Article(id=1241356316552262314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230661, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698336000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1701792000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-06, onlineDate=1773892009151, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1712160000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892009151, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892009151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892009151, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241356311292605058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='4', pageStart='981', pageEnd='1321', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892007897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892637358, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1175, endPage=1186, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241356317433066184, articleId=1241356316552262314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of different incubation time periods on synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances by dark septate endophytes, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To explore the changes in the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) ofAlternaria sp. CGMCC 17463, a strain of dark septate endophyte (DSE), cultured for different time periods. [Methods] We conducted the shake flask experiment to compare the yield, structure, composition, and activity of EPS synthesized by a DSE strain cultured for different time periods. [Results] From day 4 to 12, the growth of the DSE strain entered the logarithmic and stationary phases. During this period, the EPS synthesis rate was high, with the yield reaching 1.41 g/L on day 12. Afterwards, the EPS synthesis rate gradually decreased. The component analysis revealed that the extracellular polysaccharide content was the highest on day 12 in the EPS samples of equal mass. As the growth of DSE continued and entered the decline phase, mycelial lysis occurred, significantly increasing the protein content in the EPS. Functional group analysis showed that as the incubation time was extended, the functional groups in the EPS presented changes only in the content but not species. The results of scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis showed that the EPS composition gradually changed with the increase in incubation time. Specifically, the EPS components with the particle size smaller than 5 μm presented increased volume percentage, while those with the particle size larger than 100 μm showed gradually decreased volume percentage. Furthermore, the EPS possessed the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals and retain water, which were significantly influenced by the changes in EPS composition. [Conclusion] The day 12 marks the optimal time point for the production of EPS with high polysaccharide content, while the day 24 marks the optimal time point for the production of EPS with high protein content. This result establishes a foundation for the application of EPS in the complex eco-environment of mines.

, correspAuthors=Yinli BI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*BI Yinli, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yinli BI, Hai TAN, Shishuang ZHANG, Jing ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241356321925165954, articleId=1241356316552262314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=深色有隔内生真菌不同培养时间对胞外聚合物合成的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】探索不同培养时间下深色有隔内生真菌(CGMCC 17463)合成胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance, EPS)的产量及组成变化。【方法】通过摇瓶培养深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes, DSE),分析不同培养时间合成的EPS产量及应用的差异。【结果】摇瓶发酵试验表明,第4−12天,DSE生长趋于对数期和稳定期,EPS合成速率较快,在第12天产量达到1.41 g/L,之后EPS的合成速率逐渐降低。EPS组分分析结果表明,在相同质量的EPS中,第12天的胞外多糖含量较高,随着DSE生长进入稳定期至衰亡期,菌丝裂解,EPS中蛋白含量显著提高。官能团分析结果表明,不同培养时间的EPS中官能团种类并未发生变化,仅存在官能团含量上的改变。扫描电子显微镜和粒径分析结果表明,随着培养时间的增加,EPS的结构逐渐发生改变,EPS中分子粒径小于5 μm所占比例逐渐提高,分子粒径大于100 μm所占比例逐渐降低。另外,EPS的生物活性测定结果表明,不同培养时间合成的EPS均具有清除氧自由基和保水的能力,并且这种能力受EPS组分相对丰度变化的影响。【结论】第12天为提取胞外多糖含量相对较高的EPS最佳时机,第24天为提取蛋白含量相对较高的EPS最佳时机,这为EPS在环境复杂的矿山生态中应用奠定了基础。

