Article(id=1241356312416670034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230617, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1702569600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-15, onlineDate=1773892008164, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1712160000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773892008164, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773892008164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892008164, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241356311292605058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='4', pageStart='981', pageEnd='1321', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773892007897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773892637358, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241358951523087137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241356311292605058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1110, endPage=1126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241356312743825748, articleId=1241356312416670034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Bacterial and fungal diversity in the old tea plant ecosystem ofCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' cultivated in Gujing, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Over a prolonged period of growth, the old tea plant ecosystem ofCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' in Gujing has acquired a distinctive fir flavor, with the mountainous environment playing a key role in shaping the tea quality. Microbial communities play a vital role in biogeochemical cycling within mountainous ecosystems. Nevertheless, the characteristics of the microbial community within the distinct old tea plant ecosystem remain incompletely understood. [Methods] Samples were collected from both the aboveground and belowground parts of the oldC.sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' tea garden in Gujing, situated in the central region of the Wuyishan National Park. The samples encompassed the phyllosphere and leaf endosphere, along with soils from the rhizosphere, non-rhizosphere, and surrounding regions. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were carried out to assess the bacterial and fungal diversity, respectively. [Results] The richness and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in the aboveground part were markedly lower than those in the belowground part. Within co-occurrence networks, the modularity index for taxa networks in each niche exceeded 0.4, and the positive correlations in interactions among microbial taxa are greater than the competition. The prevailing phyla, with the relative abundance greater than 1%, wereProteobacteria,Acidobacteriota,Actinobacteriota,Ascomycota, andBasidiomycota, which were present in both above and belowground habitats. Notably, the relative abundance ofProteobacteria,Actinobacteria, andAscomycetes aboveground surpassed that belowground, whereas that ofAcidobacteria andBasidiomycetes displayed an opposite pattern (P<0.05). The prominent genera (with the abundance exceeding 1%) identified wereMethylobacterium-Methylorubrum,Sphingomonas,Pseudomonas,Amnibacterium,Bacillus,Cladosporium, andFusarium. These genera potentially served as crucial biomarkers in the ecological niches ofC.sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' within the old tea plant ecosystem in Gujing. [Conclusion] The present study unveiled the unique attributes of bacterial and fungal communities within the old tea plant ecosystem ofC.sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' in Gujing, delivering valuable scientific insights for disease prevention and biocontrol in tea plant cultivation, tea quality improvement, and the exploration of functional microbial resources.

, correspAuthors=Qiufang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHANG Qiufang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhisheng ZHENG, Yan ZHOU, Weihong HUANG, Xiaochen CHEN, Ximei XUE, Baochuan WU, Jingjing PENG, Jiawei MO, Qiufang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241356315839222133, articleId=1241356312416670034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=古井老枞茶树生态系统中细菌与真菌群落多样性特征分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】古井老枞经过漫长生长形成了独特“枞味”,而山场是茶叶品质形成的重要因素,微生物在山场生态系统的生物地球化学循环过程中可能起着关键作用,但老枞生态系统微生物群落组成特征还尚未明确。【方法】以生长于武夷山国家公园慧苑坑古井区域的老枞茶树为研究对象,采集茶树地上部叶片(叶际和叶内)和地下部土壤(根际、非根际和非茶园种植区空白),分别以细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)基因为分子标记,采用高通量测序技术分析其细菌和真菌群落组成特征。【结果】老枞茶树地上部细菌和真菌群落丰富度和多样性皆显著低于地下部。共现性网络中,各生态位网络的模块化指数均超过0.4,且微生物物种之间的协同作用大于竞争。门水平,变形菌(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌(Acidobacteriota)、放线菌(Actinobacteriota)、子囊菌(Ascomycota)和担子菌(Basidiomycota)皆为地上和地下共有优势菌门(相对丰度>1%),地上部变形菌、放线菌和子囊菌含量高于地下部,而酸杆菌和担子菌则相反(P<0.05);属水平,优势物种中甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum)、鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、氨杆菌(Amnibacterium)、芽胞杆菌(Bacillus)、枝胞菌(Cladosporium)和镰刀菌(Fusarium)是古井老枞各生态位主要的生物标记物。【结论】研究揭示了古井老枞茶树生态系统中不同生态位的细菌与真菌群落组成特征,可为今后深入研究老枞茶叶品质形成机理和茶树病害生物防治等相关功能菌种资源的应用提供科学参考。

