,菌株F77与P1的共有基因家族数及共有基因数分别为2 866个和6 028个,菌株F77特有基因家族数及特有基因数分别为2 500个和2 872个,菌株P1特有基因家族数及特有基因数分别为1 895个和1 903个(附图2)。进一步比较假单胞菌F77和P1中特有基因的KEGG通路,发现菌株F77中参与物质跨膜转运(ABC转运蛋白、细菌分泌系统)、碳代谢(脂多糖生物合成)、能量代谢(柠檬酸循环)和细胞运动(鞭毛装配)等代谢通路中的特有基因数量多于假单胞菌P1 (图4A)。这两株假单胞菌风化黑云母的主要差异机制为葡萄糖酸的酸解作用(图2D),经比较发现,两株菌中胞内参与碳代谢的特有基因数量也出现差异,菌株F77的磷酸戊糖途径、柠檬酸循环以及果糖、甘露糖、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢途径中特有基因数量高于低效菌株P1 (图4B)。假单胞菌F77的以上途径可能为其高效风化黑云母提供能量和中间代谢物,途径中的基因差异可能是两株菌矿物风化能力出现差异的原因。
菌株F77和P1在发酵0−5 h时,发酵液中pH值及Fe元素释放无显著差异,5 h后出现显著差异(图3)。因此,为深入研究这两株假单胞菌风化黑云母过程中的遗传差异,比较了两株菌在10 h和4 h的基因表达差异,图5显示菌株F77和P1风化黑云母10 h的基因上下调数量(与4 h相比)。菌株F77差异基因数量高于菌株P1,其中菌株F77的上调基因数量高于下调基因数量,添加黑云母可能诱导了菌株F77基因表达,使其产生更多代谢物用于风化矿物。
通过分析两株假单胞菌的KEGG通路发现,高效矿物风化细菌F77中参与能量代谢、运动、碳代谢和信号诱导等通路中的差异基因数量多于低效矿物风化细菌P1 (图6),尤其在信号诱导和能量代谢通路中,在菌株P1中有部分途径没有出现差异基因,表明能量代谢、运动、碳代谢和信号诱导通路可能在菌株F77风化黑云母中具有重要作用。黑云母可能会刺激菌株F77的趋化以及信号诱导能力,使其朝着有利的方向运动。同时,在运动及风化矿物过程中需要更多的能量和含碳化合物的参与,因此在能量和碳代谢通路中差异基因也多于菌株P1。
菌株F77与P1风化黑云母的生理机制差异为葡萄糖酸产生量的差异(图2D)。因此,基于两株菌的基因组以及比较转录组数据,分析了这两株菌的葡萄糖酸合成与代谢相关基因以及基因表达差异(表1)。通过菌株F77与P1的基因组数据发现,菌株F77具有完整的葡萄糖酸合成和代谢途径基因,而菌株P1基因组中只有3个与葡萄糖酸合成相关的辅酶(葡萄糖脱氢酶依赖性辅酶)基因pqqBpqqEpqqF以及葡萄糖脱氢酶基因gcd (将葡萄糖催化为葡萄糖酸),缺乏葡萄糖酸转运蛋白以及葡萄糖酸-2-脱氢酶(将葡萄糖酸催化为2酮葡萄糖酸)。通过比较转录组进一步发现,菌株F77中葡萄糖脱氢酶、葡萄糖酸-2-脱氢酶、PQQ系列辅酶以及葡萄糖酸转运酶和通透酶均出现上调表达(除基因pqqF),而菌株P1中除辅酶基因pqqB外,其他基因均无差异表达或未检测到,表明葡萄糖酸合成相关基因是菌株F77风化矿物的重要基因,同时也是两株假单胞菌风化差异的关键基因。值得关注的是,在菌株F77的FoxO信号途径中有5个基因出现显著差异(图6),酶功能分别为超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶,这两种酶能够减少超氧化物和过氧化氢对细胞的损害。通过比较以上两种酶在两株菌中的差异表达情况,发现菌株F77中基因差异表达倍数高于P1 (除基因katE) (表1),表明超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶可能在菌株F77风化矿物过程中加强了其防御机制,对于F77菌株,其高效矿物风化能力可能与这两种酶的高效表达有关。
前期研究表明,菌株F77风化黑云母5 d后元素释放量基本达到平衡,表明其对黑云母的风化主要集中在培养前期[16]。本研究分别从细胞生长代谢活动、矿物风化效应及风化模式等角度考察了短期内(5 d)高效矿物风化假单胞菌F77和低效矿物风化假单胞菌P1对黑云母的风化,重点解析了两株假单胞菌风化黑云母差异的分子机制。详细了解假单胞菌的矿物风化行为及分子机制,有助于更好地理解不同假单胞菌在土壤环境下硅酸盐风化、元素循环和土壤形成中的作用,更加有利于阐明不同假单胞菌具有不同矿物风化效应的潜在机制。结果表明,两株假单胞菌具有不同的矿物风化行为及分子机制。菌株F77具有高效风化黑云母的能力,而菌株P1的风化能力较差,两株菌在风化过程中的生长代谢活动差异较大(图1图3)。有机酸在矿物风化过程中起到促进作用[1,16,24,27],前期研究表明,P.azotoformans F77产生的葡萄糖酸能够明显促进黑云母的风化[14]。在5 d的矿物风化试验中,低效矿物风化细菌P1发酵液中葡萄糖酸浓度显著低于菌株F77 (图2D),菌株F77可能通过分泌大量葡萄糖酸用以促进黑云母风化,菌株P1产生的葡萄糖酸却主要被用于自身生长。此外,相比菌株P1,菌株F77酸化培养基的能力更强,能够提供大量质子用于风化矿物(图2B图3A)。