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A: Proportion of extracellular polysaccharide, protein and other components. B: Extracellular polysaccharide production. C: Protein production. Column height represents the average and the error bar represents the SD of measurements with four samples., figureFileSmall=qXF/VFakcf63nS7vkAen+g==, figureFileBig=07HaDKe79LGHmTAaJwgGiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444635101426065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356316552262314, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同培养时间对EPS各组分比例、胞外多糖和蛋白产量的影响, figureFileSmall=qXF/VFakcf63nS7vkAen+g==, figureFileBig=07HaDKe79LGHmTAaJwgGiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444635260809623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356316552262314, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of different culture times on EPS particle size., figureFileSmall=wvfDL7ONPaZ9U2qxqSaxyw==, figureFileBig=qULsuexUS3w27MfAQtxWvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444635395027363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356316552262314, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同培养时间对EPS粒径的影响, figureFileSmall=wvfDL7ONPaZ9U2qxqSaxyw==, figureFileBig=qULsuexUS3w27MfAQtxWvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444635541828007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356316552262314, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of different culture time on EPS structure. 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深色有隔内生真菌不同培养时间对胞外聚合物合成的影响
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毕银丽 1, 2, 3, * , 谭海 1, 2 , 张士双 1, 2 , 赵静 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(4): 1175-1186
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(4): 1175-1186
深色有隔内生真菌不同培养时间对胞外聚合物合成的影响
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毕银丽1, 2, 3, * , 谭海1, 2, 张士双1, 2, 赵静1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 陕西 西安 710600
  • 2 西安科技大学西部矿山生态环境修复研究院, 陕西 西安 710600
  • 3 中国矿业大学(北京) 煤炭资源与安全开采国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
Effects of different incubation time periods on synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances by dark septate endophytes
Yinli BI1, 2, 3, * , Hai TAN1, 2, Shishuang ZHANG1, 2, Jing ZHAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710600, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 Institute of Ecological Environment Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710600, Shaanxi, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory for Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2024-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230661
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【目的】探索不同培养时间下深色有隔内生真菌(CGMCC 17463)合成胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance, EPS)的产量及组成变化。【方法】通过摇瓶培养深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes, DSE),分析不同培养时间合成的EPS产量及应用的差异。【结果】摇瓶发酵试验表明,第4−12天,DSE生长趋于对数期和稳定期,EPS合成速率较快,在第12天产量达到1.41 g/L,之后EPS的合成速率逐渐降低。EPS组分分析结果表明,在相同质量的EPS中,第12天的胞外多糖含量较高,随着DSE生长进入稳定期至衰亡期,菌丝裂解,EPS中蛋白含量显著提高。官能团分析结果表明,不同培养时间的EPS中官能团种类并未发生变化,仅存在官能团含量上的改变。扫描电子显微镜和粒径分析结果表明,随着培养时间的增加,EPS的结构逐渐发生改变,EPS中分子粒径小于5 μm所占比例逐渐提高,分子粒径大于100 μm所占比例逐渐降低。另外,EPS的生物活性测定结果表明,不同培养时间合成的EPS均具有清除氧自由基和保水的能力,并且这种能力受EPS组分相对丰度变化的影响。【结论】第12天为提取胞外多糖含量相对较高的EPS最佳时机,第24天为提取蛋白含量相对较高的EPS最佳时机,这为EPS在环境复杂的矿山生态中应用奠定了基础。

深色有隔内生真菌  /  胞外聚合物  /  胞外多糖  /  自由基清除速率  /  吸湿能力

[Objective] To explore the changes in the yield and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) ofAlternaria sp. CGMCC 17463, a strain of dark septate endophyte (DSE), cultured for different time periods. [Methods] We conducted the shake flask experiment to compare the yield, structure, composition, and activity of EPS synthesized by a DSE strain cultured for different time periods. [Results] From day 4 to 12, the growth of the DSE strain entered the logarithmic and stationary phases. During this period, the EPS synthesis rate was high, with the yield reaching 1.41 g/L on day 12. Afterwards, the EPS synthesis rate gradually decreased. The component analysis revealed that the extracellular polysaccharide content was the highest on day 12 in the EPS samples of equal mass. As the growth of DSE continued and entered the decline phase, mycelial lysis occurred, significantly increasing the protein content in the EPS. Functional group analysis showed that as the incubation time was extended, the functional groups in the EPS presented changes only in the content but not species. The results of scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis showed that the EPS composition gradually changed with the increase in incubation time. Specifically, the EPS components with the particle size smaller than 5 μm presented increased volume percentage, while those with the particle size larger than 100 μm showed gradually decreased volume percentage. Furthermore, the EPS possessed the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals and retain water, which were significantly influenced by the changes in EPS composition. [Conclusion] The day 12 marks the optimal time point for the production of EPS with high polysaccharide content, while the day 24 marks the optimal time point for the production of EPS with high protein content. This result establishes a foundation for the application of EPS in the complex eco-environment of mines.