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The error bars represent the standard errors of the mean of the five repetitions. *: 0.01<P≤0.05; **: 0.001<P≤0.01; ***:P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=ccS26+8yAsAMnNPivwApnw==, figureFileBig=YPLUNG+GT/nrBo9QeKnXag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444637622194635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=CN, label=图3, caption=古井老枞茶树不同生态位细菌和真菌α多样性指数, figureFileSmall=ccS26+8yAsAMnNPivwApnw==, figureFileBig=YPLUNG+GT/nrBo9QeKnXag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444637727052242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Bacterial (A) and fungal (B) community of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the different niches of the oldCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' of Gujing., figureFileSmall=9gt1rtXhPOsIhZ1iYSEAdw==, figureFileBig=4ZP9k2YZKpOXQyuLLHnwmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444637936767458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=CN, label=图4, caption=古井老枞茶树不同生态位细菌(A)和真菌(B)群落结构主成分(PCoA)分析, figureFileSmall=9gt1rtXhPOsIhZ1iYSEAdw==, figureFileBig=4ZP9k2YZKpOXQyuLLHnwmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444638070985190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Venn diagram analysis of bacteria (A) and fungi (B) in the different niches of the oldCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' of Gujing., figureFileSmall=CmTneyiHTSce2ut6EwUI+Q==, figureFileBig=R7px+R0/GwFO4iFjr93q2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444638175842795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=CN, label=图5, caption=古井老枞茶树不同生态位细菌(A)和真菌(B)韦恩图分析, figureFileSmall=CmTneyiHTSce2ut6EwUI+Q==, figureFileBig=R7px+R0/GwFO4iFjr93q2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444638284894700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Network of common and unique genera of bacteria (A) and fungi (B) in the different niches of the oldCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' of Gujing., figureFileSmall=VP65bOwn3DozlUrsRpsUJg==, figureFileBig=NsGwu6nmPZabUk3E6Pk8xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444638423306740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=CN, label=图6, caption=古井老枞茶树不同生态位属水平细菌(A)和真菌(B)共有和特有物种关系网络图, figureFileSmall=VP65bOwn3DozlUrsRpsUJg==, figureFileBig=NsGwu6nmPZabUk3E6Pk8xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444638557524478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Co-occurrence network and topological properties of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) community of the different niches of the oldCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' of Gujing. Nodes are colored at the phylum level and the "Others" represents the sum of bacterial and fungal nodes with proportion of less than 1%., figureFileSmall=yeVuyRvBkvXRseRCeeQrWQ==, figureFileBig=TVi9U4JV41SThp++4FkBoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444638771433993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=CN, label=图7, caption=古井老枞茶树不同生态位细菌(A)和真菌(B)共现网络和拓扑特性, figureFileSmall=yeVuyRvBkvXRseRCeeQrWQ==, figureFileBig=TVi9U4JV41SThp++4FkBoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241444639056646673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241356312416670034, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size taxonomic cladogram of the discriminants comparing bacteria (A) and fungi (B) in the different niches of the oldCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' of Gujing. Only the taxa with LDA value higher than 4.0 are presented. 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古井老枞茶树生态系统中细菌与真菌群落多样性特征分析
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郑智胜 1 , 周艳 2, 3 , 黄卫红 1 , 陈小尘 1 , 薛喜枚 4 , 吴宝川 1 , 彭静静 5 , 莫佳伟 1 , 张秋芳 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(4): 1110-1126