P.azotoformans F77和P.paracarnis P1虽相似度较高(附图1),但黑云母风化效应及生长代谢却相差极大,需要在基因及代谢调控水平进行解析。前期研究发现,黑云母能够诱导菌株F77胞内涉及能量代谢、信号诱导、物质跨膜转运、细胞运动和碳代谢等途径的基因显著差异表达[14]。在本研究中,有黑云母存在下,高效矿物风化细菌F77与低效矿物风化细菌P1的以上途径也出现明显不同,在运动、信号诱导、物质跨膜转运和碳代谢等通路中,菌株F77的特有基因数量多于菌株P1 (图4)。进一步分析了两株菌在风化黑云母10 h (与4 h相比)的差异基因变化,同样发现在菌株P1中有关细胞运动、信号诱导、物质跨膜转运和碳代谢等相关通路中的差异基因数量低于菌株F77 (图6)。
微生物的趋化与运动有助于其趋利避害。假单胞菌F77在细胞趋化方面的差异表达基因数量高于P1菌株(图6),胞内有关鞭毛装配的特有基因数量同样高于P1菌株(图4A),而微生物的趋化与细胞群集性和表面运动有关[28],Wang等证实细菌鞭毛和菌毛能够促进黑云母风化[14-16]。微生物的能量代谢为细胞生长繁殖提供能量,有利于细菌适应贫营养环境[29-30];物质跨膜转运能够为细菌胞内胞外各物质的交换与运输提供机会[31-32]。在信号诱导通路中,与4 h相比,菌株F77在10 h有5种途径的基因出现差异表达(差异表达基因数:two-component system 66个、FoxO signaling pathway 5个、PI3K-Akt signaling pathway 1个、MAPK signaling pathway-yeast 1个、HIF-1 signaling pathway 1个),而菌株P1中只在two-component system中有36个差异基因(图6)。信号诱导可为细菌特定功能发挥以及趋利避害提供信号,同时为细胞正常生长代谢提供多种酶用以抵抗外界不利环境的影响[33]。因此,低效矿物风化菌株P1在物质跨膜转运、能量代谢、信号诱导以及运动等通路中的差异基因数量低于高效菌株F77,可能是这两株菌矿物风化能力出现差异的重要原因。
含金属矿物会通过释放金属离子和氧化还原反应等产生活性氧,活性氧的产生取决于矿物的理化性质和环境条件(如溶液pH和O2等)[34-35]。环境中过多的活性氧能够使微生物群落中的某些种群发生突变,由活性氧诱导的基因突变可能会增加微生物的功能多样性,由矿物诱导的活性氧可能代表了驱动微生物进化的重要选择压力[35]。在假单胞菌F77和P1的进化过程中,具有产酸能力的矿物风化细菌F77可能会产生更多的活性氧加速进化突变,使其向高效风化矿物的方向进化。然而,过多的活性氧会对微生物的DNA和RNA产生损害,从而影响其生长代谢,为此微生物会产生一系列的防御酶用于清除胞内过多的活性氧,如超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)以及过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT);SOD可以将活性氧催化为O2和H2O2以减少胞内氧化损伤来保护细胞;CAT可促使H2O2分解为O2和H2O,清除胞内的H2O2以避免细胞损害,这两种酶均是生物防御体系的关键酶[36]。在菌株F77的转录组结果中发现,超氧化物歧化酶以及过氧化氢酶基因出现显著差异表达,差异倍数高于菌株P1 (除基因katE) (表1)。在矿物风化10 h时(图3),菌株F77发酵液中过酸的环境以及金属元素的释放可能会导致更多活性氧的产生,因此,菌株F77会通过表达更多的超氧化物歧化酶以及过氧化氢酶来消除活性氧的毒害作用。
碳代谢是细胞能量和中间代谢产物生成的基础。前期研究表明,黑云母能够诱导固氮假单胞菌F77的碳代谢基因的表达,碳代谢在其风化黑云母过程中占有十分重要的作用[14]。本研究发现,在风化黑云母过程中,与低效矿物风化细菌P1相比,高效矿物风化细菌F77的细胞数量较低,但葡萄糖酸产生量较高(图2)。因此,对菌株F77和P1胞内参与碳代谢的特有基因进行分析。结果表明,与菌株P1相比,菌株F77胞内涉及柠檬酸循环、磷酸戊糖途径,以及氨基糖、核苷酸糖、果糖和甘露糖代谢等通路中特有基因数量较多(图4B),这些途径可能为菌株F77高效风化矿物提供能量和中间代谢物。此外,比较了两株菌在风化10 h的差异基因变化,发现在菌株F77中,与碳代谢途径相关的差异基因多于菌株P1 (图6),进一步证实碳代谢在菌株风化矿物中的重要作用,与前期研究结果相符合[14]。研究表明,葡萄糖酸是菌株F77风化黑云母的重要机制之一[14,16]。通过比较菌株F77和P1合成葡萄糖酸的相关基因的表达(表1),进一步表明葡萄糖酸合成途径相关基因的差异可能是这两株菌株风化能力出现差异的最根本原因。