dark septate endophytes  /  extracellular polymeric substance  /  extracellular polysaccharide  /  free radical scavenging  /  hygroscopicity
毕银丽, 谭海, 张士双, 赵静. 深色有隔内生真菌不同培养时间对胞外聚合物合成的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (4) : 1175 -1186 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230661
Yinli BI, Hai TAN, Shishuang ZHANG, Jing ZHAO. Effects of different incubation time periods on synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances by dark septate endophytes[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (4) : 1175 -1186 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230661
胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)是微生物分泌出的一种复杂的大分子聚合物,主要成分为多糖和蛋白,还包含少量的脂肪酸、核酸、腐植酸、氨基酸和其他分子[1]。由于EPS溶液较为黏稠且带有离子电荷,Chenu[2]提出EPS可以像胶水一样,附着在黏土和离子上,将固体颗粒保持在一起,促进土壤团聚体的形成和稳定。同时EPS还可以提高土壤的持水能力,减少土壤的水土流失,增强土壤的孔隙度[3-4]。EPS中含有大量的碳水化合物,随着时间的延长,EPS可以被土壤中的微生物分解,改善土壤微生物环境和土壤肥力。另外,EPS还具有较强的抗氧化能力,可以提高植物的抗胁迫能力[5]。因此,鉴于EPS具有生物分解性和无污染的特点,EPS在生态环境的修复中具有较好的应用前景。
目前,在部分真核生物和原核生物中均发现EPS的合成。Parikh等[6]在蓝藻中提取出EPS并进行了成分分析,发现主要含有甘露糖、葡萄糖、木糖和核糖等4种物质。在真菌中,通过对碳源、氮源、无机盐等培养基组分优化,使红曲霉的EPS产量提高了5倍[7]。Hao等[8]在假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans)的代谢产物中提取出EPS,在溶氧效果较好的条件下,更有利于EPS的合成。还有研究通过添加表面活性剂促使食用菌Lentinus edodes EPS的产量提高了20.85%,达到了2.6 g/L[9]
深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes, DSE)是一类广泛定殖于植物根部的内生真菌,在植物生长和生态环境修复中起着重要作用。Newsham等[10]和Li等[11]在干旱、寒冷等环境的植物根部均分离出了DSE。Tienaho等[12]发现内生真菌的代谢产物中有大量具有生物活性的物质,可以影响氧自由基的清除速率。Wang等[13]发现DSE的代谢产物可以促进植物根部的生长和对营养物质的吸收。然而DSE具体的作用机制仍未研究透彻。在此背景下,本研究在深色有隔内生真菌CGMCC 17463的代谢产物中提取了EPS,对不同培养时间下菌体形态、DSE生长情况、EPS产量、结构变化和EPS的功能方面进行了分析,探索该菌株生长过程中合成EPS的规律,为后续EPS培养条件的优化和矿山生态修复中的应用奠定基础。