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(4): 1110-1126
古井老枞茶树生态系统中细菌与真菌群落多样性特征分析
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郑智胜1, 周艳2, 3, 黄卫红1, 陈小尘1, 薛喜枚4, 吴宝川1, 彭静静5, 莫佳伟1, 张秋芳1, *
作者信息
  • 1 泉州师范学院海洋与食品学院, 福建 泉州 362000
  • 2 武夷山国家公园科研监测中心, 福建 南平 354300
  • 3 武夷山一地好茶生态茶业研究所, 福建 南平 354300
  • 4 中国科学院城市环境研究所, 福建 厦门 361021
  • 5 中国农业大学资源与环境学院, 北京 100193
Bacterial and fungal diversity in the old tea plant ecosystem ofCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' cultivated in Gujing
Zhisheng ZHENG1, Yan ZHOU2, 3, Weihong HUANG1, Xiaochen CHEN1, Ximei XUE4, Baochuan WU1, Jingjing PENG5, Jiawei MO1, Qiufang ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
  • 2 Research Monitoring Center, Wuyishan National Park, Nanping 354300, Fujian, China
  • 3 Institute of Wuyishan Yidi Ecological Tea, Nanping 354300, Fujian, China
  • 4 Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
  • 5 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2024-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230617
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【目的】古井老枞经过漫长生长形成了独特“枞味”,而山场是茶叶品质形成的重要因素,微生物在山场生态系统的生物地球化学循环过程中可能起着关键作用,但老枞生态系统微生物群落组成特征还尚未明确。【方法】以生长于武夷山国家公园慧苑坑古井区域的老枞茶树为研究对象,采集茶树地上部叶片(叶际和叶内)和地下部土壤(根际、非根际和非茶园种植区空白),分别以细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)基因为分子标记,采用高通量测序技术分析其细菌和真菌群落组成特征。【结果】老枞茶树地上部细菌和真菌群落丰富度和多样性皆显著低于地下部。共现性网络中,各生态位网络的模块化指数均超过0.4,且微生物物种之间的协同作用大于竞争。门水平,变形菌(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌(Acidobacteriota)、放线菌(Actinobacteriota)、子囊菌(Ascomycota)和担子菌(Basidiomycota)皆为地上和地下共有优势菌门(相对丰度>1%),地上部变形菌、放线菌和子囊菌含量高于地下部,而酸杆菌和担子菌则相反(P<0.05);属水平,优势物种中甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum)、鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、氨杆菌(Amnibacterium)、芽胞杆菌(Bacillus)、枝胞菌(Cladosporium)和镰刀菌(Fusarium)是古井老枞各生态位主要的生物标记物。【结论】研究揭示了古井老枞茶树生态系统中不同生态位的细菌与真菌群落组成特征,可为今后深入研究老枞茶叶品质形成机理和茶树病害生物防治等相关功能菌种资源的应用提供科学参考。

古井老枞茶树  /  细菌  /  真菌  /  叶际  /  叶内  /  根际土壤  /  非根际土壤

[Objective] Over a prolonged period of growth, the old tea plant ecosystem ofCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' in Gujing has acquired a distinctive fir flavor, with the mountainous environment playing a key role in shaping the tea quality. Microbial communities play a vital role in biogeochemical cycling within mountainous ecosystems. Nevertheless, the characteristics of the microbial community within the distinct old tea plant ecosystem remain incompletely understood. [Methods] Samples were collected from both the aboveground and belowground parts of the oldC.sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' tea garden in Gujing, situated in the central region of the Wuyishan National Park. The samples encompassed the phyllosphere and leaf endosphere, along with soils from the rhizosphere, non-rhizosphere, and surrounding regions. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were carried out to assess the bacterial and fungal diversity, respectively. [Results] The richness and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in the aboveground part were markedly lower than those in the belowground part. Within co-occurrence networks, the modularity index for taxa networks in each niche exceeded 0.4, and the positive correlations in interactions among microbial taxa are greater than the competition. The prevailing phyla, with the relative abundance greater than 1%, wereProteobacteria,Acidobacteriota,Actinobacteriota,Ascomycota, andBasidiomycota, which were present in both above and belowground habitats. Notably, the relative abundance ofProteobacteria,Actinobacteria, andAscomycetes aboveground surpassed that belowground, whereas that ofAcidobacteria andBasidiomycetes displayed an opposite pattern (P<0.05). The prominent genera (with the abundance exceeding 1%) identified wereMethylobacterium-Methylorubrum,Sphingomonas,Pseudomonas,Amnibacterium,Bacillus,Cladosporium, andFusarium. These genera potentially served as crucial biomarkers in the ecological niches ofC.sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' within the old tea plant ecosystem in Gujing. [Conclusion] The present study unveiled the unique attributes of bacterial and fungal communities within the old tea plant ecosystem ofC.sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' in Gujing, delivering valuable scientific insights for disease prevention and biocontrol in tea plant cultivation, tea quality improvement, and the exploration of functional microbial resources.

oldCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' of Gujing  /  bacteria  /  fungi  /  phyllosphere  /  leaf endosphere  /  rhizosphere soil  /  non-rhizosphere soil
郑智胜, 周艳, 黄卫红, 陈小尘, 薛喜枚, 吴宝川, 彭静静, 莫佳伟, 张秋芳. 古井老枞茶树生态系统中细菌与真菌群落多样性特征分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (4) : 1110 -1126 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230617
Zhisheng ZHENG, Yan ZHOU, Weihong HUANG, Xiaochen CHEN, Ximei XUE, Baochuan WU, Jingjing PENG, Jiawei MO, Qiufang ZHANG. Bacterial and fungal diversity in the old tea plant ecosystem ofCamellia sinensis 'Fujian Shuixian' cultivated in Gujing[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (4) : 1110 -1126 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230617
植物为内生和附生微生物群落提供了多个生态位,使微生物定殖于植物地上部和地下部的表面及内生组织中,形成复杂的互作关系,在协助植物摄取营养、促进生长、抗病及抗胁迫中都发挥着重要作用[1]。叶表面是微生物附生的重要生态位,但也是一个苛刻且不稳定的生境,在寡营养、生物和非生物因素干扰下不利于微生物生存,经过层层“筛选”,最终成功定殖于叶表面的微生物称为叶际微生物[2-3];生活在叶片组织内部的细胞间隙或细胞内,与植物长期协同进化的过程中形成了共生关系的微生物称为叶片内生菌[4]。植物地下根系中,附着在根部表面约1 mm厚的土壤被称为根际土壤,超过该微域根系土壤被称为非根际土壤,受植物影响根际土壤形成“根际效应”可以从非根际土壤微生物群落中招募到适合该生境生存的微生物定殖[5]。因此,非根际与根际土壤的微生物群落组成具有一定相似性,是根际土壤微生物物种的重要“发源地”[6]。植物内生菌是地上和地下部微生物组进行联系的“桥梁”,微生物则可以通过植物特定的招募机制从根际和叶际区域进入内生组织中成为内生菌,实现了不同生态位的微生物群落交流与转移[7]
老枞是指树龄达50年以上的武夷水仙(Camellia sinensis, ‘Fujian Shuixian’),具有木质、青苔和粽叶等特殊“枞味”的茶树[8]。生长于武夷山国家公园核心区慧苑坑深处的古井老枞,历经漫长岁月,植株从树干到树茎都布满绿色青苔,具有独特山场气息和浓厚的“枞味”,但由于古井山场种植面积很小,出产的茶叶也极其稀少,已成为诸多茶客追捧的茶中圣品。在茶树的微生态系统中,有益微生物对于茶树固氮、耐酸铝、生物地球化学循环及特殊风味的形成都有着重要作用[9]。因此,明确古井老枞茶树各生态位微生物群落组成,对于探究茶叶品质形成与微生物互作,挖掘特定功能菌群及其对特殊“枞味”形成中微生物作用机理的都具有重要意义。目前,已有普洱等茶产区相关微生物群落多样性研究[10-17],但截至目前,对老枞茶树生态系统中微生物群落组成特征的研究还尚未见报道。
本研究以具代表性和典型性的武夷山古井老枞茶树的微生态系统为研究对象,分别以细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)基因为分子标记,利用高通量测序技术分析其地上部叶际、叶内及地下部根际、非根际和非种植区域土壤细菌和真菌群落组成特征,推测其茶叶内生菌的可能来源,进一步为研究古井老枞茶树病虫害生物防治及探究茶叶“枞味”形成机理提供科学参考。
古井老枞茶树生长区域位于武夷山风景区内慧苑坑(27.673°N, 117.855°E),慧苑坑是武夷山九曲溪以北三道重要东西向坑涧中的最北一道,也是“三坑两涧”的三坑中最大范围的坑,海拔447 m,亚热带季风性气候,年均气温约18 ℃,年降水量大于2 000 mm,土壤里砂砾含量丰富,土质疏松,养分高[8]
为真实反映古井老枞茶树的生长情况,将取样地划分为5个区设为5个生物学重复,每个区域中选取5株长势良好且相近的老枞茶树作为采样对象,其根部上易脱落的土壤作为非根际土壤(non-rhizosphere soils, NS),粘在根部的土壤作为根际土壤(rhizosphere soils, RS)[5];另外,在非种植区空地中挖取的土壤作为空白对照土壤(bulk soil, BS),各约50 g。在采集土壤的同时,也采摘了相应老枞植株下部成熟叶片,每个区域各约50 g。将叶片和土壤样品分别装入无菌密封袋,低温保存,快速运回实验室。