对两株亲缘关系较近、风化黑云母能力显著差异的假单胞菌F77和P1进行比较分析,进一步证实能量代谢、信号诱导、运动、碳代谢以及葡萄糖酸合成等在高效矿物风化细菌F77风化矿物过程中具有重要作用。菌株F77和P1在趋化、运动、能量代谢、物质跨膜转运及信号诱导途径的基因差异可能是它们风化矿物能力出现差异的原因。其中,葡萄糖酸合成基因的差异可能是根本原因,超氧化物歧化酶基因以及过氧化氢酶基因差异可能是另一重要原因。假单胞菌是环境中常见的有较强矿物风化能力的细菌种群[9,14,22,37],有关其风化黑云母的机制可能包括酸解和吸附等[14,16]。此外,假单胞菌胞内参与能量代谢、信号诱导、物质跨膜转运、碳代谢和耐酸等途径的基因在其风化黑云母过程中也占有重要作用[14,16,38],本研究中发现超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶可能也参与风化黑云母,未来有关细菌风化矿物的机制可从以上方面展开研究。对微生物风化矿物的途径探索,有助于解析细菌胞内多种代谢途径如何进行相互协调以促进细菌风化矿物,同时阐明微生物风化矿物的潜在分子机制。
以两株亲缘关系较近的P.azotoformans F77和P.paracarnis P1为研究对象,比较研究了两株菌的代谢活动、风化黑云母效应及机制,发现黑云母对菌株F77的影响主要体现在促进葡萄糖酸的产生,对菌株P1主要为促进细胞生长。菌株F77风化黑云母能力显著高于菌株P1,其原因可能是菌株F77产生的葡萄糖酸能够通过螯合作用将矿物中的金属元素析出,同时葡萄糖酸中的H+又为矿物风化提供大量质子,从而加速黑云母风化。
菌株F77可以通过合成葡萄糖酸促进黑云母风化,通过比较转录组发现菌株F77中葡萄糖酸合成相关基因的数量以及差异表达倍数高于菌株P1。菌株F77在风化黑云母过程中胞内参与细胞运动与趋化、物质跨膜转运、碳代谢、能量代谢及信号诱导等途径中的基因显著差异表达,以上途径可能在其风化矿物过程中起到重要作用。此外,由矿物诱导的活性氧可能是驱动微生物矿物风化能力进化的重要选择压力,菌株F77在超氧化物歧化酶以及过氧化氢酶基因上的显著差异表达可能是其具有高效矿物风化能力的另一重要原因,未来将从这一角度进行深入研究。本研究为矿物微生物相互作用分子机制提供了理论基础,为细菌风化矿物的研究提供了新的线索。
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(2308085QD123)
  • 安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(2022AH050984)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42077288)
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2024年第64卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230622
  • 接收时间:2023-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-09
  • 录用日期:2024-01-16
基金
Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2308085QD123)
安徽省自然科学基金(2308085QD123)
Anhui Provincial Natural Science Research in Universities(2022AH050984)
安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(2022AH050984)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077288)
国家自然科学基金(42077288)
作者信息
    1 安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院, 安徽 芜湖 241000
    2 南京农业大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210095

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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