本实验室筛选并保存的深色有隔内生真菌CGMCC 17463藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心。根据其形态特征和内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)系统发育,该菌株被鉴定为链格孢属(Alternaria sp.)。
液体培养基(g/L):葡萄糖10.0,麦芽提取物10.0,KH2PO4 0.5,NaCl 0.025,(NH4)2HPO4 0.25,MgSO4·7H2O 0.15,FeCl3·6H2O 0.012,CaCl2 0.05,vitamin B1 (硫胺素) 0.000 1和柠檬酸0.2,调整pH为5.7,121 ℃灭菌20 min。
250 mL摇瓶中装有100 mL液体培养基,121 ℃灭菌20 min。接入培养8 d直径为5 mm的DSE菌块,28 ℃、170 r/min摇床培养2、4、8、12、16、20、24 d。
将发酵液以10 000×g离心5 min,保留上清,加入3倍体积的无水乙醇,旋转振荡后再次离心,收集白色絮状物质,冷冻干燥,称重计算EPS的产量[14]
DSE生物量采用干重法测定[15]。将发酵液10 000×g离心5 min后用蒸馏水冲洗3次,在80 ℃下烘干至恒重。
采用3, 5-二硝基水杨酸(3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)法测定[16]。将发酵液稀释10倍,加入2倍体积的DNS,在沸水中水浴5 min。冷却后稀释适当倍数,540 nm处测量其吸光度。
采用考马斯亮蓝染色法测定EPS中蛋白浓度[17]。将提取的EPS按照1 g/L浓度溶解于水中,在595 nm波长下测定蛋白含量。
采用苯酚硫酸法测定EPS中多糖的含量[8]。将提取出的EPS按照1 g/L浓度溶解于水中,在490 nm波长下测定胞外多糖含量。
使用LC-NDJ-1T黏度计测定发酵液黏度。将30 mL发酵液倒入样品槽,使用0号转子进行测量。
使用傅里叶红外光谱分析仪(Bruker Optics公司)测定EPS的官能团。扫描宽度为4 00− 4 000 cm−1
称取25 mg EPS溶于5 mL水中。使用MASTERSIZER 3000激光粒度仪测定EPS溶液粒径[18]
取约10 mg EPS固体粉末,置于导电胶上喷金,扫描电子显微镜上进行表面扫描。
采用芬顿(Fenton)反应分析EPS对羟自由基清除活性的影响[19]。在此方法上进行改进:将1, 10-菲啰啉(5 mmol/L) 1.0 mL、磷酸钠缓冲液(0.05 mol/L, pH 7.4) 1.0 mL、FeSO4 (7.5 mmol/L) 0.5 mL和H2O2 (3%,体积分数) 0.5 mL混匀作为反应体系。在96孔板中,加入150 μL反应体系和100 μL水溶液后,在510 nm处测量吸光度,将混合物在37 ℃下孵育30 min,在510 nm处测量吸光度(记为ΔA)。加入150 μL体系和100 μL样品溶液后,在510 nm处测量吸光度,将混合物在37 ℃下孵育30 min,在510 nm处测量吸光度(记为ΔA)。将1, 10-菲啰啉(5 mmol/L) 1.0 mL、磷酸钠缓冲液(0.05 mol/L, pH 7.4) 1.0 mL、FeSO4 (7.5 mmol/L) 0.5 mL和H2O 0.5 mL混匀作为空白体系,在37 ℃下孵育30 min,在510 nm处测量吸光度(记为ΔA空白)。按照公式(1)计算清除率。