采集的土壤经冻干研磨,过2 mm无菌筛后备用。新鲜叶片用无菌水轻微清洗表面灰尘,晾干后称取10 g放入无菌三角瓶,加入200 mL无菌TE缓冲液(10 mmol/L Tris-HCl, 1 mmol/L EDTA, pH 8.0),200 r/min摇床振荡30 min后用40 kHz超声15 min后使微生物细胞从叶表面中分离,用0.2 mm无菌筛过滤获得叶际(phyllosphere, LP)微生物滤液备用[18-19];过滤剩下的叶片用75%乙醇浸泡1 min,无菌水冲洗3次,再用5%次氯酸钠表面消毒5 min,无菌水冲洗3–5次后,使用无菌研钵进行充分研磨,获得的叶片渣备用[10],使得叶内(leaf endosphere, LE)微生物从中释放出来。
取“1.1”备用的滤液、叶渣和土壤样品,采用FastDNA Spin Kit for Soil (MP Biomedicals公司)提取样品中的总DNA,提取步骤根据试剂盒说明书进行。应用QubitTM4 Fluorometer (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)检测提取到的DNA原液的含量和质量。PCR扩增:用带barcode条形码的引物扩增细菌16S rRNA基因V5−V8区序列,第一轮引物为799F (5′-AACMGGATTAGATACCCKG-3′)和1392R (5′-ACGGGCGGTGTGTRC-3′),第二轮引物为799F (5′-AACMGGATTAGATACCCKG-3′)和1193R (5′-ACGTCATCCCCACCTTCC-3′)[20];真菌ITS基因扩增采用带barcode条形码的引物ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS2R (5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)[21]。16S rRNA基因PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s (第一轮27个循环,第二轮13个循环);72 ℃ 10 min。ITS基因PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 30 s (30个循环);72 ℃ 10 min。最后将经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测得到明亮条带的PCR产物,送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司在MiSeq PE300测序仪(Illumina公司)上进行高通量测序。
测序获得的数据在上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司提供的云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com/)上进行处理和分析。原始的DNA序列经过FLASH v1.2.11软件进行去除杂质、嵌合体及低量序列并进行拼接处理,得到优化序列[22]。在Uparse v11软件平台上将相似性超过97%的序列聚为一个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTU)[22];采用RDP Classifier v2.13软件对每一条序列进行物种分类注释,对比SILVA数据库(Silva v138)和UNITE数据库(Unite v8.0),设置对比阈值为0.7[23]。基于OTU水平,利用Mothur v1.30.2软件计算不同随机抽样下的α多样性指数(Sobs指数和ACE指数表示群落丰富度,Shannon指数和Simpson指数表示群落多样性,Coverage指数为文库的覆盖度),利用QIIME v1.9.1软件根据Bray-Curtis距离算法进行β多样性的主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)和置换多因素方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA),各分类学水丰度表也由QIIME v1.9.1软件生成[22]。共有和特有属水平物种的Venn图由R语言v3.3.1软件统计[24],属水平的物种关系网络图由NetworkX v1.11软件分析和可视化[22]。线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)效应大小(LDA effect size, LEfSe)方法用于确定不同样品之间不同分类水平存在显著差异的微生物类群,可作为生物标记物,由网页LEfSe (http://huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu/galaxy/root?tool_id=lefse_upload)分析和可视化[25]。由R语言v3.3.1的vegan和igraph包通过Spearman’s相关系数构建微生物物种的共现网络,并认为Spearman’s相关系数大于0.6具有统计学意义(P<0.05),并由Gephi v0.9.4软件进行可视化[26]。α多样性指数箱型图、PCoA图、菌门物种组成柱状叠堆图、菌属组成丰度气泡图和Venn图均由R语言v3.3.1软件实现可视化。利用SPSS 25.0软件的单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, one-way ANOVA)的Duncan检验法对微生物α多样性指数和相关优势菌门的相对丰度进行显著性差异分析,并使用BH法进行多重检验校正。
古井老枞茶树地上和地下LP、LE、RS、NS和BS共5个生态位经高通量测序分析,共获得10个优势细菌门(相对丰度>1%) (图1A)。其中,变形菌(Proteobacteria)、放线菌(Actinobacteriota)和酸杆菌(Acidobacteriota)是地上部和地下部共有优势物种,地上部的变形菌和放线菌含量显著高于地下部,而酸杆菌则相反;而异常球菌(Deinococcota)和拟杆菌(Bacteroidota)则是叶片特有优势物种,绿弯菌(Chloroflexi)、疣微菌(Verrucomicrobia)和硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospirota)是土壤特有优势物种;叶际的厚壁菌(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著高于叶内,根际和非根际土壤硝化螺旋菌相对丰度显著高于非茶园土壤。共获得6个优势真菌门(图1B),其中,子囊菌(Ascomycota)、担子菌(Basidiomycota)和Unclassified_k_fungi是叶片和土壤共有优势物种,叶片的子囊菌含量显著高于土壤,而担子菌则相反;被胞霉(Mortierellomycota)、罗兹菌(Rozellomycota)和球囊菌(Glomeromycota)是土壤特有优势物种;根际和非根际土壤的担子菌和球囊菌相对丰度显著低于非茶园土壤,被胞霉和罗兹菌的相对丰度在根际和非根际土壤中显著高于非茶园土壤(P<0.05)。
属水平,如图2所示,相对丰度前30的细菌和真菌中,除未具体分类的属物种外,地上部叶际和叶内共有优势物种包含了甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum)、氨杆菌(Amnibacterium)、Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium、鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas)、放线链胞菌(Actinomycetospora)、1174-901-12Quadrisphaera、枝胞菌(Cladosporium)、顶齿霉(Acrodontium)、炭疽菌(Colletotrichum)、球壳胞(Setophoma)和横断胞(Strelitziana),叶际优势物种有芽胞杆菌(Bacillus)和畸球腔菌(Teratoramularia),叶内优势物种砂单胞菌(Aureimonas)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonas);地下部根际、非根际和非茶园土壤共有优势物种有Candidatus_Solibacter和Saitozyma,根际和非根际土壤的共有优势物种有被胞霉(Mortierella),根际和非茶园土壤共有优势物种有热酸菌(Acidothermus)和酸杆菌(Acidibacter),Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia和朱氏杆菌(Chujaibacter)是根际土壤优势物种,苔藓杆菌(Bryobacter)、ADurb.Bin063-1、镰刀菌(Fusarium)、黄丝曲霉(Talaromyce)和毛壳(Chaetomium)是非根际土壤优势物种,慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium)、红菇(Russula)、古菌根瘤菌(Archaeorhizomyces)、拟蜡菌(Ceriporiopsis)和梅氏瑚菌(Membranomyces)是非茶园种植区土壤优势物种。
α多样性分析中,5个生态位的细菌和真菌基因文库覆盖度Coverage都大于0.99,说明所有样品测序深度都合理。叶际和叶内的细菌和真菌的丰富度和多样性显著低于根际、非根际和非茶园土壤(图3)。5个生态位上的细菌丰富度和多样性大小顺序皆为:RS>NS>BS>LP>LE;真菌丰富度大小顺序:RS>BS>NS>LP>LE,而多样性顺序:RS>NS>BS>LP>LE。
基于Bray-Curtis距离算法的PCoA分析结果表明,细菌和真菌总解释度分别为69.73%和57.03% (图4),PERMANOVA分析表明,不同生态位细菌(R2=0.721,P=0.001)和真菌(R2=0.615,P=0.001)群落组成差异皆达到显著水平。叶际和叶内、根际和非根际土壤之间的细菌和真菌群落具有一定相似性,但非茶园土壤与其他生态位之间的微生物群落组成结构具有显著的差异。