采用邻苯三酚自氧化法测定超氧阴离子自由基(O2−)清除速率[20-21]。用10 mmol/L HCl溶液配制成6 mmol/L的溶液邻苯三酚,配制50 mmol/L pH 8.2的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液。取2.5 mL的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液加入0.3 mL超纯水,25 ℃保温10 min后加入6 mmol/L的邻苯三酚溶液,3 min后在320 nm处测定吸光度,记为A0,取2.5 mL的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液加入0.3 mL样品溶液,25 ℃保温10 min后加入10 mmol/L的盐酸溶液,3 min后在320 nm处测定吸光度,记为Ai,取2.5 mL的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液加入0.3 mL样品溶液,25 ℃保温10 min后加入6 mmol/L的邻苯三酚溶液,3 min后在320 nm处测定吸光度,记为Aj。按照公式(2)计算清除率。
取一定量的EPS于铝盒中,称重记为M0;然后置于人工气候培养箱中,温度25 ℃,相对湿度50%条件下黑暗培养,每隔6 h取出,称重记为MX。按照公式(3)计算吸湿率。
使用Excel分析数据,Origin 2021软件作图。
在250 mL摇瓶中进行液体DSE (Alternaria sp. CGMCC 17463)发酵试验,对能反映DSE生长情况和EPS产量变化的主要参数进行测定和计算(图1)。在培养0−2 d,DSE生物量仍处于较低水平,表明该阶段为延滞期。在培养2−8 d,DSE生物量呈现出快速增长的趋势,表明该阶段为DSE生长的对数期。在培养8−16 d,DSE生长速率降低并呈现稳定的趋势,与此同时,发酵液pH呈缓慢升高的趋势。pH的升高表明真菌菌丝出现裂解,部分细胞内产物融入至发酵液中[22]。因此,在培养的8−16 d阶段可能进入了稳定期。
与此同时,对发酵液中残糖含量和EPS产量进行分析。发现在0−4 d,残糖含量显著降低,EPS合成速率较慢,含量仍处于较低水平。4−12 d,残糖含量仍保持快速的消耗,与此同时EPS的合成速率一直处于较高水平,表明在该阶段为DSE合成EPS的关键时期。12 d后,EPS的合成速率降低,EPS的产量不再发生显著的变化。第12天EPS的含量分别是第4天和第8天的4.96倍和1.67倍。另外,DSE发酵液的黏度与EPS产量呈正相关关系,EPS产量越高,DSE发酵液的黏度越大。
随着培养时间的变化,DSE发酵液的颜色逐渐加深,在DSE培养至第20天,菌体开始聚集,这可能为DSE培养至衰亡期的表征(图2)。另外,EPS的颜色也随时间的推移逐渐加深。推断其可能是由于发酵后期菌丝内的黑色素类物质释放到发酵液中,进而导致EPS呈黑色。
对不同培养时间EPS中多糖和蛋白分析发现,相同质量EPS中多糖和蛋白的含量随时间的推移发生改变。其中多糖的含量占主要地位,维持在70%−78% (图3A),而蛋白含量维持在6%−24%,呈现逐渐升高的趋势。随时间的增加,相同质量的EPS中多糖和蛋白含量所占的比例总和也逐渐增加。
胞外多糖的含量在4−12 d呈快速合成的阶段,这可能与发酵液中葡萄糖快速消耗有关,第12天胞外多糖的含量是第4天和第8天的4.95倍和1.85倍(图3B)。在12 d后,胞外多糖的含量不再发生显著的变化,而蛋白含量随着培养时间的增加呈快速增长的趋势。第24天蛋白含量较第12天提高了2.49倍(图3C)。这可能与DSE进入生长稳定期或衰亡期,菌丝裂解,部分蛋白释放融入至发酵液中有关。
对不同培养时间EPS的红外光谱分析结果表明,不同培养时间的EPS组分并未发生改变。3 000−3 500 cm−1处存在较宽的吸收带,可能为−OH和−NH的伸缩振动峰,分别来自EPS中的糖环和蛋白质。在−1 638 cm−1处的振动带可能是仲酰胺基(−NHC=O−)中的C=O键伸缩振动造成的,该结构可能是无规则卷曲和螺旋状中的蛋白肽链,并且EPS中振动强度较小,表明该结构在EPS中含量相对较低。1 249−1 424 cm−1处出现的振动带可能为EPS结构中C−H的变角振动。在−1 023 cm−1处较强的吸收峰为吡喃糖环结构,其中DSE培养12 d提取的EPS在此处吸收峰强度最大,表明在该时间提取的EPS中糖的含量相对较高,与苯酚硫酸法测多糖含量的结果相吻合。另外,在−889 cm−1的吸收峰表明EPS中的多糖为α构型[23]