属水平下,5个生态位共获得细菌物种590个和真菌物种812个,真菌多样性高于细菌(图5)。其中,5个生态位共同含有的细菌和真菌物种数量分别有100个和84个,占总数16.95%和10.34%,而LP、LE、RS、NS和BS生态位特有细菌物种分别为84个(14.24%)、23个(3.90%)、16个(2.71%)、19个(3.22%)和9个(1.53%),真菌分别为49个(6.03%)、22个(2.71%)、75个(9.24%)、38个(4.68%)和76个(9.36%),细菌共有物种比例高于真菌,叶际中的特有细菌物种占比较高,而根际和非茶园土壤则含有较高占比的特有真菌物种;叶际和叶内共有细菌和真菌物种分别为47个(7.97%)和58个(7.14%),叶内和根际土壤共有细菌和真菌物种数量分别为2个(0.34%)和3个(0.37%),叶际、叶内和根际土壤共有的细菌和真菌物种分别为10个(1.69%)和37个(4.56%),推测叶内共生菌可能来源于根际土壤和叶际的微生物组,其中来源于叶际的比例较高。属水平序列条数大于100的细菌和真菌物种中,5个生态位共有和特有菌属数量也表明了地上部与地下部微生物群落结构差异较大,而地上部和地下部各自组间的共有物种较多,但起到联系地上和地下的共有物种数量较少(图6)。
共现性网络分析可以揭示不同生态位的微生物相互作用情况(图7)。5个生态位细菌和真菌的网络模块化指数均大于0.4,说明古井老枞生态系统不同生态位都具有较高模块化水平。网络节点平均度揭示了共现网络中各组分连接度,平均度越高,网络互作程度越高,5个生态位细菌网络节点平均度大小顺序为:LP>RS>NS>BS>LE (图7A),真菌网络节点平均度大小顺序为:RS>BS>LP>NS>LE (图7B)。网络节点按门划分,边以物种之间的正负相关性区分,LP、LE、RS、NS和BS中的细菌共生网络分别由357、235、401、375和325个节点及7 088、1 697、5 342、4 600和3 013个边组成(图7A),正相关边数占比分别为88.84%、80.44%、56.03%、60.98%和69.33%;而真菌共生网络分别由352、303、497、396和422个节点及4 410、2 665、7 578、4 736和5 431个边组成(图6B),正相关边数占比分别为85.65%、80.56%、72.83%、74.66%和83.48%;细菌节点主要归属于变形菌(35.01%–43.13%)和放线菌(15.13%–18.72%),除此之外,厚壁菌节点在地上部占比较高(9.79%–20.73%),而酸杆菌节点在地下部占比较高(6.73%–8.31%),真菌节点主要归属于子囊菌(64.22%–76.24%)和担子菌(20.96%–27.25%)。5个生态位细菌和真菌的正相关边数均大于负相关边数,表明老枞茶树生态系统中微生物群落都形成了较稳定的协同关系,地上部的叶际和叶内的细菌和真菌的正相关边数均超过了80%,而老枞茶树地下部的生态位中由远到近,即非茶园、非根际到根际土壤的细菌和真菌的正相关边数则逐渐下降。
采用LEfSe分析老枞茶树不同生态位的细菌和真菌群落相对丰度存在显著差异的物种,选择含量丰富、显著富集的属水平物种作为生物标记物(biomarker)。如图8所示,门水平,叶际显著富集的物种有变形菌、厚壁菌、担子菌和真菌界未分类菌,叶内显著富集物种有变形菌、放线菌和子囊菌,根际土壤显著富集的物种有变形菌、绿弯菌和子囊菌,非根际土壤显著富集物种有变形菌、绿弯菌、酸杆菌、放线菌、疣微菌、担子菌和真菌界未分类菌,非茶园土壤显著富集的有变形菌、酸杆菌、放线菌、担子菌和真菌界未分类菌;属水平,除未分类到属类群外,叶际的生物标记物为1174-901-12、嗜酸菌(Acidiphilium)、Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium、芽胞杆菌、甲基杆菌、顶齿霉、横断胞、枝胞菌和畸球腔菌,叶内的生物标记物为鞘氨醇单胞菌、氨杆菌、放线链胞菌、德沃斯氏菌(Devriesia)、假单胞菌、炭疽菌属和球壳胞,根际土壤的生物标记物为酸杆菌、被胞霉、木霉(Trichoderma)和外瓶霉(Exophiala),非根际土壤的生物标记物为MND1ADurb.Bin063-1、苔藓杆菌、Candidatus_Solibacter、Saitozyma、黄丝曲霉和镰刀菌,非茶园土壤的生物标记物为慢生根瘤菌和热酸菌。
古井山场是武夷山景区内最早种植水仙的地方,而生长于顶级山场、品质优异的古井老枞,形成了具有独特的山场气息和显而易见的“枞味”[27]。长期生长于古井山场的老枞茶树,其不同生态位栖息和富集着诸多不同微生物菌群,两者之间形成了稳定和谐的生态系统。
研究发现古井老枞茶树地上部叶片的微生物群落丰富度和多样性显著低于地下部土壤(图3),与普洱等茶树研究结果相似[10,13,28];相对于地下部土壤环境,地上部叶片是一个极端不稳定的栖息地,叶际生态位所能提供生长的营养物质较为缺乏,并长期暴露在温度、湿度和紫外线照射等环境因子的剧烈波动中,而叶内生态位更是受到植物内部强大的选择压力[29],因此只有更少的微生物种类能够成功地定殖于叶片中。古井老枞茶树的微生物共现性网络中,叶际和叶内的细菌和真菌物种之间的正相关边数占比皆超过了80%,远高于负相关,说明茶叶微生物物种之间具有强大的协同作用来应对严苛的外界生境,这种协同作用主要以首先适应该生境的初级定殖者为该生态网络的中心枢纽,并以此协助保护其他次级定殖者免受非生物选择因素的影响,使其他微生物也成功地栖息于该系统[30]。地下部土壤中的细菌和真菌群落多样性大小顺序皆为根际、非根际和非茶园土壤(图3),但在共现性网络中细菌和真菌物种之间协同作用顺序则刚好相反(图7),这可能是土壤微生物受到老枞茶树根系分泌物产生的根际效应的长期影响,促进了周围环境微生物在根际土壤的富集和定殖[31],从而扰乱了原有生态网络体系,降低物种之间的协同互作[32],因此可以推测地下部网络协同作用的降低是同步于微生物群落多样性的升高。