EPS分子粒径变化会影响EPS的吸水和持水能力[24]。不同培养时间下提取的EPS粒径分布存在显著的差异(图4)。随着培养时间的增加,EPS中小分子粒径所占比例逐渐增加,大分子粒径所占比例逐渐降低。第20天和第24天提取的EPS中,分子粒径小于5 μm占比相较于第12天提取的EPS提高了11.2%和10.2%,分子粒径大于100 μm占比分别降低了50.1%和18.0%。这可能是由于在DSE生长后期,发酵液中的残糖含量降低,DSE将胞外多糖分解以供自身生长需要。
随着时间的变化,DSE合成的EPS形态逐渐发生改变(图5)。第4天DSE合成的EPS表面相对呈多孔性网状结构,而第12天合成的EPS表面更为光滑,呈较为规则的束状结构。第24天,EPS表面结构紊乱,并且存在大量的细小结晶状物质。这种视觉变化可能就是由于在第4天,EPS合成的较少,而在第12天EPS合成量逐渐增加,更容易聚合在一起。而第24天EPS形态变化可能来自于两个方面:一方面,DSE进入衰亡期,部分细胞裂解,胞内EPS溶于发酵液中;另一方面,由于DSE在培养16 d后发酵液中的碳源被消耗殆尽,部分DSE需要维持生长,将部分胞外多糖分解,导致EPS结构发生改变。
结果表明,不同培养时间的EPS均具有清除氧自由基的作用,并且随浓度增加,EPS的清除能力逐渐增强(图6)。其中,羟自由基的清除速率并未随时间的变化而发生显著的变化。第4天提取EPS的清除速率显著低于其他培养时间提取的EPS清除速率。结合红外光谱结果发现,该时期EPS中官能团的相对丰度较低,而EPS中醛基和酮基具有促使氢键解离能力,可以起到清除氧自由基的作用[8]。另外,黑色素为酪氨酸的衍生物,也属于大分子物质,具有抗氧化的能力[25]。由图2可知,随着培养时间的增加,提取的EPS的颜色逐渐增加,这也是影响EPS抗氧化能力的因素之一。
不同培养时间的EPS吸湿能力均呈先升高后趋向于平稳的趋势(图7)。相对比于其他培养时间的EPS,培养第12天的EPS吸湿能力较强,吸湿率达到了5.92%,相对比于其他时间提取的EPS提高了1.78%−19.88%。这可能是由于相同量的EPS中,胞外多糖相对含量、粒径、官能团和分子结构的变化有关。
在培养前期,真菌主要将葡萄糖用于菌体生长,EPS合成途径的相关基因表达量相对较低[7]。在DSE生长过程中表现出了相同的趋势,在培养的前4 d,残糖含量呈显著的变化,而EPS的合成速率较慢,产量较低,表明DSE在该阶段主要用于菌体的生长。真菌培养至稳定期前后,是EPS合成的关键时期[26]。4−12 d,残糖含量仍保持快速的消耗,与此同时EPS的合成速率一直处于较高水平,表明在该时间内,DSE消耗了大量的碳源用于合成EPS。而在16 d,EPS的合成速率降低,可能发酵液内残糖含量处于较低水平有关。碳源水平的降低直接影响着EPS的合成。研究发现,在第16天和第20天中间EPS的合成速率降至最低点后出现了反弹,这可能是由于培养基中糖的含量被消耗殆尽后,部分DSE裂解,细胞内EPS溶解至发酵液中,导致EPS在糖消耗殆尽进一步提高。因此,基于EPS中多糖和蛋白的作用和DSE不同培养时间产量不同,可以设置不同的培养时间得到的EPS以应对不同情况下的矿山生态修复。
微生物合成的EPS具有多种功能。在土壤方面,土壤团聚体的形成维持了农业生产力和环境质量[27-28]。由于EPS溶于水后具有黏性,被称作瞬时胶结剂[29],其对于干旱-半干旱地区土壤团聚体的形成具有重要作用[30]。Raliya等[4]将EPS应用于沙土中,使土壤团聚体提高82%,水分保持提高10.7%−14.2%。本研究发现DSE产生的EPS也具有吸收空气水分的作用,并且胞外多糖相对含量越高,其吸水能力越强。这表明DSE在生态修复中除了可以产生脂类、氨基酸及有机酸类、多肽类等促进植物生长的物质外,还可以产生促进土壤团聚体形成的物质,进一步探究DSE对生态修复的机理。
在植物生长方面,植物受干旱或其他胁迫影响产生大量的氧自由基,如超氧自由基阴离子(O2−)和羟自由基(·OH),可以与细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸发生过氧化反应,导致植物细胞膜受损。而EPS清除氧自由基的作用机制主要有两方面。一方面,EPS分子中的亲电子基团(醛基和酮基)促使氢键解离,进而稳定超氧化物阴离子,缓解氧化应激反应[31-32]。另一方面,EPS可以螯合亚铁和铜等离子来抑制自由基的产生[33],其中−OH、−SH、−COOH、−PO3H2、−C=O、−NR2、−S−和−O−的结构有利于其螯合金属离子[34]。Hao等[8]发现,EPS可以作为抗氧化剂,清除部分自由基。这与本文的结果相一致。随着DSE合成的EPS浓度逐渐升高,其对氧自由基的清除速率呈逐渐升高的趋势。培养时间的改变并未引起EPS种类发生变化,而不同培养时间的EPS清除速率出现差异,这可能是在不同培养时间下EPS中胞外多糖的含量及官能团的相对丰度发生了改变。
在微生物方面,EPS可以促进细胞黏附[35]、参与细胞间的信号传递,在细胞外围形成一层保护膜,提高微生物的耐胁迫能力[36-37]。另外,EPS可以作为碳储备,其可以改善土壤的微生物多样性[38]。因此,基于EPS的保水和清除氧自由基的作用背景下,可用于干旱地区土地复垦与土壤改良,对于矿山生态修复应用具有重要的意义。
通过对DSE不同培养时间下生长和EPS合成情况的分析,相比于其他时间,第12天的胞外多糖含量较高。在第12天后残糖含量处于较低水平,EPS合成速率减慢,胞外多糖不再发生显著的变化,蛋白含量显著提高。傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明,培养时间的变化并未引起EPS的组分发生改变。但扫描电子显微镜和粒径分析结果表明,随着培养时间的增加,EPS的结构逐渐发生改变,当培养至生长后期,发酵液中残糖含量较低,DSE将部分EPS分解,导致EPS分子粒径小于5 μm占比提高。另外,DSE生长过程中合成的EPS均具有清除氧自由基和吸水能力,并受EPS组分相对丰度变化的影响。因此,第12天为提取胞外多糖含量相对较高的EPS最佳时机,第24天为提取蛋白含量相对较高的EPS最佳时机,这为EPS在环境复杂的矿山生态中应用奠定了基础。
  • 黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究项目(2022-YRUC-01-0304)
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2024年第64卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230661
  • 接收时间:2023-10-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-27
  • 录用日期:2023-12-06
基金
Joint Research Program for Ecological Conservation and High-quality Development of the Yellow River Basin(2022-YRUC-01-0304)
黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究项目(2022-YRUC-01-0304)
作者信息
    1 西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 陕西 西安 710600
    2 西安科技大学西部矿山生态环境修复研究院, 陕西 西安 710600
    3 中国矿业大学(北京) 煤炭资源与安全开采国家重点实验室, 北京 100083

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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