古井老枞茶树地上和地下部的菌群结构存在明显不同,但在地上部的叶际和叶内或地下部根际和非根际土壤的各自生态位间的相似度则较高(图4图6)。在地下部中根际和非根际土壤的微生物组成相似度较高,尤其是真菌群落最为明显(图4B),这可能是由于根际土壤微生物群落主要来源是由根际效应下招募的非根际土壤菌群进行的水平迁移,而两者与非茶园种植区土壤的微生物群落组成相似度高于叶片的微生物群落组成[6]。叶内微生物菌群作为茶树内生菌,与地下部根际菌群组成差异较大,而与同为地上部的叶际则有更高相似度(图4图6),说明茶叶内生菌只有少部分是来源于土壤,而更多的是来自于叶际微生物的传播[33],这与陈丽莹等[34]对茶叶内生菌选择富集的研究结果一致,但不同于王桥美等[10]对普洱茶叶内生菌来源于根际土壤的结论。古井老枞茶树相比于先前研究的普洱茶树[10]可能有着更长的生长周期,地上部叶内更容易受到空气及周围环境中存在的微生物长期影响,从而进入植物体内成为内生菌[34],因此茶叶内生菌来源的研究结果不一致可能与茶树生长周期不同有关[28]
本研究中古井老枞茶树微生物群落主要的优势菌与普洱等几种类型的茶树一致,皆为变形菌、放线菌、子囊菌和担子菌等[10,12,15,35]。地上部的变形菌、放线菌和子囊菌的相对丰度显著高于地下部,而酸杆菌和担子菌则相反。变形菌的鞘氨醇单胞菌、假单胞菌和放线菌的氨杆菌都可以通过产生多种生物活性代谢物来增强叶片抵抗致病菌危害的能力[36-38],且这三者都在叶内显著富集,因此皆可成为老枞叶内的生物标记物;除此之外,鞘氨醇单胞菌是地上和地下部共有物种(图6A),具有防紫外线和降解有机污染物功能[39-40],茶叶发酵过程中可以合成茶氨酸以提高茶叶品质[41]。芽胞杆菌在叶际生态系统中能够促进植物生长,而甲基杆菌则可以在叶际中利用植物和其他微生物产生的甲醇和其他单碳化合物作为营养源,且两者皆具有潜在固氮功能[42],固氮菌群对于茶叶品质改善是至关重要[43],芽胞杆菌和甲基杆菌显著富集于叶际,因此可作为老枞叶际生物标记物(图8A)。出现在古井老枞茶树不同生态位的子囊菌是最优势真菌,与其他很多研究报道结果一致[18-19],其中所含有的枝胞菌、横断胞、木霉和球壳胞等多种腐生菌对茶树凋落物分解起到重要作用[44],且部分枝胞菌和镰刀菌物种可产生天然化合物和激素,从而防治植物病害,可促使进农作物增产[45-46],可作为老枞真菌生物标记物。富集于茶树土壤的酸杆菌和担子菌具有调节生物地球化学循环、分解聚合物及促进植物生长等生态功能[47-48]。已有研究发现,老枞茶叶中咖啡碱含量的增加对于“枞味”的提升有着积极促进作用[49],而霉菌有助于增加茶叶在发酵过程中产生的咖啡碱,其中黑曲霉是对茶叶咖啡碱含量增加作用最大的霉菌[50],老枞茶叶发酵过程中起作用的菌种主要来源于采收的茶叶,本研究发现曲霉是古井老枞茶树地上和地下共有物种(图6B),因此,古井老枞特殊的“枞味”形成可能是与茶树生态系统中所含的曲霉在发酵过程中可能增加成品的咖啡碱含量有关。今后可以开展古井老枞茶叶黑曲霉的分离培养,以探究其与“枞味”形成的关系。
综上,古井老枞茶树生态系统中蕴藏着大量的微生物资源,老枞茶树的生长和品质形成与之息息相关。
分析了古井老枞茶树生态系统中不同生态位的细菌和真菌群落组成特征,发现各生态位之间的细菌和真菌群落组成存在差异,含有不同的潜在功能菌群和与“枞味”形成相关的物种,且不同生态位微生物物种之间的协同作用皆大于竞争。本研究将有助于进一步探究武夷山老枞茶叶品质形成的机理和病虫害生物防治,并为特殊功能微生物资源的开发和应用提供科学依据。
  • 福建省科技厅引导性项目(2020N0032)
  • 福建省科技厅引导性项目(2022N0026)
  • 福建省林业科技项目(2022FKJ08)
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2024年第64卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230617
  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
  • 录用日期:2023-12-15
基金
Pilot Projects of Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2020N0032)
福建省科技厅引导性项目(2020N0032)
Pilot Projects of Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2022N0026)
福建省科技厅引导性项目(2022N0026)
Forestry Science and Technology Project of Fujian Province(2022FKJ08)
福建省林业科技项目(2022FKJ08)
作者信息
    1 泉州师范学院海洋与食品学院, 福建 泉州 362000
    2 武夷山国家公园科研监测中心, 福建 南平 354300
    3 武夷山一地好茶生态茶业研究所, 福建 南平 354300
    4 中国科学院城市环境研究所, 福建 厦门 361021
    5 中国农业大学资源与环境学院, 北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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